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VSL Construction Systems-Asia
VSL Construction Systems-Asia
VSL Construction Systems-Asia
VSL Post-Tensioning Systems have been used commonly throughout the world since 1956. They are technically mature and have earned a reputation for quality and reliability. Today, VSL is a recognized leader in post-tensioning and related engineering. VSL Post-Tensioning is used in virtually every area of concrete construction. While used primarily in bridges and buildings, the system is also employed for the construction of concrete containment structures, anchoring in rock and soil, structural strengthening and repair, lifting and sliding of heavy loads, and many other applications.
The VSL technology is based on the principle of post tensioning. The prestress is permanently introduced into the structure after the concrete has hardened. This is achieved by the stressing of suitably arranged, highstrength prestressing tendons. VSL PostTensioning generates favorable stress conditions in the structure, enabling efficient use of building materials while controlling deformations under service conditions.
This publication comprises a summary of the VSL PostTensioning Systems and contains important information of design and construction. The dimensions
THE COMPANY
in Raleigh. Operating Unit 4.5 covers Europe, Middle East, Africa and South America, with the regional office in France. This arrangement gives VSL continuous access to the latest construction technologies employed throughout the world. Our local based offices allow VSL to be close to our clients and offer our construction solutions effectively.
Bee-Do Bridge, South Korea
strengths may all be accommodated. Your local VSL Representative will furnish additional details regarding specific applications.
The scope of VSL's value-added services is tailored to suit client needs. As a technical leader in the posttensioning industry, VSL works continuously, through its quality assurance program, to refine, improve, and expand the scope of its systems and services. Subscribing to the philosophy that what is good today may always be made better for tomorrow, VSL has always attracted the most talented and motivated people, all with one goal: to be your most valued construction partner.
As a subsidiary of VSL International of Switzerland and a member of BOUYGUES S.A. of France, VSL is part of a major international construction group with a combined workforce of over 80,000. VSL International Ltd. further divides its subsidiaries and licensees into five Operating Units (OU's). Operating Unit 1 covers South East Asia with the regional office in Australia. Operating Unit 2 covers North East Asia with the regional office in Hong Kong. Operating Unit 3 covers the United States with the regional office
With offices throughout the world, VSL offers a comprehensive range of professional services for any post-tensioning project. These locally based services include feasibility studies, structural design assistance, contractor consulting and field installation, all aimed at finding the best solution and insuring the best value for money.
MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING
The VSL multistrand system is characterized by the following features: standardized tendon units with up to 55 strands of 13mm (0.5") or 15 mm (0.6") diameter; wide selection of anchorage types; ducts of steel or plastic PT-PLUS; grouting with cement mortar or other materials; economical tendon manufacture on-site or in the factory; no need to determine tendon length in advance; simultaneous stressing of all strands in a tendon but individual locking of each strand at the anchorage; stressing in any number of steps; simple and reliable equipment for installation, stressing and grouting.
Stressing anchorage
MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING
Strand Properties
Strand type Nominal diameter Nominal area Nominal mass Yield strength Tensile strength Min. breaking load Young's modulus Relaxation 3) mm mm 2 kg/m MPa MPa kN GPa % 13 mm (0.5") EN138 or ASTM A416 BS 5896 Super Grade 270 12.9 12.7 100 98.7 0.785 0.775 1580 1) 1670 2) 1860 1860 186 183.7 cicra 195 max 2.5 15 mm (0.6") EN138 or BS 5896 Super 15.7 150 1.18 1) 1500 1770 265 ASTM A416 Grade 270 15.2 140 1.1 1670 2) 1860 260.7
1) Measured at 0.1% residual strain (0.1% offset method) 2) Measured at 1% extension (1% extension under load method) 3) After 1000 hrs at 20 C (EN & BS, low relaxation to ASTM)
Tendon Properties
STRAND TYPE 13 mm (0.5") Tendon unit No. of strands Duct ID/OD Min. (mm) 36/39
4)
STRAND TYPE 15 mm (0.6") Min. Breaking load (kN) 12.9 372 558 744 930 1116 1302 1488 1674 1860 2046 2232 2418 2604 2790 2976 3162 3348 3534 3720 3906 4092 4278 4464 4650 4836 5022 5208 5394 5580 5766 5952 6138 6324 6510 6696 6882 7068 7254 7440 7626 7812 7998 8184 8370 8556 8742 8928 9114 9300 9486 9672 9858 10044 10230 12.7 367 551 735 919 1102 1286 1470 1653 1837 2021 2204 2388 2572 2756 2939 3123 3307 3490 3674 3858 4041 4225 4409 4593 4776 4960 5144 5327 5511 5695 5878 6062 6246 6430 6613 6797 6981 7164 7348 7532 7715 7899 8083 8267 8450 8634 8818 9001 9185 9369 9552 9736 9920 10104 6-3 6-7 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 Tendon unit No. of strands Duct ID/OD Min. (mm) 36/39 55/62
4)
Min. Breaking load (kN) 15.7 530 795 1060 1325 1590 1855 2120 2385 2650 2915 3180 3445 3710 3975 4240 4505 4770 5035 5300 5565 5830 6095 6360 6625 6890 7155 7420 7685 7950 8215 8480 8745 9010 9275 9540 9805 10070 10335 10600 10865 11130 11395 11660 11925 12190 12455 12720 12985 13250 13515 13780 14045 14310 14575 15.2 521 782 1043 1304 1564 1825 2086 2346 2607 2868 3128 3389 3650 3911 4171 4432 4693 4953 5214 5475 5735 5996 6257 6518 6778 7039 7300 7560 7821 8082 8342 8603 8864 9125 9385 9646 9907 10167 10428 10689 10949 11210 11471 11732 11992 12253 12514 12774 13035 13296 13556 13817 14078 14339
5-4
5-7
5-12
5-19
5-22
5-27
5-31
5-37
5-42
5-48
5-55
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
51/54
51/54
60/67
65/72
6-12
75/82
80/87
75/82
80/87
6-19
90/97
100/107
80/87
95/102
6-22
100/107
100/107
95/102
100/107
6-27
110/117
110/117
95/102
100/107
6-31
120/127
120/127
110/117
110/117
6-37
130/137
130/137
120/127
120/127
6-42
135/142
135/142
130/137
130/137
6-48
150/160
160/170
130/137
135/142
