DataModel

Data Modeling and Database Design
Minder Chen, Ph.D. mchen@gmu.edu

Team Team number Specialty Customer Customer number Customer name Customer address Customer activity Customer telephone Customer fa
member is a member of
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belongs to
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staffed by
is assigned to
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Task Task name Task cost

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Data Modeling and Database Design Course Outline

" IN !"D#C I"N # Introduction to Data Modeling # Data$a%e De&elo'ment (i)e C*cle "&er&ie+ " ,N I - .ND !,(. I"N/0IP # De&elo' the /u$1ect .rea Diagram # De&elo' Preliminar* Data Model2 ,ntit* 3 !elation%hi' Identi)ication " . !I4# ,/ .ND /#4 -P,/ # .ttri$ute% Identi)ication and De)inition # De&elo' 5ull* .ttri$uted Data Model # Identi)ier% # Data Modeling ,6erci%e # Partitioning and ,ntit* /u$t*'e% " N"!M.(I7. I"N # Normali8ation # Normali8ation ,6erci%e # De-normali8ation " D. . M"D,( ,9.(#. I"N .ND M.PPIN: " !,(. I"N.( D4M/ # !e)ine a Data Model2 .nal*%i% and /im'li)ication # ran%)orm to Ph*%ical Data 4a%e De%ign " Po+erDe%igner2 Data .rchitect " P*%ical D4 De%ign and Data ;arehou%e D4 De%ign
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 2 -
References
Data Modeling and Data$a%e De%ign 1. 4atini, Ceri, Na&athe, Conceptual Database Design, !ed+ood Cit*, C.2 he 4en1amin<Cumming% Pu$li%hing Com'an*, Inc., 1992. 2. eore*, . =., Database Modeling and Design: The Entity-Relationship Approach, Morgan >au)mann Pu$li%her%, Inc., 1990. 3. homa% .. 4ruce, Designing Quality Databases with DE!"# nfor$ation Models, Dor%et 0ou%e Pu$li%hing, N-2 Ne+ -or?, 1991. @. e6a% In%trument%, A %uide to E &sing E!, 2nd edition, Part No. 2A39ABC-0001, 1990. B. Martin, =ame%, nfor$ation Engineering 'oo( : )lanning and Analysis, Prentice0all Inc., 19D9. C. Da&e ,n%or, Ian /te&en%on, Oracle Design, "E!eill* 3 .%%ociate%, 199A A. !o$ :illette, etc., )hysical Database Design for *ybase *Q+ *er,er, Prentice 0all, 199B. D. !al'h >im$all, The Data -arehouse Tool(it, ;ile*, 199C. =.D !e)erence% 1. .ugu%t, =. 0.. .oint Application Design: The %roup *ession Approach to *yste$ Design. ,ngle+ood Cli))%, N-, Prentice 0all, Inc., 1991. 2. ;ood, =. and /il&er, D. .oint Application Design: /ow to Design Quality *yste$s in 012 +ess Ti$e. Ne+ -or?, N-, =ohn ;ile* 3 /on%, 19D9. 3. .ndre+%, D. C. and (e&enthal, N. /., !usion: ntegrating E3 CA*E3 and .AD: A /andboo( for Reengineering the *yste$s Organi4ation, ,ngle+ood Cli))%, N=2 -ourdon Pre%%, 1993.
Data Modeling and Database Design: 5TROD&CT O5
" /*%tem% De&elo'ment (i)e C*cle F/D(CG in a Client</er&er ,n&ironment " Introduction to Data Modeling " Data$a%e De&elo'ment (i)e C*cle "&er&ie+
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002
Data Modeling - @ -
Rationales for Data Modeling

" Data i% the )oundation o) modern in)ormation %*%tem% ena$led $* data $a%e technologie%. " Data in an organi8ation e6i%t and can $e de%cri$ed inde'endentl* o) ho+ the%e data are u%ed. " Data %hould $e managed a% a cor'orate-+ide re%ource. " he t*'e% o) data u%ed in an organi8ation do not change &er* much. " Data ha&e certain inherent 'ro'ertie% +hich lead to correct %tructuring. " I) +e %tructure data according to their inherent 'ro'ertie%, the %tructure Fi.e., data model%G +ill $e %ta$le.
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - B -
/istory of Data Modeling

" Im'ortance o) ,ntit*-!elation%hi' Modeling echniHue
# # # # # Data$a%e Data modeling and enter'ri%e-+ide data Data Hualit* Data u'dating and acce%%ing tool% and 'rocedure Data %haring culture
" ,! modeling techniHue +a% )ir%t de&elo'ed $* Peter Chen in 19AC

# # # . conce'tual<logical data modeling tool . u%er-oriented a''roach . gra'hic-$a%ed method
" ,! modeling techniHue i% the ma1or data modeling method in In)ormation ,ngineering and i% +idel* %u''orted $* mo%t o) C./, tool%. " Data modeling i% the )oundation o) mo%t data$a%e-centered tran%action 'roce%%ing %*%tem% and data +arehou%e %*%tem%
Data Modeling - C -
C*C De,elop$ent *trategies

0I:0 0I:0
" !,-C!,. , ne+ $u%ine%% 'roce%% 3 %*%tem% )rom %cratch " !,-,N:IN,,! $u%ine%% 'roce%% 3 %*%tem%
!i%? (ong erm !e+ard /hort erm Co%t% Degree o) Change
" !,-D,/I:N current %*%tem% " !,-0"/ current %*%tem% " !,-IM.:, current %*%tem%
("; (";
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - A -
Distribution of 'usiness !unction 6+ogic7

Pre%entation /'ace
Pre%entation Pre%entation /er&ice (ogic 5unction (ogic Data (ogic Data /er&ice
Data /'ace
Client
" " " " " Pre%entation logic (ocal in'ut &alidation "ut'ut 'roduction logic (ocal 'eri'heral dri&er% Per)ormance critical 'roce%%ing " " "
/er&er
5unction% that acce%% data on the %er&er 5unction% that need in'ut )rom multi'le u%er% 5unction% that coordinate the +or? o) %e&eral u%er
I%%ue%2
" " " " "
Di%tri$ution o) data Plat)orm-%'eci)ic ca'a$ilitie% and intero'era$ilit* Connecti&it* ca'a$ilitie%<'lat)orm 5reHuenc* o) change to code% Con)iguration management
Data Modeling - D -
C8* De,elop$ent Methodology

/D(C C</ .rchitecture #%er Inter)ace Conce'tual .nal*%i% ;or? 5lo+ rule%IJ (ogical De%ign 5orm /eHuence% 'er)ormance IJ Ph*%ical De%ign 5orm%, /creen%
.''lication (ogic
Proce%% 5lo+
"$1ect Interaction Model Data$a%e /chema
Program%, Procedure%
In)ormation 3 Data 4a%e
Data Model
a$le%, Inde6e%
/ource2 Da&id 9a%?e&itch, Client</er&er /trategie%, ID: 4oo?%, 1993. Data Modeling - 9 ! Minder Chen, 1993~2002
;h /ta ere D rt K oou
Client8*er,er Application De,elop$ent Methodology

!eHuirement%
nfor$ation 9 Data 'ase
Proce%%e% 4eha&ior
;or?)lo+ #%er Inter)ace
.rchitecture
.''lication De%ign and De&elo'ment

/ource2 Da&id 9a%?e&itch, Client</er&er /trategie%, ID: 4oo?%, 1993. ! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 10 -
Data Modeling 6Data 'ase Design7 )rocess

In)ormation !eHuirement% Conce'tual D4 De%ign . conce'tual D4 %chema i% a highle&el de%cri'tion o) the data$a%e, inde'endent o) the 'articular D4M/.
Conce'tual F,nter'ri%eG D4 /chema (ogical D4 De%ign . logical D4 %chema i% a de%cri'tion o) the %tructure o) the data$a%e that can $e 'roce%%ed $* a D4M/2 relational, net+or?, or hierarchical.
. 'h*%ical D4 %chema i% a de%cri'tion o) the im'lementation o) the data$a%e in e6ternal memor*L it de%cri$e% the %torage %tructure% and acce%% method% u%ed in order to e))ecti&el* acce%% and maintain data.
(ogical D4 /chema
Ph*%ical D4 De%ign
Ph*%ical D4 /chema
/ource2 4atini, C., Ceri, /., and Na&athe, /. 4., Conceptual Database Design: An EntityRelationship Approach, he 4en1amin<Cumming% Pu$li%hing Com'an*, Inc., 1992. Data Modeling - 11 ! Minder Chen, 1993~2002
Multiple )erspecti,es
)e use this data
$%E &'S(%ESS
)e do these things
D. .
.C I9I -
0I!, ,MP("-,,
P.,MP("-,,
,MP("-,, P!"M" , ,MP("-,,
...... ...... .... ....
5I!, ,MP("-,,
Data Modeling - 12 -
Data Model 6Entity Relationship Diagra$7

Mem$er "rder 'laced $*L 'lace% i% enrolled underL a''lie% to
Mem$er
.greement
%ell%L i% %old on
generate%L generated $*
e%ta$li%hed $*L e%ta$li%hed
Product
i% )eatured inL )eature%
Promotion
%'on%or%L i% %'on%ored $*
Clu$
Entity Relationship Diagra$: *ub:ect Area and Entity Type
" /u$1ect .rea and /u$1ect .rea Diagram " ,ntit* *'e% " ,ntit* In%tance% " 5inding ,ntit* *'e% " ,&aluating ,ntit* *'e%
Data Modeling - 1@ -
*ub:ect Area 6*ub$odel7

" . natural area o) intere%t to the $u%ine%% that i% centered on a ma1or re%ource, in'ut%, out'ut%, or acti&it* o) the $u%ine%%. " It contain% a %et o) entit* t*'e%. " ;e %tart the data modeling in the I/P %tage $* identi)*ing %u$1ect area% +ith name% and de%cri'tion%. " In 4.. %tage, %u$1ect area% are u%ed to a% high le&el grou'ing o) entit* t*'e%. " Naming2 a %u$1ect area i% a noun in 'lural )orm and o)ten ha% the name a% the central entit* t*'e in the %u$1ect area. " ,6am'le%2
Pro1ect%
Pro1ect Mem$er a%?
Pro1ect
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 1B -
*ub:ect Area Diagra$
Customers
Products Raw-materials Orders Buyers Suppliers Purchas e Orders
Sales-persons
Legends
: Subject Area : Association

! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 1C -
Entity Types
" De)inition2
# .n entit* i% an o$1ect or e&ent, real or a$%tract, a$out +hich +e +ould li?e to %tore data. ,ntit* i% the a$$re&iation o) entit* t*'e. It re're%ent a %et o) entit* in%tance% +hich can $e de%cri$ed $* the %ame %et o) attri$ute t*'e%. he &alue o) the %ame attri$ute )or each entit* in%tance ma* $e di))erent.
" Identi)*ing ,ntit* *'e%

# ;hat in)ormation i% reHuired $* the $u%ine%%K # hing% that are o) intere%t to the $u%ine%% that need to $e remem$ered in order to manage and trac? them. # hing% $elong to the %ame entit* t*'e ha&e common characteri%tic%.
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 1A -
5a$ing Entity Types

" he name o) each entit* i% in %ingular )orm
# # # # a noun an ad1ecti&e M a noun a noun M a noun IJ Fnoun %tringG an ad1ecti&e M a noun M a noun
" ,6am'le% " " " "
# Cu%tomer, Cu%tomer "rder, Product, 0ourl* ,m'lo*ee, Pro1ect, De'artment, #n)illed Cu%tomer "rder
4e clear and conci%e .&oid a$$re&iation 4e con%i%t +ith u%erN% terminolog* Identi)* %*non*m%
# Cu%tomer # Product # /u''lier eacher # Client Merchandi%e 9endor 5acult*
" #%e one name a% the o))icial name and document other% a% alia%e%
Data Modeling - 1D -
E;ercise: Entity Type 5a$ing
" Cour%e% " De'artment " Cu%tomer "rder " P"
)roperties of Entity Types

" " " " " " " " Name De%cri'tion Identi)ier Pro'ertie%2 ,%timated num$er FMa6., Min., .&erageG o) entit* in%tance% ,6'ected gro+th rate o) entit* in%tance% /u$1ect .rea in +hich the ,ntit* *'e re%ide% .ttri$ute% that de%cri$e the ,ntit* *'e% ,6am'le% o) entit* t*'e in%tance%
Definition of an Entity Type " . 'oor de)inition o) Cu%tomer2 .n*one that $u*% %omething )rom the com'an*.
# Can em'lo*ee% $e a cu%tomerK # Can a lea%or $e a cu%tomerK # I) the com'an* %old a %u$%idiar* to another com'an*, doe% the ne+ o+ner con%ider a cu%tomerK
" :ood de)inition %hould $e2

