Mekatronika 1

Indrawanto Bahan Semi Konduktor Prodi Teknik Mesin FTMD ITB 2014

Model Atom Bohr

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Model Atom Bohr

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Tingkat Energi

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Tingkat energi pada kulit luar

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Amorphous Structure

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Polycrystalline Structure

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Single Crystal Structure

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Struktur kristal Ge dan Si

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Ikatan koovalen

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Material Semikonduktor Intrinsik

Thermal carrier
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Material semikonduktor tipe N

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Material semikonduktor tipe P

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Aliran elektron VS hole

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Aliran elektron pada material P dan N

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Terminology

Intrinsic semiconductor: undoped semiconductor electrical properties are native to the material extrinsic semiconductor: doped semiconductor electrical properties controlled by the added impurity donor impurity atom that increases the electron concentration acceptor impurity atom that increases the hole concentration

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Terminology

n-type material: semiconductor containing more electrons than holes in thermal equilibrium p-type material: semiconductor containing more holes than electrons in thermal equilibrium majority carrier: in n-type material: electrons in p-type material: holes minority carrier: in n-type material: holes in p-type material: electrons
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DIODE

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Reverse-bias conditions for a semiconductor diode

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Reverse-biased p-n junction

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Forward-bias conditions for a semiconductor diode

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Forward-biased p-n junction

Forward bias reduce the junction barrier and eliminate the depletion zone Reverse bias enhance the junction barrier and increase the depletion zone
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Karakteristik diode ideal

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Keadaan konduksi dioda ideal sesuai dengan tegangan bias

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Kurva Diode Khas

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Karakteristik Dioda semikonduktor

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Spesifikasi diode

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Penyearah tegangan
Dioda hanya mengalirkan arus saat diberikan bias maju, sehingga hanya setengah gelombang AC mengalir melalui dioda ke output.

Tegangan output DC adalah 0.318Vm, yang mana Vm = tegangan puncak AC

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Penyearah tegangan gelombang penuh dengan trafo center tap

Memerlukan Dua dioda Transformer center-tapped VDC = 0.636Vm

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Indrawanto, Lab Otomasi dan Sistem Produksi, Dept. Teknik Mesin ITB

Penyearah tegangan gelombang penuh menggunakan rangkaian jembatan

Empat dioda dihubungkab dengan konfigurasi jembatan

VDC = 0.636Vm

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Indrawanto, Lab Otomasi dan Sistem Produksi, Dept. Teknik Mesin ITB

Filter kapasitor

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Filter kapasitor (lanj.)

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Filter kapasitor (lanj.)

=
C = capacitance, F I = load current, A V = peak-to-peak ripple, V T = ripple period, s

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Dioda Zener
Zener adalah dioda yang beroperasi pada bias balik pada Tegangan Zener (Vz).

Bila Vi VZ Zener aktif Tegangan antara Zener adalah VZ Arus Zener : IZ = IR IRL Daya Zener : PZ = VZIZ

Bila Vi < VZ Zener tidak aktif Zener berlaku seperti rangkaian terbuka
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Basic Function
The basic function of zener diode is to maintain a specific voltage across its terminals within given limits of line or load change. Typically it is used for providing a stable reference voltage for use in power supplies and other equipment.

RLoad

This particular zener circuit will work to maintain 10 V across the load.
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Zener Diodes Operating Range

A zener diode is much like a normal diode, the exception being is that it is placed in the circuit in reverse bias and operates in reverse breakdown. This typical characteristic curve illustrates the operating range for a zener. Note that its forward characteristics are just like a normal diode.
Operating range

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Zener Diodes Regulation Ranges

The zener diodes breakdown characteristics are determined by the doping process. Low voltage zeners (>5V), operate in the zener breakdown range. Those designed to operate <5 V operate mostly in avalanche breakdown range. Zeners are available with voltage breakdowns of 1.8 V to 200 V. Zener zone Diode zone

Avalanche zone 5V. This curve illustrates the minimum and maximum ranges of current operation that the zener can effectively maintain its voltage.
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Zener Diodes Breakdown Characteristics

Note very small reverse current (before knee). Breakdown occurs @ knee. Breakdown Characteristics: VZ remains near constant VZ provides: -Reference voltage -Voltage regulation IZ escalates rapidly IZMAX is achieved quickly Exceeding IZMAX is fatal

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Zener Diodes Voltage Regulation

Regulation occurs between: VZK - knee voltage to VZM - Imax

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Zener Diodes Characteristic Curve

Vz results from Iz.

Iz thru Zz produce this.

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Zener Diode - Applications

Regulation
In this simple illustration of zener regulation circuit, the zener diode will adjust its impedance based on varying input voltages. Zener current will increase or decrease directly with voltage input changes. The zener
current, Iz, will vary to maintain a constant Vz. Note: The zener has a finite range of current operation.

VZener
remains constant

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Zener Diode - Applications

Regulation
In this simple illustration of zener regulation circuit, the zener diode will adjust its impedance based on varying input voltages and loads (RL) to be able to maintain its designated zener voltage. Zener current will increase or decrease directly with voltage input changes. The zener current will increase or decrease inversely with varying loads. Again, the zener has a finite range of operation.

VZener
remains constant

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Zener Diode - Applications

Vin IZ Vout

Vin

IZ

Vout

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**

Zener Diode - Applications

1N4740 PDMAX = 1W. VZ = 10V. IZK = 0.25mA to IZM = 100mA VRmin = IZKR= .25mA x 220 = 55mV VRmax = IZM = 100mA x 220 = 22V.

Calculate VZRegulate: (pg.118) VinMIN = VR + VZ = 55mV + 10V = 10.055V. VR = IZR = (100mA)(220) = 22V. Vin(max) = 22V + 10V = 32V VReg is 10V to 32V.
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Zener Limiting
Zener diodes can used for limiting just as normal diodes. Recall in previous chapter studies about limiters. The difference to consider for a zener limiter is its zener breakdown characteristics.

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