Sudarmaji, Fisika FMIPA UGM

Gradient
V = + + i j k
c
c
c
c
c
c x y z
1. The scalar Function |
2. The vector function F i j k = + + F F F
1 2 3
divergence
curl
( )
z
F
y
F
x
F
F F F
z y x
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
3 2 1
3 2 1
div
+ + =
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = V = k j i k j i F F
( ) curl F F i j k i j k
i j k
= V = + +
|
\

|
.
| + +
=
|
\

|
.
| +
|
\

|
.
| +
|
\

|
.
|
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
x y z
F F F
F
y
F
z
F
z
F
x
F
x
F
y
1 2 3
3 2 1 3 2 1
gradient
grad |
c
c
c
c
c
c
|
|
= + +
|
\

|
.
|
= V
i j k
x y z
Example Gradient
|( , , ) x y z x y z =
2 3 4
|( , , ) sin ln x y z e y z
x
=
(a) V| = + + = + +
c|
c
c|
c
c|
c x y z
xy z x y z x y z i j k i j k 2 3 4
3 4 2 2 4 2 3 3
(b) V| = + + = + +
c|
c
c|
c
c|
c x y z
e y z e y z
e y
z
x x
x
i j k i j k sin ln cos ln
sin
Example 7.1
Find the gradients of the following functions:

(b)
Solution 7.1

(a)
The meaning of V|
Point P(x, y, z) to point Q(x+Ax, y+Ay, z+Az)
A| A A A
A A A
= + + +
~ + +
| |
c|
c
c|
c
c|
c
( , , ) ( , , ) x x y y z z x y z
x
x
y
y
z
z
A|
A
A
A
A
A
A
A s x
x
s y
y
s z
z
s
~ + +
c|
c
c|
c
c|
c
d
ds x
dx
ds y
d y
ds z
dz
ds
| c|
c
c|
c
c|
c
= + +
ds
d
ds
d
ds
z d
ds
y d
ds
x d
z y x ds
d
R R
k j i k j i
V = =
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
) ( ( | |
c
| c
c
| c
c
| c |
) grad
As 0
The function | will change by an amount A|
divide the change A| by As
As is just the length of AR
u =
ds
dR
is a unit vector
the directional derivatives of | in the direction of u
The directional derivatives
d
ds
|
is denoted by
D
u
u u | | = = V| ( ( grad ) )
the directional derivatives of | in the direction of u
(a) V| along the direction of u
|( , , ) x y z C =
(b) If
d
ds
|
= 0
( ( ) grad ) | = V| =
d
ds
d
ds
R R
0
grad |
is perpendicular to every
tangent to the level surface
at P
Example the directional derivative
Find the directional derivative of the function
|( , , ) x y z x y z = + +
2 3 4
in the direction of u i j k = + +
.
Solution :
V| = + + = + +
c|
c
c|
c
c|
c x y z
x y z i j k i j k 2 3 4
2 3
|( , , ) x y z x y z = + +
2 3 4
u i j k = + +
( ) ( ) 3 / ) 4 3 2 ( 3 / 4 3 2 ) (
3 2 3 2

z y x z y x D + + = + + + + = V = k j i k j i u
u
| |
The direction derivative of the function
in the direction of
is
Gradient in Curvilinear Coordinates
Cylindrical Coordinates
x r
y r
z z
=
=
=

cos
sin
u
u
{ }
E r z a r b c z d = s s s s s s ( , , )| , , u o u |
Gradient in Cylindrical Coordinates
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
dx
x
r
dr
x
d
x
z
dz dr r d
dy
y
r
dr
y
d
y
z
dz dr r d
dz dz
= + + =
= + + = +
=

c
c
c
cu
u
c
c
u u u
c
c
c
cu
u
c
c
u u u
cos sin
sin cos

cos sin
cos sin
cos sin
r
r
r
x
r
y
r
z
r
x
r
y
r
z
r
= =
+ +
|
\

|
.
| +
|
\

|
.
| +
|
\

|
.
|
=
+
+
= +
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
u u
u u
u u
r
r
i j k
i j
i j
2 2 2
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

sin cos
sin cos
sin cos
sin cos
u
c
cu
c
cu
c
cu
c
cu
c
cu
c
cu
c
cu
c
cu
u u
u u
u u
u u
= =
+ +
|
\

|
.
| +
|
\

|
.
| +
|
\

|
.
|
=
+
+
=
+
= +
r
r
i j k
i j
i j
i j
x y z
x y z
r r
r r
r r
r
2 2 2
2 2
We have the following relations :
(1) The unit vector along
the r-direction is
(2) the unit vector along the u-direction is
(3) the unit vector along the z-direction is
z
.
Gradient in Cylindrical Coordinates
(continue)
k
z r
r
r