# # # # # Com'ati$le Preci%e Conci%e Clear Com'lete
%ood Definition
" Com'ati$le
# Cu%tomer2 .n "!:.NI7. I"N that 'urcha%e P!"D#C % )or 'er%onal u%e. # Di%tri$utor2 .n "!:.NI7. I"N that 'urcha%e P!"D#C % )or re%ale.
" Preci%ion2
# ;ith a''ro'riate Huali)ier% # ,6am'le2 .n "!:.NI7. I"N i% con%idered to ha&e 'urcha%e a P!"D#C +hen +e recei&e a &alid P#!C0./, "!D,! )rom it.
" Com'lete
# "!:.NI7. I"N, P!"D#C , P#!C0./, "!D,! need to $e de)ined.
" Conci%e and Clear

# #%e modular de)inition
E;a$ple of Entity Type Descriptions
Entity Type
Cu%tomer Product !a+-material /u''lier 4u*er
Description
In)ormation a$out all 'er%on% or organi8ation% +ho 'urcha%e%
.ll good% manu)actured and %old Com'onent% u%ed to manu)acture Product%. 9endor% o) !a+ Material%.
Com'an* 'er%onnel re%'on%i$le )or 'urcha%ing !a+-Material% )rom /u''lier%
Entity Type and Entity nstance 6Occurrence7 ,ntit* *'e% 9endor ,m'lo*ee Cour%e De'artment ,ntit* In%tance .4C Co. =ohn /mith Intro. to I,
Mar?eting De'artment
E;ercise: Entity Types or Entity nstances<
" Mar*land " "rgani8ation #nit " Cu%tomer " Pre%ident " 4ill Clinton " De'artment o) Commerce " .ddre%%
Data Modeling - 2B -
!inding Entity Types " " " " " " Inter&ie+% +ith u%er% =.D +or?%ho'% 4u%ine%% )orm% !e'ort% Com'uter )ile% u%ing re&er%e engineering "'eration manual%
Data Modeling - 2C -
-here to +oo( for an Entity Type<

" angi$le or Intangi$le hing%
he noun% that are u%ed to de%cri$e the 'ro$lem domain +ill o)ten corre%'ond to the ma1or ,ntit* *'e% o) the %*%tem, at lea%t at a high le&el. # ,6am'le%2 Product, /en%or, and ,m'lo*ee, De'artment, and /ale "))ice. #
" !e%ource%
# .n* re%ource% that an organi8ation need% to manage %hould $e re're%ented a% an ,ntit* *'e. In)ormation a%%i%t% the e))icient and e))ecti&e u%e o) other re%ource% through im'ro&ed deci%ion. # ,6am'le%2 In&entor*, Machine, 4an? .ccount, and Cu%tomer.
" !ole% Pla*ed

# !ole% can $e 'la*ed $* 'er%on% or organi8ational unit%. # ,6am'le%2 Cu%tomer%, Manager%, and .ccount re're%entati&e%.
" ,&ent%
# ,&ent% are incident% that occur at 'oint% in time. .n e&ent o)ten in&ol&ed an interaction $et+een t+o ,ntit* *'e% or an action that change% the %tatu% o) an ,ntit* *'e. # ,6am'le%2 /ale, Deli&er*, and !egi%tration o) a motor &ehicle.
Data Modeling - 2A -
' A T:
" " " "
'usiness nfor$ation Analysis and ntegration Techni=ue
.nal*%i% o) "rder% "rdered entitie% can $e a thing, a %'ace, or a %?ill. 9ie+ the order )rom %u''lier %ide. I) an organi8ation recei&e% no order%, it ha% no rea%on )or e6i%ting. " .n organi8ation unit can recei&e multi'le t*'e% o) order%. " @ Hue%tion% a$out the /u''lier2
# # # # 4illing FCa%hGK Deli&er (ate FImmediateGK Pro)ile cu%tomerK Negotiate 'rice F5i6edGK
" 3 Hue%tion% a$out the "rdered ,ntit*2

# !ented F/oldGK # rac?edK # Made to order F/toc?GK
*ource: Carlson3 -> M>3 ?' A T: 'usiness nfor$ation Analysis and ntegration Techni=ue The 5ew /ori4on3? Data 'ase3 @ol> "13 5o> 03 "ABA3 pp> C-A>
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 2D -
Criteria for E,aluating an Entity Type

" Need to $e remem$ered $* the in)ormation %*%tem in order to $e )unctional. " Can $e o'erated on2 C!,. ,, !,.D, #PD. ,, D,(, ,. " 0a% a %et o) o'eration%<%er&ice% that al+a*% a''l* to change the %tatu% o) each occurrence o) an ,ntit* *'e. " Carr* a %et o) attri$ute% that al+a*% a''l* to de%cri$e each occurrence o) an ,ntit* *'e. " 0a&e at lea%t one relation%hi' +ith other entit* t*'e. " ,6i%t more than one entit* occurrence Fin%tanceG in an ,ntit* *'e. " 0a&e at lea%t a uniHue identi)ier. " Domain-$a%ed reHuirement%2 /omething that the %*%tem mu%t ha&e in order to o'erate. he%e ma* $e clearl* %'eci)ied in the 'ro$lem de%cri'tion or ?no+n )rom %u$1ect matter e6'ert%.
Entity Relationship Modeling and Diagra$$ing
" !elation%hi'% " ,ntit* !elation%hi' Diagramming Notation " .ttri$ute% " Identi)ier% " Partitioning and ,ntit* /u$t*'e%
Relationship 6Type7
" De)inition
# . !elation%hi' *'e i% an a%%ociation among ,ntit* *'e%. It indicate% that there i% a $u%ine%% relation%hi' $et+een the%e ,ntit* *'e%. # !elation%hi' Mem$er%hi' i% the 'artici'ation o) an ,ntit* *'e in a !elation%hi'. # In I,, a !elation%hi' *'e can in&ol&e onl* t+o ,ntit* *'e% F$inar* relation%hi'G. /ome other modeling techniHue% allo+ n-ar* relation%hi'%.
" ,6am'le%
# # # # C#/ "M,! 'lace% "!D,! "!D,! i% 'laced $* C#/ "M,! ,MP("-,, +or?% on P!"=,C P!"=,C ha% 'ro1ect mem$er ,MP("-,,
)aring 6Relationship nstance7

" !elation%hi' 'aring i% a 'air o) ,ntit* In%tance% o) t+o ,ntit* *'e% a%%ociated $* a !elation%hi' *'e $et+een the%e t+o ,ntit* *'e%. ,ntit* *'e%
/tudent
,ntit* In%tance
/tudentO1 /tudentO2
Cour%eO. Cour%eO4 Cour%eOC Cour%eOD
Cour%e
!elation%hi'
/tudent ta?e% Cour%e
!elation%hi' Paring
/tudentO1 ta?e% Cour%eO. /tudentO1 ta?e% Cour%eO4 /tudentO1 ta?e% Cour%eOD /tudentO2 ta?e% Cour%eO. /tudentO2 ta?e% Cour%eOC /tudentO2 ta?e% Cour%eOD
Relationship nstances %rouping
" De)inition2 . collection o) 'airing% o) a !elation%hi' Mem$er%hi' in +hich an ,ntit* In%tance i% in&ol&ed. " ,6am'le%2
# /tudentO1 ta?e% Cour%eO., O4, and OD # /tudentO2 ta?e% Cour%eO., OC, and OD # Cour%eO. i% ta?en $* /tudentO1 and /tudentO2
Relationship Cardinality
One-to-One One-to-One
121
! "
One-to-#any One-to-#any
12M
"
#any-to-#any #any-to-#any
M2N
"
Relationship Cardinality
" he num$er o) ,ntit* In%tance% in&ol&ed in the !elation%hi' In%tance% :rou'ing in a !elation%hi' *'e. " hree 5orm% o) Cardinalit*
1. "ne-to-one F121G D,P.! M,N ha% M.N.:,! ,ach D,P.! M,N ha% one and onl* one M.N.:,! ,ach M.N.:,! manage% one and onl* one D,P.! M,N 2. "ne-to-man* F12mG C#/ "M,! 'lace% "!D,! ,ach C#/ "M,! %ometime% F9BPG 'lace one or more "!D,!% ,ach "!D,! al+a*% i% 'laced $* e6actl* one C#/ "M,! 3. Man*-to-man* Fm2nG IN/ !#C "! teache% C"#!/, ,ach IN/ !#C I"N teache% 8ero, one, or more C"#!/,% ,ach C"#!/, i% taught $* one or more IN/ !#C "!%
Entity Relationship Diagra$ 6ERD7: 5otations

:ra'hical :ra'hicalNotation% Notation% Cardinalit* indicator relation%hi'-de%cri'tion 8ero one man*
,ntit*-Q
re&er%ed-relation-de%cri'tion
,ntit*--
min ma6 ran%late ran%lateinto intot+o t+o%tructured %tructured%tatement% %tatement% ,ach ,ntit*-Q relation%hi'-de%cri'tion cardinalit*-indicator Fone-or-man*G ,ntit*--
,ach ,ntit*-- re&er%ed-relation%hi'-de%cri'tion F8ero-or-oneG ,ntit*-,6am'le ,6am'le
De'artment
i%-managed-$* manage%
Manager
Optionality of Relationship Me$berships " ;hether all entit* in%tance% o) $oth entit* t*'e% need to 'artici'ate in relation%hi' 'airing. " "'tionalit*2
# Mandator* # "'tional
" ,6am'le2
# C#/ "M,! mem$er%hi' i% o'tional # "!D,! mem$er%hi' i% mandator*
'lace%
C#/ "M,!
i% 'laced $*
"!D,!
Relationship *tate$ents
:ra'hical :ra'hicalNotation% Notation%
Cardinalit* indicator 'lace%
one one or more
C#/ "M,!
i% 'laced $*
"!D,!
8ero F%ometime%G one Fal+a*%G
"'tionalit* indicator
,ach ,ach,ntit* ,ntit*Q Q o'tionalit* o'tionalit* relation%hi' relation%hi' cardinalit* cardinalit* ,ntit* ,ntit*,ach C#/ "M,! %ometime% 'lace% one or more "!D,!. ,ach "!D,! al+a*% i% 'laced $* one C#/ "M,!.
Defining Relationships
" Name " De%cri'tion " Pro'ert*
# Cardinalit* &olume% # "'tionalit* 'ercentage2 P o) ,ntit* *'e QE% in%tance% 'airing +ith ,ntit* *'eE% -E% in%tance% # ran%)era$ilit*2 . relation%hi' i% tran%)era$le i) an entit* in%tance can change it% 'airing +ithin the %ame relation%hi'.
* !.N/5,!.4(,2 .n ,MP("-,, can change to a di))erent D,P.! M,N . * N"N- !.N/5,!.4(,2 .n "!D,! cannot $e tran%)erred to another C#/ "M,!.
ERD: More E;a$ples

&a' Customer places belongs-to Order
Product
is-contained-in contains manages
&b' mployee
wor$s-%or
is-managed-by Project has-project-members
Parallel !elation%h i'
&c'
is-consists-o%
Part
contained-in
In&oluted or (oo'ed !elation%hi'
Data Modeling - @0 -
ERD: Alternati,e 5otations

Cu%tomer 'lace% $elong%-to .lternati&e .lternati&eNotation%2 Notation%2 Cu%tomer Cu%tomer Cu%tomer 'lace% 'lace% 1 'lace% $elong%-to "rder $elong%-to "rder M "rder "rder
dentifying Relationships
" .%%ociation $et+een entit* t*'e% " ,ntit* t*'e% that are u%ed on the %ame )orm% or document%. " . de%cri'tion in a $u%ine%% document that ha% a &er$ that relate% t+o entit* t*'e%
# ha% # con%i%t% o) # u%e%
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - @2 -
Attributes
" De)inition
# Characteri%tic% that could $e u%ed to de%cri$e ,ntit* *'e% and !elation%hi' *'e%. 0o+e&er, in I,, relation%hi' t*'e% are not allo+ed to ha&e attri$ute%.
" Naming Con&ention%2