6-55
160/170
170/180
MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING
Grout connection
Duct
AC
F E
Dimensions Tendon unit A 5-4 5-7 5-12 5-19 5-22 5-27 5-31 5-37 5-42 5-48 5-55 6-3 6-4 6-7 6-12 6-19 6-22 6-27 6-31 6-37 6-42 135 165 215 265 290 315 315 370 390 430 465 135 165 215 265 315 315 370 390 430 465 B 60 60 60 70 77 92 100 107 112 122 150 60 60 60 75 92 100 112 122 142 145 C 85 110 150 180 200 220 230 250 290 290 320 90 110 150 180 220 230 250 270 300 320 D 100 100 160 210 215 300 300 320 340 340 340 100 100 160 210 300 300 320 340 340 340 E 58 85 120 145 150 175 175 200 217 235 250 58 85 120 145 175 175 200 217 235 250 F Ext. Dia. 39 54 72 87 102 107 107 117 127 137 142 39 54 72 87 107 107 117 127 137 142 G 95 125 150 200 230 250 250 305 325 365 400 95 125 150 200 250 250 305 325 365 400
Dimensions in mm Dimensions are valid for: Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 35 MPa (cube), 28 MPa (cylinder). Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 25 MPa (cube) or 20 MPa (cylinder). Max prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
Subject to modification
MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING
Grout tube
Sleeve
AD
Dimensions Tendon unit 5-1 5-3 5-4 5-7 5-12 5-19 5-22 5-27 5-31 5-37 5-42 5-48 5-55 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-7 6-12 6-19 6-22 6-27 6-31 6-37 6-42 6-48 6-55 A 70 115 130 175 230 290 315 370 370 405 500 500 500 75 110 135 160 205 270 340 370 435 435 480 580 580 580 B 15 20 20 25 35 40 45 55 55 60 70 70 70 15 15 20 25 35 40 50 55 65 65 70 90 90 90 C 45 60 60 60 60 75 82 97 105 112 117 127 155 60 60 60 60 70 78 97 107 117 127 147 147 147 187 D 45 85 85 110 150 180 200 220 230 250 290 290 320 55 90 90 120 135 180 220 230 250 270 300 320 340 360 E 70 190 190 190 370 470 480 550 550 570 680 680 680 70 190 190 190 290 460 590 690 690 690 830 950 950 950 F Ext. Dia. 36 36 39 54 72 87 102 107 107 117 127 137 142 36 36 39 54 72 87 107 107 117 127 137 160 160 170
Subject to modification
Dimensions in mm Dimensions are valid for: Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 35 MPa (cube), 28 MPa (cylinder). Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 25 MPa (cube) or 20 MPa (cylinder). Max prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING
Sleeve
Coupling block V
Sleeve Omega ring Wedges Compression fittings Compression fittings with retainer plates
Couplers Type K
Fixed coupler. For coupling to a tendon which has been placed and stressed.
Couplers Type V
Movable coupler. For coupling to a tendon which has already been placed, but not stressed.
Tendon 1
Coupler type K
Tendon unit 5-3 5-4 5-7 5-12 5-19 5-22 5-27 5-31 5-37 5-42 5-48 5-55 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-7 6-12 6-19 6-22 6-27 6-31 6-37 A 430 440 440 510 590 660 860 1010 1080 1080 1370 1370 380 490 520 630 730 860 930 1090 1090 1390 B 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 150 150 150 170 128 128 128 128 128 128 128 138 150 170 C 130 150 170 200 240 260 310 350 390 395 420 490 150 150 160 200 240 280 310 330 350 440 Tendon unit
Coupler type V
D E F G
Dimensions in mm Dimensions are valid for: Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 35 MPa (cube), 28 MPa (cylinder). Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 25 MPa (cube) or 20 MPa (cylinder). Max prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
Subject to modification
MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING
Seal
Spacer
Type II Type I
AxB
C D
6-55
Dimensions in mm Dimensions are valid for: Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 35 MPa (cube), 28 MPa (cylinder). Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 25 MPa (cube) or 20 MPa (cylinder). Max prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
Subject to modification
MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING
Grout tube
Wedges
Duct
Centre-stressing anchorages are used for ring tendons in circular structures, or for those tendons where the ends cannot be fitted with normal stressing anchorages.
F+L
Tendon
F+L G+L
Tendon
400 560 170 500 720 200 700 990 240 1000 1490 320 1300 1910 360 1450 2110 390 450 900 1000 1350 1450 1500 620 1180 1400 1960 2280 2380 180 210 250 340 420 440
1) 1)
80 88 95
60 65 70
1) 1)
90 92 100
65 65 75
Dimensions in mm 1) Tension ring only on side 2 2) Dependent upon the shape of the concrete surface. The values stated apply for surfaces which are not curved.
Subject to modification
MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING
Tendon Supports
Recommended spacing: Standard steel ducts Plastic ducts PT-PLUS:
The following values may be assumed for design: Tendon in standard steel ducts:
= 0.2 (range 0.16~0.22) k= 0.001 (range 0.0008~0.0012)
friction losses due to curvature of the tendon; shrinkage and creep of the concrete; relaxation of the prestressing steel; draw-in of the wedges during lock-off. The friction losses along the tendon can be determined with the following formula: Px = Po e -( +kx) , where x = Distance from stressing end (in meters) Px = Prestressing force at x Po = Prestressing force at stressing end = Coefficient of friction = sum of all angular deviations (in radians) over the distance x k = Wobble friction coefficient due to minor unavoidable tendon curvatures (placing tolerances) The friction coefficients and k can vary fairly widely and depend upon various factors, including: the nature and surface condition of the prestressing steel; the type, diameter and surface condition of the duct; and the installation method.
For calculating the losses due to shrinkage and creep of the concrete, reference should be made to the technical literature and to the standards applicable to each project. The relaxation of the prestressing steel depends primarily upon the types of steel (relaxation class), the magnitude of the prestress and the temperature. For low relaxation strands commonly used today, the maximum loss is 2.5% after 1000 hours at 20 C and an initial stress of 70% of the nominal tensile strength. Further information can be found in the relevant prestressing steel standards and manufacturer's literature. Independent of the type of jack or tendon, a loss due to wedge draw-in of approximately 6mm occurs at lock-off. If necessary, this can be compensated for by suitable procedures.
MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING
Duct Dimensions (mm) d 59 76 100 130 130 D 73 91 116 146 146 s 2 2.5 3 3 3
Strand Type 13 mm (0.5") Steel Tendon duct unit e (mm) 5-1 4 5-3 7 5-7 8 5-12 11 5-19 13 5-22 12 5-27 13 5-31 14 5-37 23 5-42 26 5-48 17 5-55 23 Plastic duct e (mm) 7 9 22 17 14 32 28 24 14
Strand Type 15 mm (0.6") Tendon unit 6-1 6-3 6-4 6-7 6-12 6-19 6-22 6-27 6-31 6-37 Steel duct e (mm) 5 6 6 10 14 17 14 13 22 25 Plastic duct e (mm) 9 12 18 15 32 28 22
MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING
Grout tube A
T B
Layout of L-Anchorages:
a b c
T 3 A ext.
T 4 A ext.
T 4 A ext.
Strand Type 13 mm (0.5") Tendon unit 5-4 5-7 5-12 5-19 5-22 5-31 A Internal/external 42/45 60/67 80/87 90/97 95/102 110/117 B Internal/external 36/39 51/54 65/72 80/87 85/92 100/107 R min. 600 600 900 1100 1200 1400 Tendon unit 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-7 6-12 6-19
Strand Type 15 mm (0.6") A Internal/external 42/45 42/45 65/72 75/82 90/97 110/117 B Internal/external 36/39 36/39 55/62 60/67 80/87 95/102 R min. 600 600 600 750 1000 1300
Dimensions in mm Dimensions are valid for: Nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 25 MPa (cube), 20 MPa (cylinder). Maximum prestressing force may be applied when concrete reaches 80% of its nominal strength. Maximum prestressing force is 75% of min. tendon breaking load (temporary overstressing to 80%).
Subject to modification
Duct sized such that only two (2) layers of strand occur in the loop.
MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING
Stressing
The unique feature of the VSL Post-Tensioning system lies in its special procedure for locking the wedges. The wedges always remain in contact with the strands during the stressing operation. As the pressure in the jack is released, the wedges automatically lock in the conical holes of the anchor head.
Stressing
Seating of wedges
Grouting
VSL grouting equipment includes mixer and pump in one unit. Grouting is usually carried out as soon as possible after stressing.
Grouting equipment
Grouting of tendon
MULTISTRAND POST-TENSIONING
Hydraulic Pump
Jack type 60 ZPE-23FJ ZPE-30 ZPE-3 ZPE-60 ZPE-7/A ZPE-12/St2 ZPE-200 ZPE-19 ZPE-460/31 ZPE-500 ZPE-750 ZPE-1000 ZPE-1250
A min. 30 30 30 30 50 50 50 60 80 80 80 90
B 300 600 550 650 800 700 1100 850 700 1150 1350 1300 1350
C 1200 1100 1000 1100 1200 1300 2100 1500 1500 2000 2300 2200 2250
D 116 140 200 180 300 310 330 390 485 585 570 790 660
E 90 100 150 140 200 200 210 250 300 330 365 450 375
Dimensions in mm B D
Type II (ZPE-19)
ZPE-7/A ZPE-12/St2 ZPE-200 ZPE-19 ZPE-460/31 ZPE-500 II III II III III II 550 960 750 1000 690 580 310 315 390 550 280 485 100 300 100 200 160 100 309.4 325.7 500.3 894.6 203.6 804.0 1850 2000 2900 5000 1064 4660 598 614 580 559 523 580 151 305 294 1064 115 435 5-12 5-12 5-18 5-22 5-6 5-22 5-19 5-31 5-7 5-31 6-6 6-6 6-12 6-18 6-4 6-18 6-7 6-7 to 6-22 6-19
Owners and designers of the buildings of today and tomorrow need to incorporate sufficient flexibility into their structures to accommodate the changing needs of the users of the building. Post-tensioning offers larger spans with reduced structural depth, resulting in larger column-free areas. Internal tenancy layouts are thus not restricted by tight column grids. Positive deflection and crack control and, if necessary, crackfree water-tight slabs offer the designer the opportunity to
break free of the limitations of the passive methods of reinforced concrete or structural steel. VSL Post-Tensioning is more economical than other systems, especially when faster construction cycles are considered. There is less material handling on site and also a reduced site labour force which minimises congestion on site. Most importantly, there is the quality and service of VSL specialized high-performance teams and optimum back-up on site.
The VSL Post-Tensioning slab system has been used in many prestigious buildings and structures throughout the Far East. The system uses up to five strands in flat-shaped ducting and anchorages. The strands are individually stressed and are gripped by wedge action. After stressing, the duct is subsequently filled with a cementitious grout, which is injected under pressure, so that the strands are fully bonded to the surrounding concrete.
Construction Sequence
Stressing Grouting
BONDED S
LAB
POST- TENSIONING
Strand Properties
Strand type Nominal diameter Nominal area Nominal mass Yield strength Tensile strength Min. breaking load Young's modulus Relaxation 3) mm mm 2 kg/m MPa MPa kN GPa % 13 mm (0.5") EN138 or ASTM A416 BS 5896 Super Grade 270 12.9 12.7 100 98.7 0.785 0.775 1580 1) 1670 2) 1860 1860 186 183.7 cicra 195 max 2.5 15 mm (0.6") EN138 or BS 5896 Super 15.7 150 1.18 1) 1500 1770 265 ASTM A416 Grade 270 15.2 140 1.1 1670 2) 1860 260.7
1) Measured at 0.1% residual strain (0.1% offset method) 2) Measured at 1% extension (1% extension under load method) 3) After 1000 hrs at 20 C (EN & BS, low relaxation to ASTM)
Tendon Properties
Min. breaking load (kN) Strand type Tendon unit 5-4 5-5 6-4 6-5 Number of strands 4 5 4 5 BS 5896 ASTM A416 Super Grade 270 744 735 930 919 1060 1043 1325 1304
Duct Dimensions
Duct Dimension in mm (Height x Width) Standard flat duct 20 x 75 25 x 90 Corrugated flat duct 25 x 80 25 x 90 Plastic duct PT-PLUS 35 x 86 not available
13 mm (0.5") 15 mm (0.6")
A wedge draw-in of approximately 6 mm occurs at lock-off Friction losses can vary fairly widely from one tendon to another and from one structure to another, depending on factors such as surface condition of strands, type and surface condition of ducts, material properties, installation methods and workmanship on-site. In general, the following friction parameters can be used, without additional consideration for anchorage losses: - Tendons in standard steel ducts: - Tendons in plastic ducts: k k = 0.20 = 0.001 = 0.14 = 0.001 (range: 0.16 ~ 0.22) (range: 0.0008 ~ 0.0012) (range: 0.12 ~ 0.15) (range: 0.0008 ~ 0.0012)
BONDED S
LAB
POST- TENSIONING
Wedges Strands
Duct
Anchor block
D 73 73 82 82
E 90 90 100 100
Subject to modification
Strands
C 95 95 95 95
Subject to modification Dimensions in mm. Dimensions are valid for a concrete transfer strength of 25 MPa (Cube), 20 MPa (Cylinder).