1

c
c
u
u c
c
c
c
+ + = V
k r
k j i r

dz rd dr
dz dy dx d
+ + =
+ + =
u
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
gradT d dT
T
r
dr
T
d
T
z
dz
T
r
dr
r
T
rd
T
z
dz
= = + +
= + +
r
c
c
c
cu
u
c
c
c
c
c
cu
u
c
c
1
k
z
T T
r
r
r
T
T

1

c
c
u
u c
c
c
c
+ + = V
If we have scalar function T, then
Spherical Coordinates

=
=
=
u
| u
| u
cos
sin sin
cos sin
z
y
x
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
dx
x
d
x
d
x
d d d d
dy
y
d
y
d
y
d d d d
dz
z
d
z
d
z
d d d
= + + = +
= + + = + +
= + + =

c
c

c
cu
u
c
c|
| u | u | u u | |
c
c

c
cu
u
c
c|
| u | u | u u u |
c
c

c
cu
u
c
c|
| u u u
sin cos cos cos sin sin
sin sin cos sin sin cos
cos sin

{ } d c b a E s s s s s s = u | | o | u , , | ) , , (
We have the following relations
Relation rectangular and spherical coordinates:
Gradient in Spherical coordinate
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

sin cos sin sin cos

sin cos sin sin cos
sin cos sin sin cos

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
u | u | u
u | u | u
u | u | u
= =
+ +
|
\

|
.
|
+
|
\

|
.
|
+
|
\

|
.
|
=
+ +
+ +
= + +
r
r
i j k
i j k
i j k
x y z
x y z
2 2 2
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )

cos cos cos sin sin

cos cos cos sin sin
cos cos cos sin sin
cos cos
u
c
cu
c
cu
c
cu
c
cu
c
cu
c
cu
c
cu
c
cu
u | u | u
u | u | u
u | u | u

u |
= =
+ +
|
\

|
.
| +
|
\

|
.
| +
|
\

|
.
|
=
+
+ +
=
+
= +
r
r
i j k
i j k
i j k
i
x y z
x y z
2 2 2
2 2 2
( ) cos sin sin u | u j k
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
j i
j i
j i
k j i
r
r
| |
u
| u | u
| u | u
| u | u
| c
c
| c
c
| c
c
| c
c
| c
c
| c
c
| c
c
| c
c
|
cos sin
sin
cos sin sin sin
cos sin sin sin
cos sin sin sin

2 2
2 2 2
+ =
+
=
+
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
= =
z y x
z y x
The unit vector along the -direction is The unit vector along the u-direction is
The unit vector along the |-direction is
Gradient in Spherical coordinate
(continue)
|
| c
c
u
u
u c
c

c
c

sin
1

1
+ + = V
| | u u u

sin

z j

r
d d d
dz dy dx d
+ + =
+ + =
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
gradT d dT
T
d
T
d
T
d
T
d
T
d
T
d
= = + +
= + +
r
c
c

c
cu
u
c
c|
|
c
c

c
cu
u
u
c
c|
u |
1 1
sin
sin
V = + + T
T T T c
c

c
cu
u
u
c
c|
|

sin

1 1
If we have scalar function T, then
Example:
Find the gradient of the following functions:
(a)
(b)
T( , , ) (cos sin cos ) u | u u | = +
T r z r z ( , , ) sin u u =
2
Solution:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(


sin

cos sin cos

sin cos cos

sin
sin sin

cos sin cos

sin cos cos

sin

a) V = + +
= + + +
= + + +
T
T T T c
c

c
cu
u
u
c
c|
|
u u |

u u | u
u
u ||
u u | u u | u ||
1 1
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) z z r z r z
z z r z r
r
r z z
z
T T
r
r
r
T
T
sin 2

cos sin
sin 2

cos
1
sin

1
(b)
2 2
2 2
u u u u
u u u u
c
c
u
u c
c
c
c
+ + =
+ + = + + = V