# Name% that ha&e $u%ine%% meaning # DonEt u%e a$$re&iation or 'o%%e%%i&e ca%e, e.g., PN and Cu%tomerE% name # DonEt include entit* t*'e name $ecau%e I,5 +ill 're)i6 the attri$ute name +ith entit* t*'e name automaticall* # #%e %tandard )ormat2
,ntit* *'e Name FRuali)ier%G Domain Name Cu%tomer Name ,m'lo*ee /tarting Date " ,6am'le%
# # # # Cu%tomer ha% cu%tomer name, addre%%, and tele'hone num$er Product ha% Huantit*-on-hand, +eight, &olume, color, and name. ,m'lo*ee ha% //N, %alar*, and $irthda*. ,m'lo*ee-+or?%-)or-'ro1ect ha% 'ercentage-o)-time, %tarting-date.
Attributes: 5otations
Student Student () Student *ame
Birth date Student () Course no+ enrollment Birth date
/tudent %tudentID name 'hone
/tudentF/tudent /tudentF/tudent ID, ID, /tudent /tudent Name, Name, 4irth 4irth DateG DateG
5inding 5inding.ttri$ute%2 .ttri$ute%2 .ttri$ute% .ttri$ute%are areidenti)ied identi)ied'rogre%%i&el* 'rogre%%i&el*during during 4.. 4.. 'ha%e. 'ha%e. "" Data Data.nal*%i% .nal*%i% "" .cti&it* .cti&it*.nal*%i% .nal*%i% "" Interaction Interaction.nal*%i% .nal*%i% "" Current Current /*%tem% /*%tem% .nal*%i% .nal*%i%
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - @@ -
Attribute @alue
" De)inition
# .ttri$ute 9alue% are in%tance% o) .ttri$ute% u%ed to de%cri$e %'eci)ic ,ntit* In%tance%
" ,6am'le%
# # # # # Cu%tomer Num$er2 01133@ Cu%tomer Name2 Minder Chen /tate2 9. "rder otal2 S23,000 /ale ta62 S2B0
" .n attri$ute o) an entit* t*'e %hould ha&e onl* one &alue at an* gi&en time. FNo re'eating grou'G " .&oid u%ing com'le6 coding %cheme )or an attri$ute. 5or e6am'le2 P.! Num$er2 Q-QQQ-QQQ
Part *'e
Material
/eHuence Num$er
Data Modeling - @B -
Type 9 nstance
"4=,C -P, ,ntit* *'e ,ntit* ,ntit* *'e !elation%hi' F *'eG .ttri$ute F *'eG "CC#!!,NC, ,ntit* In%tance ,ntit* In%tance ,ntit* Pairing F!elation%hi' In%tanceG F.ttri$uteG 9alue
Data Modeling - @C -
Attribute *ource Categories

" 4a%ic
# De)inition2 .n .ttri$ute 9alue that cannot $e deduced or calculated. # ,6am'le%2 /tudent name and 4irthda*
" Deri&ed
# De)inition2 he .ttri$ute 9alue can $e calculated or deduced )rom relation%hi' :rou'ing% or )rom the &alue% o) other .ttri$ute%. he &alue o) a Deri&ed .ttri$ute change% con%tantl*. # ,6am'le%2 /tudent .ge, .ccount 4alance, Num$er o) cour%e% ta?en.
" De%igned
# De)inition2 he .ttri$ute i% created to o&ercome the %*%tem con%traint%. he &alue o) a De%igned .ttri$ute doe% not change. # ,6am'le%2 /tudent ID, Cour%e num$er.
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - @A -
Data Types
Data Modeling - @D -
)roperties of Attributes
" " " " " " " Name De%cri'tion .ttri$ute /ource Categor*2 4a%ic, Deri&ed, De%igned Domain or data t*'e2 e6t, Num$er, Date, ime, ime%tam' "'tionalit*2 Mandator* or o'tional (ength and<or 'reci%ion Permitted 9alue% F(egal 9alue%G
# # !ange% . %et o) &alue% FCode a$leG
" De)ault &alue or algorithm ool% %uch a% Po+er4uilder ha% additional 'ro'ertie% )or ta$leN% column% called e6tended attri$ute%
# 9alidation !ule # ,diting 5ormat # !e'orting 5ormat
# Column 0eading # 5orm (a$el # Code a$le
Co$posite Attribute
" De)inition2 " ,6am'le2
# ele'hone Num$er I
.rea code M ,6change M ,6ten%ion " here i% no %u''ort o) com'o%ite attri$ute t*'e mo%t o) C./, tool%. In %uch ca%e, an com'o%ite attri$ute mu%t $e %tored a% an entit* t*'e.
Data Modeling - B0 -
Do$ain
" . collection o) &alue% +hich can $e ta?en $* one or more attri$ute%. " Date i% the domain )or "rdered Date, /tudentE% 4irthda*, ,m'lo*ee /tarting Date. " . u%ed de)ined domain can ha&e custo$i4ed ,alidation rules and for$ats. " C./, tool% %uch a% I,5 onl* %u''ort% the )ollo+ing $a%ic domain%2
# e6t # Num$er # Date # ime # ime%tam'
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - B1 -
dentifiers " he identi)ier o) an entit* t*'e i% a %et o) attri$ute% and<or relation%hi'% +ho%e &alue% can uniHuel* identi)* an entit*. " ,ntit* t*'e% %hould ha&e one identi)ier. " Identi)ier% ma* con%i%t o)
# . %ingle attri$ute2 /tudent ID # . %et o) attri$ute%2 /tudent% ID M Cour%e ID # .n attri$ute and a relation%hi' mem$er%hi' Fim'lemented a% a )oreign >e*G2 "rder Item No M "rder 0a% "rder Item
dentifying Relationship
cu%tomer
'lace%
'roduct
/*m$ol )or Identi)*ing !elation%hi'
i% ordered $*
"!D,!/
i% 'laced $* contain% ha%
order
i% 'art o)
order item
Data Modeling Case *tudy

he )ollo+ing i% de%cri'tion $* a 'harmac* o+ner2
T=ac? /mith catche% a cold and +hat he %u%'ect% i% a )lu &iru%. 0e ma?e% an a''ointment +ith hi% )amil* doctor +ho con)irm hi% diagno%i%. he doctor 're%cri$e% an anti$iotic and na%al deconge%tant ta$let%. =ac? lea&e% the doctorE% o))ice and dri&e% to hi% local drug %tore. he 'harmaci%t 'ac?age% the medication and t*'e% the la$el% )or 'ill $ottle%. he la$el include% in)ormation a$out cu%tomer, the doctor +ho 're%cri$e the drug, the drug Fe.g., PenicillinG, +hen to ta?e it, and ho+ o)ten, the content o) the 'ill F2B0 mgG, the num$er o) re)ill%, e6'iration date, and the date o) 'urcha%e.T
Plea%e de&elo' a data model )or the entitie% and relation%hi'% +ithin the conte6t o) 'harmac*. .l%o de&elo' a de)inition )or T're%cri'tionT. (i%t all *our underl*ing a%%um'tion% u%ed in *our data model%.
Data Modeling - B@ -
Data Modeling Case *tudy

:i&en the )ollo+ing narrati&e de%cri'tion o) entitie% and their relation%hi'%, 're'are a dra)t entit* relation%hi' diagram F,!DG. 4e %ure an* rea%ona$le a%%um'tion% that *ou are ma?ing.
4urger ;orld Di%tri$ution Center %er&e% a% a %u''lier to @B 4urger ;orld )ranchi%e%. -ou are in&ol&ed +ith a 'ro1ect to $uild a data$a%e %*%tem )or di%tri$ution. ,ach )ranchi%e %u$mit% a da*-$*-da* 'ro1ection o) %ale% )or each o) 4urger ;orldE% menu 'roduct% - the 'roduct% li%ted on the menu at each re%taurant - )or the coming month. .ll menu 'roduct reHuire ingredient% and<or 'ac?aging item%. 4a%ed on 'ro1ected %ale% )or the %tore, the %*%tem mu%t generate a da*-$*-da* and ingredient% need and then colla'%e tho%e need% into one-'er-+ee? 'urcha%e reHui%ition% and %hi'ment%.
Data Modeling - BB -
Data Modeling )rocess

" (i%t entit* t*'e% " Create relation%hi'%
# Pic? a central entit* t*'e # ;or? around the neigh$orhood
* .dd entit* t*'e% to the diagram * 4uild relation%hi'% among them
# Determine cardinalitie% o) relation%hi'%
" 5ind<Create identi)ier% )or each entit* t*'e " .dd attri$ute% to the entit* t*'e in the data model " .nal*8e and re&i%e the data model
Data Modeling - BC -
Classifying Attribute and )artitioning

" .n ,ntit* /u$t*'e . collection o) ,ntitie% o) the %ame t*'e to +hich a narro+er de)inition and additional .ttri$ute% and !elation%hi'% a''l*. .n ,ntit* /u$t*'e inherit% Fretain%G all the .ttri$ute% and !elation%hi'% o) it% 'arent ,ntit* *'e. " Cla%%i)*ing .ttri$ute2 .n attri$ute o) the 4a%e ,ntit* *'e +ho%e &alue% 'artition the ,ntit* In%tance% into /u$t*'e%. " Partitioning2 . $a%i% )or %u$di&iding one entit* t*'e into %u$t*'e%. he 'roce%% o) di&iding an ,ntit* *'e into %e&eral /u$t*'e% $a%ed on a Cla%%i)*ing .ttri$ute i% called Partitioning. " he Cla%%i)*ing .ttri$ute i% recorded a% a 'ro'ert* o) the Partitioning and it a''ear% on the diagram.
Data Modeling - BA -
Characteristics of )artitioning
" "'tionalit*2
# Mandator*2 ,&er* ,ntit* in%tance% o) the ,ntit* *'e mu%t )all into one o) the /u$t*'e categorie%. # "'tional2 Not e&er* ,ntit* in%tance% o) the ,ntit* *'e mu%t )all into one o) the /u$t*'e categorie%.
" ,ntit* (i)e C*cle2 he %tate% through +hich an ,ntit* *'e can 'a%% are u%ed )or Partitioning. " ,numeration2
# 5ull* enumerated # Not )ull* enumerated
" Cla%%i)*ing .ttri$ute% and 9alue%

# Cla%%i)*ing .ttri$ute2 *'e # D2 Dome%tic /u$t*'e # 52 5oreign /u$t*'e
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - BD -
)artitioning and Entity *ubtype: 5otation

. !I4# ,2 ,m'lo*ee ID Name 4irthda* . !I4# ,2 eaching Rualit* Indicator
,m'lo*ee
*'e
(ecturer /ta))
eache%
/eminar
/tatu%
;age 0ourl*
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - B9 -
Alternati,e 5otations for *ubtypes

ID,51Q Com'lete Categor* .ll categorie% %ho+n
em'lo*eeID name 'hone
Po+erDe%igner
,ccount ,ccount %umber %ame
em'lo*ee t*'e
)ull-time-em' em'lo*eeID F5>G %alar*
'art-time-em' em'lo*eeID F5>G hourl*-rate
Savings +ate
Checking Fees
Data Modeling - C0 -
Entity *ubtype )artitioning

(i)e (i)e C*cle C*cle Partitioning Partitioning
"rder
"rder /tatu%
a?en /cheduled /hi''ed 4illed Paid
5or$ali4ation
" . data $a%e i% a model or an image o) the realit*. " (ogical Data 4a%e De%ign i% a 'roce%% o) modeling and ca'turing the end-u%er &ie+% o) an a''lication domain and %*nthe%i% them into a data $a%e %tructure. " Normali8ation i% a logical data $a%e de%ign method. " he $a%i% )or normali8ation i% the )unctional de'endencie% among attri$ute% in a ta$le.
*Q+ Ter$inology
Product Product /able /able
p,no product,name -uantity price Row !.! ".! "." Color /0 B34 /0 PC "1 !. 2 2.. "2. "... Column
Create Create a a table table in in S5L S5L
C!,. , .4(,/ F'Uno C0.!FBG N" N#((, 'roductUname C0.!F20G, Huantit* /M.((IN , 'rice D,CIM.(F10, 2GGL
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - C3 -
*Q+ Ter$inology
/et heor* !elational D4 a$le Column !o+ Pool o) legal &alue% 5ile 5ile Data item !ecord Data t*'e ,6am'le ProductUta$le ProductUname ProductU101E% in)o. D. , !elation .ttri$ute u'le Domain
Data Modeling - C@ -
*Q+ )rinciples
" " " " " " " he re%ult o) a /R( Huer* i% al+a*% a ta$le F9ie+ or D*namic a$leG !o+% in a ta$le are con%idered to $e unordered Dominate the mar?et% %ince late 19D0% Can $e u%ed in interacti&e 'rogramming en&ironment% Pro&ide $oth data de)inition language FDD(G and data mani'ulation language FDM(G . non-'rocedural language Can $e em$edded in 3:(2
# ,m$edded /R( # D*namic /R(
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - CB -
*Q+: Data Definition +anguage 6DD+7