BONDED S
LAB
POST- TENSIONING
Type H
Flat duct
Bulb
B 70 70 90 90
Type P
C Grout tube
Seal
AxB
B 75 75 80 80
Dimensions in mm. Dimensions are valid for a concrete transfer strength of 25 MPa (Cube), 20 MPa (Cylinder).
A 163 163
B 163 163
C 150 150
D 90 90
E 105 105
F 130 130
G 40 70
Anchorage Reinforcement
Details at Slab Edge
Extra links where shown for S6-5 only
Grout vent
Grout vent
Plan
The above sketches show the preferred arrangement for the local confinement reinforcement at the anchorages. Please consult your local VSL representatives for more details.
BONDED S
LAB
POST- TENSIONING S
YSTEMS
DKP-5 DKP-6
Tendon unit 5-4 5-5 6-4 6-5 5-4 5-5 6-4 6-5
ZPE-23FJ
ZPE-23FJ DKP-5 790 560 116 162 105 195 150 200 200 47.10 31.03 230 147 488 473 23 19
Stressing Pocket
Plan
450 30 420 50 175 450 175 50
Section A
Section B
EXTERNAL POST-TENSIONING
External post-tensioning is well suited to bridges due to the resulting economies in construction costs and the high degree of corrosion resistance provided by the system. External tendons are easy to inspect and can be replaced if necessary. They are ideal for strengthening existing structures and have a multitude of applications in addition to bridges.
Stressing anchorage
A wide selection of VSL anchorage types is available to meet the full range of practical requirements. In addition to the anchorages illustrated here, intermediate anchorages and couplers are also available . The strand bundle can be assembled from uncoated or individually greased and sheathed strands. The anchorages for these two types of tendon differ only in detail, the principle remains the same.
Tendon unit 5-12 5-19 5-31 5-43 5-55 A 270 310 370 430 520 B 125 150 165 200 220
Dimensions (mm) C 222 258 320 390 420 D 110 125 150 180 200 E 1) 65 / 3.6 90 / 5.1 110 / 6.3 125 / 7.1 140 / 8.0
D A E
Anchorage Type EC R
Notes : 1. Nominal external duct diameter / wall thickness 2. Other sizes are available upon request
Anchorage Type CS
Guide pipe
Transition pipe
Grease
PE sheath
Strand
Adjustable stressing anchorage with threaded anchorage head and ring nut
Grease
PE sheath
Strand
STAY CABLES
min. 220 M
I K min
I K min
N O
min. 220
Stressing end
Dead end
Tendon Number Minimum of breaking Unit 2) strands load (kN) 4 1060 6- 4 7 1855 6- 7 12 3180 6-12 19 5035 6-19 22 5830 6-22 31 8215 6-31 37 9805 6-37 43 11395 6-43 55 14575 6-55 61 16165 6-61 73 19345 6-73 85 22525 6-85 91 24115 6-91
A 150 190 230 285 310 350 380 425 470 470 530 540 590
B 125 160 190 235 255 285 310 350 385 385 440 440 490
C 120 155 185 230 250 280 300 340 380 380 430 430 480
4)
4)
4)
3)
3)
I 260 340 600 870 870 1060 1390 1550 1550 1850 1900 2100 2200
K min 370 450 710 1000 1000 1200 1530 1700 1700 2000 2100 2300 2400
L min 80 80 80 100 105 125 135 145 160 170 180 200 200
O 131 136 141 172 177 197 217 232 254 269 288 313 313
75/ 4,3 90/ 5,1 110/ 6,3 140/ 8 140/ 8 160/ 9,1 180/ 10,2 200/ 11,4 225/ 12,8 225/ 12,8 250/ 14,2 250/ 14,2 280/ 15,9
75/ 4,3 110/ 10 140/ 8 180/ 10,2 200/ 11,4 225/ 12,8 250/ 14,2 280/ 15,9 315/ 17,9 315/ 17,9 355/ 13,7 355/ 13,7 400/ 15,4
140/ 4 178/ 5 219/ 6,3 254/ 6,3 273/ 6,3 324/ 7,1 343/ 8 406/ 8,8 419/ 10 419/ 10 495/ 11 495/ 11 546/ 12
175 225 290 355 380 450 485 540 590 610 690 720 765
15 20 25 35 35 40 45 45 55 60 65 75 75
Dimensions in mm
Pregrouted section 50
50
50
O Bearing plate
5-10 mm
Q R
min 100
L min
Stressing end
Guide tube
Dead end
Split shim
D 3)
G 4)
L min
M min
N min
P min
5)
S min 6)
T 3)
7)
of strands
breaking load (kN) 3180 5035 5830 8215 9605 11395 14575 16165 19345 22525 24115
2)
[-] 6-12 6-19 6-22 6-31 6-37 6-43 6-55 6-61 6-73 6-85 6-91
[-] 12 19 22 31 37 43 55 61 73 85 91
(mm) 230 285 310 350 380 425 470 470 530 540 590
(mm) 190 235 255 285 310 350 385 385 440 440 490
(mm) 185 230 250 280 300 340 380 380 430 430 480
(mm) 290 355 380 450 485 540 590 610 690 720 765
(mm) 230 280 300 350 370 430 460 460 530 530 580
(mm) 190 230 250 300 320 380 410 400 470 470 520
(mm) 219/6.3 267/6.3 273/6.3 324/7.1 355.6/8 406/8.8 419/10 419/10 508/11 508/11 559/12.5
(mm) 140 180 200 225 250 280 315 315 355 355 400
(mm) 125 160 180 200 225 250 250 280 315 315 355
(mm) 110 140 160 180 200 225 225 250 250 280 280
(mm) 1200 1300 1400 1450 1600 1800 2000 2050 2300 2400 2550
(mm) 650 750 850 900 1000 1200 1350 1350 1550 1650 1800
(mm) 550 550 550 550 600 600 650 700 750 750 750
(mm) 1100 1350 1500 1650 1850 2100 2200 2400 2600 2700 2900
(mm) 90 105 115 135 150 155 175 190 190 220 230
(mm) 85 100 100 125 150 155 175 190 190 220 230
(mm) 146 170 170 207 237 247 274 294 303 343 353
(mm) 220 230 230 260 280 290 310 330 330 360 370
(mm) 25 35 35 40 45 45 55 60 65 75 75
(mm) 35 40 40 50 55 60 65 70 75 85 85
(mm) M 12 M 16 M 16 M 16 M 16 M 16 M 16 M 20 M 20 M 20 M 20
Dimensions in mm 1) Tendon units 6-4 and 6-7: dimensions on request. 2) Strand in accordance with Euronorm 138-79 super; other types of strand with 15 mm (0.6) diameter see VSL's <Post-Tensioning Systems>. 3) Valid for nominal concrete strength at 28 days: 45 MPa (cube), 36 MPa (cylinder). Local zone reinforcement not shown. 4) External diameter / wall thickness.
