Japanese Grammar Summary

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Its alright to... I may... You may... Is it alright to... May I It's not alright to... You should not... You must not... (2 forms) I must or have to... (4 forms) A

form + form + form + form + form + form + form + form + or form + Plain present negative verb form without + // Plain present negative verb form without + Plain present negative verb form without + A B adjective A B adjective B A adjective

24.

Stating a Reason

noun consequence. adjective (full) consequence. adjective -> consequence. plain/masu form consequence. noun consequence. adjective (full) consequence. adjective (full) consequence. plain/masu form consequence. plain form +

25.

Stating a Reason

26.

Emphasis or Explanation (Conversation) While

27.

9.

10.

I must or have to... (4 forms) B I don't have to... (3 forms) Comparing two Nouns (A is more "adjective" than B) (3 forms) "Whenever I go to a sushi shop, I'll invite you along." "I bought a swimsuit when going to Hawaii. (before going)" "I bought a swimsuit when I went to Hawaii. (while there)" To think that... (1st Person) To thinks that... (2nd/3rd Person) To say that... (1st Person) To say that... (2nd/3rd Person) Before Doing... Before [Noun] After Doing... After [Noun]

11.

[Different People] plain form + sentence. [Same Person] verb stem + sentence. [Same person, long activity] long activity clause, plain present/past continuous + Note: In sentence before or , is replaced with . plain past + plain form clause + plain present/past + adjective/plain PRESENT ONLY condition clause + consequence. Plain past positive + Plain present negative + News source, noun + verb stem/adjective (last character omitted) + plain form/adjective full +

28. 29.

Experience Probably/Might When When/if/whenever Ought to do Ought not to do According to... One's Subjective Opinion Someone Else's Subjective Opinion Even though

12.

30. 31.

13.

32. 33.

14.

34. 35.

15.

36.

16.

plain form plain form plain form

37.

17.

18.

Plain form verbs, adjective ( adjectives plain present form takes , not , nouns end in and conjugate like a adjectives, eg, ) + incongruent phrase. adjective, -> + adjective, -> + noun + Verb plain form + Plain present positive verb + plain present negative + plain present positive + [more emphasis]

38.

19.

plain form plain present noun plain present noun

39.

To start to change

20. 21. 22. 23.

Intend to do... Don't intend to do...

40.

41. 42.

In order to... To decide...

plain present positive + plain present + plain present + [Someone else has decided] Plain form + ~ intangible/tangible ~ objective, abstract/subjective, scientific End of Sentence + adjective/plain form/desu/masu form + , following sentence Verb stem + verb stem +

61.

Don't have to Must do

Plain present negative without + Plain present negative without + Plain present negative without + Change last syllable in plain present form to sound + eg ( -> ) (Group 1) Add to verb stem. + + Note: adjective changes into the ... form, eg -> Noun changes into noun , eg, ->

62.

43.

Nominaliser

63.

Volitional Form

44.

But Emphatic Conjunction of Sentences Want to do... Go to a place to do... Begin/Finish Doing... Easy/Hard to do... Too something... How to Try to... It's okay to... It's not okay to Only

64.

45.

To take time/money Relative Clause

65.

46. 47.

66.

48.

Verb stem +
67.

Thin, flat things counter Books, magazines counter People counter Long, slender things counter Liquid in containers counter Animals counter machinery camera houses, shops counter small round things (apples) counter Floors or levels counter Uncategorized things

49.

Verb Stem + verb stem, plain adjective form + Object Verb stem + form + form + form +
71. 70.

50.

68.

51. 52. 53. 54.

69.

55.

can be used with particle, but usually and are omitted. When is used with verbs and adjectives, plain form should be used. must be used with a negative ending. Can be used with all particles except and and is only used with nouns. used for emphasis under same conditions as . ... not only ... but also ~ Change syllable to syllable (group 1) Add to verb stem (group 2) Plain past form + If (last clause in present tense) or when (last clause in past tense) A B adjective A B adjective A B adjective A is more 'adjective' than B. group one thine adjective

72.

73.

74.

75.

56.

Potential Form To be visible, to be audible If Comparisons

76.

57.

58.

59.

60.

Out of a group