C!,. , D!"P .4(, 9I,; IND,Q D. .4./,
.( ,!
.4(,
Data Modeling - CC -
*Q+: ntroduction
" . relational data $a%e i% 'ercei&ed $* it% u%er% a% a collection o) ta$le% " ,. 5. Codd 19C9 " Dominate the mar?et% %ince late 19D0% " /trength%2
# /im'licit* # ,nd-u%er orientation # /tandardi8ation # 9alue-$a%ed in%tead o) 'ointer-$a%ed # ,ndor%ed $* ma1or com'uter com'anie%
" Mo%t C./, 'roduct% %u''ort the de&elo'ment o) relational data $a%e centered a''lication%
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - CA -
*Q+: Data Manipulation +anguage 6DM+7

S S L L C/ C/ 6P)A/ 6P)A/ (*S (*S R/ R/ ) ) L L / / 'Uno 101 201 202 'roductUname Color 9 43; 9 PC Huantit* 2@ 10 B 'rice B00 2B0 2000
/he /he 7eneric 7eneric 8orm 8orm o% o% the the S S L L C/ C/ Statement Statement /,(,C /,(,C VDI/ VDI/ INC INC WWcolumnF%G columnF%G 5!"M 5!"M ta$leF%G ta$leF%G V;0,!, V;0,!,condition%W condition%W V:!"#P V:!"#P44- columnF%G columnF%G V0.9IN: V0.9IN: conditionWW conditionWW V"!D,! V"!D,!44- columnF%GW columnF%GW
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - CD -
Database Table
" he )ollo+ing code retrie&e% onl* the (a%t Name and the ,m'lo*ee ID +here the ,m'lo*ee ID i% greater than B. he record% are retrie&ed in de%cending order. /,(,C (a%tName, ,m'lo*eeID 5!"M ,m'lo*ee% ;0,!, ,m'lo*eeID J B "!D,! 4- ,m'lo*eeID D,/C
-/ERE Clause
" ;0,!,2 #%e the ;here clau%e to limit the %election. he O %*m$ol indicate% literal date &alue%. /,(,C X 5!"M ,m'lo*ee% ;0,!, (a%tName I T/mithT /,(,C ,m'lo*ee%.(a%tName 5!"M ,m'lo*ee% ;0,!, ,m'lo*ee%./tate in FEN-E,E;.EG /,(,C "rderID 5!"M "rder% ;0,!, "rderDate 4, ;,,N O01<01<93O .ND O01<31<93O
Data Modeling - A0 -
Deys
" . ?e*, al%o called identi)ier, i% an .ttri$ute or a Com'o%ite .ttri$ute that can $e u%ed to uniHuel* identi)* an in%tance o) an entit* t*'e. " ,6am'le%2 ,ntit* *'e >e*
;arehou%e Product /tudent /hi' /toc? o) Product ;arehou%e Num$er Product Num$er /tudent ID or //N Name and Port o) !egi%tration Product Num$er and ;arehou%e No.
Data Modeling - A1 -
Types of Dey
" Primar* >e*2 . uniHue ?e* i% an attri$ute or a %et o) attri$ute% that ha% $een u%ed $* the D4M/ a% the identi)ier o) a ta$le. " Candidate F.lternati&eG >e*2 .n attri$ute or a %et o) attri$ute% that could ha&e $een u%ed a% the 'rimar* ?e* o) a ta$le. " /econdar* FInde6G >e*2 .n attri$ute or a %et o) attri$ute% that ha% $een u%ed to con%truct the data retrie&al inde6. " Concatenated FCom$ined or Com'o%iteG >e*2 . %et o) attri$ute% that ha% $een u%ed a% the ?e*. " 5oreign >e*2 .n attri$ute or a %et o) attri$ute% that i% u%ed a% the 'rimar* ?e* in another ta$le.
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - A2 -
)urposes of 5or$ali4ation
" .&oid maintenance 'ro$lem% %uch a% #'date . " In%ert2 here ma* $e no 'lace to in%ert ne+ in)ormation. " Delete2 /ome im'ortant in)ormation +ill $e lo%t $* deletion. " #'date2 Incon%i%tenc* ma* occur $ecau%e o) the e6i%tence o) data redundanc*. " Pro&ide ma6imum )le6i$ilit* to meet )uture in)ormation need% $* ?ee'ing ta$le% corre%'onding to o$1ect t*'e% in their %im'li)ied )orm%.
A Co$$on *ense Approach to 5or$ali4ation
" DonEt ru%h to 'ut all the in)ormation in one ta$le. " Create a ta$le to corre%'ond to a cla%% o) a %im'le o$1ect t*'e that %hould e6i%t $* it%el), i.e., Tone )act in one 'lace.T " Include common )ield% Flin?%G a% +a*% o) 1oining in)ormation )rom %e&eral related ta$le%. " .&oid redundanc* $* u%ing lin?% to retrie&e data )rom related ta$le%.
Data Modeling - A@ -
5or$ali4ation Theory
" Normali8ation i% a 'roce%% o) %*%tematicall* $rea?ing a com'le6 ta$le into %im'ler one%. " It i% $uilt around the conce't o) normal )orm%. " . relation i% in a 'articular normal )orm i) it %ati%)ie% a %'eci)ic %et o) con%traint% %uch a% de'endencie% among attri$ute% in the relation. " 5or 6 i% an integer and 6 J 1, i) a relation i% in 6-N5 than it i% in F6-1G-N5. " 0igher order normal )orm% are u%uall* more de%ira$le than lo+er order normal )orm%. " Normali8ation 'roce%% u%uall* %tart% )rom com'le6 relation% +hich are u%uall* dra+n )rom %ome e6i%ting document% %uch a% $u%ine%% )orm%.
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - AB -
A 'usiness !or$
Data Modeling - AC -
An nfor$al E;a$ple of 5or$ali4ation

" . C#/ "M,! "!D,! contain% the )ollo+ing in)ormation2
# # # # # # # # "rderNo "rderDate Cu%tNo Cu%t.ddre%% Cu%t *'e a6 otal one or more than one "rder-Item +hich ha%
* * * * * ProductNo De%cri'tion Ruantit* #nitPrice /u$total.
Data Modeling - AA -
*olution
#nnormali8ed ta$le
!emo&e re'eating grou'
&Order*o9 Order)ate9 Cust*o9 CustAddress9 Cust/ype9 /a:9 !;Product*o9 )escription9 5uantity9 6nitPrice9Subtotal<
&Order*o9 Product*o9 )escription9 5uantity9 6nitPrice9 Subtotal' 1%t N5
!emo&e 'artial 5D
2nd N5
!emo&e tran%iti&e 5D
&Order*o9 Order)ate9 Cust*o9 CustAddress9 Cust/ype9 /a:
&Order*o9 Product*o9 5uantity9 6nitPrice9 Subtotal ' &Product*o9 )escription9 6nitPrice'
3rd N5
&Order*o9 Order)ate9 Cust*o9 /a:9 Total &Cust*o9 CustAddress9 Cust/ype'

Data Modeling - AD -
&nnor$ali4ed !or$
" . relation that ha% multi-&alued attri$ute% Fre'eating grou'%G. " Normali8ation Proce%%2 !emo&e Multi-&alue .ttri$ute% " I) an unnormali8ed relation ! ha% a 'rimar* ?e* > and a multi-&alue attri$ute M, the normali8ation 'roce%% i%2
" ,6am'le2 .n ,m'lo*ee relation ha% an attri$ute language%'o?en. 5or %ome em'lo*ee% there ma* $e more than one language that the* can %'ea?.
,MP Fem'lo*eeID, em'Name, em'.ddre%%, Flanguage1, language2, ...GG ,MP Fem'lo*eeID, em'Name, em'.ddre%%G ,MP-(.N:#.:, Fem'lo*eeID, language, %?ill(e&elG
# he multi-&alue attri$ute M %hould $e remo&ed )rom !. # . ne+ relation +ill $e created +ith F>,MG a% the 'rimar* ?e* o) the relation. # here ma* $e %ome other attri$ute% a%%ociated +ith thi% ne+ relation. # ! +ill then $e at lea%t in 1N5.
/ow Do Eou Re$o,e the Repeating %roups<

CREATE TABLE MEM_CONDITION ( MEMBER# VARCHAR2(12) CASE# VARCHAR2(16) DIAG_ARRAY_1 VARCHAR2(6) DIAG_ARRAY_2 VARCHAR2(6) DIAG_ARRAY_3 VARCHAR2(6) DIAG_ARRAY_4 VARCHAR2(6) DIAG_ARRAY_5 VARCHAR2(6) DIAG_EX_ARRAY_1 VARCHAR2(2) DIAG_EX_ARRAY_2 VARCHAR2(2) DIAG_EX_ARRAY_3 VARCHAR2(2) DIAG_EX_ARRAY_4 VARCHAR2(2) DIAG_EX_ARRAY_5 VARCHAR2(2) DRUG_ARRAY_1 VARCHAR2(12) DRUG_ARRAY_2 VARCHAR2(12) DRUG_ARRAY_3 VARCHAR2(12) DRUG_ARRAY_4 VARCHAR2(12) DRUG_ARRAY_5 VARCHAR2(12) LC_ARRAY_1 VARCHAR2(4) LC_ARRAY_2 VARCHAR2(4) LC_ARRAY_3 VARCHAR2(4) LC_ARRAY_4 VARCHAR2(4) LC_ARRAY_5 VARCHAR2(4) MEM_REVIE VARCHAR2(4) O!# VARCHAR2(4) !ROC_ARRAY_1 VARCHAR2(6) !ROC_ARRAY_2 VARCHAR2(6) !ROC_ARRAY_3 VARCHAR2(6) !ROC_ARRAY_4 VARCHAR2(6) !ROC_ARRAY_5 VARCHAR2(6) !ROV_ARRAY_1 VARCHAR2(12) !ROV_ARRAY_2 VARCHAR2(12) !ROV_ARRAY_3 VARCHAR2(12) !ROV_ARRAY_4 VARCHAR2(12) !ROV_ARRAY_5 VARCHAR2(12) REC_TY!E VARCHAR2(2) S!_ARRAY_1 VARCHAR2(4) S!_ARRAY_2 VARCHAR2(4) S!_ARRAY_3 VARCHAR2(4) S!_ARRAY_4 VARCHAR2(4) S!_ARRAY_5 VARCHAR2(4) TRANSCODE VARCHAR2(2) TT_ARRAY_1 VARCHAR2(4) TT_ARRAY_2 VARCHAR2(4) TT_ARRAY_3 VARCHAR2(4) TT_ARRAY_4 VARCHAR2(4) TT_ARRAY_5 VARCHAR2(4) VOID VARCHAR2(2) YMDE"" VARCHAR2(#) YMDEND VARCHAR2(#) YMDTRANS VARCHAR2(#) !RIORITY VARCHAR2(2) )$ NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NOT NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL
Data Modeling - D0 -
!unctional Dependency
" Notation2 !.Q IJ !." De)inition2 .ttri$ute - o) !elation ! i% )unctionall* de'endent on the .ttri$ute Q o) !elation ! +hen there i% each &alue o) !.- a%%ociated +ith no more than one &alue o) !.Q. !.Q and !.- ma* $e com'o%ite attri$ute%. " De%cri'tion2
# ! .- i% )unctionall* de'endent on !.Q # !.Q )unctionall* determine% !.! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - D1 -
!ull 9 )artial Dependency
" !.. IJ !.4 " I) 4 i% not )unctionall* de'endent on an* %u$%et o) . Fother than . it%el)G, 4 i% )ull* de'endent on . in !. " I) 4 i% )unctionall* de'endent on a %u$%et o) . Fother than . it%el)G, 4 i% 'artiall* de'endent on . in !.
!irst 5or$al !or$ 6"5!7