Subject to modification 5) Min. height of anchor head allow an adjustability of 20 mm. 6) Dimensions valid only for load monitoring/adjustment. Min. required length for removal of cable to be determined acc. to project. 7) Threaded holes in bearing plate.
GROUND A
NCHORS
The VSL anchors are of similar construction, whether intended for installation in rock or in soil, and consist basically of the following three parts: bond length; free length; anchor head for attaching to the component to be anchored. Depending upon the intended application and service life of the anchor, the type of rock or soil and the magnitude of force to be transmitted, each of these parts must be capable of satisfying the most varied requirements. These factors therefore influence the individual components of which the anchor will be constructed and the dimensions of the anchoring length and of the borehole. The anchor head is the main characterisic feature of the VSL anchor. It always consists of a stressing anchorage selected from the VSL prestressing systems. The other parts of the anchor may, however, be adapted to the particular requirements in regard to their length, load-carrying capacity, form and individual components. Depending upon its construction, the VSL anchor may then be used as a temporary or permanent anchor, as a test anchor or surveillance anchor, in certain circumstances it may comprise special protective measures against corrosion and mechanical damage. Further information about the soil and rock anchors will be found in the following VSL publications, which are obtainable on request: VSL Measuring Technique; VSL Soil and Rock Anchors - Examples from Practice.
Securing a slope
GROUND A
NCHORS
Corrugated sheath Internal spacer Bore hole External spacer Anchor block Bearing plate
Section B.B
Grout Grout tubes Bare clean strand Internal spacer Corrugated sheath (Polyethylene) Greased and plastic coated strand External spacer Bore hole Nose cone Bore hole External spacer Grout tubes Smooth sheath
Section B.B
Grout (free length optional) Bare clean strand Grout tubes
Grout tubes
Bore hole
GROUND A
NCHORS
Stressing Anchorage
VSL Anchorage Type E
The VSL stressing anchorage Type E, is composed basically of an anchor block, wedges and bearing plate. A protective cap may also be fitted over the anchorage, if the latter must be accessible for surveillance purposes.
Fig. a: VSL anchorage Type ER
All the strands of an anchor are stressed simultaneously, but they are locked off individually by wedges in the conical bores in the anchor block. The range of VSL anchorages Type E enables tendons of 1 to 55 strands to be stressed, the principle of anchoring being the same from the smallest to the largest unit. The VSL stressing anchorages Type E are designed in principle to meet all the special requirements which may be demanded of an anchor. These requirements must certainly be known in advance to enable the anchor to be designed in detail accordingly. This is particularly necessary when the anchor is: a surveillance anchor; required to be restressed later; required to be detensioned and again restressed; required to be removed after use.
Fig. b: VSL anchorage Type E A
Alternatives A and B in the table are also suitable for restressing. To restress, the anchor block is lifted off from the bearing plate and shims are inserted between them. A third solution is to use VSL anchorage Type ER, which has a ring nut enabling the prestressing force to be adjusted (Fig. a).
Restressing of Anchors
Where force losses are to be expected as a consequence of soil movements or structural deformations, the anchor should be so constructed that it can be restressed.
Anchor block for surveillance anchors:
Alternative Diagrammatic Presentation
VSL anchor head Force measurement with Protection of strand Type E normal Stressing jack Type E with thread Type E normal Stressing jack with coupling None Load cell, installed permanent or only when measuring None
Removable Anchors
For temporary rock or soil anchors which are required to be removed after use, the VSL Removable Anchor System can fulfill such a special requirement. After destressing of the anchor, the entire strand tendon can be removed. All that is left behind in the ground is a small piece of steel component and the grout column with plastic sheathing which would not affect neighbouring foundation activities in the future. For details of the VSL Rock and Soil Anchor Systems please contact your local VSL branch office.
Required
GROUND A
NCHORS
Note: Where block outs, voids or drill hole casing are required, drill hole diameters and bearing plate dimensions should be confirmed with the local VSL office.
Drill hole dia. mm 100 100 100 100 125 125 125 150 150 150 150 150 175
Drill hole sizes are based on 10mm external cover *VSL Deformed Tie Bar **VSL Threadlok Bar
HEAVY L
IFTING
Today's civil engineering structures and industrial plants are often assembled from large, heavy prefabricated components. This may be done for economic or technical reasons, or to save construction time. For projects in which cranes or other conventional handling equipment cannot be used because of excessive weight, dimensions or space limitations, VSL Heavy Lifting will often provide the most effective solution. VSL Heavy Lifting provides builders, engineers and owners with a broad range of advantages, including: custom-designed solutions for each project; the highest level of safety, based upon sound engineering practices and over two decades of experience; economy and efficiency through the use of advanced an reliable hydraulic equipment.
Unique Solutions
VSL will plan lifting, lowering or sliding operations and design the necessary temporary structures to suit your requirements. Sound engineering, clear thinking, the ability to innovate, and years of successful experience give you a guarantee of reliable and cost-effective solutions.
Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong Lifting of portal beams, formwork and steel trusses (weight 270 ~ 420 tonnes)
Loire River Bridge, France Lifting of 162 m long steel portal (2,400 tonnes) for the main span
HEAVY L
IFTING
Safety
Safety is VSL's first priority. Our specialised hydraulic lifting equipment is designed for the highest level of reliability, and all equipment is rigorously tested and serviced through VSL's quality control and maintenance programme. VSL field services are also based upon a total commitment to safety, the extensive experience of our personnel and VSL's exceptional record provide further assurance of reliable performance.
Flexibility
VSL's heavy lifting equipment includes a large selection of hydraulic jacks, pumps, control units, monitoring devices and jacking frames. This range of equipment gives us the capability to perform virtually any project requiring lifting, lowering or sliding.
Flat Jacks
Flat jacks are widely used for a multitude of civil engineering and construction applications such as: under pinning; prestressing of columns; counteracting sinking foundations; Pump prestressing of road works or airport runways; prestressing concrete in confined spaces; lifting and lowering of bridge superstructures for bridge bearing adjustments; counteracting loads applied during backfilling; lifting heavy weights; Flat Jack pile testing. The VSL flat jack is constructed of two moulded steel sections welded together to form a containment vessel. Hydraulic fluid or grout is injected at pressures of up to 13.5MPa into the peripheral ring, moving the lifting plates aparts, so that a force is applied with a maximum lifting stroke of 25mm per jack. Other shapes of flat jacks are available upon request.
Outside diameter D mm 120 150 220 250 270 300 350 420 480 600 750 870 920 1150 Maximum force at 13.5MPa kN 85 155 390 525 605 780 1080 1605 2170 3470 5400 7385 8975 13635 Effective area at zero extension 103mm2 6.4 11.5 29 39 45 58 80 119 161 257 400 547 665 1010 T Thickness ** mm 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 E Maximum travel mm 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Installation gap mm 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 45 45 45 50
Type
120c 150c 220c 250c 270c 300c 350c 420c 480c 600c 750c 870c 920c *1150c
Plan
Closed
* 1150c Flat Jacks are specially produced to order and require longer lead times ** Flat Jack thickness may vary 3mm
Fully Inflated
STRESSBAR
Bar Systems
VSL has been manufacturing and designing bar systems in Australia for use by the construction industry since 1971. These have proven to be one of the most popular tools of Engineers wishing to induce and control loads and forces in structures. The systems range from High Tensile Cold Worked Stressbar to Low Tensile Architectural Tendons, all with compact and easy to assemble fittings. A range of diameters is available to give a wide selection of bar forces. The prestressing force is anchored at the end of the bar by a rolled thread, nut, washer and bearing plate. Where necessary bars can be joined with threaded couplers, and clevis fittings may be used where pin connections are required. The VSL bar system complies with the requirements of AS1313, AS1314, BS4486, ASTM-A722 and ISO 6934.
STRESSBAR
Application
VSL bar systems are ideal for the economic application of post-tensioning forces on relatively short tendons. Through the use of threaded connections and anchorages they are simple to use and lend themselves to many applications.
Anchors
Permanent and Temporary Ground Anchors Uplift Anchors (Dam & Foundation) Roof Bolting Slope Stabilisation Crane Bases Light Towers
Bridges
Stay Cable Hangers Prestressed Segments Strengthening (Timber & Steel Bridges) Tension Piles and Caissons
Specialist Engineering
Heavy Lifting Formwork Ties or Hangers Frame Ties Pile Testing Architectural Ties
Characteristic Properties
VSL Bar Properties are nominally as listed in the Tables.
Corrosion Protection
All bars and fittings must receive protection when installed under permanent conditions. In normal concrete construction the use of galvanised duct, injected with grout, provides good protection. Anchorage recesses must also be filled with cement mortar to protect these ends.
Bars
When bars are used in an exposed environment then one of the following coating systems may be used: single coat of inorganic zinc; three coat epoxy paint system; molybond coated bar ends only; greased and sheathed in poly tube; galvanising - (Threadlok Bar only). A combination of the above systems may also be specified. Consideration must also be given to the threaded ends to ensure correct installation of fittings after coating.
Fittings
Fittings may be treated as above but with preference given to galvanising.
STRESSBAR
VSL CT Stressbar
Characteristic Properties
Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal tensile Nominal 0.1% Characteristic Strength Minimum Appr. Modulus Major Dia. Thread kN Dia. area mass strength proof stress elongation of elasticity of thread pitch mm 15 20 23 26 29 32 36 38 40 56 73 sq. mm 177 314 415 531 661 804 1018 1134 1257 2463 4185 kg/m 1.52 2.39 3.46 4.40 5.44 6.59 7.86 9.23 9.72 20.74 34.68 MPa 1080 1030 1080 1080 1080 1080 1030 1080 1030 1000 1000 MPa 930 835 930 930 930 930 835 930 835 810 810 Max. force 0.1% Proof 190 325 450 575 715 870 1050 1225 1295 2460 4190 165 260 385 495 615 750 850 1055 1050 1995 3390 % 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 kN/sq.mm 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 205 205 mm 17.2 21.2 25.2 28.2 31.2 34.4 37.4 40.4 41.4 58.5 76.5 mm 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Note: 1. Relaxation properties, as per AS1313, are 4% maximum at 1000 hrs when loaded to 70% of minimum breaking load. 2. Fatique results exceed two million cycles when loaded over a stress range of 80 N/sq.mm. (For unbonded tendon only). 3. Minimum bending diameter = 200 x Bar Dia.