" . relation ! i% in the )ir%t normal )orm F1N5G i) and onl* i) all attri$ute% o) an* tu'le in ! contain onl* atomic &alue%. " Normali8ation Proce%%2
# !emo&e Partial 5unctional De'endencie% # I) ! i% in 1N5 and ha% a com'o%ite 'rimar* ?e* F>1,>2G, an attri$ute P i% )unctionall* de'endent on >1 F>1 IJ PG Fi.e., P i% 'artiall* de'endent on F>1, >2GG, the normali8ation 'roce%% i%2 # he attri$ute P %hould $e remo&ed )rom ! and a ne+ relation +ill $e created +ith >1 a% the 'rimar* ?e* and P a% a non-?e* attri$ute. # . relation that i% in 1N5 and not in 2N5 mu%t ha&e a com'o%ite 'rimar* ?e*.
" ,6am'le
# /u''lier-Part relation ha% attri$ute% %u''lierO, 'artO, Ht*, cit*, di%tance, +here F%u''lierO, 'artOG i% the ?e*. # Cit* i% 'artiall* de'endent on %u''lierO.
/#PP(I,!-P.! F%u''lierO, 'artO, Ht*, cit*, di%tanceG /#PP(I,!-P.! F%u''lierO, PartO, Ht*G /#PP(I,! F%u''lierO, cit*, di%tanceG
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - D3 -
5on-loss Deco$position
" Normali8ation i% a reduction Fdecom'o%itionG 'roce%% that re'lace% a relation $* %uita$le 'ro1ection%. ,ach o) the 'ro1ection i% a ne+ relation that i% in a )urther normali8ed )orm than the original relation. he collection o) 'ro1ection% i% eHui&alent to the original relation. " he original relation can al+a*% $e reco&ered $* ta?ing the natural 1oin o) the%e 'ro1ection%. " .n* in)ormation that can $e deri&ed )rom the original relation can al%o $e deri&ed )rom the )urther normali8ed relation%. he con&er%e i% not true. " he 'roce%% i% re&er%i$le $ecau%e no in)ormation i% lo%% in the reduction 'roce%%.
Data Modeling - D@ -
Transiti,e Dependency
In a relation !, i) !.. IJ!.4 and !.4 IJ !.C then attri$ute C i% %aid to $e tran%iti&el* de'endent on attri$ute ..
Data Modeling - DB -
*econd 5or$al !or$ 6F5!7

" . relation ! i% in the %econd normal )orm F2N5G i) and onl* i) it i% in 1N5 and e&er* non-?e* attri$ute i% )ull* de'endent on the 'rimar* ?e*. " Normali8ation Proce%%2 !emo&e ran%iti&e De'endencie% " I) ! i% in 2N5 and ha% t+o non-?e* attri$ute% .1 and .2 +here .2 i% )unctionall* de'endent on .1 F.1 IJ .2G. he .2 %hould $e remo&ed )rom ! and a ne+ relation +ill $e created +ith .1 a% the 'rimar* ?e* and .2 a% a non-?e* attri$ute. " ,6am'le
# /u''lier relation ha% attri$ute% %u''lierO, cit*, di%tance, +here %u''lierO i% the ?e* and di%tance to a %u''lier can $e determined $* the cit* o) the %u''lier.
/#PP(I,! F%u''lierO, cit*, di%tance, Hualit*Ule&elG /#PP(I,! F/u''lierO, cit*, Hualit*Ule&elG CI --DI/ .NC, Fcit*, di%tanceG
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - DC -
Third 5or$al !or$ 6C5!7

" . relation ! i% in the third normal )orm F3N5G i) and onl* i) the non?e* attri$ute% Fi) there i% an*G are )ull* de'endent on the 'rimar* ?e* o) ! Fi.e., ! i% in it% 2N5G and are mutuall* inde'endent. " 0euri%tic to Chec? ;hether a !elation I% in 3N5
# .ll the non-?e* attri$ute% F+hich are not multi-&alue attri$ute%G are de'endent on the F'rimar*G ?e*, the +hole ?e*, and nothing $ut the ?e*.
,6'lanation ,6'lanation " .ll the non-?e* attri$ute% ha&e atomic &alue and de'endent on the ?e* F1N5 - No multi-&alue attri$uteG, " the +hole ?e*, F2N5 - No Partiall* 5unctional De'endenc*G " and nothing $ut the ?e* F3N5 - No ran%iti&e 5unctional De'endenc*G
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - DA -
5or$ali4ation )rocess
#nnormali8ed #nnormali8ed5orm 5orm
A
!*8 !*8
=
"*8 "*8
remo?e repeating groups
remo&e 'artial de'endencie%

>*8 >*8
remo&e tran%iti&e de'endencie%

>*8 >*8
7 8
>*8 >*8
>*8 >*8
) B C )
Data Modeling - DD -
5or$ali4ation: )ros and Cons

" Pro%
# !educe data redundanc* 3 %'ace reHuired # ,nhance data con%i%tenc* # ,n)orce data integrit* # !educe u'date co%t # Pro&ide ma6imum )le6i$ilit* in re%'onding ad hoc Huerie%
" Con%
# Man* com'le6 Huerie% +ill $e %lo+er $ecau%e 1oin% ha&e to $e 'er)ormed to retrie&e rele&ant data )rom %e&eral normali8ed ta$le% # Programmer%<u%er% ha&e to under%tand the underl*ing data model o) an data$a%e a''lication in order to 'er)orm 'ro'er 1oin% among %e&eral ta$le% # he )ormulation o) multi'le-le&el Huerie% i% a nontri&ial ta%?.
.oin Two Tables

/,(,C Categorie%.Categor*Name, Product%.ProductName 5!"M Categorie%, Product% ;0,!, Product%.Categor*ID I Categorie%.Categor* ID
Tables in Relational D'

" Identi)* Primar* >e*% and 5oreign >e*% in the )ollo+ing a$le%YYY
(D
(D
(D
.oin Tables
/,(,C "rder%."rderID, "rder%.Cu%tID, (a%tName, 5ir%tname, "rder%.ItemID, De%cri'tion 5!"M Cu%tomer, "rder%, In&entor* ;0,!, Cu%tomer.Cu%tID I "rder%.Cu%tID .ND "rder%.ItemID I In&entor*.ItemID "!D,! 4- Cu%tID, "rder%.ItemID
(D
(D
!oreign Deys 9 )ri$ary Deys in a *a$ple Access Database
An E;a$ple of a Co$ple; Query

Plea%e li%t name and 'hone num$er o) cu%tomer% +ho ha&e ordered 'roduct num$er 00A. /,(,C cu%tomerUname, cu%tomerU'hone 5!"M cu%tomer ;0,!, cu%tomerUnum$er IN /,(,C cu%tomerUnum$er 5!"M order ;0,!, orderUno IN /,(,C orderUno 5!"M orderItem ;0,!, 'roductUnum$er I 00A
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 9@ -
Denor$ali4ation
" he 'roce%% o) intentionall* $ac?ing a+a* )rom normali8ation to im'ro&e 'er)ormance. Denormali8ation %hould not $e the )ir%t choice )or im'ro&ing 'er)ormance and %hould onl* $e u%ed )or )ine tuning a data$a%e )or a 'articular a''lication. " !eHuirement%
# Prior normali8ation # >no+ledge o) data u%age
" 4ene)it%
# # # # # # # # # Minimi8e the need )or 1oin% !educe num$er o) ta$le% !educe num$er o) )oreign ?e*% !educe num$er o) indice% 0o+ o)ten are t+o data item% needed together 0o+ man* ro+% are in&ol&ed 0o+ &olatile i% denormali8ed data 0o+ im'ortant i% &i%i$ilit* o) data to u%er% ;hat i% the minimum re%'on%e time and )reHuenc* o) an Huer*
" >no+ledge o) Data #%age
De-nor$ali4ation: An E;a$ple
!1
="IN
!2
Denormali8ation
!1 X ! 2
" ;here2
!2
# !1 FProductNo, /u''lierNo, PriceG # !2 F/u''lierNo, Name, .ddre%%, PhoneG # !1X!2 FProductNo, /u''lierNo, Name, .ddre%%, Phone, PriceG
" !2 %hould $e ?e't to 're&ent data lo%%. " Data redundanc* in !1X!2 and !2 could cau%e 'otential data incon%i%tenc* 'ro$lem% i) the redundant data in the%e t+o ta$le% are not maintained 'ro'erl*.
Data Model Refine$ent and Transfor$ation

" " " " " Data Model !e)inement .%%ociati&e ,ntit* *'e !emo&ing Man*-to-Man* !elation%hi'% >e*% ran%)ormation to !elational Data$a%e%
Refine$ent of a Data Model: Analysis and *i$plification
" " " " " " "
I%olated ,ntit* *'e /olitar* ,ntit* *'e "ne-to-"ne !elation%hi' !edundant !elation%hi' Multi-9alued .ttri$ute% .ttri$ute +ith .ttri$ute% Man*-to-Man* !elation%hi'
solated Entity Type

" .n ,ntit* *'e that doe% not 'artici'ate in a !elation%hi'. " /ince e&er* ,ntit* *'e %hould 'artici'ate in at lea%t one !elation%hi', there e6i%t t+o alternati&e%2 # Identi)* a rele&ant !elation%hi' # !emo&e the ,ntit* *'e )rom the model
*olitary Entity Type

" .n ,ntit* *'e that ha% onl* one ,ntit* In%tance. ,6am'le%2 Com'uter Center, /ale% a6, and Current "rder Num$er. /olitar* ,ntit* *'e% ma* $e too re%tricti&e. " .lternati&e%2
# Introduce another ,ntit* *'e +ith a +ider %co'e. # Com'uter Center IIJ "rgani8ation #nit # De)ine it a% an .ttri$ute o) an ,ntit* *'e. # /ale% a6 IIJ /ale% a6 o) "rder # De)ine it a% a data element in an 'arameter ta$le. . 'arameter ta$le ha% onl* one ro+. # Current "rder Num$er IIJ Current "rder Num$er o) Parameter a$le
E,aluate One-to-One Relationship

" It ma* $e an unnece%%ar* relation%hi' $et+een t+o ,ntit* *'e% i) the* ha&e the %ame attri$ute and relation%hi'% Fi.e., the* are identicalG. " It %hould $e then com$ined into one ,ntit* *'e.
Ma*$e Ma*$eIncorrect Incorrect

Purcha%e !eHue%t $ecome% ha% reHue%t Purcha%e "rder
Correct Correct
Purchase Order
Redundant Relationship
I% thi% relation%hi' redundantK ha% ordered
cu%tomer
'lace%
'roduct
i% ordered $*
"!D,!/
i% 'laced $* contain% ha%
order
i% 'art o)
order item
Di))erence% in ti$ing o) an entit* t*'e in it% li)e c*cle2

" Im'lemented a% %e'arate entit* t*'e% or u%e %u$t*'e% " #%e &alue o) attri$ute% or additional attri$ute% to di))erentiate them
Redundant Relationship
!edundant !edundant Product i% held a% /toc? contain% Non-redundant Non-redundant i% contained in Product contain% i% held in %toc?% ;arehou%e hold%
"rder (ine
i% contained in contain%
"rder
i% 'laced $* i% contained in contain% i% contained in contain% 'lace% Cu%tomer
"rder 0i%tor*
Multi-@alued Attribute
" De)inition
# .n .ttri$ute that ma* ha&e more than one &alue at a time i% called a multi&alued attri$ute. Create an ,ntit* *'e )or the multi-&alued attri$ute (anguage% %'o?en $* an ,m'lo*ee ,m'lo*eeFID, Name, Phone, (anguage%G ,m'lo*eeF111, Z=ohn /mith[, 201-999-DDDD, F,ngli%h, Chine%eGG
" /olution2
# # # #
" ,6am'le2
# # # # #
,m'lo*eeFID, Name, PhoneG ,m'lo*eeF111, Z=ohn /mith[, 210-999-DDDDG ,m'lo*eeUlanguageFID, (anguageG ,m'lo*eeUlanguageF111, ,ngli%hG ,m'lo*eeUlanguageF111, Chine%eG
Attribute with Attributes

" .n .ttri$ute that can $e de%cri$ed $* other .ttri$ute% i% called an attri$ute +ith attri$ute%. " ,6am'le2
# College Degree $* an ,m'lo*ee # F=ohn /mith ha% a College Degree in Com'uter /cience% )rom :eorge Ma%on #ni&er%it*G
" /olution2
# Create an ,ntit* *'e to a&oid an .ttri$ute +ith .ttri$ute%. # .dd ne+ attri$ute% to the e6i%ting ,ntit* *'e.
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 10B -
Associati,e Entity Type