Stroke 200 L E D
ZLP-200 ZPE-460 / 31
Jack Details
Normal bar Dia. 15, 20 23, 26, 29 32, 36, 38 ZLP-100/80 280 270 46 56 73 ZLP-200 200 612 300 100 1980 4570 249 295 ZPE-460/31 485 410 80 996 56 Jack model RH303 Jack Dimension (mm) Capacity Weight D E Stroke 76 kN 295 kg 13.5 121 180
STRESSBAR
Nitroseal PX220 Spherical nut Hot-Dip galvanized protective cap Protective grease Grout tube inner Spherical washer Hot-Dip galvanized bearing plate with trumpet Grout Grout tube outer O-ring H.D.P.E. smooth or corrugated bore sheathing over free length External spacers at 1500 max. centres Corrugated sheathing (Polyethylene) CT Stressbar Internal spacers at 1500 max. centres
Protective grease
A Section A-A
Steel nose cone
Greased bar over free length H.D.P.E. smooth sheathing over free length
B
CT Stressbar epoxy coated if required Spacers at 1500 max. centres
Heat shrink
Section B-B
RETAINED E
ARTH
VSL RETAINED EARTH is a composite soil reinforcing system which employs welded wire mesh to improve the shear and compressive strength of an earth backfill. A RETAINED EARTH structure is a stable, unified gravity mass which may be designed for use in a broad variety of civil engineering applications. In projects ranging from commercial retaining walls to highway bridge abutments, VSL RETAINED EARTH has found widespread use and acceptance as a major construction system. The effective principle of RETAINED EARTH involves the transfer of stresses from the soils to the reinforcing mesh through bearing. Bearing pressure is developed on the projected areas of the mesh crossbars, and the pressure is in turn transferred to the longitudinal bars. The longitudinal bars are thus placed in tension, which enables the soil mass to withstand loads in the direction of the reinforcement. In addition to the significant performance advantages, the VSL RETAINED EARTH system is also extremely economical to design and construct. The system consists of only three components, reinforcing mesh, precast facing panels and backfill material. This simplicity allow construction to proceed easily and rapidly. Cost savings of up to 50% are regularly realised when compared with traditional stabilisation systems.
RETAINED E
ARTH
Complete Capabilities
VSL provides the client with a complete range of design and engineering services for a RETAINED EARTH structure. VSL employs the most advanced Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems available. Services provided include analysis of external stability, internal stability, bridge load, overturning and base sliding. In addition, VSL furnishes all preliminary drawings, shop drawings and complete erection sequencing documents as required.
Complete Flexibility
The VSL RETAINED EARTH concrete facing panels are available in a broad range of textures and colours. Because local materials are used in the production of these precast panels, the exposed surface can easily be coloured to complement the natural surroundings. Standard RETAINED EARTH panel treatments include raised relief, sandblast finish, exposed aggregate, and conventional smooth face concrete. These are only a very few of the possibilities however. Non-concrete faces, such as welded mesh or steel faced are also available and can be used to make temporary structures.
Temporary wall with welded mesh face
Ashlar finish
SYSTEM F
ORMWOR K
THE VSL Climbform System is a self climbing heavy duty construction platform used primarily to lift static panel vertical wall formwork. The system provides the wall designer with complete flexibility in both the structural design and selection of finishes.
SYSTEM F
ORMWOR K
VSL Formtravellers have been developed in conjunction with the in-house design of balanced or free cantilevering bridge structures. The formtraveller of either overhead truss or underslung type, is a hydraulically driven falsework system with built in working platforms and formwork panels. VSL services include design, supply, 1st assembly and commissioning, or a total turnkey package incorporating the operation of the system with the post-tensioning application. VSL System Formwork services include the design of the formwork systems, hire of the Climbform and Slipform Systems, prefabrication of forms and platforms, supervision and 1st assembly of the formwork and running of the systems.
BRIDGE E
NGINEERING
As a specialist involved in the design and construction of bridges, VSL has considerable experience and expertise in: conceptual, preliminary and final detailed design of bridge structure; developing construction methods with full engineering; full design and detailing for formwork and erection systems; on-site construction of selected elements of the structure, from post-tensioning through to entire bridge superstructures. The application of this knowledge by VSL assists owners, developers, main contractors and consultants with initial design concepts, alternative designs and construction methods. The result for the project is that: the cost is minimised; the methods are simplified; the time is reduced; the quality is enhanced; the safety is improved; the value of the structure is increased;
BRIDGE E
NGINEERING
STRUT URAL P
RODUCTS
Structural Bearings
Positioned between two structures to accommodate load transfer and relative movements which may cause damage. Bearings can be divided into two types, namely elastomeric and mechanical (disc or pot bearings). VSL services include design, testing, supply and installation.
Slip Joints
The slip joint has been developed to fill the need for a reliable and easily applied slip joint material on load bearing brickwork or under cast concrete slabs. It is designed to centralise loads and accommodate shrinkage and movement. Composed of polished stainless steel sliding against PTFE coated high grade natural rubber.
Movement Joints
Single Element
Used in building, pedestrian and vehicular structures to seal the gap between two structures so that they can move independently without adversely affecting each other. The joints are of either aluminium or steel with a flexible seal spanning between them and can accommodate movement ranges between 15 mm to 40 mm.
Movement Joints
Multi Element
Used in highway and bridge structures with large movements due to the effects of concrete shrinkage, thermal and seismic effects or differential settlement and ground movements. Typical movement ranges from 65 mm per single seal upto 1 m when connected together. VSL services include design, supply, 1st installation and long term maintenance.
NDEX
The Company Multistrand Post-Tensioning Bonded Slab Post-Tensioning External Post-Tensioning Stay Cables Ground Anchors Heavy Lifting Stressbar Retained Earth System Formwork Bridge Engineering Structural Products
1 3 15 21 23 25 29 31 35 37 39 41
BEARINGS, MOVEMENT JOINTS & SYSTEM FORMWORK ISO 9002: 1994 Certificate No: CC416
VSL
THE COMBINATION OF A WORLD-CLASS SPECIALIST CONTRACTOR WITH THE RESPONSIVENESS OF A LOCALLY BASED PARTNER
HEADQUARTERS
VSL International Ltd. Bernstrasse 9 LYSSACH - CH 3421 Switzerland Phone: 41-34-447 99 11 Fax: 41-34-445 43 22 http:\\ www.vsl-intl.com
Europe, Middle East, South America and Africa ( Operating Unit 4.5 )
REGIONAL OFFICE
Representative Office L'Odysse - Bt. A 2-12 Chemin des Femmes 91886 MASSY Cedex - France Tel. 33 - 1 - 69 19 43 16 Fax. 33 - 1 - 69 19 43 17
REGIONAL OFFICE
VSL North East Asia 1508 Devon House 979 King's Road Quarry Bay, HONG KONG Tel. 852 - 2590 22 22 Fax. 852 - 2590 95 93
REGIONAL OFFICE
VSL Corporation Crosspointe II Plaza 2840 Plaza Place - Suite 200 RALEIGH, NC 27612 USA Tel. 1 - 919 - 781 6272 Fax. 1 - 919 - 781 6892
AUSTRALIA - Queensland
VSL Prestressing (Aust.) Pty. Ltd. VIRGINIA Tel. 61 - 7 - 326 564 00 Fax. 61 - 7 - 326 575 34
HONG KONG
VSL Hong Kong Ltd. QUARRY BAY Tel. 852 - 2590 22 88 Fax. 852 - 2590 02 90
MIDWEST
VSL Corporation DALLAS, TX Tel. 1 - 972 - 647 - 0200 Fax. 1 - 972 - 641 - 1192
ARGENTINA
VSL Sistemas Especiales Construccin S.A. BUENOS AIRES Tel. 54 - 1 - 322 06 09 Fax. 54 - 1 - 322 09 19 de
NORWAY
VSL Norge A/S STAVANGER Tel. 47 - 51 - 56 37 01 Fax. 47 - 51 - 56 27 21
JAPAN
VSL Japan Corporation TOKYO Tel. 81 - 33 - 346 89 13 Fax. 81 - 33 - 345 91 53
NORTHEAST
VSL Corporation WASHINGTON, D.C. Tel. 1 - 703 - 451 - 4300 Fax. 1 - 703 - 451 - 0862
PERU AUSTRIA
Grund-und Sonderbau GesmbH VIENNA Tel. 43 - 1 - 878 17 0 Fax. 43 - 1 - 878 17 762 od 782 Pretensado VSL del Peru SA LIMA Tel. 51 - 1476 - 04 23/26 Fax. 51 - 1476 - 04 77
KOREA
VSL Korea Co., Ltd. SEOUL Tel. 82 - 2 - 574 82 00 Fax. 82 - 2 - 577 00 98
SOUTHEAST
VSL Corporation MIAMI, FL Tel. 1 - 305 - 592 - 5075 Fax. 1 - 305 - 592 - 5629
PORTUGAL BOLIVIA
Prestress VSL of Bolivia Jauregui Ltd. LA PAZ Tel. 591 - 2 - 321 874 Fax. 591 - 2 - 371 493 VSL Prequipe S.A. LISBON Tel. 351 - 1 - 793 85 30 Fax. 351 - 1 - 793 09 01 Stronghold Portugal PORTO Tel. 351 - 2 - 370 00 21 Fax. 351 - 2 - 379 39 73
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
VSL Systems (B) Sdn. Bhd. BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN Tel. 673 - 2 - 380 153/2 - 38182 Fax. 673 - 2 - 381 954
MAINLAND CHINA
258 Qianshan Road, Hefei, ANHUI PROVINCE Postal Code: 230031 Tel. 86 - 551 - 5577421 Fax. 86 - 551 - 5576018
WEST
VSL Corporation SAN JOSE, CA Tel. 1 - 408 - 866 - 5000 Fax. 1 - 408 - 374 - 4113
CHILE
VSL Sistemas SANTIAGO Tel. 56 - 2 - 233 10 81 Fax. 56 - 2 - 233 67 39
SOUTH AFRICA
Steeledale Systems (Pty) Ltd. JOHANNESBURG Tel. 27 - 11 - 613 77 41/9 Fax. 27 - 11 - 613 74 04
GUAM
VSL Prestressing (Guam) Inc. TUMON Tel. 67 - 1646 80 61 Fax. 67 - 1649 08 50
PHILIPPINES
VSL Philippines Inc. MANILA Tel. 63 - 2 - 633 1739 Fax. 63 - 2 - 633 1740
CZECH REPUBLIC
VSL Systemy (CZ) s.r.o. PRAGUE Tel. 420 - 2 - 67 07 24 20 Fax. 420 - 2 - 67 07 24 06
SPAIN
CTT Stronghold BARCELONA Tel. 34 - 3 - 200 87 11 Fax. 34 - 3 - 209 85 90
INDONESIA
PT VSL Indonesia JAKARTA Tel. 62 - 21 - 570 07 86 Fax. 62 - 21 - 573 68 49
TAIWAN
VSL Taiwan Co., Ltd. TAIPEI Tel. 886 - 22 - 759 68 19 Fax. 886 - 22 - 759 68 21
FRANCE
VSL France S.A. EGLY Tel. 33 - 1 - 69 26 14 00 Fax. 33 - 1 - 60 83 89 95
SWEDEN
Internordisk Spnnarmering AB, DANDERYD Tel. 46 - 8 - 753 02 50 Fax. 46 - 8 - 753 49 73
MALAYSIA
VSL Engineers (M) Sdn. Bhd. KUALA LUMPUR Tel. 60 - 3 - 242 47 11 Fax. 60 - 3 - 242 93 97
VIETNAM
VSL Hanoi Representative Office HANOI Tel. 84 - 4 - 8245 488 Fax. 84 - 4 - 8245 717
GREAT BRITIAN
Balvac Whitley Moran Ltd. DERBYSHIRE Tel. 44 - 1773 54 26 00 Fax. 44 - 1773 54 27 00
SWITZERLAND
VSL (Switzerland) Ltd. LYSSACH Tel. 41 - 34 - 447 99 11 Fax. 41 - 34 - 445 43 22
NEW ZEALAND
Precision Precasting (Wgtn.) Ltd. OTAKI Tel. 64 - 6 - 364 81 26 Fax. 64 - 6 - 364 83 44
GREECE
VSL Systems A/E ATHENS Tel. 30 - 1- 363 84 53 Fax. 30 - 1- 360 95 43
SINGAPORE
VSL Singapore Pte. Ltd. SINGAPORE Tel. 65 - 336 29 23 Fax. 65 - 337 64 61
INDIA
Killick Prestressing Ltd. BOMBAY Tel. 91 - 22 - 578 44 81 Fax. 91 - 22 - 578 47 19
THAILAND
VSL (Thailand) Co., Ltd. - BANGKOK Tel. 66 - 2 - 237 32 88/89/90 Fax. 66 - 2 - 238 24 48
NETHERLANDS
Civielco B.V. AT LEIDEN Tel. 31 - 71 - 576 89 00 Fax. 31 - 71 - 572 08 86 Stronghold Benelux B.V. Tel. 31- 70 -511-5145 Fax. 31- 70 -517-6624