" .n .%%ociati&e ,ntit* *'e i% an ,ntit* *'e +ho%e e6i%tence i% meaning)ul onl* i) it 'artici'ate% in %e&eral FJI2G !elation%hi' *'e% at the %ame time. " .%%ociati&e ,ntit* *'e% are o)ten introduced to re're%ent additional in)ormation in man*-toman* !elation%hi'% or to decom'o%e a man*-toman* !elation%hi' into t+o one-to-man* !elation%hi'%. " .%%ociati&e ,ntit* *'e% are al%o u%ed to re're%ent n-ary !elation%hi'% in a $inar* data model.
Re$o,e Many-to-Many Relationship

:i&en :i&en "rder contain% $elong%-to Product
;h*K ;h*K
here i% no 'lace to attach .ttri$ute% that are reHuired to de%cri$e a man*-to-man* !elation%hi'. " It i% di))icult to tran%late man*-to-man* !elation%hi'% into relational ta$le% automaticall*. "
0o+K 0o+K . man*-to-man* relation%hi' can $e decom'o%ed into t+o
one-to-man* !elation%hi'% $* creating an Associati,e Entity Type $et+een the e6i%ting t+o ,ntit* *'e%.
"rder
contain% $elong% to ha%
"rder (ine
i% contained in
Product
Re$o,e Many-to-Many Relationships: E;ercises

!emo&e the man*-to-man* relation%hi' )rom the )ollo+ing ,! diagram%
FaG Product ha%-%ource% o))er% /u''lier
F$G /tudent
ta?e% i%-ta?en-$*
Cour%e
FcG
con%i%t%-o)
Part
i%-contained-in
'ills of Material
Part con%i%t%-o) i%-a-com'onent-in 4 . C
2
,
1
5
Product /tructure
Product-/tructureFParent Part No, Child Part No, Ruantit*G . . 4 4 C C

4 C D , D 5
2 1 1 3 2 2
&sing an Associati,e Entity Type to Represent an 5-ary Relationship
in&ol&ed in 'roduct Product u%age
in&ol&ed in 'roduct u%age Pro1ect in&ol&ed in 'roduct u%age /u''lier
Product Product#%age #%agei% i%an an.%%ociati&e .%%ociati&e,ntit* ,ntit* *'e *'e)or )ora a3-ar* 3-ar*!elation%hi'. !elation%hi'.
i% u%ed in Product Product #%age
u%e%
Pro1ect
%u''lie% /u''lier
Translate Data Models to Relational Tables

:i&en :i&en "rder
contain% $elong% to ha%
"rder (ine
i% contained in
Product
>e*2 "rderO .ttri$ute2 "rder date Cu%tomer ID /ale Per%on ID
>e*2 "rderOMProductO .ttri$ute2 Ruantit* #nit Price
>e*2 ProductO .ttri$ute2 De%cri'tion Rt*-on-hand #nit Price
!elational !elational a$le% a$le%Created Created

C!,. , .4(, "!D,! F"rderNo C0.!F10G "rderDate D. ,, Cu%tomerID C0.!F10G, /alePer%onID C0.!F10GGL
N" N#((,
Transfor$ation of Data Models to Relational Database Tables
"
he entire, or 'art o), a data Fentit*-relation%hi'G model can $e tran%lated into a normali8ed data$a%e de%ign.
" "$1ect% Created

# .t mo%t one relational data$a%e # "ne or more relation% Fta$le%G # Data %tructure% FDD(G re're%enting the element% Fattri$ute%G and the 'rimar* ?e* o) each relation # Data t*'e o) each data element%
/euristics of Transfor$ation
" . ta$le i% created )or each ,ntit* *'e in the ,! diagram. " . ta$le i% created )or each multi-&alued attri$ute. " !elation%hi' *'e% are im'lemented a% ta$le% or a% )oreign ?e*% in other ta$le%. " Man*-to-man* relation%hi' t*'e% are tran%lated into ta$le%. " 5oreign ?e*% are u%ed )or im'lementing one-to-one and one-toman* !elation%hi' *'e%. " 5or one-to-man* !elation%hi' *'e%, the )oreign ?e* i% 'laced in the ta$le that re're%ent% the ,ntit* *'e on the Tman*T end o) the !elation%hi' *'e. " 5or identifying one-to-man* !elation%hi' *'e%, the P> o) the ToneT ta$le migrate to the Tman*T ta$le a% a 5> and the 5> i% al%o 'art o) the P> o) the Tman*T ta$le. " 5or non-identifying one-to-man* !elation%hi' *'e%, the P> o) the ToneT ta$le migrate to the Tman*T ta$le a% a 5> and the 5> i% a non-?e* attri$ute o) the Tman*T ta$le.
)owerDesign: Data Architect
:eneration<!e&er%e ,ngineering2 CD-. PD-
:eneration 3 !e&er%e ,ngineering2
:eneration 3 !e&er%e ,ngineering2
Database Structure Triggers / Stored Procedures
E tended ,ttributes Database Structure

arget @:( ool
htt'2<<+++.'o+er%o)t.com<
arget D4M/
)owerDesigner
A *a$ple Conceptual Data Model

Di&i%ion Di&i%ion num$er Di&i%ion name Di&i%ion addre%% eam eam num$er /'ecialit*
Conce'tual Data Model Pro1ect 2 Management Model 2 Pro1ect Management .uthor 2 #%er 9er%ion C.6 A<21<9D
Cu%tomer Cu%tomer num$er Cu%tomer name Cu%tomer addre%% Cu%tomer acti&it* Cu%tomer tele'hone Cu%tomer )a6
I% mem$er o) %u'er&i%e% ,m'lo*ee ,m'lo*ee num$er 5ir%t name (a%t name ,m'lo*ee )unction ,m'lo*ee %alar* I% manager o)
#%e%
/u$contract
.cti&it* /tart date ,nd date
Material Material num$er Material name Material t*'e Partici'ate /tart date ,nd date
Pro1ect Pro1ect num$er Pro1ect name Pro1ect la$el
a%? a%? name a%? co%t
com'o%e%
com'o%ed o)
5otations
,nt it*
!elation%hi'
Division Division number Division name Division address
"ne-to-man*
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 11A -
More on Relationships
,m'lo*ee ,m'lo*ee num$er 5ir%t name (a%t name ,m'lo*ee )unction ,m'lo*ee %alar* i% a mem$er o) eam mem$er
Man*-to-man* cardinalit*
eam num$er /'ecialt*
. 'ro1ect Econtain%N one or more ta%?%, and a ta%?E% e6i%tence i% dependent on the 'ro1ect.
Ad,anced Concepts
Material Material num$er Material name Material t*'e
com'o%e% com'o%ed o)
.ccount .ccount Num$er Name
/a&ing% !ate
Chec?ing 5ee% ,m'lo*ee ,m'lo*ee num$er 5ir%t name (a%t name ,m'lo*ee )unction ,m'lo*ee %alar*
/u$t*'e
!e)le6i&e relation%hi'
Define Entities
Define Attributes
Chec( )ara$eters
Relationship Definition
Dependent 6 dentifying Relationship7

" Chec? the $o6 to indicate a de'endent relation%hi'. T"ne to man*T and Tmandator*T are automaticall* cho%en a% the cardinalit* and o'tionalit*. " .t the 'h*%ical data model le&el, the 'arent entit* t*'eE% 'rimar* ?e* FP>G +ill $ecome 'art o) the de'endent child entit* t*'eE% P>. It i% al%o a )oreign ?e*.
nheritance 6*uper-Type and *ub-Type7
%enerate )hysical Data Model
)hysical Data Model

Conce'tual Conce'tual Data DataModel Model
Di&i%ion Di&i%ion num$er $elong% to Di&i%ion name Di&i%ion addre%%
,m'lo*ee ,m'lo*ee num$er 5ir%t name (a%t name ,m'lo*ee )unction ,m'lo*ee %alar*
Ph*%ical Ph*%ical Data DataModel Model
ran%)ormation
Do not de)ine 5> a% an attri$ute.
DI9I/I"N DI9N#M \'?J DI9N.M, DI9.DD!
DI9N#M I DI9N#M
,MP("-,, ,MPN#M \'?J DI9N#M \)?J ,MP5N.M ,MP(N.M ,MP5#NC ,MP/.(
DI9N#M automaticall* migrate% a% a )oreign ?e*.

Dependent Relationship
Conce'tual Conce'tual Data DataModel Model
Ph*%ical Ph*%ical Data DataModel Model
ran%)ormation
P!"=,C P!"N#M \'?J C#/N#M \)?J ,MPN#M \)?J .C 4,: .C ,ND P!"N.M, P!"(.4(
P!"N#M I P!"N#M
./> P!"N#M \'?,)?J />N.M, \'?J .C 4,: .C ,ND />C"/
)hysical Data Model

DI9I/I"N DI9N#M \'?J DI9N.M, DI9.DD! ,.M ,.N#M \'?J ,./P, C#/ "M,! C#/N#M \'?J C#/N.M, C#/.DD! C#/.C C#/ ,( C#/5.Q
Ph*%ical Data Model Pro1ect2Management Model 2 Pro1ect Management .uthor 2#%er 9er%ionC.6 A<21<9D
,.N#M I ,.N#M
M,M4,! ,.N#M \'?,)?J ,MPN#M \'?,)?J

DI9N#M I DI9N#M ,MPN#M I ,MPN#M
,MP("-,UM. ,!I.( M. ,!I.(.M. N.M, charF30G P!"=.,MP("-,,.,MPN#M numericFBG P!"=.,MP("-,,.,MP5N.M charF30G P!"=.,MP("-,,.,MP(N.M charF30G P!"=.,MP("-,,.,MP5#NC charF30G M. ,!I.( P!"=.,MP("-,, #/,D
C#/N#M I C#/N#M
#/,D M. N#M \'?,)?J ,MPN#M \'?,)?J

,MPN#M I ,MPN#M M. N#M I M. N#M
,MPN#M I ,MPU,MPN#M
M. ,!I.( M. N#M \'?J M. N.M, M. -P,

M. N#M I CPDUM. N#M N#M I CPNUM. N#M
,MP("-,, ,MPN#M \'?J ,MPU,MPN#M \)?J DI9N#M \)?J ,MP5N.M \a?J ,MP(N.M \a?J ,MP5#NC \a?J ,MP/.(
,MPN#M I ,MPN#M
P!"=,C P!"N#M \'?J C#/N#M \)?J ,MPN#M \)?J .C 4,: .C ,ND P!"N.M, P!"(.4(
,MPN#M I ,MPN#M
P!"N#M I P!"N#M
C"MP"/, CPDUM. N#M \'?,)?J CPNUM. N#M \'?,)?J
P.! ICIP. , P!"N#M \'?,)?J />N.M, \'?,)?J ,MPN#M \'?,)?J P.!4,: P.!,ND
P!"N#M I P!"N#M />N.M, I />N.M,
./> P!"N#M \'?,)?J />N.M, \'?J .C 4,: .C ,ND />C"/
References 6Relationships at the )hysical Data Model7
Referential ntegrity
" he arro+ i% 'ointing )rom the ta$le containing the )oreign ?e* to the ta$le +here the )oreign ?e* i% u%ed a% a 'rimar* ?e*.
Deletion Rules
" #'date Con%traint% " Delete Con%traint% #None #!e%trict #Ca%cade #/et null #/et De)ault
%eneration of Oracle *Q+ D++

-- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -- Data$ a%e name2 P!"=,C -- D4M/ name2 "!.C(, 9er%ion D -- Created on2 A<21<9D D2B9 PM -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -a$le2 DI9I/I"N -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ta$le .DMIN.DI9I/I"N F DI9N#M numericFBG n ot null co n%traint C>CUDI9N#MUDI9I/I"N chec? FDI9N#M JI E1EG, DI9N.M, charF30G not n ull, DI9.DD! charFD0G null , con%traint P>UDI9I/I"N ' rimar* ?e* FDI9N#MG G < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -a$le2 C#/ "M,! -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ta$le P!"=.C#/ "M,! F C#/N#M numericFBG n ot null co n%traint C>CUC#/N#MUC#/ "M,! chec? F C#/N#M JI E1EG, C#/N.M, ch arF30G not nu ll, C#/.DD! ch arFD0G not nu ll, C#/.C charFD0G null , C#/ ,( charF12G nu ll , C#/5.Q charF12G n ull , con%traint P>UC#/ "M,! 'rimar* ?e* FC#/N#MG G < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -a$le2 ,.M -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ta$le P!"=. ,.M F ,.N#M numericFBG not null co n%traint C>CU ,.N#MU ,.M ch ec? F ,.N#M JI E1EG, ,./P, charFD0G nu ll , con%traint P>U ,.M 'rimar* ?e* F ,.N#MG G < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -a$le2 M. ,!I.( -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ta$le P!"=.M. ,!I.( F M. N#M numericFBG not nu ll co n%traint C>CUM. N#MUM. ,!I.( ch ec? FM. N#M JI E1EG, M. N.M, charF30G not n ull, M. -P, charF30G no t null, con%traint P>UM. ,!I.( 'rimar* ?e* FM. N#MG G < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -a$le2 ,MP( "-,, -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ta$le P!"=.,MP("-,, F ,MPN#M numericFBG n ot null co n%traint C>CU,MPN#MU,MP("-,, ch ec? F ,MPN#M JI E1EG, ,MPU,MPN#M n umericFBG null , DI9N#M numericFBG n ot null, ,MP5N.M ch arF30G null , ,MP(N.M ch arF30G not nu ll, ,MP5#NC charF30G n ull , ,MP/.( n umericFD,2G null , con%traint P>U,MP( "-,, 'rimar* ?e* F,MPN#MG, con%traint .>U,MPU.>1U,MP("-,, un iHue F,MP(N.M, ,MP5 N.M, ,MP5#NCG G < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -- Inde62 C0I,5 U5 > -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ind e6 P!"=.C0I,5U5> on P!"=.,MP("-,, F,MPU,MPN#M a%cG < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -- Inde62 4,("N:/U "U5 >2 -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ind e6 P!"=.4,( "N:/U "U5 >2 on P!"=.,MP("-,, FDI9N#M a%cG < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -a$le2 P!"=,C -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ta$le P!"=.P!"=,C F P!"N#M numericFBG n ot null co n%traint C>CUP!"N#MUP!"=,C chec? F P!"N#M JI E1EG, C#/N#M numericFBG n ot null, ,MPN#M numericFBG n ull , .C 4,: time%tam' null co n%traint C>CU.C 4,:UP!"=,C chec? F .C 4,: i% nu ll or FFacti&it*.$ egind ate \ acti&it*.enddateGGG, .C ,ND time%tam' null co n%traint C>CU.C ,NDUP!"=,C chec? F .C ,ND i% nu ll or FFacti&it*.$ egind ate \ acti&it*.enddateGGG, P!"N.M, ch arF30G not nu ll, P!"(.4( charFD0G n ull , con%traint P>UP!"=,C 'rimar* ?e* FP!"N#MG G < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -- Inde62 /#4C"N !.C U5 > -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ind e6 P!"=./#4C"N !.C U5> on P!"=.P!"=,C FC#/N#M a%cG < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -- Inde62 I/U!,/P"N/I4( ,U5"!U5> -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ind e6 P!"=.I/U!,/P"N/I4( ,U5"!U5> on P!"=.P!"=,C F,MPN#M a%cG < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -a$le2 ./> -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ta$le P!"=. ./> F P!"N#M numericFBG n ot null, />N.M, charF30G n ot null, .C 4,: time%tam' null co n%traint C>CU.C 4,:U ./> chec? F.C 4,: i% nu ll or FFacti&it*.$ egind ate \ acti&it*.enddateGGG, .C ,ND time%tam' null co n%traint C>CU.C ,NDU ./> chec? F.C ,ND i% nu ll or FFacti&it*.$ egind ate \ acti&it*.enddateGGG, />C"/ numericFD,2G not nu ll, con%traint P>U ./> 'rimar* ?e* FP!"N#M, />N.M,G, con%traint C> U ./> ch ec? F Fta%?.$eg in date \ minF' artici' ate.$egindateG an d ta%?.enddate \ ma6F'artici'ate.enddateGGG G < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -- Inde62 4,("N:/U "U5 > -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ind e6 P!"=.4,( "N:/U "U5 > on P!"=. ./> FP!"N#M a%cG < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -a$le2 P.! ICIP. , -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ta$le P!"=.P.! ICIP. , F P!"N#M numericFBG n ot null, />N.M, charF30G n ot null, ,MPN#M numericFBG n ot null, P.!4,: time%tam' null co n%traint C>CUP.!4,:UP.! ICIP chec? FP.!4,: i% null o r FFFta%?.$egindate \ minF'artici'ate.$eg in dateG an d ta%?.enddate \ ma6F'artici'ate.enddateGG an d F'artici'ate.$eg in date \ 'artici' ate.enddateGGGG, P.!,ND time%tam' null co n%traint C>CUP.!,NDUP.! ICIP chec? FP.!,ND i% null o r FFFta%?.$egindate \ minF'artici'ate.$eg in dateG an d ta%?.enddate \ ma6F'artici'ate.enddateGG an d F'artici'ate.$eg in date \ 'artici' ate.enddateGGGG, con%traint P>UP.! ICIP. , 'rimar* ?e* FP!"N#M, />N.M,, ,MPN#MG, con%traint C> UP.! ICIP. , chec? F FFta%?.$egindate \ minF'artici'ate.$egind ateG an d ta%?.enddate \ ma6F'artici'ate.enddateGG an d F'artici'ate.$eg in date \ 'artici' ate.enddateGGG G < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -- Inde62 ;"!>/U"NU5> -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ind e6 P!"=.;"!>/U"NU5> on P!"=. P.! ICIP. , F,MPN#M a%cG < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -- Inde62 I/UD"N,U4-U5 > -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ind e6 P!"=.I/UD"N,U4-U5> on P!"=. P.! ICIP. , FP!"N#M a%c, />N.M, a%cG < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -a$le2 M,M4,! -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ta$le P!"=.M,M4,! F ,.N#M numericFBG not null, ,MPN#M numericFBG n ot null, con%traint P>UM,M4,! ' rimar* ?e* F ,.N#M, ,MPN#MG G < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -- Inde62 M,M4,!U5> -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ind e6 P!"=.M,M4,!U5> on P!"=.M,M4,! F ,.N#M a%cG < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -- Inde62 I/UM,M4,!U"5U5 > -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ind e6 P!"=.I/UM,M4,!U"5U5> on P!"=.M,M4,! F,MPN#M a%cG < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -a$le2 #/,D -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ta$le P!"=.#/,D F M. N#M numericFBG not nu ll, ,MPN#M numericFBG n ot null, con%traint P>U#/,D 'rimar* ?e* FM. N#M, ,MPN#MG G < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -- Inde62 #/,DU5> -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ind e6 P!"=.#/,DU5> on P!"=.#/,D FM. N#M a%cG < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -- Inde62 #/,/U5> -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ind e6 P!"=.#/,/U5> on P!"=.#/,D F,MPN#M a%cG < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -a$le2 C"MP"/, -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ta$le P!"=.C"MP"/, F CPDUM. N#M numericFBG not null, CPNUM. N#M numericFBG not null, con%traint P>UC"MP"/, ' rimar* ?e* FCPDUM. N#M, CPNUM. N#MG G < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -- Inde62 C"MP"/,/U5> -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ind e6 P!"=.C"MP"/,/U5> o n P!"=.C"MP"/, FCPDUM. N#M a%cG < -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -- Inde62 C"MP"/,DU"5U5> -- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII create ind e6 P!"=.C"MP"/,DU"5U5> on P!"=.C"MP"/, FCPNUM. N#M a%cG < alter ta$le P!"=.,MP( "-,, add con%train t 5>U,MP("-,,UC0I,5U,MP("-,, )oreign ?e* F,MPU,MPN#MG re)erence% P!"=.,MP("-,, F,MPN#MG < alter ta$le P!"=.,MP( "-,, add con%train t 5>U,MP("-,,U4,("N:/U UDI9I/I"N )o reign ?e* FDI9N#MG re)erence% .DMIN.DI9I/I"N FDI9N#MG < alter ta$le P!"=.P!"=,C add con%train t 5>UP!"=,C U/#4C"N !.UC#/ "M,! )o reign ?e* FC#/N#MG re)erence% P!"=.C#/ "M,! FC#/N#MG < alter ta$le P!"=.P!"=,C add con%train t 5>UP!"=,C UI/U!,/P"NU,MP("-,, )oreign ?e* F,MPN#MG re)erence% P!"=.,MP("-,, F,MPN#MG < alter ta$le P!"=. ./> add con%train t 5>U ./>U4,("N:/U UP!"=,C re)erence% P!"=.P!"=,C FP!"N#MG < )oreig n ?e* FP!"N#MG
alter ta$le P!"=.P.! ICIP. , add con%train t 5>UP.! ICIPU;"!>/U"NU,MP("-,, )oreign ?e* F,MPN#MG re)erence% P!"=.,MP("-,, F,MPN#MG < alter ta$le P!"=.P.! ICIP. , add con%train t 5>UP.! ICIPUI/UD"N,U4U ./> )oreign ?e* FP!"N#M, />N.M,G re)erence% P!"=. ./> FP!"N#M, />N.M,G < alter ta$le P!"=.M,M4,! add con%train t 5>UM,M4,!UM,M4,!U ,.M )oreig n ?e* F ,.N#MG re)erence% P!"=. ,.M F ,.N#MG < alter ta$le P!"=.M,M4,! add con%train t 5>UM,M4,!UI/UM,M4,!U,MP("-,, )oreign ?e* F,MPN#MG re)erence% P!"=.,MP("-,, F,MPN#MG < alter ta$le P!"=.#/,D add con%train t 5>U#/,DU#/,DUM. ,!I.( )oreig n ?e* FM. N#MG re)erence% P!"=.M. ,!I.( FM. N#MG < alter ta$le P!"=.#/,D add con%train t 5>U#/,DU#/,/U,MP( "-,, )oreig n ?e* F,MPN#MG re)erence% P!"=.,MP("-,, F,MPN#MG < alter ta$le P!"=.C"MP"/, add con%train t 5>UC"MP"/,UC"MP"/,/UM. ,!I.( )o reign ?e* FCPDUM. N#MG re)erence% P!"=.M. ,!I.( FM. N#MG < alter ta$le P!"=.C"MP"/, add con%train t 5>UC"MP"/,UC"MP"/,DUUM. ,!I.( )oreign ?e* FCPNUM. N#MG re)erence% P!"=.M. ,!I.( FM. N#MG <
Referential ntegrity
alter ta$le P!"=.,MP("-,, add con%traint 5>U,MP("-,,UC0I,5U,MP("-,, )oreign ?e* F,MPU,MPN#MG re)erence% P!"=.,MP("-,, F,MPN#MG < alter ta$le P!"=.,MP("-,, add con%traint 5>U,MP("-,,U4,("N:/U UDI9I/I"N )oreign ?e* FDI9N#MG re)erence% .DMIN.DI9I/I"N FDI9N#MG < alter ta$le P!"=.P!"=,C add con%traint 5>UP!"=,C U/#4C"N !.UC#/ "M,! )oreign ?e* FC#/N#MG re)erence% P!"=.C#/ "M,! FC#/N#MG < alter ta$le P!"=.P!"=,C add con%traint 5>UP!"=,C UI/U!,/P"NU,MP("-,, )oreign ?e* F,MPN#MG re)erence% P!"=.,MP("-,, F,MPN#MG < alter ta$le P!"=. ./> add con%traint 5>U ./>U4,("N:/U UP!"=,C )oreign ?e* FP!"N#MG re)erence% P!"=.P!"=,C FP!"N#MG <
)hysical Database Design Acti,ities

De)ine a$le% 3 Column% De)ine >e*% Identi)* Critical ran%action% .dd Column%2
" !edundant column% " Deri&ed data column%
Mani'ulate a$le%2
" Colla'%e ta$le% " /u'ert*'e% 3 %u$t*'e%
.dd a$le%2
" Deri&ed data ta$le%
0andle Integrit* I%%ue%2

" !o+ uniHuene%% 3 Domain re%triction% " !e)erential integrit* 3 :enerate %eHuence num$er% " Deri&ed and redundant data
/ource2 :illete, !o$, etc., )hysical Database Design for *ybase *Q+ *er,er, Prentice 0all, 199B.
Controlling .cce%%
Manage "$1ect%2
" /i8e% " Placement Data Modeling - 13B -
Architecture of Data -arehouse

Data ;arehou%e
Cor'orate "'erational Data$a%e Metadata In)o. Director* /ummari8ed ,nd #%er .cce%% and "(.P )rontend ool%
Data !e'lication 3 Clean%ing
Deri&ed
Detailed Pa%t
In)ormational Data$a%e
Pro1ecte Current d
Data 4ridging< ran%)ormati on

" Data e6traction " Data )iltering " a$le 1oining " ran%lation " !e-5ormatting
" " " "
,I/ D// !e'ort ;riter% /'read%heet%
Operational ,s> nfor$ational Databases

Characteri%tic%
Data Content Data organi8ation% Data 9olatilit* Data normali8ation .cce%% )reHuenc* Data #'date #%age !e%'on%e ime
"'erational Data$a%e
Current &alue .''lication $* a''lication D*namic 5ull* normali8ed )or tran%action 'roce%%ing 0igh #'dated on a record and )ield $a%i% 0ighl* %tructured tran%action 'roce%%ing /u$-%econd to 2-3 %econd%
In)ormational Data$a%e
.rchi&al data, %ummari8ed data, calculated data /u$1ect area% acro%% enter'ri%e /tatic until re)re%hed =oined &ie+% %uita$le )or $u%ine%% anal*%i% (o+ - Medium .cce%% onl*L no direct u'date 0ighl* un%tructured, heuri%tic or anal*tical 'roce%%ing /e&eral %econd% to minute%
,6cel Pi&ot a$le ;i8ard
!elational 9ie+
Multidimen%ional 9ie+
Di$ensional Model
Product
" " " " " >e* Name De%cri'tion /i8e Price
/ale Product >e* Mar?et >e* Promotion >e* ime >e*

" " " " Dollar% #nit% Price Co%t
Mar?et !egion
" " " " " >e* De%cri'tion Di%trict !egion Demogra'hic%
Promotion
" " " " >e* De%cri'tion Di%count Media
ime
" " " " >e* ;ee?da* 0olida* 5i%cal
!egion
Product
ime
Modeling a Data -arehouse

" MDM2 Multidimen%ional Modeling
# . logical model o) $u%ine%% in)ormation # ,a%* to under%tand # .''lica$le to relational and multidimen%ional data$a%e% # ,6tremel* u%e)ul )or anal*%i% # . tried-and-te%ted techniHue%
" ;h*K
# .n "( P F"n-(ine ran%action Proce%%G de%ign o) an order 'roce%%ing %*%tem ma* ha&e do8en% or hundred% o) ta$le%. It $ecome% di))icult )or $u%ine%% manager% to under%tand the de%ign in order to anal*8e the data.
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 1@0 -
Approach " De%igned around numeric data2

# # # # &alue% count% +eight% occurrence
" .n e6am'le o) a MDM 'ro$lem %tatement2

# T;hat i% m* 'ro)ita$ilit* $* cu%tomer o&er time, $* organi8ationKT
Data Modeling - 1@1 -
The Classic *tar *che$a

Mar?et Dimen%ion Mar?et ID de%cri'tion region %tate di%trict cit* ,ach dimen%ion i% de%cri$ed $* it% o+n ta$le and the )act% are arranged in a %ingle large ta$le +ith a concatenated 'rimar* ?e* com'ri%e% the indi&idual ?e*% o) each dimen%ion. 5act a$le Mar?et ID Product ID Period ID dollar% unit% 'rice Period Dimen%ion Period ID de%cri'tion *ear Huarter month current )lag re%olution %eHuence
Product Dimen%ion Product ID de%cri'tion %u''lier ID $rand color %i8e

*now !la(e *tructure

&rand &rand identifier 3pk4 int &rand name char5678
&rand identifier 0 &rand identifier
Product Product identifier 3pk4 &rand identifier 3fk4 Product description Product category Product unit price
int int char5978 char5678 int
Customer Customer identifier 3pk4 Customer name Customer address Customer activity Customer phone number Customer fa number
int char5678 char5978 char5978 char5:;8 char5:;8 1ear identifier 1ear name 1ear 3pk4 int char5678
Customer identifier 0 Customer identifier Product identifier 0 Product identifier 1ear identifier 0 1ear identifier
Sale Time identifier Customer identifier Store identifier Product identifier Sale total Sale revenu 3fk4 3fk4 3fk4 3fk4 int int int int real real
2uarter 2uarter identifier 3pk4 int 1ear identifier 3fk4 int 2uarter name char5:78
2uarter identifier 0 2uarter identifier
Country Country identifier 3pk4 int Country name char5978
Country identifier 0 Country identifier
-onth -onth identifier 3pk4 int 2uarter identifier 3fk4 int -onth name char5:78
-onth identifier 0 -onth identifier
+egion +egion identifier 3pk4 int Country identifier 3fk4 int +egion name char5678
+egion identifier 0 +egion identifier
Store identifier 0 Store identifier Time identifier 0 Time identifier
)eek )eek identifier 3pk4 int -onth identifier 3fk4 int )eek name char5678 )eek number in year int
)eek identifier 0 )eek identifier
Store Store identifier +egion identifier Store name Store address Store manager Store phone number Store F,= number Store financial services type Store photo services type
3pk4 int 3fk4 int char5<78 char5978 char5678 char5;78 char5;78 char5:78 char5:78
Day )eek identifier 3fk4 Time identifier 3pk4 Date Day of >eek Day number in month
int int datetime char5678 int
*teps to 'uild MDM

" Pic? a $u%ine%% %u$1ect area
# ;ee?l* %ale% re'ort%, monthl* )inancial %tatement%, in%urance claim co%t%.
" .%?ing %i6 )undamental Hue%tion%2

# ;hat $u%ine%% 'roce%% i% $eing modeledK # .t +hat le&el o) detail Fgranularit*G i% Tacti&eT anal*%i% conductedK # ;hat do the mea%ure% ha&e in common Fthe Tdimen%ion%TGK # ;hat are the dimen%ion%E attri$ute%K # .re the attri$ute% %ta$le or &aria$le o&er time and i% their Tcardinalit*T $ounded or un$oundedK
Data Modeling - 1@@ -
ssues " .cti&e anal*%i%

# Mechanical mani'ulation2 Pi&oting, Drilling do+n, :ra'hing # .gent-$a%ed mani'ulation2 .lert re'orting, e6ce'tion re'orting # ;or?)lo+ mani'ulation2 Pu$li%hing, di%tri$uting document%.
" Cardinalit* mean% Tho+ man*T

# . relational data$a%e u%uall* ha% Tun$oundedT cardinalit* # . multidimen%ional data$a%e u%uall* ha% T$oundedT cardinalit*. Com'lete reorgani8ation i% needed to change cardinalit*.
! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 1@B -
dept?id 0 parent?id dept dept?id int parent?id int name varchar5;<<8 description te t date?changed datetime pfid 0 pfid product?variant sku int pfid varchar5678 attribute7 tinyint attribute: tinyint attribute; tinyint attribute6 tinyint attribute@ tinyint
. Data Model )or an ,lectronic Commerce .''lication

dept?id 0 dept?id pfid 0 pfid product?attribute pfid varchar5678 attribute?id tinyint attribute?inde tinyint attribute?value varchar5;78 pfid 0 pfid promo?cross pfid varchar5678 related?pfid varchar5678 description varchar5;<<8 pfid 0 pfid promo?upsell pfid varchar5678 related?pfid varchar5678 description varchar5;<<8
product?family pfid varchar5678 dept?id int manufacturer?id int name varchar5;<<8 short?description varchar5;<<8 long?description te t image?filename varchar5;<<8 intro?date datetime date?changed datetime list?price int monogramable tinyint
pfid 0 pfid
shopper sku 0 sku shopper?id char56;8 order?id 0 order?id created datetime name varchar5;6<8 pass>ord varchar5;78 street varchar5<78 city varchar5<78shopper?id 0 shopper?id state varchar5678 receipt Cip varchar5:<8 order?id char5;A8 country varchar5;78 shopper?id char56;8 phone varchar5:A8 total int email varchar5<78 status tinyint date?entered datetime date?changed datetime marshalled?receipt image shopper?id 0 shopper?id basket shopper?id char56;8 date?changed datetime marshalled?order image
receipt?item pfid varchar5678 sku int order?id char5;A8 ro>?id int Buantity int adjusted?price int promo?price promo?name varchar5;<<8 promo?type int promo?description te t promo?rank int active int date?start datetime date?end datetime shopper?all int shopper?column varchar5A@8 shopper?op varchar5;8 shopper?value varchar5A@8 cond?all int cond?column varchar5A@8 cond?op varchar5;8 cond?value varchar5A@8 cond?basis char5:8 cond?min int a>ard?all int a>ard?column varchar5A@8 a>ard?op varchar5;8 a>ard?value varchar5A@8 a>ard?ma int disjoint?cond?a>ard int disc?type char5:8 disc?value realData Modeling
- 1@C -
.ttri$ute 0 o) ')id 1@ i% %i8e and the attri$ute &alue 1 i% :rande and 2 i% all and 3 i% /hort
Data Modeling - 1@A -
-eb-based 'uild-To-Order Application
Data Modeling - 1@D -
Data Model for 'uild-To-Order Application
http://www.oracle.com/tools/jdeveloper/documents/jsptwp/index.html?content.html
.uction ;e$ /iteE% Data Model

! Minder Chen, 1993~2002 Data Modeling - 1B0 -

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Data Modeling and Database Design

Minder Chen, Ph.D. mchen@gmu.edu

Division Division number Division name Division address

Task Task name Task cost

Data Modeling and Database Design Course Outline

Data Modeling and Database Design: 5TROD&CT O5

! Minder Chen, 1993~2002

Rationales for Data Modeling

/istory of Data Modeling

" ,! modeling techniHue +a% )ir%t de&elo'ed $* Peter Chen in 19AC

! Minder Chen, 1993~2002

C*C De,elop$ent *trategies

!i%? (ong erm !e+ard /hort erm Co%t% Degree o) Change

Distribution of 'usiness !unction 6+ogic7

C8* De,elop$ent Methodology

"$1ect Interaction Model Data$a%e /chema

In)ormation 3 Data 4a%e

;h /ta ere D rt K oou

Client8*er,er Application De,elop$ent Methodology

nfor$ation 9 Data 'ase

;or?)lo+ #%er Inter)ace

.''lication De%ign and De&elo'ment

Data Modeling 6Data 'ase Design7 )rocess

,MP("-,, P!"M" , ,MP("-,,

...... ...... .... ....

! Minder Chen, 1993~2002

Data Model 6Entity Relationship Diagra$7

e%ta$li%hed $*L e%ta$li%hed

i% )eatured inL )eature%

! Minder Chen, 1993~2002

Entity Relationship Diagra$: *ub:ect Area and Entity Type

! Minder Chen, 1993~2002

*ub:ect Area 6*ub$odel7

*ub:ect Area Diagra$

Products Raw-materials Orders Buyers Suppliers Purchas e Orders

: Subject Area : Association

" Identi)*ing ,ntit* *'e%

5a$ing Entity Types

" ,6am'le% " " " "

! Minder Chen, 1993~2002

E;ercise: Entity Type 5a$ing

" Cour%e% " De'artment " Cu%tomer "rder " P"

! Minder Chen, 1993~2002

)roperties of Entity Types

! Minder Chen, 1993~2002

" :ood de)inition %hould $e2

! Minder Chen, 1993~2002

" Conci%e and Clear

E;a$ple of Entity Type Descriptions

! Minder Chen, 1993~2002

! Minder Chen, 1993~2002

E;ercise: Entity Types or Entity nstances<

! Minder Chen, 1993~2002

! Minder Chen, 1993~2002

-here to +oo( for an Entity Type<

" !ole% Pla*ed

! Minder Chen, 1993~2002

CC De,elop$ent trategies

ub:ect Area 6ub$odel7

" Identi)ing ,ntit *'e%

,ach ,ntit-- re&er%ed-relation%hi'-de%cri'tion F8ero-or-oneG ,ntit-,6am'le ,6am'le

)ull-time-em' em'loeeID F5>G %alar

'art-time-em' em'loeeID F5>G hourl-rate

&Ordero9 Producto9 )escription9 5uantity9 6nitPrice9 Subtotal' 1%t N5

&Ordero9 Order)ate9 Custo9 CustAddress9 Cust/ype9 /a: