Geoinformatics 2006 Vol01

Leica Geosystems Enters the Six-Sided (Hexagon) World
The Future for its Geospatial Imaging Division

Leica Geosystems Enters the Six-Sided (Hexagon) World
Just before Christmas (2005), a detailed and informative presentation was made to the publishers and editorial staff of GeoInformatics by
Richard McKay (Vice President, Sales) and Sara Upchurch (Marketing Communications Manager) of the Geospatial Imaging Division of
Leica Geosystems. The presentation first covered the events leading to the take-over of Leica Geosystems by Hexagon AB and the subse-
quent re-organisation of the company that has just been implemented. It then went on to outline the direction in which the Geospatial
Imaging Division plans to go. This included information about the Division's forthcoming products and led to a most interesting discus-
sion about the Division's planned future activities and developments.
by Gordon Petrie
The Takeover
To say that Leica Geosystems has had "an
interesting" summer and autumn in 2005
would be a massive understatement. In early
June, the company received an unsolicited
take-over bid from the Swedish Hexagon AB
organisation - which the Leica company's
board of directors advised shareholders to
turn down. Then, towards the end of July, it
received another (higher valued) offer from
the Danaher Corporation, an American compa-
ny that manufactures tools and industrial
measuring devices. The Leica board recom-
mended shareholders to accept this new offer.
However, in mid-August, Hexagon made a still
higher offer for the shares of Leica
Geosystems. This resulted in the Leica board
withdrawing its recommendation regarding the
Danaher offer and adopting a neutral position
regarding the new Hexagon offer. By the end
of September, Hexagon had received accep-
tances of its higher offer from over 70% of
the Leica shareholders. By the end of October,
the figure had reached 98.5%. In early
November, the original board of directors
resigned and a new board was elected. This
comprised the CEO (Ola Rollen) and CFO
(Haken Halen) of Hexagon AB, together with
the attorney and secretary of the previous
board (Urs Brugger). With Hexagon's near
100% ownership of the shares of Leica
Geosystems, the new board is applying to
have the Leica shares delisted from the Swiss
Stock Exchange (SWX) in Zrich. In which
case, Leica Geosystems will become a private-
ly held company owned by Hexagon.
Who are Hexagon?
That Hexagon AB was not well known to the
geoinformatics world prior to its take-over of
Leica Geosystems would be another under-
statement. It is however a well-known company
in certain sectors of the automotive, construc-
tion and engineering industries. The company
has three divisions:
Hexagon Engineering: manufactures key
components and systems, including the
supply of industrial robots to the truck
industry;
Hexagon Polymers: manufacture plastic
and rubber products (for example wheels),
semi-finished products and extrusions for
the automotive and construction industries;
Hexagon Metrology: supplies measuring
tools (such as gauges) and systems,
including coordinate measuring machines
(CMMs) and articulated arms to a wide
spectrum of manufacturing industries. The
activities of this last division are those
closest to those of Leica Geosystems,
especially in the area of metrology, where
they overlap.
Jan./Feb. 2006
6
Re-organisation
As part of the Leica Geosystems company inte-
gration into Hexagon AB, a number of organi-
sational changes are being implemented.
Overall the existing Hexagon Metrology
Division and the newly acquired Leica
Geosystems company are to form the two
major units within the newly-formed Hexagon
Measurement Technologies business area.
Besides which, Leica Geosystems itself has
been re-organised into three divisions, instead
of the previous six. These three new divisions
are as follows:
Geosystems Division: This comprises the
former Surveying & Engineering Division
(that manufactures GPS receivers, total
stations, construction lasers and levels)
and the High Definition Surveying (HDS)
Division (which builds the Cyrax ground-
based scanners). The activities of both of
these divisions are centered in Heerbrugg,
Switzerland. Also included in this new divi-
sion is the special China sales region. The
Geosystems Division has also taken over
the airborne sensor manufacturing unit
located in Heerbrugg - which was formerly
under the Geospatial Imaging Division.
Geospatial Imaging Division: This division
has the same name as before and it is
still based in Atlanta, Georgia. It will now
concentrate its activities on software
development and applications and on
developing vertical markets. Bob Morris
continues as President of the Division.
Measuring Tools Division: Essentially this
is a new name for the previous Consumer
Products Division, whose principal product
is the hugely popular Disto hand-held dis-
tance measuring device.
Ar t i cl e
Leica Geosystems has expanded its principal North
American facility which now occupies a building with
100,000 sq. ft. floor area at the Technology Park in
Norcross, near Atlanta, Georgia. The building houses
the headquarters of the company's Geospatial
Imaging Division.
Prod_GI_1_2006 31-01-2006 14:44 Pagina 6
Finally the previous Leica Metrology
Division: which produces laser trackers,
probes and hand-held scanners as well as
special industrial versions of Leica's total
stations and theodolites - is to be inte-
grated directly into Hexagon's Metrology
Division.
Geospatial Imaging Division
With its new concentration on software, the
Geospatial Imaging Division is planning to
release new enhanced versions of its two prin-
cipal products - the ERDAS IMAGINE remote
sensing and image processing software suite
and the Leica Photogrammetry Suite (LPS). In
the near future, it will also introduce a new
software product - the Leica Virtual Explorer.
ERDAS IMAGINE
Version 9 of this software suite will be released
immediately (in January 2006). One of the high-
lights of this latest version will be an AutoSync
tool that will allow automated image-to-image
matching and geo-rectification of the imagery.
The new version will also ensure compatibility of
the geospatial image data processed by ERDAS
IMAGINE with the Oracle Spatial 10g enterprise
infrastructure. In this area, Leica has also
entered into a strategic partnership with the
Acquis company which already has a suite of
tools that allow the handling of vector data and
the topological editing of this data within the
Oracle 10g environment. Besides these new fea-
tures and capabilities, substantial improvements
have been made to the vector editing capabili-
ties of the package. Improved support has also
been provided for ESRI's ArcSDE software and
for the Map Composer Software. On the image
processing side, better image quality results
when a zooming-out operation is being carried
out - the result of implementing a better pyra-
mid layer algorithm. In addition, improved merge
and pan-sharpening techniques have been pro-
vided in the new release.
Looking further ahead, users can expect the pro-
vision of automated or semi-automated feature
extraction capabilities (especially road extraction)
and the implementation of 64-bit processing in
future versions of ERDAS IMAGINE. The official
announcement and introduction of these major
enhancements is targeted for the forthcoming
ASPRS Annual Conference being held in Reno,
Nevada during the first week of May this year.
Systems (SOCET SET), Intergraph
(ImageStation) and Leica Geosystems (LPS).
Leica Virtual Explorer
Richard McKay also mentioned briefly the
forthcoming Leica Virtual Explorer product that
will provide a still more powerful set of 3D
visualization tools that will be more or less
transparent to the user. It will allow terabytes
of information to be merged into a single
"Digital Earth" - that can then be distributed
to thousands of users world-wide without pre-
processing. The city of Essen in Germany has
been involved as the initial user and tester of
this new package. It is available for purchase
by customers immediately.
Extensions
Arising from the company's cooperation with
Virtual Learning Systems (VLS) of Missoula,
Montana, Leica had already released Feature
Analyst for use with the ERDAS IMAGINE soft-
ware. This introduced an automated or semi-
automated feature extraction capability for well
defined objects such as roads, buildings, etc.
into the IMAGINE image processing environ-
ment. The Feature Analyst software has of
course already been released as an extension
to ESRI's ArcView and ArcGIS platforms.
Now Leica is releasing two further products as
extensions to the ArcGIS 9.1 software. The
Leica Photogrammetric Suite (LPS)
The latest Version 9 of this Suite will see the
inclusion of a Mosaic Pro tool. This will allow
previously rectified images or ortho-images to
be mosaiced with both local and global balanc-
ing of the component images being implement-
ed automatically. This will result in an improved
quality of the final rectified image mosaic or
ortho-image mosaic. Other improvements to
the LPS Suite include new versions of both the
ORIMA aerial triangulation package and the
PRO600 vector map compilation software. The
new Version 9 also allows the processing of
the imagery acquired by the recently launched
Indian Cartosat satellite - through the use of an
RPC model.
Again looking to the future, LPS Version 9.1 is
also planned for release at the ASPRS Reno
meeting in May. It will feature improved 3D
digital terrain model (DTM) data handling and
greater visualization capabilities with up to 100
million points being accommodated and han-
dled by this upgraded version of the Suite.
Obviously this improved capability has been
developed as a result of the widespread adop-
tion of commercial airborne laser scanners
such as Leica's own ALS40 and ALS50 and the
several models available from Optech in
Canada.
In 2001, when Leica Geosystems bought out
BAE Systems' share of their LH Systems part-
nership, the principal loss was the well-estab-
lished SOCET SET digital photogrammetric
software which stayed with BAE Systems. As a
result, many SOCET SET users, especially those
in the defence mapping area, stayed with BAE
Systems. However, since then, sales of the
OrthoBase software - that was acquired when
Leica took over ERDAS in 2001 and which has
been further developed in the form of the LPS
Suite - have risen steadily. As a result, the rev-
enue from sales of LPS have now reached a
level of 75% of that which LH Systems had
with SOCET SET. In certain markets, there are
strong local competitors - e.g. DAT/EM and
Cardinal Systems in parts of North America;
Supresoft and China Siwei in China; Racurs in
Russia. ISTAR's PixelFactory software is a real
competitor in the specialized area of ortho-
image production from pushbroom scanner
imagery. However the three leaders in the digi-
tal photogrammetric software market, when
viewed on a world-wide scale, are BAE
Jan./Feb. 2006 Latest News? Visit www.geoinformatics.com
7
Sided (Hexagon) World
x Sided (Hexagon) World
Ar t i cl e
The Feature Analyst extension has been produced in
collaboration with Visual Learning Systems (VLS).
This aerial image of the Altdorf area in Switzerland
shows the vectors defining roads, buildings, etc. that
have been extracted using Feature Analyst.
Prod_GI_1_2006 31-01-2006 14:44 Pagina 7
Image Analysis extension includes the ortho-
rectification of single frames of satellite and air-
borne pushbroom imagery and frame images,
followed by the balancing and mosaicing of the
resulting images. It also allows supervised and
non-supervised land cover classification to be
carried out together with change detection.
Access to the functionality of the extension is
made through the ESRI Arc Toolbox.
The StereoAnalyst extension offers users a 3D
stereo feature collection capability within
ArcGIS. This allows users to collect or update
accurate GIS data and place it directly into an
ESRI Geodatabase. Ground control is provided
by a prior aerial triangulation (AT) carried out
using either the Leica ORIMA, Intergraph ISAT
or BAE Systems SOCET SET packages - since
the extension can handle data in any one of
the formats used in these leading packages.
Support is also provided to allow users to uti-
lize oriented stereo-image data from a number
of high-resolution satellites such as IKONOS
and QuickBird and for various commonly used
3D digitizing devices such as MouseTrak,
TopoMouse and the Immersion Device.
Hardware
During the discussion following the presenta-
tion outlined above, inevitably this turned to
the matter of airborne data acquisition - even
though the Leica airborne sensors that gener-
ate this data and formed part of the
Geospatial Imaging Division have now been re-
assigned to the new Geosystems Division.
Currently the three main suppliers of large-for-
mat airborne digital imagers - Leica (with its
ADS40 pushbroom scanner), Intergraph (with
its DMC frame camera) and Vexcel (with its
UltraCam frame camera) - each have roughly
equal shares of the market. Up till now, 37
ADS40 units have been delivered to cus-
tomers. However this figure may well have
the present writer (Gordon Petrie, not Richard
McKay!) to speculate about what this might
lead to. Leica's current airborne digital sensors -
the ADS40 pushbroom scanner and ALS50 lidar
- are both wholly dependent on the Applanix
POS/AV (Position & Orientation System
/Airborne Vehicle) which is a GPS/IMU system
that has been integrated into both these sensor
products. However the POS/AV system is also
used by some of Leica's principal competitors
in this area, like Intergraph and Vexcel.
Furthermore, Applanix is now owned by Trimble,
which is one of Leica's principal competitors in
the area of optical surveying instrumentation,
GPS receivers and ground-based laser scanners.
Moreover one notices that the NovAtel company
(like Terramatics, based in Calgary) - which has
its own SPAN (Synchronized Position & Attitude
Navigation) GPS/INS technology - has now been
included as a strategic partner of Leica
Geosystems as set out on the main corporate
pages of the Leica Geosystems Web site. All of
which causes me to wonder what this acquisi-
tion of Terramatics and the designation of
NovAtel as a partner of Leica Geosystems might
lead to in the future.
Conclusion
The Geospatial Imaging Division has had a
tough year in 2005, largely caused by the con-
siderable downturn in the U.S. defence market
- due to much defence funding having been
re-allocated to help support the conflicts in
Iraq and Afghanistan. However Richard McKay
clearly feels that the takeover by Hexagon has
already had several positive results. The new
owners have made it clear that there will be
no sale of the Division and they have already
assigned financial responsibilities and set tar-
gets for it to meet. They have also made it
clear to the staff that there has to be an
increased focus on customer requirements and
an emphasis on those solutions and supple-
mentary desktop products with enterprise-wide
applications.
Professor G. Petrie (g.petrie@geog.gla.ac.uk) works
with the Department of Geographical & Earth
Sciences, University of Glasgow. More information on
Leica Geosystems via www.gi.leica-geosystems.com,
www.leica-geosystems.com.
been increased - since the
ADS40 is now the respon-
sibility of the Geosystems
Division. By contrast, the
other potential competitors
in this area - Jena-Optronik
(JAS 150 pushbroom scan-
ner), Wehrli Associates
(DAS-1 pushbroom scanner)
and DiMAC Systems
(DiMAC frame camera) -
only have prototype or
development imagers oper-
ational at the present time.
As for the ALS50 airborne
laser scanner, its produc-
tion had already been
moved from the former
Azimuth facility in Massachusetts to the main
factory in Heerbrugg - as indeed have the HDS
ground-based laser scanners that were former-
ly manufactured at the Cyrax plant in
California. The main competitors for the ALS50
are the airborne lidar products from Optech.
Regarding the DSW700 photogrammetric film
scanner, it is still selling in reasonable num-
bers - its main advantage over previous DSW
models being the replacement of many
mechanical parts with equivalent electronic
components.
Terramatics
The discussion period also provided the oppor-
tunity to enquire about Leica Geosystems pur-
chase of Terramatics Systems. This took place
in July - at the same time as the initial
Hexagon offer to take over Leica. Terramatics is
a small systems house involved in inertial sys-
tems that is based in Calgary, Alberta. The
company's Inertial Position & Attitude System
(IPAS) is an integrated GPS/INS system devel-
oped on behalf of North West Geomatics -
which is also located in Calgary and is a major
customer of Leica's airborne sensors (RC30,
ADS40 and ALS40). IPAS has also formed the
basis of other customized GPS/INS solutions
that have been developed for terrestrial,
marine and airborne applications.
According to the Canadian GEOIDE Network
Web site, Terramatics was also funded during
2003/2004 as part of a team developing
GPS/INS integration software using artificial
neural networks (ANN) and wavelet multi-reso-
lution analysis (WMRA). Furthermore, according
to Wendy Watson (Vice-President of Product
Marketing for the Leica Geospatial Imaging
Division), the Terramatics technology is immedi-
ately applicable to the Leica sensor systems
that are being used for airborne geospatial
data acquisition.
All of which is very interesting and has caused
9
Ar t i cl e
A perspective view of part of the city of Calgary, Alberta in Canada that has been
created using the new Leica Virtual Explorer V3.0 product
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 9
Chinese Pioneer 3D Design on Chengdu Dam Project
Total Focus on Design Challenge
Chinese Pioneer 3D Design on Chengdu Dam Project
Designing the worlds tallest double-arched dam as part of a $2 billion hydropower project is bound to present more than a few
challenges. However, the Chengdu Hydroelectric Investigation and Design Institute (CHIDI) in China has pioneered the use of 3D
design and analysis in this field. The results: faster and more efficient completion of designs, automation of the process of
generating profiles across varied terrains and more precision in excavation planning.
By Terry D. Bennett
Narrow Mountain Gorges
Since people began building dams to harness
rivers and generate electrical power, the engi-
neers who design hydroelectric projects have
had to contend with a number of terrain-relat-
ed problems. By their very nature, hydropower
plants are often located in narrow mountain
gorges and with steep terrain and complex
features. These are difficult to analyse and
visualise using even the most detailed 2D
maps. Moreover, they typically include concrete
arch dams and underground powerhouses that
must incorporate the surrounding rock struc-
tures to form a unified structural system.
Challenges faced by this branch of engineering
are different from those found when designing,
say, roads. Here you have plans, profiles and
cross sections that are nice to have in 3D but
can be adequately portrayed on 2D drawings.
Geotechnical challenges are 3D challenges
the stability of soil, the affect of a water table
going up and down and so on.
Time and Effort
Of course none of these challenges have ever
been insurmountable. They just take a signifi-
cant amount of time - and mental effort - to
hold together. For example, how the strata
stack up, the dimensions and depths of pil-
ings being driven, the type of soil underneath
the footings or abutments and its engineering
characteristics. Or think of the location/depth
of bedrock or limestone and similar con-
straints when building tunnels, or dams or
foundations. The amount of different forms of
information needed by engineers in this sector
- from paper-based soil analysis and quality
assurance statistics to CAD and GIS data - can
mean designing is time-consuming and cum-
bersome. Unless you are using software that
can easily integrate CAD and GIS, translating
data between the two can introduce errors of
precision and accuracy.
Think Beyond 2D
New 3D design software that has been devel-
oped with all these challenges in mind can
help both produce better designs and improve
productivity. This is because this technology is
far more than just a way to produce realistic
images and pictures.
To understand it fully, you need to think
beyond 2D to an intelligent 3D model that
holds all the information in whatever form in
one central and easily accessible repository.
One of the real advantages of this is that
when one change is made anywhere in the
model, everything else that is impacted by
that change is co-ordinated accordingly.
Current Data
There are three major advantages to using an
intelligent 3D model. First, it means that the
data held is always current. It can be enhanced
as a project progresses and shared with other
project team members such as structural engi-
neers or even the client. This eliminates the
need for data to be re-created throughout the
infrastructure lifecycle with all the inherent
opportunities for inaccuracies.
Next, it ensures any clashes or design faults are
discovered in the virtual world rather than on
site. This means that, thirdly, engineers can eas-
ily experiment with what-if scenarios. This is a
particularly important benefit for geotechnical
and ground engineers. They have many param-
Jan./Feb. 2006
14
Ar t i cl e
Founded in 1955, the CHIDI provides
hydropower-related engineering services to
the State Power Corporation of China. Its
staff includes more than 1,300 engineering
and design professionals. Their expertise
in the design of hydropower facilities has
earned the CHIDI over 40 awards for sci-
entific and technical achievement since
1990.
Every hydropower project must be based on the geog-
raphy of the site. Because of this, applications must be
capable of very accurate 3D models.
The Jinpin Hydropower plant on the Yalong River is
one of CHIDIs most significant projects. When com-
pleted, the dam will be the worlds tallest.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 14
eters to take into account trying to deliver on
the clients creative design ideas with often diffi-
cult sites and environmental factors to deal
with. Basically, you can move things around to
see if you adjust this value or constraint.
Looking at a depth for example, what happens
to say the size of footing or abutment needed
or the type and amount of material impacted?
You can start to understand the potential of
natural events such as hurricanes or earth-
quakes, floods and how these will impact the
infrastructure you are trying to design.
Potential of 3D Applications
The CHIDI engineers spent a great deal of time
ensuring that their hydropower plant designs
matched perfectly the images and maps pro-
duced by their surveyors. While they saw the
potential of 3D applications and dynamic comput-
er models to save time, they were concerned that
such applications might sacrifice the precision
needed for hydroelectric projects. Every
hydropower project must be based on the geog-
raphy of the site, says Xue Lijun, a senior engi-
neer with the CHIDI. The site information must
be highly precise, especially on projects involving
excavation work at the slopes and embankment.
Because of this, applications must be capable or
very accurate 3D models to be useful in our
design processes.
Ambitious Program
With the Chinese economy booming, the nation
is hungry for more electric power, especially
power that does not derive from the burning of
expensive fossil fuels. As a result, China has
based on existing data, such as survey informa-
tion. Because the design elements are linked,
changes to one aspect of the design are auto-
matically reflected throughout. CHIDI has also
found that the softwares plotting and grading
features are helping as they plan for the excava-
tion of the dam and its embankments. The
head of the CHIDIs geology department, Xiao
Qiang, sees potential in the applications ability
to reproduce complex geographic features. He
says: This could revolutionise the way profiling
of varied terrains is done. Using 3D design we
are able to do automatic geologic profiling.
The engineers at the CHIDI now have 3D mod-
els of the Jinpin site at their disposal, not only
above but also below ground. We can carry
out site analysis and design using these mod-
els, explains Xue. Using Civil 3D for our
design work on the Jinpin project, we have
been able to improve the precision of our exca-
vation planning and the efficiency of our design
process.
Going forward, the role of the geotechnical
engineer is not changing, however the tools
at their disposal to assist them in doing their
job will change. Solutions that allow for true
3D modelling of designs will assist them in
focusing on the design challenge at hand and
not on figuring out how to bring together 2D
data to make a 3D model.
Terry D. Bennett (terry.bennett@autodesk.com) is a
senior manager of Engineering & Construction
Solutions Autodesk. Surf to www.autodesk.com to
learn more about Autodesk Civil 3D.
embarked on an ambitious hydroelectric power
generation program and several hydroelectric
plants are being constructed and planned in the
Chengdu area by the CHIDI. The Jinpin Hydro-
power Plant on the Yalong River is among the
most significant. With a final planned power
generation capacity of 8,000 megawatts, the
project is being constructed in two phases.
Phase one includes a 3,600 megawatt power
station and 305-metre double-arched dam,
which will be the worlds tallest.
Autodesk Civil 3D
As dam and power station design began on the
project, the engineers at the CHIDI decided to
explore 3D design applications in hope of find-
ing a way to improve and accelerate their design
process. They settled on Autodesk Civil 3D as it
provided a dynamic and realistic interaction
between design elements. This helps us to cre-
ate and modify complex horizontal and vertical
elements within designs more quickly, says
Zhang Tong, CHIDI engineer. Autodesk Civil 3D
integrates the drafting capabilities of AutoCAD
software with relationship-based civil engineering
functionality. Its dynamic engineering model
means that changes made in one place are
reflected instantly throughout the entire project.
Design elements, visualisation, analyses and
plans stay synchronised, so accuracy is main-
tained as drawing submittals move faster from
concept to completion.
Linked Design Elements
Using the software, the engineers have been
able to create accurate 3D engineering models
Latest News? Visit www.geoinformatics.com
Ar t i cl e
n on Chengdu Dam Project
n on Chengdu Dam Project
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 15
At the time of writing, Thierry Gregorius
(thierry.gregorius@shell.com) was Shells global
GIS coordinator but has now moved on to take
up the role of IM & Geomatics Programme
Manager at Shell International Exploration
and Production, based in the Netherlands.
The views in this column are entirely personal.
I paint what I know, not what I see
That is what Pablo Picasso once said of his famous artwork. The same is true of
maps and geographic information (GI), but I wont bore you with the many analogies
that can be drawn with cubist 4D paintings. Instead I would like to report back from
an interesting recent event: the annual conference of the Association for Geographic
Information (AGI) in London.
Looking through the window as my plane
descended towards Heathrow, I remem-
bered Picassos quote. I spotted the
Thames, Millennium Dome, Tower Bridge,
Houses of Parliament, Hyde Park but I
could only see those things because I
knew them. What would a Picasso map
have looked like, I wondered? At Chelsea
Football Club, the AGI conference venue, I
must have overlooked many things
because I have two left feet and dont
know much about football. Which is a
shame because conference delegates were
invited to party in a VIP lounge overlook-
ing the stadium.
But football aside, why was AGI2005 so
interesting? I had only attended this annual
event once before. Then it still seemed
more like an ordinary affair for a British
public sector audience. But now, with an
exhibition of 50 major GI vendors includ-
ing promising new talent from India it
appeared to be very different. You could
almost taste the energy around the hall-
way. Opportunity was in the air. The GI
industry has obviously matured, but so has
the conference. The presentation pro-
gramme had many diverse discussion
streams. More importantly, a senior UK
minister showed up to squeeze in a speech
between a Chinese state visit and a critical
vote on terrorist detainment. He could sim-
ply have cancelled due to London traffic,
but instead he came and talked about the
importance of GI.
What really makes this conference so differ-
ent and worthwhile, however, is its inher-
ent Britishness. From a European perspec-
tive, the Brits are very peculiar. They drive
on the wrong side of the road, drink luke-
warm beer, drown their tea in milk and
think it is funny if they tell you the oppo-
site of what they mean. But when the Brits
do something, they do it properly. Who
else would have invented Happy Hour to
consume all drinks in an hour, for half
price? The same seems to be true of their
conferences: rather than endure the usual
Death-by-Powerpoint scenario, they prefer
to talk properly. Thirty minutes of each
session was strictly reserved for interactive
panel discussions. This generated levels of
energy rarely witnessed before, amplified
by the fact that the GI industry is undergo-
ing drastic change. Everybody agreed that
there are many opportunities ahead, in the
professional and consumer markets. We
have reached a stage where the technology
is there and it is more about peoples
expectations of that technology. Someone
gave the example of in-car navigation sys-
tems: to the driver the Escape button may
have a very different meaning to what the
GPS developer intended!
There is not enough space here to high-
light any presentations, except one: the
charity MapAction (www.mapaction.org).
They gave an emotional and fascinating
account about how they provide much-
needed mapping to humanitarian disaster
relief worldwide. MapAction really make a
difference by sacrificing volunteer time and
money. They also need your support you
know the website.
Outside the UK not many people seem to
know about the AGI conference. It is one of
Britains best-kept secrets. But if you would
like to have your notions of GI shaken, not
stirred, then put Chelsea Football Club in
your November diary. And perhaps you can
teach me how to play football too.
Latest News? Visit www.geoinformatics.com Jan./Feb. 2006
17
Opportunity was in the air. The
GI industry has obviously
matured, but so has the AGI
conference.
Col umn
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 17
Contracts and Promising Test Results
Updates Galileo, EGNOS, Glonass and GPS
Contracts and Promising Test Results
A lot of effort is being put in the development of Global Satellite Navigation Systems
(GNSS). First of all there is the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System
(Egnos), a differential GPS or Space Based Augmentation System (SBAS) based upon
geo-stationary satellites. Furthermore Galileo is under full development as a European
counterpart to GPS. Finally the development of Glonass and GPS is continuing. This
article describes the current state of GNSS. In the future you will find regular updates
in this magazine concerning GNSS.
By Huibert-Jan Lekkerkerk
Egnos
When discussing Egnos, we need to discrimi-
nate between Egnos itself and the Egnos
System Test Bed (ESTB). The latter has been
transmitting test signals for quite some time
now, allowing manufacturers to develop Egnos
compatible products. Furthermore the ESTB is
used by ESA for testing the Egnos perfor-
mance. The ESTB signals are currently broad-
casted via the Inmarsat satellite AOR-E at PRN
120. These signals are also available from the
Internet via SISNet. In the future Egnos signals
will become available via SISNet as well.
On 28 July 2005 Egnos was officially declared
operational by the ESA. This however does not
mean that the system can be used broadly.
According to planning, the system will provide
a fully operational, open service in the first
quarter of 2006. The corresponding Egnos
version is 2.1, which will also support the
standard SBAS message type 0/2. All WAAS
compatible receivers, making Egnos available
to a larger number of receivers, can decode
this message. The first test results of Egnos
are promising, with ESA having measured a
precision of 1 meter.
Currently Egnos signals are broadcasted via
the Artemis satellite (PRN 124) and the
Inmarsat satellite IOR-W (PRN 126).
Galileo: GIOVE-A
The first Galileo satellite, GIOVE-A, was
launched on the 28th of December at 06:19
CET from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. After a success-
ful flight GIOVE-A separated from the Soyuz
rocket at 10:01 CET on the same day. GIOVE-A
proceeded to the start-up procedure, which
was completed faster than expected. At the
moment the satellite, which was built by the
British firm Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd, is
fully operational and broadcasting Galileo
signals.
By launching GIOVE-A, the Galileo project has
secured the frequencies claimed earlier with
the International Telecommunications Union
(ITU). GIOVE-A will be used for testing new
technologies and surveying the radio environ-
ment in the medium altitude satellite orbit.
Positioning Signals
GIOVE-A has been equipped with Rubidium
atomic clocks. These clocks will eventually,
together with a mother clock, perform the tim-
ing of positioning signals. The precision of the
Rubidium clocks tested in GIOVE-A is in the
order of 10 nanoseconds per day. The clocks
in the operational Galileo satellites will have a
precision of 1.9 nanoseconds per 12 hours, or
3.6 seconds per day. The expected life time of
the GIOVE-A satellite is 2 years.
The mother clock, which is not available in
GIOVE-A, will have a precision of 0.45
nanoseconds per 12 hours. This calculates to a
Jan./Feb. 2006
18
Ar t i cl e
The first Galileo satellite, GIOVE-A,
was launched on the 28th of
December at 06:19 CET from
Baikonur, Kazakhstan.
Artist impression GPS Block IIR-M
(source: www.wslfweb.org).
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 18
19
Ar t i cl e
Test Results
Test Results
The first Galileo satellite, GIOVE-A,
was launched on the 28th of December
at 06:19 CET from Baikonur, Kazakhstan.
probable error of 1 second per 1.6 million
years. This mother clock, which operates on
the principle of the excitation of hydrogen
atoms, will be tested on board GIOVE-B. The
launch of GIOVE-B is planned later on in 2006.
Contracts
Furthermore two important Galileo contracts
were awarded in December 2005:
EADS Astrium awarded a 6 million
contract to LogicaCMG for the develop-
ment of the operating system of the GPS
constellation;
The Canadian government awarded the
second contract of USD 500,000 to
Novatel for the development of a Galileo
Safety of Life services receiver.
Glonass-M
On christmas day 2005 three Glonass satellites
were also launched from Baikonur using a
Proton-K rocket. These satellites were put into
orbital plane 3 but are not active at the
moment. As soon as these are active the
Glonass constellation will consist of 13 satellites.
Of the new satellites two are of the improved
type (Glonass-M) and one is of the old type. The
expected life time of the improved type of satel-
lite is 7 years. This in contrast with the average
life time of the current (old) type which is 3
years. According to Russian sources the expecta-
tion is that the Glonass constellation will consist
of 18 satellites in 2007. However, due to the
short life time of the old type of satellites a con-
stant series of launches will have to take place
to replace unusable satellites. Out of 13 satellites
currently active, three satellites have an age of
over 3 years. Furthermore there are satellites
that have been in operation for almost 3 years.
GPS-Block IIR-M
In september 2005 the first Block IIR-M GPS
satellite was launched from Cape Canaveral
using a Delta rocket. This launch was originally
set for December 2004 but had been post-
poned several times. This launch was the first
of a series of eight with the possibility to
transmit the C/A code in the L2 frequency
band, also called the L2C code. Furthermore
these satellites broadcast an improved military
code, the M-code, on both the L1 and L2 fre-
quency bands. It is expected that from 2007
onward the Block IIF generation will be
launched. This generation will not only trans-
mit the L2C and M code, but will also transmit
signals in the L5 frequency band.
Huibert-Jan Lekkerkerk (info@hydrografie.info) is a
freelance writer and trainer in the field of positioning
and hydrography. For more information about the
topics discussed in this article visit www.esa.int,
www.glonass-center.ru or www.navcen.uscg.gov.
AllAds 8/2/04 9:12 AM Page 1
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 19
Gigapixel Frame Images
Is the Holy Grail of Airborne Digital Frame Imaging in Sight?
Gigapixel Frame Images
Over the last few years, there has been much interest in and considerable publicity
about the production of digital frame images that are Gigapixel in size. This interest has
been apparent both among amateur and professional photographers at one end of the
imaging community and among scientific astronomers at the other end. This article
reviews the technical developments that have taken place to allow Gigapixel images to
be generated. It also discusses the possible implications for the geoinformatics industry,
especially those involved in airborne photogrammetric and remote sensing activities.
by Gordon Petrie
Airborne Digital Frame Imagery
In particular, the author looks at the possibil-
ities of applying these new technologies and
developments to overcome the limitations in
the size of the CCD area arrays that are
being used currently in airborne digital frame
cameras. These limitations have resulted in
the use of multiple cameras to generate
large-format digital frame images. However,
even then, the resulting images are still com-
paratively small in size - around 80 to 100
Megapixels.
Part I (in this issue) will discuss the develop-
ments that have taken place to produce
Gigapixel images within the area of amateur
and professional photography. Part II (to be
published in the next issue of
GeoInformatics) will discuss the correspond-
ing developments in the field of scientific
astronomical imaging. In both parts, an anal-
ysis will be undertaken with a view to
assessing their potential application to the
acquisition of digital airborne frame imagery.
Four Main Approaches
Within the particular area of Amateur &
Professional Photography, four main
approaches can be identified, each of
which will be explained further in this
article.
(1) First of all, Gigapixel images have been
generated using large-format photographic
cameras to acquire frame images of the
required scene on negative film. After
development, these photographs have then
been scanned using a high-resolution pho-
togrammetric film scanner to generate the
corresponding digital images.
(2) A second approach has been to use a
small-format digital frame camera equipped
with CCD area arrays to acquire numerous
overlapping frame images of a large area in
a systematic and controlled manner. These
images are then stitched together using
image processing techniques to generate a
composite mosaic forming a single
panoramic image of the required scene that
is Gigapixel in size.
(3) A third approach has been to utilize
specially built or modified frame cameras
that acquire digital images of the scene
directly through systematic scanning of the
required area across the focal plane of the
frame camera using CCD linear arrays. Again
the application of this technique can produce
Gigapixel-sized images.
(4) A fourth approach has been the genera-
tion of digital panoramic frame images using
newly-developed rotating line scanners,
again based on the use of linear arrays.
The largest of the resulting images are again
Gigapixel in size.
Large-Format Film Cameras
The basic technology of the large-format film
frame camera is of course quite well known
to those photogrammetrists and photo-inter-
preters who have been working in the
defence mapping and intelligence fields dur-
ing the last 30 to 40 years. Taking a well-
known example, during the 1970s, the
American Itek company produced its range
of Metritek photogrammetric film cameras
equipped either (i) with an f = 12 inch
(30 cm) lens and producing photographs
with a 9 x 18 inch (23 x 46 cm) format; or
(ii) with an f = 8.25 inch (21 cm) lens pro-
ducing 9 x 13.5 inch (23 x 34.5 cm) format
photographs. Using high-resolution Kodak
3414 black-and-white panchromatic film,
aerial images with resolution values of 75 to
80 line pairs per mm were achieved using
these cameras. They were usually operated
at altitudes up to 60,000 ft. (20 km) or even
higher on-board RB-57 or U-2 reconnaissance
aircraft. Other versions of this type of film
frame camera with the 9 x 18 inch format
were developed by Hycon. For example, the
companys HR-732 camera is equipped with
an f = 24 inch (60 cm) lens and has been
used extensively by NASA, flown on its civil-
ian (ER-2) versions of the U-2 aircraft, see
Figure 1(a). The Itek Metritek 30 was devel-
oped still further for use in space in the form
of NASAs Large Format Camera (LFC). This
was flown on-board Space Shuttle mission
41G in October 1984. Over 2,000 photos
from this mission are still available from the
EROS Data Center (EDC) in Sioux Falls in
both hard-copy and digital form. Indeed the
EDC offers the black-and-white LFC photos
scanned either at a 14m pixel size
Jan./Feb. 2006
20
Ar t i cl e
Figure 1a: A Hycon HR-732 large-format camera (at
the rear) and a Leica RC10 standard-format camera
(at the front) sitting on a dual camera mount - as
operated from high altitudes from one of NASAs ER-2
aircraft. (Source: NASA)
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 20
(giving a file size of 2 x 262 Megapixels) or
at a 7m pixel size (producing a 2 x 1.3
Gigapixel file). The LFC colour and false-
colour photographs are offered with the
14m pixel size only, resulting in a file size
of 2 x 787 Megapixels.
(a) Gigapxl Project
This began in 2000 as a retirement project
carried out by Graham Flint (a physicist and
optics specialist from the U.K. who had
worked in senior positions with Lockheed
and the USAF) and his wife, Catherine Aves
(with a background in desktop publishing
and image processing) who are now based
in New Mexico. They decided to build a very
high-resolution camera that could be used
on the ground to record large-format digital
images of the landscapes of North America.
To obtain the very detailed yet wide-angle
images that they desired, they constructed a
purpose-designed camera on the basis of an
old Fairchild K-38 large-format aerial film
camera - again having a 9 x 18 inch (23 x
46 cm) format. The main body and the mag-
azine were retained, but many modifications
were made to the rest of the camera. In par-
ticular, a new wide-angle (Asymmagon) lens
with f = 215mm was designed and manufac-
tured to meet the specific requirements of
landscape photography using this camera,
see Figure 1(b). A new lens mount, together
with a precision tilt and focus mechanism,
was also purpose-built for the camera. The
film drive motors were stripped out to save
that have been imaged so far have mainly
been taken using the Kodak SO846 and
2444 and the Agfa Aviophot aerial colour
negative films that are very familiar to pho-
togrammetrists. However high-resolution
black-and-white panchromatic films have
also been used for the purpose.
The final colour images were produced
originally on a Cymbolic Sciences (now
Oc) LightJet 5000 printer using Kodak pro-
fessional colour paper. More recently, the
images have been produced on an Epson
Stylus 9600 colour printer. A very detailed
account of the design and construction of
the Gigapxl camera, together with a fasci-
nating in-depth analysis of its performance
and numerous eye-catching sample images
can be found on the projects Web site:
http://www.gigapxl.org/.
(b) R1 Camera
Following on from the Gigapxl Project,
starting in 2003, a similar approach to the
generation of Gigapixel images has been
taken by another American artist and pho-
tographer, Clifford Ross, who is the principal
of Ross Studios in New York City. The basis
of his R1 camera is again an ex-military
Fairchild film frame camera producing a 9 x
18 inch (23 x 46 cm) format photograph.
The camera has been modified to sit in a
specially built cradle which is mounted on
a heavy-duty tripod, see Figure 1(c). The R1
camera utilizes colour negative film - in
this case, Fujichrome Velvia - which, after
development, is scanned in a high-quality
film scanner to produce a 2.6 Gigapixel
digital file. As with the Gigapxl Project, the
final colour image is output on an Oc
LightJet printer. The relevant Web site -
http://www.cliffordross.com/ - is again quite
voluminous, though it is a little less infor-
mative on the technical aspects of the cam-
era and has a greater concentration on the
more artistic and interpretive aspects of the
resulting imagery. In December 2004, Ross
formed a working group, including partici-
pants from the Sandia National Lab, New
York University and several commercial
companies, to investigate further the dis-
play and interpretive aspects of his large-
format high-resolution digital images
employing wall, ceiling and floor projection
techniques.
Composite Image Mosaics
Two examples of this alternative approach to
the formation of Gigapixel images that have
used multiple small-format digital images are
the projects undertaken by an American pho-
tographer, Max Lyons, and by the Dutch
research organisation, TNO.
weight and the camera converted to manual
operation. The camera was then fitted inside
a specially-built skeletal metal frame which
sits on top of a sturdy and stable tripod. A
small-format Nikon digital camera was
mounted on this frame to act as a viewfind-
er, supplementing a telescopic sight.
After exposure in the camera, the large-for-
mat negative film images are scanned
either in a Leica Geosystems DSW500 or a
Vexcel VX-4000DT film scanner. Initially a
12.5m pixel size (providing 80 pixels per
mm) was used, producing digital images
that are 670 Megapixels in size. Since then,
collaboration with Leica using its latest
DSW700 scanner has resulted in the capa-
bility to scan the film with a smaller 6m
pixel size resulting in a file size of 2,900
Megapixels (2.9 Gigapixels). The colour
photographs of the 1,000 or so landscapes
21
Ar t i cl e
ight?
Figure 1b: Two different versions of the Fairchild large-format film cameras that have been modified for use in the
Gigapxl Project - with the long (18 inch) side set in the horizontal position in the example on the left of the picture
and set in the vertical position in the example on the right. (Source: Gigapxl Project)
Figure 1c: The Ross R1 large-format film camera
being used to expose a photo of Mount Sopris in
Colorado (Source: Clifford Ross)
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 21
(a) Max Lyons
Max Lyons is a professional photographer
based in Washington, D.C. who specializes in
taking panoramic photographs of building
interiors and exteriors and of landscapes
from multiple overlapping images acquired
by a small-format frame digital camera. He
has also developed a number of software
tools to aid the construction of the final
composite large-format panoramic images
formed from the numerous individual over-
lapping small-format images taken by the
camera. An example of his work that has
received wide publicity is the panoramic
image of Bryce Canyon in Utah that was gen-
erated towards the end of 2003. This com-
posite image has been constructed from 196
individual frame images, each 6 Megapixels
in size. These were taken using a Canon D60
digital camera equipped with an f = 280 mm
lens. The camera was mounted on a
Manfrotto tripod equipped with a special
head that allowed it to be rotated around
the nodal point of its lens. This allowed the
images to be taken in a systematic manner
along each of several rows with small over-
laps between them, see Figures 2(a) & (b).
The image processing was carried out over
several days using Adobe Photoshop in com-
bination with specialized software (Panotools
and PT Assembler) to carry out the matching
and stitching together of the individual
images. The dimensions of the final
mosaiced image of Bryce Canyon are 40.7k x
26.8k pixels = 1.09 Gigapixels. The size of
the compressed colour RGB file was just over
2 Gigapixels. More information is given on
the relevant pages of Max Lyons Web site -
http://www.tambaware.com/maxlyons/gigapix-
el.htm.
(b) TNO, The Netherlands
In the autumn of 2004, the Dutch TNO
research organisation also followed the same
general approach by using a relatively inex-
pensive small-format digital camera to take
stored on a laptop computer. The final image
processing - including the stitching together
and merging of the individual images - was
carried out using the same software packages
and tools as Max Lyons. However various
additional software modules had to be devel-
oped by TNO for the automated control of the
camera motions. Furthermore while Max Lyons
carried out the stitching together of the
images purely manually, the TNO group used
a highly automated approach. A detailed
account of the TNO project, together with
numerous photos of the equipment, the loca-
tion and extracts from the final image is given
on http://www.tno.nl/gigapixel/.
Frame Cameras with Scan Backs
As the photogrammetric community is only
too well aware, currently the largest CCD area
arrays that are readily available commercially
to acquire colour images are 4k x 4k pixels =
16 Megapixels or 5.4k x 4.2k pixels = 22
Megapixels in size. Most of these area arrays
are manufactured by Kodak. These arrays are
used for example in the digital backs fitted to
the Applanix DSS and IGI DigiCAM 22 air-
borne digital frame cameras.
The bodies from medium-format (6 x 4.5 cm
or 6 x 6 cm) Contax, Hasselblad or Rollei
cameras are used as the basis of these units.
These 16 or 22 Megapixel digital backs have
also been used in multiple in a tilted configu-
ration in the Digital Modular Camera (DMC) of
DiMAC Systems where up to four of these
backs may be utilized to acquire the individu-
al colour images that will be used to form
the final composite large-format frame image.
Even then, this image is only some 80
Megapixels in size.
The same limitations regarding the format
size of digital cameras apply in most profes-
sional photography. However film cameras
using still larger format sizes - e.g. 4 x 5
inches (10 x 12.5 cm) - are in widespread
use for studio and landscape photography.
To convert these cameras to digital opera-
tion, various digital backs have been devel-
oped in which the focal plane is scanned
using a tri-linear array to collect separate
red, green and blue (RGB) images that can
be processed and merged to form colour
frame images. Probably the best known of
these digital scan backs are the products
from Better Light in the U.S.A. and Phase
One in Denmark. For example, the
PowerPhase FX+ digital back from Phase One
uses a Kodak Tri-linear array with 10,500 pix-
els, each 8m in size. The size of the final
frame image is 10,500 x 12,600 pixels = 132
Megapixels, while the file size of the RGB
colour image is 380 Megapixels. Obviously
multiple overlapping images from the top of a
100m high building in the town of Delft to
produce a panorama of the town and the sur-
rounding countryside. It then carried out the
stitching together and merging of the resulting
multiple images to create a single composite
mosaic image that is 78.7k x 31.6k pixels =
2.5 Gigapixels in size. The file size of the final
RGB colour image was 7.5 Gigapixels. The
TNO group used a Nikon D1x digital camera
equipped with an f = 400mm lens that pro-
duced individual images that are 6 Megapixels
in size. This camera was mounted on a
Manfrotto tripod that was fitted with a com-
puter-controlled pan and tilt head equipped
with motors, encoders and a motion con-
troller, see Figure 2(c), instead of the manually
operated head used by Max Lyons.
A total of 600 individual images were
acquired, with each image being read out and
23
Ar t i cl e
Figure 2b: The overlapping concentric frame images
can be projected on to a common plane using a 2D
projective transformation. (Drawn by Mike Shand)
Figure 2a: A diagram showing the geometric arrange-
ment of a block of overlapping concentric frame
images acquired by a single digital camera from a
single exposure station. (Drawn by Mike Shand)
Figure 2c: The Nikon D1x small-format digital camera with
its motorized pan-and-tilt head and motion controller
hardware mounted on the parapet of the 100m high
Electrical Engineering building of the Delft University of
Technology to order to acquire the photos of the town.
(Source & Copyright: TNO)
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 23
the use of a digital back employing a linear
array that is scanning the area of a frame
over a substantial period of time is inappro-
priate to an airborne platform with its rapid
forward motion.
For museum work, where very large maps,
tapestries, paintings and documents need to
be photographed for record and research pur-
poses and for the recording of landscapes,
still larger formats are required. For these
applications, the Italian company, Metis
Systems based in Rome, has devised its
Digital Macro Camera (DMC), see Figure 3(a).
This is a purpose-built camera rather than a
digital back fitted to the body of an existing
camera. It utilizes a tri-linear array (from
Sony), which is first scanned over the lowest
part of the focal plane amounting to one-
third of the final image. After which, the array
is then moved up using a precise mechanical
transport mechanism and motor to scan suc-
cessively the remaining parts of the focal
plane, see Figure 3(b). Basically the scanning
pattern across the focal plane is similar to
that used in high-precision photogrammetric
film scanners such as the Z/I Imaging SCAI.
The drives and electronics for the X and Y
scan mechanism are from Kigamo GmbH in
Germany. The total size of image produced by
the DMC camera is 31,250 x 38,125 pixels =
1.19 Gigapixels. The final RGB file is 3.4
Gigapixels in size. Once again, the use of this
type of camera is limited to the capture of
images of static objects from a single fixed
position. It cannot be used from an airborne
platform having a rapid movement over the
ground. More details of this camera can be
obtained from the Metis Web site:
http://www.metis-group.com/.
Rotating Line Scanners
Panoramic photography, especially of land-
scapes and buildings, has long been popu-
lar both with amateur and professional
photographers. Until recently, this has been
carried out using special cameras based on
the use of 35mm or 120-sized roll film.
Now, however, a new generation of rotating
line scanners has been developed for the
acquisition of panoramic images in digital
form - with the highest resolution images
reaching Gigapixel size. An example is the
EyeScan M3 digital panoramic scanner
which has been developed jointly by the
German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the
Kamera System Technik (KST) company
based in Dresden, see Figure 4(a).
The scanning action involves the rotation
of the line scanner imager on a high-preci-
sion turntable around the vertical axis
passing through the lens of the imager to
give a 360 panoramic image. The rotation
speed of the turntable is controlled pre-
cisely using a motor equipped with a suit-
able gearing system under computer con-
trol. The scanned digital image is recorded
continuously in colour using a Kodak Tri-
linear CCD array, 10,200 pixels in length -
that is set in the vertical direction. When
used in conjunction with a long-focus (f =
100mm) narrow-angle lens, the resulting
digital panoramic frame image is 10,200 x
89,700 pixels = 914,940 Megapixels in size,
i.e. just under one Gigapixel in size. Given
the 3 RGB channels of the Tri-linear array,
this produces an image file of 2.75
Gigabytes (at 8 bits per pixel) or 5.5
Gigapixels (with 16 bits per colour chan-
nel). Since it takes 10 minutes to complete
the recording of a complete 360 scan,
once again, the use of this scanner is
restricted to the imaging of static objects
from a fixed position. More details can be
obtained from the KST companys Web site:
www.kst-dresden.de/.
The basic geometry of the frame image pro-
duced by this rotating line scanner is very
similar to that of an airborne panoramic
frame camera - albeit with the distinction
that that a full 360 rotation of the lens is
achieved with this new type of imager
instead of the 180 maximum angular cover-
age of the airborne panoramic camera, see
Figure 4(b). There has been a strong interest
by photogrammetrists in this EyeScan imager
and in the similar scanners produced by the
Spheron VR (PanoCam) and Dr. Clauss
(Karline) companies in Germany and the
Seitz (Roundshot) company from Switzerland.
However all of these latter examples gener-
ate much smaller-sized images since they
use shorter CCD linear arrays that are either
3,600 or 5,300 pixels in length.
This interest by the photogrammetric com-
munity has been concentrated on terrestrial
applications such as architectural photogram-
metry; in particular, the execution of preci-
sion surveys of building exteriors and interi-
ors for urban modelling. This development
has already resulted in two specialist ISPRS
workshops on panoramic imagers being held
in Dresden (in March 2004) and in Berlin (in
February 2005).
Summary & Analysis
From the account set out above, it is obvious
that several different approaches have been
devised by the amateur and professional pho-
tographic communities to obtain Gigapixel
frame images. The first approach of using a
large-format film camera to acquire the images
Jan./Feb. 2006
24
Ar t i cl e
Figure 3a: The Digital Macro Camera (DMC) 1015/C
used for the high-resolution digital imaging of large
objects such as maps and tapestries - based on
dynamic scanning of the camera's focal plane.
(Source: Metis Systems)
Figure 3b: Systematic scanning of the focal plane of the Metis DMC camera using a Sony tri-linear array to produce
a Gigapixel frame image. (Drawn by Mike Shand)
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 24
and then digitizing the negative film is the
same as that followed by many current users
of standard-format (23 x 23 cm) aerial film
cameras - with the bonus that the format size
is doubled. However many years have elapsed
since large-format aerial film cameras were last
period of time. This solution is not relevant to
imaging from a moving airborne platform. The
need to process and merge several hundred
images is a further disadvantage. Similarly the
second alternative solution of generating
frame images by scanning across the focal
plane of the camera using linear arrays is also
inappropriate to a situation involving a moving
airborne platform. Though, of course, both
techniques might be appropriate to terrestrial
photogrammetry, provided the subject being
imaged is static over a period of time.
Much the same remarks can be made about
the applications of the third alternative solu-
tion - that of the rotating line scanner generat-
ing fully panoramic images. All of which leads
one to look elsewhere for technologies and
solutions that might be useful for the direct
acquisition of large-format frame images in
digital form for aerial photogrammetric and
remote sensing purposes. This will be explored
in Part II of this article which looks at the
exciting developments in this particular subject
area that are currently taking place in scientific
astronomy.
Professor G. Petrie (g.petrie@geog.gla.ac.uk) works
with the Department of Geographical & Earth
Sciences, University of Glasgow.
manufactured. Furthermore, without doubt, the
trend is towards cameras that will allow direct
capture of airborne digital image data.
However the main drawback with digital frame
cameras at the present time is the relatively
small size of current CCD area arrays with the
need to have multiple cameras and
sub-images that need to be pro-
cessed to form the final image. Even
then, the final image will only 80 to
100 Megapixels in size.
As for the other three solutions that
produce digital images directly, the
first of these alternative solutions
involves the generation of multiple
overlapping images from different
pointings of a camera from a single
station to produce each image over a
25
Ar t i cl e
Figure 4a: The KST EYESCAN M3 Metric rotating line scanner sitting on its mount and the high-precision turntable that is used to rotate the imager during the acquisition of its
digital image data. (Source: Kamera & System Technik GmbH)
Figure 4b: The 360 scanning action of the
lens and the tri-linear array that is used to
produce an image on a cylindrical surface
using a panoramic camera. (Drawn by
Mike Shand)
Figure 4c: The cylindrical image data
that has been collected by the panoramic
camera can be unwrapped onto a plain
surface. (Drawn by Mike Shand)
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 25
The Role of Large Format Printing in Visualizing Complex GIS Data
Greater Impact and More Effectiveness Hard Copy Prints
The Role of Large Format Printing in Visualizing Complex GIS Data
Todays GIS technology helps to integrate all kinds of information and applications
with a geographic component into one, manageable system. A GIS ties all data togeth-
er and facilitates the analysis to support the decision making.
By Laurent Gaubert
Background
The developments in Information Technology
such as the evolution of Internet, the
increased speed of processors, the capabili-
ties of storage systems and the advances in
printing technology, are also crucial to sup-
port the new demands of GIS users.
More photographic data is being used and
incorporated into GIS files with the availabili-
ty of web-based satellite imaging libraries.
The combination of raster data such as
Ortho images) and the existing vector data
(like existing pipelines) help users to inter-
pret the results of GIS studies better. Clear
visuals make it easier to share these results
with more people, and to include more con-
stituents in the decision-making processes.
The photographic data also makes it easier
for maintenance and other technical person-
nel to interpret technical drawings, which
lowers training cost and improves the accu-
racy of their work.
Of course, the use of more raster data has
also caused files to increase in sizes from
500KB or 5MB to 300, 500, or even 1GB.
Large Format Prints and GIS
There are only two ways to present GIS out-
put to the human eye: a monitor or a hard
copy print. Hard copy prints are more effec-
tive, and have greater impact, offering the
following benefits:
Higher resolution;
Larger file sizes;
Easy to mark up;
Easy to share and present;
Portable and convenient;
Weather resistant.
It will be a while yet before mobile comput-
ing can offer the same benefits and conve-
nience of paper prints. Therefore, a vitally
important part of a successful GIS manage-
ment project is the large format printer,
which visually represents the spatial data.
Now, todays larger raster files must be pro-
cessed for printing and the challenge for the
larger format printer is to print fast, to pro-
vide excellent image quality & line precision,
and to be flexible in terms of complementary
solutions.
Right Printing Technology
In a mission-critical environment, the GIS
user does lots of printing. When there is a
need for a printout, the user wants it fast
and it simply has to come out. In the case
of piezo technology, reliability can be a prob-
lem. Additionally, piezo technology is still
expensive and the user still needs to make
image quality versus speed trade-off. While
considering investing in piezo technology,
the most important questions to be
answered should be the maintenance and
service costs as well as the ease of use.
Some GIS sites use direct laser imaging plot-
ters that are either in production printing
environments or in mission-critical environ-
ments. In a production-oriented environment,
the plotter is typically shared with the engi-
neering department and dozens or hundreds
of plots needs to be printed a day. A typical
example is a Utility or Telecom application.
Direct laser imaging devices offer the speed
but have other drawbacks such as very high
purchase cost, poor text and line quality,
need for a darkroom environment and
expensive maintenance cost.
However, when it comes to the overall com-
bination of benefits to the typical GIS user,
thermal inkjet is very hard to beat in terms
of productivity and efficiency. With the recent
breakthroughs, the thermal inkjet technology
is the best in speed, image quality and ver-
satility.
The vital components of the thermal inkjet
technology are the print heads and the print
cartridges. As far as the print heads are con-
cerned, the ink firing frequency, number of
nozzles, and drop volumes are the most
important features to achieve the best print
quality. Equally important are the number
and the size of the ink cartridges. Bigger ink
cartridges give the end user better cost per
page. As some GIS applications also require
outdoor durability, the printer needs to be
compatible with dye-based and pigmented
(UV) inks.
Jan./Feb. 2006
26
Speci al
When there is a need for a printout, the user wants it fast and it simply has to come out- in short time.
It will be a while yet before
mobile computing can offer the
same benefits and convenience of
paper prints. Therefore, a vitally
important part of a successful
GIS management project is the
large format printer.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 26
Choosing the Right Printer
Speed is crucially important while investing
in a large format printer. The printer needs
to deliver a combination of production speed
and unattendedness features. It should inte-
grate networking features together with high
bandwidth connection in order to better han-
dle huge GIS files. GIS imagery usually needs
consistent and accurate color-coding, area
fills and shading, sharp contour lines and
high resolution photo output. Here comes
the importance of image quality. Finally, the
printer needs to be versatile and flexible in
order to provide connectivity to the main GIS
software applications, to a variety of printing
media and solutions to handle long plot GIS
imagery.
make decisions. To help enhance the GIS
users workflow, HP has created new features
like HP Designjet Webaccess. This allows the
user to communicate directly with the large
format printing system via the Internet, from
anywhere and at anytime.
Webaccess is a gateway to a range of ser-
vices and features including: Job submittal
(driver-less printing), Job queue management,
Job preview, Supplies status and accounting
information.
Driver-less printing simplifies and speeds up
the printing of large data files. Instead of
starting the process by opening the desired
file with the appropriate SW application and
then using the printer driver to specify the
characteristics of the printout, it is only a
matter of drag & dropping the file to the
printers web page with an Internet browser.
The file will then be processed in the printer
leaving the processing power of the comput-
er available for the user to work in other
tasks.
Laurent Gaubert (Laurent.gaubert@hp.com) is
Marketing Program Manager for Technical Printing
at Hewlett-Packard Imaging and Printing Solutions
Department, Spain. Go to www.hp.com to have a look
at all HP solutions.
Among some other printer vendors, Hewlett-
Packard is investing heavily in the above fea-
tures in order to develop the GIS printer of
the future, with available today the new HP
Designjet 4000 / 4500 family of Large Format
Printers.
Internet to Speed up Workflow
There is a growing trend for GIS users to
access data at source via specifically creat-
ed project web sites. These web sites act as
a general repository for drawings or maps
which can then be accessed by project par-
ticipants. In this new environment, users can
view, modify or print the data in drawings.
They can analyze trends and patterns, test
ideas, and use the information to help them
27
Speci al
ting in Visualizing Complex GIS Data
rints
nting in Visualizing Complex GIS Data
The Designjet 4500 is available as a printer with two media rolls and optional stacker, as a
large format scanner, or as a fully featured print/scan/copy multifunction printer. The series
features simultaneous processing and printing. Equipped with HP Double Swath technology,
it takes 0.17ml of ink to produce a standard colour line drawing covering an area of one
square metre. Furthermore, 100 A1 size black and white or colour drawings can be printed
in one hour. The series also delivers up to 2,400 x 1,200 optimised dpi and plus/minus 0.1
percent line accuracy.
The HP Designjet 4500 comes with two roll feeds, each holding up to a 175m long roll and
switches between different roll widths and media types automatically. With full capacity of
350m media, the printer can be left unattended for at least six hours without needing to
change the roll. The new extra-large HP 90 775ml Black Ink Cartridge provides sufficient
capacity to print over 1,500 A0 line drawing plots. The optional stacker closes the unattended
printing workow by attening and holding up to 200 A0 plots. When equipped with the HP
Designjet 4500 Stacker, the printer requires no attention for at least four hours while
producing 200 plots.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 27
StarFire

the power to do it all.
Demanding applications call for ultimate positioning.
From the rugged terrain of the desert to the open skies, StarFire has been revolutionizing
businesses since 1998. Whether its unmanned vehicles, aerial survey or the construction
site, StarFire global positioning provides the seamless real-time decimeter accuracy
to get the job done.
Global coverage: no base station, no range limits, freedom to roam
10cm accuracy: most accurate real-time positioning available globally
System integrity: true to our heritage, Nothing runs like a Deere
Put the power of StarFire to work for you. Call or visit our web site to learn
more www.navcomtech.com
From a leading pioneer in GPS technology
20780 Madrona Avenue, Torrance, CA 90503 tel: + 1 310.381.2000 fax: + 1 310.381.2001 email: sales@navcomtech.com
A John Deere Company
MILITARY
AGRICULTURE
OFFSHORE
CONSTRUCTION
LAND SURVEY
AER IAL
MACHINE CONTROL
STF_FP_v7F(GeoInf_9-05) 12/26/05 7:37 PM Page 1
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 28
29
Seeing the Bigger Picture
Dont Stumble at the Last Hurdle
From transport and logistics, utilities and mining industries, through to government and insurance companies, the need for geo-
graphic information is essential. Highly accurate information ensures a competitive advantage. There have been recent announce-
ments in the press, such as TomTom using Tele Atlas, as well as the launch, and following success, of Google Earth. These are tes-
tament to the increasing popularity of GIS and the increasing demand for satellite imaging for everyday use.
By Paul Hinkins
PCs and Handheld Devices
Technology has meant that GIS is now more
sophisticated than ever, as are the devices
with which we view pictures. Currently,
images and maps are traditionally looked at
or analysed on PCs and/or handheld devices.
However, it seems that large format image
output is an area that can be neglected. On-
screen viewing is commonplace but is that
enough when examining an image closer
detail? Printing is a vital part of the GIS pro-
cess but is an area where businesses and
organisations are sadly falling down.
Stand-alone Device
Over time, a myth has developed that print-
ing, especially on a large format printer
(LFP), is expensive and something that busi-
nesses do not necessarily need. To briefly
clarify, a large format printer is exactly that, a
standalone device that allows users to print
large documents and, as with most technolo-
gy, it has developed and advanced over time
to produce cost-effective, high-quality
images. Not only that, but there is also a
lack of awareness that a large image can be
printed out in its entirety from a single
Speci al
The latest large format printers released by Canon are the 44" imagePROGRAF W8400 (D) and A1+ 24" imagePROGRAF W6400 (D). Utilising
dye-based ink, the printers possess a wide colour gamut. Coupled with new one-inch-wide high-density print head, these products produce
microscopic 4-picoliter droplets. The imagePROGRAF W8400(D)/W6400(D) produce output speeds of up to around 2.2 minutes per page when
producing A0 size images and 1.3 minutes per page for A1. Both printers offer a small footprint as well as supporting both Mac and PC plat-
forms, which means that they can be integrated into an existing office solution. They also offer increased compatibility with standard software
and the inclusion of PosterArtist and Digital Photo Print Pro as standard. PosterArtist has a catalogue of templates and images that allow
users to create their own, individual poster designs. Digital Photo Print Pro has been designed to support large-scale photographic reproduc-
tion - enabling users to process, enhance and print photographic images without needing to use photo application software. Canons
imagePROGRAF W8400(D) and imagePROGRAF W6400(D) come with HDI drivers for AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT.
The 44" imagePROGRAF W8400 (D) printer.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 29
P_ArcPad7_A4-0805.indd 1 11/28/05 2:47:39 PM
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 30
device. Not de-bunking the myth that sur-
rounds LFP could mean that businesses are
missing out on a range of opportunities that
could lead to an increase in revenue or a
more accurate assessment of an image. It may
not be seen as the most critical part of the
global imaging process, but LFPs are a funda-
mental component and something GIS users
should not ignore. It can also offer a competi-
tive advantage and provide levels of detail;
especially with satellite imaging that may not
necessarily be seen on screen. A printed image
can have a significant impact on a range of
areas and activity, such as presenting plans,
providing evidence in legal or insurance cases,
searching for oil, or even for individuals to
hang on their walls.
Breaking Down Barriers
GIS is an area where precision and data accu-
racy is key. With that in mind there may be a
barriers to purchasing an LFP. These barriers
can be easily overcome however. From discus-
sions Canon has had with GIS experts it
seems there may be a trust issue at play due
to a reticence between what is seen on-screen
compared to what is printed on the LFP, which
may not necessarily represent the visual truth.
These reservations arise from the moment an
individual presses print as the data may not
successfully transfer to the LFP, therefore print-
ing an inaccurate image. This is not the case.
Although with GIS, the conversion of data
from application to printer is far heavier than a
more traditional word-based document or low-
res image, this does not affect the output.
Currently, there are a range of software tech-
nologies that are specifically designed for GIS
that can, and do, successfully convert large
amounts of varying data to produce wholly
accurate images. SCP is a company that pro-
vides one such software solution.
High-quality Images
Another perception is that the total cost of
ownership of an LFP is high and that they are
slow and cumbersome owing to the fact that
they have to produce large, colour-intense
images. As mentioned earlier, technology has
allowed the printer industry to produce faster,
high quality images cost-effectively. There are
now LFP devices that can produce output
speeds a little over 2 minutes per page when
sent a stronger case, both commercially and
within a scientific context as seeing an image
as a whole in hardcopy can have a visual
impact on its audience. It is an effective way
to communicate a point to a non-scientific
audience this is particularly pertinent for the
commercial sector and could be a matter of
winning business or even to use as evidence
from a legal standpoint.
More Printing Than Ever
Finally, another key benefit is a very simple
one, tangibility. People do like to touch and
look at documents. Consider the office envi-
ronment for a moment, where it was believed
that one day there would be the paperless
office. The fact is that businesses are now
printing more than ever. It is predicted that a
staggering 37 thousand million pages colour
printed pages will be produced by 2007 [1].
This is showing no signs of decreasing. It is
testament to the fact that people like to print
because tangibility ensures a better under-
standing of a document or image for the indi-
vidual. From a scientific perspective, haptic
perception, the exploratory use of touch,
means that from childhood to adulthood, peo-
ple find touch an extremely important sense,
therefore to get the best performance out of
individuals means providing tangible images.
Conclusion
By ignoring the benefits of large format print-
ing, businesses and organisations are really
stumbling at the last hurdle and not seeing
the bigger picture. For those that thought LFPs
were slow, expensive and cumbersome, tech-
nology has remedied all of those issues to
provide an extremely cost-effective device that
can quickly and accurately print images. GIS is
all about getting the correct view of the world,
so get printing to ensure greater accuracy and
more effective information share along with
the improved decision making that follows.
References [1] IDC European Hardcopy Tracker 2004.
Paul Hinkins (paul.hinkins@canon-europe.com)
is European Marketing Manager, LFP, Canon Europe.
Product and company information on
www.canon-europe.com.
producing A0 size images and significantly less
per page for A1 this certainly goes against
the pre-perceived notion that large format
devices are slow. These times are being
reduced with every new product released. The
printers also come in a range of sizes from 24
inches to 44 inches to cater for the diverse
needs of the GIS market. Additionally, as with
all printers, inks are not indispensable and do
have to be replaced, which may be seen by
some as costly and another barrier to adop-
tion. The good news for the GIS industry is
that the cost of print goes down when more
ink is required, therefore significantly reducing
the cost per milliliter for LFP. Most, if not all
LFPs today possess a wide colour gamut or
range, to ensure accuracy when matching the
colour on-screen with the printed image. Ink
technology has developed so much that LFPs
can now produce microscopic 4-picoliter
droplets that create vibrant and realistic colour
output. For those that may have concerns
about print parameters on a page, there is
also a borderless print option to cover the
paper from end to end and side to side, to
show even more of the image creating the
maximum impact every time.
Why Print?
There are many business benefits to printing a
document that could enable competitive
advantage for the commercial sector and pro-
vide greater clarity for the science arena.
Besides cost, using an LFP can, quite literally,
provide a bigger picture than looking at a
screen. As images or maps can be printed in
their entirety, users are able to get a broader
perspective on an image. This leads to
improved decision-making, as opposed to
looking at an image in stages, which can be
fragmented. Even with modern re-sizing tech-
niques employed by most of todays GIS soft-
ware you cannot beat the impact a large for-
mat print has on the argument!
To give a better idea on this, consider screen
sizes and think about a standard PC monitor
or the screen on a handheld device it is
easy to understand that it is not possible to
view an entire map or image in detail. By
printing an image or map and placing it in
front of the individual means detail can be
seen more completely and more effectively.
Printing can also allow an organisation to pre-
31
Speci al
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 31
Why Should GIS Operators Car e About Printing?
Improving Effectiveness of Daily Activities GIS Operators
Most GIS operators dont want to print. When working with their Geographic Information System (GIS), the last thing they want to do
is print. Gathering information, combining different data sets, analysing the results, deriving conclusions, defining actions, that is
what they find interesting. But printing on paper?
By Adwin Kannekens
What is the Problem?
Given the fact that GIS operators dont want
to print, they dont spend a lot of time on
sending their output to the printer. Most of
the time, hitting the print button in the
application software does the job. And by
doing so, a lot of the resources and effort
put into GIS are wasted or not used to the
maximum. This is like a chef who spends
four days preparing and cooking a Christmas
meal with the team and then serving it to
guests on paper plates with plastic forks. Or
like eating a fast-food hamburger from real
porcelain with a silver knife & fork.
Imagine that an emergency happens, for
example a child is missing or the drinking
water system has been contaminated. It
might be that a number of sheets from the
GIS must be printed to solve this emergency
on site. In this situation, the GIS operator is
not interested in the availability of the first
sheet but in the last one (read: the whole
set). That means overall productivity is
essential. In this situation it is very unlikely
that he cares about the media used.
Optimising things for one situation might
easily lead to unacceptably high costs in
another situation (fast food on porcelain) or
to lower rewards and credibility (paper
plates on Christmas Day). So it is important
for GIS operators to care about printing. Or
at least their managers. This should result in
a printing system hooked up to GIS software
that requires hardly any operator interven-
tion to support a variety of printing jobs in
the optimum way.
Right Print Mode
Wide format printers that can do colour (and
colour is a no-brainer for GIS printing) are all
based on inkjet technology, mainly thermal
inkjet. The advantages of this technology are
clear: good print quality, a big colour gamut
and low initial investment. Costs mainly have
to do with the ink, so this is totally depen-
dent on actual usage. Furthermore there is a
variety of media to choose from.
On the other hand, when working with ther-
mal inkjet one has to take into account that
the prints are created in swatches. The print
heads are moving from left to right and back
again to put the ink on the paper. Those
swatches will be visible in the image. To
eliminate this, the image can be printed in
multiple passes (read: a different print
mode). Although this results in a better print
quality, it decreases the print speed. And
print speed is already one of the weaker
points of the current wide format colour
printers.
Basically, an operator has to make a trade-
off between the printing quality needed and
the amount of time he wants to spend on
waiting for the print. A decision that is often
made incorrectly by GIS operators. It might
be that they are not aware of the conse-
quences or where they can do selections (in
the driver). Moreover, visibility of the swatch-
es is worse when printing lines than when
printing areas. So theoretically, GIS operators
have to take into account the contents of
the file for selecting the right print mode.
Jan./Feb. 2006
32
Speci al
The Oc TCS500, see page 35 for more information.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 32
Right Paper Type
Furthermore, one has to realise that most
colour printers only support one media roll.
This means that whenever you want to print
on another media this requires changing rolls.
On many colour printers loading a roll is not
an easy job. It might also lead to conflicts,
especially when multiple operators are using
the same printer. Assume that one operator
wants to print on high quality (read: expen-
sive) paper for e.g. a presentation to the
board while at the same time lower quality
(read: cheaper) paper is in the printer. Before
submitting the print job the operator will load
the high quality media onto the system.
However, his colleagues in the room next door
are not aware of this and may want to check
and discuss their work so far. Without knowing
the operator is printing a number of docu-
ments that will have a lifetime of only a few
minutes on the expensive paper.
(cyan, magenta, yellow and black). In this
case the printer requires 4 bitmaps.
Unfortunately, many colour printers do not
print when processing those bitmaps. This
Processing Large Files
Printing higher quality prints can take a
while. However, the processing of those files
can be even more time-consuming. The
amount of raster and vector data that can be
incorporated in one print from a GIS applica-
tion can be very large. 100 Mb is common,
500 Mb is no exception and up to 2 GB hap-
pens occasionally. The (controller of the)
printer has to digest this data and convert it
into printable data (bitmaps). Colour printers
used for GIS normally print in four colours
33
Speci al
Car e About Printing?
ators
s Car e About Printing?
When processing the plot file, Dynamic Switching
determines which print mode must be applied to
print the information. On the fly the printer will, for
example, switch from one-pass to four-pass and back,
if a part of the plot requires this. This guarantees the
optimum trade-off between print speed and print
quality. Since this is done automatically the GIS oper-
ator does not need to make additional settings to
select the number of passes.
Using OrthoVista for your orthophoto mosaics ensures the systematic approach you need to reach your goals faster and
more efficiently. Superior radiometric balancing, fully automatic seam detection and many more premium tools have made
OrthoVista the top selling software on the market. Whatever your photogrammetric challenge, INPHO products provide
the solution. See why MATCH-AT, MATCH-T, DTMaster, OrthoMaster, OrthoVista and Summit Evolution
TM
have made INPHO
synonymous with Quality Photogrammetry.
Image Capture Aerial Triangulation Data Capture Terrain Modeling Orthophoto Processing
Summit Evolution is a trademark of
DAT/EM Systems International
Perfect orthophotos wont ever challenge
your patience again. Thanks to OrthoVista.
See the world with
different eyes.
www.inpho.de
040_AZ_Geoinfo_185x134_GB 02.01.2006 14:45 Uhr Seite 1
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 33
ImagineNoBarriers
Envision your organizationconnected, responsive, and prepared to meet
the challenges of todays changing world. Your imagination will become
reality at GITAs Annual Conference 29. This four-day information blitz
features eye-opening perspectives on how geospatial information is being
used in revolutionary ways.
Meet, collaborate, and share ideas with
thousands of GIS professionals with decades
of combined geospatial knowledge. Break
down the barriers and discover the geo-
possibilities at GITA.
Register today at gita.org!
info@gita.org
303-337- 0513
www.gita.org
No Barriers:
Connected.
Responsive.
Prepared.
April 2326, 2006
Tampa Convention Center
Tampa, Florida USA
QX-Con29GeoInformatics 13-01-2006 16:07 Pagina 1
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 34
means that the print times (that already
werent that impressive) are even extended
by the amount of time the printer processor
needs to process the bitmaps. GIS operators
know that this can vary from 30 seconds to
an hour or more. What they dont know is
how to overcome this.
Optimise Printing from a GIS
Can GIS operators, and their managers,
improve the overall performance and presenta-
tion of their activities by caring about printing?
Possibilities are analysing the workflow, look-
ing at where printing comes into play, using
common sense and surfing the Internet for
solutions. Provided they can afford the time
and enjoy doing this, they can add a lot of
value to their organisation. However it is ques-
tionable whether these kinds of activities are
part of their job description and will be
rewarded in the short run (read: when the
deadline for the current project is not
achieved).
For those who want to outsource this process,
there are other possibilities. The GIS operator
could contact the supplier of the GIS software.
Just like a kind of system integrator most sup-
pliers have customised the software to meet
the exact needs of the customer. Therefore,
they are fairly involved in the workflow on site
and can easily come up with improvements.
However, this assumes that they also have
knowledge about wide format printing. And
often this is not the case. Like GIS operators
they are very much interested in things like
Powerful processor to create the bitmaps
to facilitate fast print-out times and to pro-
ductively print sets. Processing of the
bitmaps must be done while printing the
previous file. This way wasting valuable
printing time is avoided.
If those requirements are met, the effective-
ness of the daily activities of GIS operators
will definitely improve. Though it is under-
standable that GIS operators dont want to go
through these lists with specialised printer
resellers/vendors, it is certainly worthwhile. Just
imagine that the performance of all GIS opera-
tors is improved by 15 minutes, simply
because they dont have to wait for prints.
They do not waste time sending prints or
changing media on the printer. And their pre-
sentations are more convincing because of the
professional output. This will give all GIS oper-
ators one or two weeks per year extra to con-
centrate on what really concerns them, namely
gathering information, combining different data
sets, analysing the results, deriving conclu-
sions and defining actions.
Adwin Kannekens (adwin.kannekens@oce.com) is
International Business Development Manager TDS
Colour of the Business Unit Wide Format Printing
Systems at Oc-Technologies, the Netherlands.
Learn more about Oc and its products via
www.oce.com.
mapping, surveying, and analysis, but not in
printing. As those system integrators are and
must be ahead of the crowd, they tend to
focus on the future (paperless office) and sug-
gest hooking up any printer to the network for
the time being. Another alternative for GIS
operators is to talk to specialised printer com-
panies/resellers. The contact people of profes-
sional companies like this are trained in effi-
ciently analysing the workflow of each specific
situation. Although they are also trained to
sell, the really good ones definitely want to
build up a long-term relationship which will be
reflected in their advice.
Key Requirements
In order to evaluate the advice of printer com-
panies/resellers, the GIS operator simply needs
to have common sense. He must ensure that
the following general requirements that can be
derived from the above-mentioned situations
are met:
Low number of settings (preferably one) to
determine the print quality of the plot;
Easily accessible settings, for example by
means of pre-configured templates;
Media type selectable in the application,
for example in the driver, and proved by
the printer before starting to print;
Colour profiles for commonly used media
types available and manageable in the
controller;
Two or three media rolls supported on the
printer with automatic selection and easy
loading of the media. Ask for a demo;
35
Speci al
The Oc TDS450 wide format print, copy and scan system
is provided with a single high-resolution 600 dpi colour
CCD camera and lens. Also contributing to the systems
image quality is the lamp used to illuminate the original,
which requires no warming-up time. This optical system is
in fact a single mirror, thus reducing the number of mov-
ing parts to a minimum. In addition, the Oc Image Logic
technology -already embedded in black & white systems -
has now been extended to colour in the Oc TDS450
scanner. Accurate manual alignment of documents is not
necessary: the fully digital automatic width detection is
precise to the millimetre. Furthermore the display panel,
inspired by the technology of todays palmtop devices and modern ergonomics, is intuitive and directly accessible to every operator, including
wheelchair users. The user interface is fully customisable, using preprogrammed templates that enable users to perform more complex jobs at the
touch of a single button. The Oc TDS450 is supported by regularly updated and certified drivers and software applications, The Oc TDS450 is avail-
able as standard as a black & white printing system, with the option to expand the system with a full-colour scan-to-file capability.
The Oc TCS500 wide format colour print, copy and scan system is the successor to the Oc TCS400. It allows printing, copying and scanning of all
kinds of wide format originals, both monochrome and colour, from A4 to A0 and up to 36 wide. The scanner, with its Direct Scan technology, is
always ready for immediate use, without warming up time. The Oc Power Logic Controller is developed for quickly handling and processing files,
and can handle new jobs while printing. The Oc TCS500 prints an A0 colour plot in one minute, while an A0 monochrome plot takes 40 seconds.
No trimming is needed, and there is a choice of delivery options. The fully automatic printer calibration enables overnight printing, and media rolls
and inks can be changed without interrupting printing. Recurring copy and scan jobs can be done by using predefine templates, allowing complex
operations to be performed at the push of a single button. The Advanced Queue Manager gives full control of all pending and running jobs.
The Dynamic Switching Technology automatically determines the best print strategy for each part of a plot. Users can choose from 1, 2 or 3 roll units,
different processing memory configurations in the controller and a range of delivery options. The copy module is a separate unit.
The Oc TDS450
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 35
New Dimension in Communica ting GIS Data
Contex 3D Printing to Increase Prototyping Accuracy and Effectiveness
Historically, the creation of a 3D model or prototype has been a tedious and time-
consuming process that allowed for a significant amount of human error. For example,
creating a large, three-dimensional topographical map with accurately scaled elevations,
overlaid with a perfectly positioned color texture map, and inclusion of all relevant GIS
data would take a day or two to recreate. However, with the advent of Contexs 3D
printing technology, prototyping can be less time-consuming.
By Jesper Erlandsen
How it Works
What is 3D printing and how does it work?
Three-dimensional printing, also referred to
as 3DP, is a type of rapid prototyping that
creates a three-dimension prototype/physical
model from Computer Aided Design (CAD)
data. It uses an inkjet print-head to deposit
a liquid binder that solidifies layers of pow-
der. Using an adapted inkjet printing system,
layers of a fine powder are selectively bond-
ed by printing a water-based adhesive from
the inkjet print head in the shape of each
cross-section as determined by a CAD file.
Alternately the machines feed liquids into
individual jetting heads that squirt tiny
droplets as they are scanned to form a layer
of the model. The liquid hardens after being
deposited. Once a single layer is deposited,
a milling head is used to ensure uniform
thickness before the next layer is deposited.
This rapid prototyping technology enables
models designers, product developers, and
GIS professionals to construct models of
real-world objects like buildings and land-
scapes or to communicate a topographical
surface.
There are many applications for 3D models.
One can think of concept models, presenta-
tion models, functional testing, and Finite
Element Analysis. Sales presentations, mar-
ket research on style, color, and packaging
options are other examples. 3D models of
designs can also be used as tools to demon-
strate the scope of a project or as a leave-
behind.
3D Printing and the GIS Market
While it is still relatively new to the GIS envi-
ronment, 3D printing offers unlimited possi-
bilities for mapping, surveying and related
topics. The 2005 Wohlers Report recognizes
GIS as a "non-traditional" market along with
architecture and medicine. However, with the
emergence of multi-color 3D printing technol-
ogy like the DESIGNMate CX from Contex,
the door into these non-traditional markets
is rapidly opening. In fact, GIS is expected to
be a very strong growth market for 3D print-
ing. Virtually any GIS software application
that can produce CAD data can produce a
file that can be then output on a 3D printer.
Promising 3D modeling applications in the
GIS sphere include urban planning, environ-
mental impact analysis, and site planning for
Jan./Feb. 2006
36
Speci al
GIS Application Description
Operations/Response Planning Deploy 3D Terrain and Urban models to field units and
operation centers quickly and accurately, replacing "the
sand table" with models printed in real-time geospatial
intelligence;
Line of sight;
Plume analysis;
Least cost path.
Communication and Review Create communication models for client/
public review process;
Create full-color models to enhance communications and
customer impact;
Make complex information easy to understand.
Cartographic Display Generate three dimensional topographic models from two-
dimensional GIS data;
Create hydrographs;
Create city models;
Simplify cartographer/analyst map production;
Create educational/museum displays;
Enable 3D visualization.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 36
mining, construction, and demolition to
name a few. With Contex 3D printers, GIS
users can reproduce terrain, urban and sub-
surface maps and models in less time with-
out geometrical limitations and with high
geometrical accuracy. Engineers can use
these physical representations of electronic
design concepts to communicate more effec-
tively with customers, partners and suppliers.
The ability to use 3D printing for GIS appli-
cations changes the way GIS data is used to
communicate. It opens up a world of possi-
bilities including the ability to increase the
exposure and visibility of GIS data, while
communicating clearly with clients, co-work-
ers or the general public with three dimen-
sional examples. With 3D printing technolo-
gy, GIS professionals can create accurate
models without existing resources, delays or
high costs, capitalizing on internal 2D draw-
ings and GIS content.
Five Basic Steps
Creating three-dimensional GIS output using
a Contex 3D printer involves just a few basic
steps. For example, using a Contex 3D print-
er, creating a 3D model is as simple as fol-
lowing these basic steps:
Select the level of detail and area you
want to model and determine the size
and scale;
Choose how the model will be displayed;
Export a VRML/PLY file for 3D printing
from GIS software;
Generate a color image-texture map
overlay on a Digital Elevation Model
(DEM) from sources such as Satellite,
Aerial, Annotation, Chloropleth in
DesignEDIT software;
Print a 3D model of the VRML file on the
3D Printer.
printers available, and are equipped with fea-
tures such as high-definition print resolution. It
is also stated that output speeds are 5 to 10
times faster than other rapid prototyping tech-
nologies, cost per-part construction is the low-
est, and inkjet printing technology is capable
of creating parts with crisply defined features,
enhanced accuracy, and precise 24-bit color.
Users can leverage color capabilities to high-
light and annotate physical models just as
they would with a 2D drawing.
Conclusion
More users in an expanding range of environ-
ments and industries are looking for ways to
accelerate time to market. According to Contex,
the demand for fast, accurate, full-color rapid
prototyping 3D printers that transform the pro-
cess of creating physical models will continue
to grow. As it does, providers like Contex will
be standing ready to provide high-speed high-
quality technology solutions that enable them
to create 3D models quickly and affordably
using in-house resources in a matter of days.
Jesper Erlandsen (jde@contex.com) is Marketing
Manager with Contex. Visit Contex, www.contex.com
to learn more about what Contex has to offer GIS
professionals in the latest technology and products.
Contex Imaging Products
Contex digital solutions provide a path to cap-
ture technical documents, drawings and other
input in order to view, edit, archive, convert,
file or print the output data for various appli-
cations and jobs. Contex scanners also make
wide-format digital copiers by linking a Contex
scanner to a large-format printer. Companies
requiring in-house copying of posters and
drawingsincluding advertising agencies, bill-
board manufacturers and sign makers - can
also benefit from Contex copy solutions.
In 2005 Contex has launched two 3D printers
being offered through a select group of distrib-
utors with expansion planned well into the
future: the Contex DESIGNmate Cx and the
Contex DESIGNmate Mx.
According to Contex its 3D printers are dis-
tinguished from competitors by the fact
that they are the only multi-color 3D
37
Speci al
nica ting GIS Data
y and Effectiveness
nica ting GIS Data
The new Contex printers offer the
same features as 3D printers sold by
Z Corporation, a Contex subsidiary.
The Contex DESIGNmate Cx 3D printer
is a full color printer that produces
high-definition (600 x 540 dpi) full
color 3D models. The Contex
DESIGNmate Mx, with a resolution of
300 x 450 dpi, creates physical models directly from digital
data. It allows users to produce concept models and functional test parts
and is in fact an entry-level prototyping system for office environments and educational
institutions, to mention a few target groups.
Contex 3D printers are based on proven technology that originated at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and was later developed by Contexs Z Corporation subsidiary. The
technology is sold under the Contex, Z Corporation and Vidar brand names through separate
sales channels. Context 3D printers are available today from dealers worldwide.
The Contex DESIGNmate
Cx 3D printer.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 37
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 38
39
The Power of Geomarketing
Taking Decisions Sensibly and with a Maximum of Information
Everyone knows the benefits of GIS when it comes to surveying or risk-management. However the use of GIS-tools in marketing has
not been widely discovered yet. In fact, marketing and water have at least one aspect in common: why flood the market with ads
when a drop in the right spot can serve equally well? What you need is an irrigation system. This system is geomarketing.
By Petra Pommerening
Geomarketing for Beginners
Imagine you own a travel agency with two
points of sale. By the end of the year you find
out that one agency is performing fine while
the other one is doing exceptionally bad. You
can either go for the soccer strategy - fire the
manager and hire new players - or you can
analyse the problem before taking further
steps. Because travel tickets that have been
booked are often mailed to the customer, you
have their addresses that you then geocode
with your newly purchased GIS software. Since
you only know maps from school, you had
hesitated at the investment at first. Especially
since a friend told you that GIS software is
only for specialists, it takes years to learn to
apply, and in the end GIS is of no use at all.
But your friend has never been a trendsetter
anyway (though he is a very good golfer) -
and so here you are with GIS in your hands.
A wizard leads you through the geocoding and
in an instant you have all your customers
colour-coded according to the two points of
sale on your digital map.
Neighbourhood Blocks
Because people who live in the same
neighbourhood are likely to share the same
preferences that is the reason why the lawn
mower and the drill are still at the neigh-
bours -, you can classify your customers in
clusters such as neighbourhood blocks. The
boundaries as well as market data for the
blocks are included in the geomarketing sys-
tem. By using dialogues, the system guides
you so that you find out in only an hour that
80 % of your customers live within a radius
of 18 kilometres. The most potential ones are
strikingly often in areas with middle income,
few kids and posh cars, as the GIS, and the
market data that comes with it, tells you.
In the end you find out that the crucial dif-
ference between the bad- and the well-per-
forming agency is that one is located in an
area with a lot of your target customers liv-
ing close by. It is a place with plenty of
offices in the immediate vicinity, with a lot of
overworked employees searching for a holi-
day special during their lunch-breaks. The
other one is situated in a town where nearly
everyone commutes, people who hardly
manage to drop by a supermarket when they
come home late from work.
You immediately take action and:
Fire the manager anyway he should
have used the geomarketing tool to find
out the reasons for the bad performance;
Open a new agency in a spot identified
by the geomarketing software to make
up for the loss over the last year;
Ar t i cl e
Pouring Geo onto marketing.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 39
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 40
Promote the employee who gave you the
article about geomarketing as manager
of your new agency;
Put household ads in the high potential
areas that you have now identified;
Play golf with your friend and beat him
for the first time in months as he is
stunned by your experiences with geo-
marketing.
What is Geomarketing?
Actually, no one really knows what geomarketing
is, as nearly everyone describes it in a different
way. One possible definition is as follows:
Geomarketing (as well-known as business-GIS or
business mapping) analyses actual as well as
potential markets according to their spatial struc-
tures, to more effectively plan and steer sales
measurably. Geomarketing can be applied in the
planning and steering of outlets, sales areas, and
ors and fancy marketing people, trying to
combine the best of both worlds to achieve
a win-win situation. But a drain from one
side to the other does not take place. The
idea of GIS in marketing and vice versa is
still strange to both sides.
Internet Connection
Nearly every move in the market has a spa-
tial aspect. Even online buyers live some-
where and they buy accordingly. This means
that people in rural areas use the Internet in
a different way and for different purposes
than people in cities do. But in both cases
the type of Internet connection is crucial,
such as for telecommunication companies
who offer special rates for DSL customers.
Special data like these are a highly valuable
piece of information for selling products effi-
ciently. Marketing is more than advertising
and includes every decision a company
makes concerning the customer, such as
price, point of sale, and availability.
Geomarketing is the means enabling the
entrepreneur to take these decisions sensibly
and with a maximum of information.
Geomarketing makes the difference between
wasting water and making the most of every
single drop.
But after all the best thing is that it
improves your golf proficiency.
Petra Pommerening (p.pommerening@infas-geodat-
en.de) is Sales Consultant Europe at infas GEOdaten
GmbH, active in geomarketing full service:
www.infas-geodaten.de or www.marktanalyst.com.
net infrastructures all the way up to the targeted
development of new markets. Thus, geomarket-
ing is more often applied in the entrepreneurial
fields of controlling and expansion in order to
objectively measure the success of the imple-
mentation. In real life this means that geomarket-
ing offers a combination of data, maps and mar-
ket information, as well as tools for analysis.
Together with the company data, it is the key to
the companys treasure chest.
New Dimensions in Marketing
With markets becoming more and
more saturated, marketing man-
agers have to think of means to
better exploit their customer poten-
tial and find new ones. On average,
about 80% of all company data has
a spatial component but only 20%
of the data is used to some extent.
Mostly, the reason for this discrep-
ancy is the lack of possibilities for
interlinking the information. A GIS
presents such a possibility by mak-
ing use of the addresses. Added
value is achieved by accumulating the infor-
mation. All of a sudden, the user of a geo-
marketing software is able to visualise a
degree of information density in only one
map that filled up several dozens of tables
before.
This bit of information might not surprise an
experienced GIS user but it is rather new
and sometimes fairly unbelievable for mar-
keting managers. Geomarketing is out there
somewhere in the huge gap between survey-
41
Ar t i cl e
Spiders indicating the relation between customer and points of sale.
Walking distance of the target customer.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 41
Part 1: Configuration and Technology Behind GPS
Practical Satellite Navigation
The authors first encounter with satellite navi-
gation dates back to the early nineties of the
last century. During my study Hydrographic
Surveying in Amsterdam there was a single
Sercel NR103 GPS receiver available for train-
ing. It was locked away most of the time,
since it cost roughly twenty thousand US dol-
lars, a staggering amount of money at that
time. The use of GPS was by no means com-
mon in those days with most land surveyors
still using theodolites, total stations or level
instruments. At sea systems like Hyperfix,
Syledis and Decca, which are archaic by cur-
rent standards, were used. What almost no
one could have imagined in those days was
the enormous flight the developments in satel-
lite navigation would take. At the moment GPS
is synonymous for easy, precise and fast posi-
tioning in almost every sector. The number of
receivers that are offered is large and prices
are low. However the knowledge of these
systems is usually lagging behind. Who isnt
familiar with the example of politicians want-
ing to use GPS for say road taxing? In theory
this sounds good, but everyone who has been
using GPS in an urban environment, in tun-
nels, or under trees knows that the system
will not work (properly).
Future developments like Galileo and Glonass
will probably improve this, but are still in a
development phase. This series of articles will
primarily focus on practical problems as men-
tioned above, their origin and how to prevent
them if possible. Starting point will always be
practical application of the theory.
GPS History in Short
Satellite navigation comprises all the systems
developed, or under development, for naviga-
tion or positioning purposes based upon satel-
lites. Satellite navigation dates back to the last
century. In 1964 the American Transit system
was declared operational and offered a preci-
sion in the order of 400 meters. Even though
receiver prices were high, the system was in
use until 1992 by, amongst others, the US
Navy.
The greatest disadvantage of the Transit sys-
tem was the relative low precision and low
update rate. For this reason the American gov-
ernment started the development of a succes-
sor to Transit or, as it was known by then, the
Navy Navigational Satellite System (NNSS). This
successor was christened Navigation by
Satellite Timing and Ranging (NAVSTAR) but
was later given the name Global Positioning
System (GPS). On the 8th of December 1993
the system was officially declared operational,
but by then had already been in use for almost
10 years by the army and survey industry.
Glonass and Galileo
Parallel to the development of GPS, Russia
has been developing a similar system called
Glonass. Glonass was declared operational in
1997 but the number of satellites deteriorated
Jan./Feb. 2006
42
Ar t i cl e
Nowadays almost everyone, both inside and outside the GIS and survey sector, is
familiar with satellite navigation, and GPS in particular. Even so thorough knowledge
of satellite navigation seems to be private to specialists like geodesists and manufac-
turers. The group of daily users of GPS systems and data however is becoming larger
by the day. This article is the first in a series scrutinizing the daily use of GPS and
will expand on the GNSS article as published in GeoInformatics 5 - 2005.
GPS Constellation (source: tpegps.port5.com).
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 42
shortly thereafter by lack of funding. In 2001
the launching program was reinstated and
expectations are that the system will be
operational again in 2010.
At the moment Europe is working hard on its
own satellite navigation system, Galileo. The
expectation of the European Union is that
the system will be operational in 2008.
This series describes the practical application
of satellite navigation in general, but will use
GPS as a basis for demonstrating practical
matters. The table on page 45 shortly
describes the differences between GPS,
Glonass and Galileo.
Satellite Navigation System
Components
Every satellite navigation systems consists of
three components:
Space Segment: is made up of the satel-
lites, which are called Space Vehicles
(SV) in GPS. A full GPS constellation con-
sists of 24 SVs (21 plus 3 active spares);
Control Segment: a network of tracking
stations around the world. From these
stations the satellites are tracked,
checked and corrected if necessary;
User Segment: consists of all the users
and receivers.
Currently 30 GPS satellites are active, revolv-
ing around the earth at a height of 20,240
kilometres. There are six GPS orbits, with at
least four satellites per orbit. Each orbit
makes an angle with the equator, called
inclination, of roughly 55 degrees. The actual
inclination depends on the satellite and
orbit. A complete revolution of a single satel-
lite around the earth takes 11 hours and 58
minutes. This results in a GPS constellation
European GSM telephone transmits at 900
MHz and 1800 MHz. In the near future GPS
will also transmit at a third frequency band,
L5 (1176 MHz).
Within GPS every satellite is designated with
its own unique identification code called
Pseudo Random Noise (PRN). Currently the
GPS system uses two PRN codes per satel-
lite for navigation. The first is for general
(civilian) use called the Coarse Access or C/A
code and is transmitted on the L1 frequency.
The second is the Precision or P code that
can only be used by military users and is
transmitted on both the L1 and L2 frequency
bands. New GPS satellites will furthermore
have a so-called L2C code which is basically
a C/A code in the L2 band.
Satellite Reception
The effective power at which signals are
transmitted from the satellite amounts to
500 Watt. This may seem like much, but one
should realise that the signal has to cover
more than 20,000 kilometres.
Upon reaching the receiver antenna the sig-
nal is much weaker than the background
noise. A GPS receiver employs a special tech-
nique called auto correlation to distinguish
the GPS signal from the background noise,
the PRN code playing a key role in this pro-
cess. The PRN code for the satellite is gener-
ated in the GPS receiver and then compared
with the received signal for that satellite.
This results in a highly accurate detection of
the signal.
Since the signal is very weak when reaching
change of four min-
utes per day.
As a result of the
55-degree inclina-
tion, the orbit of
the individual GPS
satellite will not
reach above 55
degrees latitude
North or South. As a
result, the number
of available satel-
lites above the hori-
zon will become
less above these latitudes. Furthermore this
inclination has an influence on the actual
precision of our position determination. More
about this phenomenon in the upcoming
article on errors and quality indicators.
Signals
Basically a navigation satellite is nothing
more than a radio transmitter sending cer-
tain messages at a specific time interval. The
transmitted messages consist of two ele-
ments; a code used for the actual position-
ing and two navigation messages called
ephemeris and almanac indicating amongst
others orbit information.
Depending on the navigation system this
information is transmitted at two or more
frequencies. These frequencies are usually
indicated using the frequency band in which
they are transmitted. GPS for example trans-
mits at the L1 (1575 MHz) and L2 (1227
MHz) frequency bands. To compare: a
43
Ar t i cl e
echnology Behind GPS
GPS Signals for the current constellation. The L5 frequency and the L2C code are not
shown (source: P.H. Dana 1996).
Tracking of 27 GPS satellites for two orbits. As can be seen there are no GPS satellites reaching a latitude of more
than 60 degrees North or South (source: P.H. Dana 1998).
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 43
Total Stations!
Extend your
horizons with
digital imaging.
TlME FORCHANGEl
www.topconeurope.com
g
r
a
f
i
t
-
w
e
r
b
e
a
g
e
n
t
u
r
.
d
e
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 44
a receiver, a good antenna is needed.
Usually antennas incorporating amplifiers are
used. But even when using a state-of-the-art
antenna, a small obstruction between the
satellite and the receiver will block the signal
completely. Glass is usually no problem, but
under trees or inside and under cranes GPS
performance is greatly reduced because the
signals are blocked.
Satellite Detection
In order to use auto correlation the receiver
needs to know in advance which satellites to
expect above the horizon. This is necessary
since most receivers dont have as many
reception channels (usually 12) as there are
available satellites (around 30 at the
moment). If we now have a GPS receiver
having been used in America and accordingly
switched off and back on in Europe, it would
try to find the satellites that are visible
above the horizon in America. Eventually
these satellites will come into view, but this
can take as long as eight hours. If we tell
the receiver our approximate location, it will
use the information from the almanac or
ephemeris to determine which satellites are
visible above the horizon. This initial posi-
tion does not have to be very accurate; a
couple hundreds of kilometres is in general
good enough.
If we have a clean receiver without an
almanac, or if the almanac is faulty, the ini-
almanac into the receiver from the Internet
or another GPS receiver. GPS almanacs and
ephemeredes are, amongst others, available
from the US Coast Guard Navigation Center.
The next article in this series will deal with
the positioning method and timing within
satellite navigation systems.
topics discussed go to www.navcen.uscg.gov (GPS),
www.esa.int (Galileo) and www.glonass-center.ru
(Glonass).
tialisation will take longer as well. In this
case the complete almanac must be received
from the satellites. This can take several
hours, depending on the number of visible
satellites. An alternative is to download an
45
Ar t i cl e
Starting this issue, Huibert-Jan Lekkerkerk, will reinforce the writing staff of GeoInformatics on the
topic of surveying. Huibert-Jan studied both Hydrography (1995) and Maritime Electronics (1997)
at the Higher Nautical College Amsterdam, the Netherlands. From 1995 until 1998 he worked as a
hydrographic surveyor and software engineer at Hydrographic and Marine Consultants where,
amongst others, he was involved in the development of a maritime GIS and an autonomous
survey vessel. From 1998 until 2005 he worked in various functions at the D.O.O.R. group, first
as hydrographic surveyor, later on as consultant / project manager and trainer. As a trainer for
Skilltrade, a trainings institute for hydrographic and geological survey, he trained various branches
of the Dutch government as well as personnel of various survey companies. In 2005 he left
D.O.O.R. Nederland to take up the function of project manager information standards at the
InformationDesk standards Water. Besides his function at IDsW, Huibert-Jan is also active as a
freelance writer and trainer in the field of positioning and surveying. His fields of expertise are
inshore surveying and dredging with an emphasis on GPS, Multibeam echo sounding and
Attitude sensors.
GPS Galileo Glonass
(Probably) operational in the year 1993 2008 2010
Number of satellites when operational
(active + spares) 21 + 3 27 + 3 21 + 3
Current number of satellites 30 1 13
Number of orbits 6 3 3
Number of satellites per orbit 4 10 8
Inclination of satellites 55 56 64.8
Orbit height (kilometres) 20,240 23,222 19,100
Frequency bands used L1, L2, (L5) L1, E1, E2, E5, E6 L1, L2
Specific parameters of global navigation satellite systems.
Artist Impression of a GPS Satellite (source: www.gulfsurveyors.com).
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 45
Shaping the Change - XXIII International FIG Congress
Combination with INTERGEO Creates Big Global Surveyors Event
The XXIII Congress of the International Federation of Surveyors, FIG, will take place in
Munich, Germany from 8-13 October 2006. The congress will be hosted by the DVW
German Association of Surveying Society for Geodesy, Geo-Information and Land
Management. This organisation has assumed the FIG presidency for the period
20032006.
By Markku Villikka
FIG & INTERGEO
The FIG event will make Munich the focus of
international activity for one week in 2006 -
at least for surveying and geomatics. The
congress will run concurrently with the
German INTERGEO 2006 as one fully inte-
grated event. Especially the expert fair with
almost 500 exhibitors and an exhibition
space of 30,000 square meters will make FIG
2006 the largest meeting for surveyors
world-wide this year. The organisers expect
that more than 15,000 people will visit the
exhibition in Munich.
Surveying Disciplines
Several additional events are linked to the
main congress. For example the Geodetic
Week (1012 October 2006) for the exchange
of information on current activities in geodet-
ic university and research institutes. Other
parallel events include the symposium of
International Association of Geodesy (IAG)
Commission 1 and FIG Commission 5 and the
workshop History of Surveying at the
Deutsches Museum. And there will be more,
says Thomas Gollwitzer, Congress Director of
FIG 2006.
The FIG Congress will run at the International
Congress Centre in Munich and at the
Holiday Inn, Munich for a whole week. The
event includes four plenary sessions three
jointly with INTERGEO and more than 100
technical sessions and workshops.
Furthermore there are 30 technical tours. To
balance the technical programme a wide
range of sightseeing tours and social events
has been planned. In order to facilitate the
mutual exchange of ideas, a variety of meet-
ings and events will be organised jointly,
both in the professional field and on a social
level, especially in the evenings.
Gollwitzer wants to emphasize the specific
location of the conference: in Germany,
which is located in the heart of Europe, and
in Munich which is in the heart of Germany.
According to Gollwitzer this allows easy
access for congress participants from all over
the world. Furthermore he comments: We
have chosen Munich, city of science, technol-
ogy, arts and culture and of joie de vivre
as the venue, as we are convinced that
this city, with all of its Bavarian charm, will
contribute to making surveyors from all over
the world feel welcome in Germany.
Two Different Venues
The FIG Congress takes place at two different
venues. From 912 October it will be held at
the International Congress Centre Munich
(ICM), from 10 October together with INTER-
GEO, Geodetic Week and the trade fair. The
opening ceremony, plenary sessions and all
FIG/INTERGEO/Geodetic Week scientific ses-
sions will be held at the ICM.
The FIG administrative meetings, General
Assemblies and the welcoming reception,
closing ceremony and the party of the next
FIG Congress (to be held in Sydney in 2010)
on 8 and 13 October will take place at the
Holiday Inn Munich City Centre. The Holiday
Inn is a 4-star conference hotel located just
a few minutes away from the city centre and
the Deutsches Museum, explains Gollwitzer.
ICM and Holiday Inn are linked by a practi-
cal public transport system. Expenses for this
are included in the congress fee.
Results of Past Four Years
With the motto Shaping the Change, we
wish to make clear how the surveying pro-
fession can contribute to the present and
future challenges among experts, but also to
make it accessible to a more general public,
explains Prof. Holger Magel, President of FIG.
He continues by explaining that the congress
contains a collection of the results of the
work of the ten FIG technical commissions
and of the FIG Council from the last four
years. The result is the congress programme
to range from an opening ceremony to tech-
nical sessions and workshops. The speakers
Jan./Feb. 2006
46
Conf er ences & Meet i ngs
The world congress
of FIG is organised
every four years,
with previous con-
gresses in
Washington DC in
2002, Brighton, UK in 1998, Melbourne,
Australia in 1994 and in Helsinki in 1990.
This year the 23rd Congress will take place
in Munich, Germany 8-13 October 2006. The
latest congress in Germany was in
Wiesbaden in 1971.
Thomas Gollwitzer, Congress Director of FIG 2006.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 46
include international partners like the United
Nations and its agencies UN Under
Secretary General Prof. Klaus Tpfer will be
the keynote speaker at the opening ceremony
to our professional partners among which
representatives of the geospatial information
societies. We are also very happy about the
closer co-operation with our corporate mem-
bers and their professional contributions to
our scientific programme.
Developing Countries
Magel expects the FIG Congress in Munich to
make a new record both in participant fig-
ures and nations represented in the
congress. He explains that for many develop-
ing countries and countries in transition the
congress, as it takes place once every four
years, is still the best if not the only oppor-
tunity to meet with international colleagues.
This is in spite of the success that we have
had by introducing regional conferences and
by developing the FIG working weeks into
mini-congresses. The FIG Congress is still a
must for all surveyors.
Magel also expresses his wish to see many
young surveyors and students at the
congress. We are doing our best to make
participation as attractive as possible for
young people. In order to do so we have the
FIG Congress Prize for example, a contest for
surveyors under 35 years.
The topics of the scientific programme cover
all ten commissions of FIG: professional
practice, education, geoinformation manage-
ment, hydrography, positioning and measure-
ment, engineering surveys, land management
and land administration, spatial planning
and development, valuation and real estate
management and construction economies.
transparency and especially more sustainable
development in the interest of the next gen-
eration. More than ever surveyors explicitly
have to contribute to democracy, good gov-
ernance and enhancement of civil society.
Due to some negative consequences of glob-
alization increasing there is now a great dan-
ger for democratic structures on a local,
national and global level. More than ever we
should underline the need for and benefit of
functioning and even strengthened democra-
cy for all people and for proper or at least
better living conditions. This includes an
intensified commitment of surveyors to guar-
anteeing better access to land and resources
for all human beings. Surveyors are well-
known experts for all topics around land and
resources and therefore responsible for tai-
lor-made land administration and land read-
justment systems or for appropriate spatial
data infrastructures. More than ever there is
also a need for a new balance between pub-
lic and private sectors in the field of survey-
ing activities and responsibilities, says
Magel.
He continues: We can conclude that survey-
ors around the global village have to adapt
to all of these new socio-political and eco-
nomic and environmental dimensions. They
have to deal with new technologies, meth-
ods and tools to optimize their contributions
in the interest of public and private stake-
holders. That is why the FIG congress 2006
in Munich is so important.
Markku Villikka (markku.villikka@fig.net)
is Director of the FIG office in Denmark.
More information about FIG at www.fig.net and
about FIG 2006 at www.fig2006.de.
FIG is not only about land surveying and
land administration, but also about valuation
and quantity surveying or about geodesy,
photogrammetry and remote sensing, says
Magel.
Call for Papers
Papers to the technical programme are
selected by the FIG technical commissions
based both on an open call for papers and
on invited papers. Authors who are interest-
ed in submitting a paper have to submit
their abstract to the FIG office by 15 March
2006. For the first time the abstract submis-
sions are collected online on the FIG web
site: http://www.fig.net/abstractdb/
submit.asp?id=6. Selected authors will be
notified by the end of May 2006. The full
papers have to be submitted by 15 July
2006.
Registration fees to the congress vary from
440 euros (early-bird registration) to 560
euros (late registration). To encourage stu-
dents to participate they pay only 150 euros.
The fees include admission to all FIG, INTER-
GEO and Geodetic Week Sessions, the trade
show, FIG general assemblies and social
events like the welcoming reception,
Surveyors Reception, FIG 2010 party and a
ticket for public transportation. Especially the
Surveyors Reception is a shared event with
the traditional Treff, the social highlight of.
Visible Profession
Magel wants to emphasize that the FIG
congress in Munich will be a great platform
to discuss the role of surveying and geomat-
ics in future. Up to now surveyors have had
to contribute more or less purely technically
to public and private interests and actions.
Nowadays the profession is visible for all,
heading towards more equity, security and
47
II International FIG Congress
eyors Event
Participants should look for this hotel if they want to
attend the FIG administrative meetings.
Silhouette of Munich, centre of Germany and with a
Bavarian charm.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 47
Autodesk University all About Change and Re-use
No Fear for the Future
Autodesk University all About Change and Re-use
From 28 November to 1 December 2005 the Autodesk University meeting was the hotnest
for renewal. In the Disney Congress Centre in Orlando the visitors were confronted with
trainings, meetings and lectures all dealing with Autodesk software. The most important
message: everybody should do what he feels like, but 3D really is the future.
By Lambert-Jan Koops and Sonja de Bruijn
Technical Evangelist
Remarkably enough the keynote of the
Autodesk meeting took place on Tuesday
afternoon, when the congress had already
been in progress for two days. Still the
majority of the 5,000 visitors were present
when Lynn Allen approached the stage. This
technical evangelist, as is the official
description of her function, mostly talked
about AutoCAD (2D) and the advantages of
Autodesk Inventor (3D). According to her it
is essential to make the transfer from two
to three dimensional.
CEO Carol Bartz started her speech by
explaining how Autodesk is trying to adapt
to the wishes of the users. An example: the
wish list which is composed of customer
feedback every year. After this she quickly
moved on to a topic which appeared to be
more essential: change. Bartz was aiming at
Computer Aided Design (CAD) users who in
general seem to be quite hesitant with
respect to the transfer from 2D to 3D.
Though understanding this attitude she also
thinks it is a step which is simply neces-
sary.
Individual business disciplines are dealing
with the same problems, was a statement
made by COO Carl Bass after Bartzs presen-
tation. Quicker, more effective and better
are key words nowadays. This is why digital
data should not be put on paper and be
processed once again. By means of con-
nected tools all data about products need
to stay within the system of the company.
After explaining the Autodesk slogan
Create, Manage & Share Bass stated that
sharing information is especially important
for the non CAD user. The increase in
bandwidth and the power of PCs make it
possible to realize almost everything. The
models that we can exchange are more
complex, richer in data and better than they
ever were. We should make use of this to
the utmost. My advice to everybody is: start
digital, stay digital and finish digital.
Global Bubble Company
To enforce his words Bass discussed a non-
existing case: the Global Bubble Company
that wants to expand its manufacturing depart-
ment. First the role of the engineer was dis-
cussed, who had to design new machines.
Accordingly Bass went looking for a new loca-
tion in Wellington, New Zealand, for his plant.
He did so by using Autodesk Map Server
Enterprise. This new programme is capable of
reading and combining existing GIS data based
on the Open Source technology.
Bass could enter several criteria for the new
location, like size, desired infrastructure and
price, after which the programme was able to
find sites that met these criteria. Autodesk Map
Server Enterprise offers serious GIS functionality
that meets the Open GIS Consortium stan-
dards. After the selection of the location the
plant had to be built for which Revit was used.
Disney Attractions
Because the Autodesk University took place
in the Disney Congress centre it was obvious
that there would be a presentation by a
Disney representative. Thomas McCain, senior
vice president engineering Disney, told about
the history of the Disney parks and the
development of new attractions that have to
draw more visitors to the parks every year.
McCain had the audience with one by saying
that it is very important to make clear that
decisions having to do with the design have
to be taken only by designers and not by
somebody from e.g. the marketing depart-
ment or the budget commission. He contin-
ued: This is because it is better to exceed
the budget limit than to be detrimental to
safety, an issue that, in spite of other things
like attractiveness and sufficient show ele-
ments, should always come first.
Lambert-Jan Koops (ljkoops@geoinformatics.com) is
a Contributing Editor of GeoInformatics. Sonja de
Bruijn (sdebruijn@geoinformatics.com) is Editorial
Manager of GeoInformatics. For more information on
Autodesk University surf to www.autodeskevents.com/
au2005, also for details on Autodesk University 2006.
Jan./Feb. 2006
48
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 48
49
bout Change and Re-use
bout Change and Re-use
MapServer Enterprise
During the Autodesk University Conference Autodesk announced that it is releasing the code for MapServer Enterprise, the companys new web map-
ping platform, as open source. A snapshot of the MapServer Enterprise source code is available through the MapServer Foundation, an independent
non-profit organization with the mission of supporting and promoting open source web mapping: www.mapserverfoundation.org.
MapServer Enterprise enables developers to rapidly develop and deploy valuable spatial applications. It works with the latest PHP, .NET, and Java
tools to quickly build applications for Windows or Linux server environments. Developers can also publish spatial views internally, over the web, or
using Autodesks DWF viewing technology for offline portability. According to Autodesk applications built using MapServer Enterprise give users a
faster and more flexible way to query, analyze, and view critical spatial information. Autodesk plans to offer a commercial version of the product
called Autodesk MapServer Enterprise in 2006, as well as an authoring environment which handles geospatial data collection and preparation of the
data for distribution via the Internet.
MapServer Enterprise is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). In addition to the snapshot of the source code mentioned
above, the company expects the full MapServer Enterprise open source project web site to be live in early 2006. The project site will support code
contributions, as well as bug submissions, mailing lists and discussion forums. As a component of MapServer Enterprise, Autodesk will also make
available source code for its feature data objects (FDOs) technology which provides a powerful application programming interface for accessing any
type of spatial information. Autodesk will contribute nearly a dozen FDO providers to the open source project including ArcSDE, WFS, WMS, SHP,
ODBC, and MySQL.
The MapServer Foundations site also features the original MapServer platform, an open source web mapping platform with more than 10,000 down-
loads a month. Moving forward MapServer will be called MapServer Cheetah in order to differentiate it from MapServer Enterprise. DM Solutions
Group is the commercial leader of MapServer development.
An exceptional international speaker line up includes.
Major General John T Sheridan, US DoD
Dr Vanessa Lawrence, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister
Rear Admiral Chris Clayton, NATO
Rear Admiral Kenneth Barbor, International Hydrographic Bureau,
Former Commander, US Navy
Brigadier General Michael Planert, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
Group Captain Peter Beange, DPA, UK MoD
+44 (0)20 7368 9300 www.iqpc.co.uk/2648/GS02
Post-Conference Master-Classes:
April 6th, 2006
A:
APPLICATION OF IMAGE FUSION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY
Led by: Dr. Moira Smith, Managing Director, Waterfall Solutions, UK
B:
DEFINING ARCHITECTURAL FRAMEWORKS FOR FUTURE GEOSPATIAL EXPLOITATION
Led by: Sam Bacharach, Executive Director, Outreach and Community Adoption Programmes, Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)
Managing the Geospatial Domain for Tactical and Operational Superiority
4th-5th April 2006 The Thistle Marble Arch Hotel, London
MILITARY GEOSPATIAL INTELLIGENCE MILITARY GEOSPATIAL INTELLIGENCE
Quote priority booking code GS02
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 49
GIS Worlds: Creating Spatial Data Infrastructures
Balanced Overview of Developments in SDIs
Over the last 15 years a lot has happened in the GIS-world at a more conceptual level,
but so far this is hardly reflected in the existing literature. Ian Masser has taken it
upon himself to write a book about the emergence of Spatial Data Infrastructures:
GIS Worlds - Creating Spatial Data Infrastructures, published by ESRI Press in 2005.
By Robin Wevers
Introduction
The book provides an overview of the devel-
opments in Spatial Data Infrastructures
(SDIs) over the last 10 to 15 years. Ian
Masser became involved in matters relating
to geographic information (GI) policy and
spatial data infrastructures (SDIs) in the late
1980s. He carried out a comparative evalua-
tion of national spatial data infrastructures in
a number of countries. From 1999 to 2003
Masser was president of the Eurogi
(European Umbrella Organization for
Geographic Information) and from 2002 to
2004 he was president of the GSDI
Association (Global Spatial Data
Infrastructure). These and several other activ-
ities make Masser more than qualified to
present this book.
The target audience for the book is key deci-
sion makers at all levels of government and
in the private sector. People in the trade
business can put this book on their bosses
desks to encourage them to think more
strategically about GI and GIS. According to
Masser one of the problems is that most of
the literature on the subject tends to be very
technical. This deters politicians and senior
management executives from reading about
this subject and consequently taking action.
GIS-Worlds
Most books about GIS-related topics look
attractive as a result of many illustrations.
But GIS-Worlds - Creating Spatial Data
Infrastructures is a book about concepts
and about strategic developments, not about
the day-to-day use of GIS-systems and data.
Thus this book is less suited for appealing
illustrations. Nevertheless ESRI Press and
Masser have succeeded in producing an
attractive-looking book. The number of illus-
trations is limited, but by frequently present-
ing information in tables and descriptions in
boxes the overall impression of the book is
quite pleasing. Furthermore Masser proves to
have a way with words and succeeds in get-
ting his message across.
What is this message? When asked the
author says: I think that the most important
message from my book is that SDIs are
emerging. This shows that governments
throughout the world are beginning to think
more strategically about the management
and exploitation of their geographic informa-
tion assets. This will have some profound
consequences for the way both public and
private sector organizations will operate in
the future. For example, the notion of data
sharing features prominently in many state-
ments about GI (and also IT in general) but
there are few examples of data sharing in
practice.
Diffusion of SDIs
Lets go back to the contents of the book.
Masser starts his journey with the diffusion
of SDI over the world, followed by the evolu-
tion and implementation. For his analysis of
the diffusion of SDIs the author uses the
well-known model of Everett Rogers, original-
ly developed for the diffusion of hybrid corn
species in Iowa (1943), but since that time
widely applied in different types of innova-
tions. Rogers model describes the diffusion
by distinguishing between innovators, early
adopters, early majority, late majority and
laggards. Every group has its own character-
istics. According to the model the innovators
account for about 2.5 per cent of the popu-
lation. Considering there are about 200
countries worldwide this amounts to five
countries. Similarly about 27 countries make
up the population of the early adopters. The
distinction between the two is not always
obvious. Masser distinguishes and analyses
eleven countries that are in the front field of
SDIs: Australia, Canada, Indonesia, Japan,
Korea, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Portugal,
Qatar, United Kingdom and the United
States. His analysis highlights the diversity of
Jan./Feb. 2006
50
Book r evi ew
GIS Worlds -
Creating Spatial Data Infrastructures
By Ian Masser
ISBN 1-58948-122-4
Printed by ESRI Press, 2005
312 pages $ 49,95
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 50
these countries in size and population: from
10 million inhabitants (Portugal) to 285 million
(USA). As for gross national product per capita
and economic status 9 out of the 11 innovator
countries fall in the high-income range accord-
ing to the World Banks ranking system.
Several Levels
Masser distinguishes several levels of SDI:
sub-national, national, regional and global,
and gives examples of each level. How com-
plex the evolution of SDIs can get, is illustrat-
ed by the description of the developments in
Australia, Canada and the USA. In these coun-
tries a multilevel SDI evolved with a national
framework, complemented with regional SDIs.
Since the implementation varies from region to
region, the SDI that emerges from this process
is a collage of similar but often quite different
elements. Analysing the early majority reveals
a difference with the early adopters and inno-
vators: most early majority countries have low-
income levels. An important aspect of the
emergence of the early majority is that they
provided much of the interconnectedness in
the interactions that take place between simi-
lar countries. An important player in this field
is Eurogi. Eurogi is the only regional body that
is independent from any national or intergov-
ernmental body. The exact objectives of Eurogi
have been redefined over time, but essentially
Eurogi tries to further the interests of the
Conclusion
All in all Masser has succeeded in giving a
balanced overview of the developments of
spatial data infrastructures. The book encour-
ages its readers to think strategically about
geographics information. Being highly con-
ceptual the book will not make it to the
bedside table, but it is a valuable descriptive
work, which will leave its readers well-
informed and able to participate in discus-
sions about ongoing developments.
Robin Wevers (r.r.wevers@freeler.nl) is a freelance writ-
er of geo-ict articles.
More information can be found at:
http://www.esri.com/news/releases/05_2qtr/ian-mass-
er.html
http://www.gsdi.org
http://www.eurogi.org
More information about INSPIRE can be found in
GeoInformatics 2005-5, 2005-7 and 2005-8.
European geographic information community
and stresses the importance of increasing the
use of geographic information for many pur-
poses.
Benefits
GIS-Worlds - Creating Spatial Data
Infrastructures is descriptive in nature and
elaborates about the diffusion, evolution and
implementation of SDIs. The book only
briefly mentions benefits from SDIs. The ben-
efits that the various countries hope to
achieve vary slightly. The executive order of
President Clinton (USA, 1994) phrases it as
follows: to promote economic development,
improve our stewardship of natural
resources, and to protect the environment.
The National Geographic Information System
in Korea recognizes SDI as one of the most
fundamental infrastructures required in
promoting national competitiveness and
productivity.
GIS-Worlds Creating Spatial Data
Infrastructures does not explain how and
why SDIs are thought to bring about these
benefits. When asked Ian Masser explains
that there actually is a gap in current
research. As yet very little systematic work
has been done in this respect. The Joint
Research Centre of the European Commission
(JRC) has recently organized a workshop on
this topic.
51
Book r evi ew
al Data Infrastructures
For a definition of a Spatial Data Infrastructure Masser refers to the Global Spatial Data
Infrastructure website (http://www.gsdi.org/):
A .spatial data infrastructure supports ready global access to geographic information. This is
achieved through the coordinated actions of nations and organizations that promote awareness
and implementation of complimentary policies, common standards and effective mechanisms for
the development and availability of interoperable digital geographic data and technologies to
support decision making at all scales for multiple purposes. These actions encompass the poli-
cies, organizational remits, data, technologies, standards, delivery mechanisms, and financial and
human resources necessary to ensure that those working at the global and regional scale are not
impeded in meeting their objectives.
(Italics from Masser).
Four key concepts underpin all SDIs:
Maximize the use of geographic information;
A need for a coordinated action on the part of governments;
SDIs must be user-driven;
Implementation involves a wide range of activities regarding technical, organizational and
financial issues and human resources.
Ian Masser, author of the book.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 51
WebGIS A Methodical Tool for the Introduction of GIS
Applicable Across the Curriculum Wherever There is a Spatial Question
As GIS technology expands into many markets, it is becoming an important part of
daily life in Germany. Despite this fact, the technologys presence in schools remains
weak although in the last 5 years remarkable progress has taken place in schools in
Germany. This paper presents a solution for a simple but effective and straight-for-
ward introduction of GIS in schools based on WebGIS-technology.
By Dirk Schaefer
GIS in German Education
Since the 1990s geoinformation and GIS
technology have become an increasingly
important part in many areas of German
daily life: the weather forecasts in the daily
news on TV include satellite images and
even animated flights through 3D-land-
scapes. Navigation systems are available in
cars, travel planners are used via the
Internet to find the best route. Professional
planners, emergency and disaster response
personnel, government agencies, businesses
in Germany (and around the world as well)
use GIS as a tool for their everyday work.
For many years, GIS has been applied and
used in research in many universities in
Germany. Also, the students in different fields
of study, such as Geography and surveying,
learn how to use GIS to solve geographical
questions. Additionally, numerous new insti-
tutes have been established in Germany dur-
ing the last 20 years focussing on the topics
geoinformation and GIS, offering different
study courses in higher education, including
e-learning, with different academic grades
(BILL, 2005).
Unfortunately, the significance of GIS in
schools still remains weak. However, in the
last few years a remarkable progress in
deployment of new media took place in
schools due to a governmental initiative that
gives every school in Germany computers
and Internet access. GIS is slowly, but steadi-
ly becoming an integral part in teaching
geography. Some states have already inte-
grated GIS in the curriculum, like Hamburg,
Baden-Wuerttemberg, and Bavaria. Other
states will follow.
New Access
GIS is more than just another software tool
or programme that can be used in schools. It
is also more than just computer mapping.
Applying GIS offers new access to geograph-
ic data and therewith it helps to answer
questions related to space as well as
changes in space and time. Therefore, GIS
can be used in geography classes and other
classes as well. Due to the access to the
database and different new media, GIS gives
more interactions for students than an ordi-
nary atlas, where many limitations are found
in map and data analysis. As an interactive
tool, GIS allows students to visualize and
manipulate data and draw their own maps
and graphs. Another advantage is the possi-
bility of editing and updating maps and
tables. Furthermore, data from governmental
organizations or others can be integrated
into the system to analyse regional and local
data from the environment of the students.
The application of GIS in schools is therefore
very important because it helps to achieve
the specified competencies as defined in the
education standards by the German confer-
ence of the ministers of education: examples
are competence of matter, media compe-
tence, competence in presentation, spatial or
orientation competence, and social compe-
tence.
Barriers
ESRIs ArcView 3.X and 9.X and "Diercke GIS"
are the most popular GIS-software in German
schools. Diercke GIS (http://www.diercke.de/
gis/gis.html), an adapted version of ArcView
GIS 3.2, was developed by ESRI Germany in
collaboration with Westermann Textbook
Publishing Company ("Westermann-
Schulbuchverlag"), one of the leading publish-
ing houses for geographic educational materi-
als in Germany. Diercke GIS features a special
menu bar in German and English so it can be
used in bilingual teaching. The package comes
with a large collection of maps and ready-to-
use data. Diercke GIS includes all mapping
and analysis functions of ArcView and can be
used out-of-the-box. These products and oth-
ers that are similar are evidence that GIS tools
for schools are available, but the acceptance
of GIS in schools is developing slowly. This
raises the question why the introduction and
use are proceeding so slowly.
Jan./Feb. 2006
52
Educat i onal Cor ner
Figure 1: Screenshot of the map service The Climate worldwide on http://www.webgis-schule.de.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 52
The biggest barriers to the introduction of GIS
in schools remain its cost, and the necessary
hardware and data. In addition, it takes a long
time to learn GIS, especially with time-consum-
ing acquisition and practice is prejudicial for
the introduction in schools. According to this,
learning materials and easy-to-use tools for
the introduction of GIS need to be prepared to
enable every teacher to apply GIS in the class-
room. Also, it is very important to implement
GIS in teacher-training in the universities in
order to prepare future teachers to apply the
technology in their schools. Consequently, the
curriculum in the universities for students who
want to become teachers must be adapted to
the developments in schools in order to
enable these students to learn GIS as soon as
possible. Additionally, universities (and/or other
institutes) have to provide further training on
GIS and its applications for the teachers
already teaching in schools.
the easiest way to introduce GIS in schools.
The diverse lessons and data on WebGIS-
Schule can be used as a methodical tool for
the introduction of GIS in schools and uni-
versities. It provides a simple, straightfor-
ward and very cost-effective introduction and
the use of this GIS technology is free.
Furthermore, WebGIS can be used all over
the world, only a computer with internet
access is needed and no additional GIS soft-
ware has to be installed.
Applying WebGIS in Schools
The map-service The Climate Worldwide
includes a world map, a graticule, a world
satellite image and monthly temperature and
rainfall data of 1270 reference stations, see
Figure 1. According to Walter and Lieth climate
diagrams for all stations are available as Hot-
Links or hyperlinks. Data and maps can be
used to analyse various topics about the cli-
mate, such as climate classifications or region-
al climates. The format of the map service
The Climate Worldwide Monthly
Temperature and Precipitation Data is clearly
structured. It contains the map window, the
layer list, the legend and the toolbar, see
Figure 2. The toolbar provides typical GIS
functions, corresponding to the functions of a
tool border in a full version of a GIS, such as
ArcView 3.X or Diercke GIS 1.X or 2.0. Both
Web Services can be found on
http://www.webgis-schule.de. Students can
learn about the layer technique and the
meaning of visible and/or active layers.
The layers can be made visible or hidden by
simply clicking the check box beside the layer
name (and clicking the Refresh Map button).
In order to identify objects or to query the
database the layer has to be active. However,
only one layer can be active in WebGIS.
Monsoon in India
The following example demonstrates how
WebGIS can be applied in the school (11th
class). The students can learn about the
monsoon climate in India by applying typical
GIS functions. The monsoon in India is a
topic that can be found in many curricula
around the world; see the example in the
text book for teachers Mapping Our World:
GIS Lessons for Educators (Malone et al.,
2002). Teachers need basic computer litera-
cy and knowledge how to use the Internet
Free GIS Technology
An easy and cost-effective
introduction of GIS in schools
and universities is possible
via the Internet with specific
Internet mapping solutions,
such as WebGIS. The website
WebGIS-Schule (Schule is the
German word for school) was
developed by me, the author
of this article, in order to
provide map-services that
can be used for an introduc-
tion of GIS in high schools,
comprehensive (middle)
schools, and universities. All
map-services on WebGIS-
Schule were evaluated in schools, including
universities. The WebGIS-Server is provided
by the Department of Geography at Mainz
University in cooperation with the Data
Processing Center of Mainz University. All
WebGIS services are based on ESRI ArcIMS
9.x, running on a Windows 2003 server with
an Apache Web-Server and Tomcat 4 as
servlet container.
WebGIS-Schule (http://www.webgis-schule.de)
provides different services with a collection
of data components that can directly be
used in classes following the general require-
ments of the curriculum. Most of the map-
services are bilingual. The following are
examples of different data sets:
The Climate of Germany (German);
The Climate worldwide (German, English);
WebGIS Rhineland-Palatinate (German);
WebGIS Spain (German, Spanish);
WebGIS France (German, French).
Another WebGIS about China
that provides interactive
maps, data and diagrams
about the climate and cli-
mate change is also available
(http://www.webgis-china.de).
The applications provide the
usual GIS tools (zoom, pan,
identify, hyperlinks, buffer)
and also allow the user to
query the database. In addi-
tion, step-by-step instructions
can be downloaded (PDF-
documents) and directly used
in the classroom, which is
53
l for the Introduction of GIS
s a Spatial Question
Figure 2: Monthly temperature and rainfall data of 1270 stations can be
identified.
Figure 3: Climate diagrams are available for all stations.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 53
Call:
In France (HQ) +33 2 28 09 38 10
In Germany +49 81 6564 7930
In Russia +7 095 956 5400
In the Netherlands +31 78 61 57 988
Email:
mobilemapper@thalesnavigation.com
www.thalesnavigation.com/performance
2005 Thales Navigation, Inc. All rights reserved. MobileMapper is a trademark of Thales Navigation, Inc. All other product and brand names are trademarks of their
respective holders. CNES 2002 - Distribution Spot Image. *I PX7 Standard.
MobileMapper
TM
CE
BUILT TOUGH TO WITHSTAND THE MOST
DEMANDING ENVIRONMENTS
Lightweight, exceptionally durable and
waterproof*, MobileMapper CE offers
unparalleled GIS capabilities for field
professionals anytime, anywhere. Running
Microsoft
Windows
CE .NET professional
edition, MobileMapper CE provides sub-meter,
real-time GPS performance, integrated
Bluetooth
wireless technology, field-replaceable

SD card memory and Li-ion battery,
alphanumeric keypad, touch-screen and more.
The features and performance you need at the
price you want.
Rugged and extremely affordable.
> Sub-meter accuracy
> Field-replaceable Li-ion
battery and SD card memory
> Bluetooth wireless technology
> Optimized for GIS
field Software
Extreme GIS: Exceptional Performance
ALSO AVAILABLE
MobileMapper Beacon
with Bluetooth wireless
technology
New Features
Available!
Visit us at
Intergeo East
Hall 3 -
Booth D.431
MMCE_GeoI_AD(A4en)24Jan06.qxd 1/25/06 2:41 PM Page 1
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 54
and a computer pool with Internet access is
necessary. First, the students have to zoom
on South Asia by using the Zoom tool.
Then, individual stations can be selected and
be compared concerning the monthly tem-
perature and precipitation data applying the
"Identify tool.
According to Walter and Lieth climate dia-
grams can be analysed using the Hot-Link
tool. On the basis of typical stations, like
Bombay, the monsoon climate of South Asia
can be divided into the four seasons and it
clearly shows that precipitation represents
the crucial climatic element for the partition-
ing into the seasons, see Figure 3.
The spatial and temporal distribution of rain-
fall shows large differences in South Asia,
which can be analysed using and comparing
the climate data and climate diagrams.
Stations can be selected to draw profiles, for
example north-south; west-east. The query
manager can be applied to identify the
regions receiving highest annual precipitation
amounts (>1800 mm) in India, see Figures 4
and 5, identifying the two branches of the
monsoon system during south west summer
monsoon, which can be explained as a part
of general circulation of the atmosphere.
Erfolgsstory? In: GIS Geoinformations-
systeme. Zeitschrift fr raumbezogene
Informationen und Entscheidungen, 6. 14 19.
Malone, L., A.H. Palmer and C.L. Voigt:
(2002): Mapping Our World, GIS Lessons for
Educators. Redlands: ESRI Press.
Schaefer, D. (2004a): Der Monsun in Indien.
Eine Internet-Erkundung mit WebGIS. In:
geographie heute 221/222. 40-45.
Schaefer, D. (2004b): WebGIS - ein methodis-
ches Werkzeug zum Einstieg in GIS in
Schulen und Hochschulen. In: Schaefer, D.
(Edit.)(2004): Geoinformation und
Geotechnologien. Anwendungsbeispiele aus
der modernen Informations- und
Kommunikationsgesellschaft. Mainzer
Geographische Studien, Mainz. 63-74.
Schaefer, D. (2005): WebGIS-Schule - Der
Einstieg fr Schulen und Hochschulen in
Geographische Informationssysteme (GIS). In:
Strobl, J., Blaschke, T. und G. Griesebner
(Edit.) (2005): Angewandte Geoinformatik
2005. Beitrge zum 17. AGIT-Symposium
Salzburg. Wichmann Verlag. 605-610.
Schaefer, D. and J.-P. Mund (2001): Einsatz
Geographischer Informationssysteme im
Erdkundeunterricht. In: Geographie heute,
195, 18-21.
Wachowicz, M., C. Brox and W. Reinhardt:
Chanllenges on Advancing GI Education in
Europe. In: Geoinformatics, September 2005.
10-13.
Dr. Dirk Schaefer (Dirk.Schaefer@Uni-Mainz.de;
http://www.geo.uni-mainz.de/schaefer) works as a
senior researcher at the Department of Geography,
Mainz University in Germany, responsible for
the education in GIS. Go to http://www.webgis-
schule.de to learn more about WebGIS.
The added value of applying
WebGIS is evident. On the
one hand, students learn
about the monsoon system
as part of the general circula-
tion of the atmosphere and
on the other hand, students
learn the basic functions of
GIS: zoom, identifying, query-
manager, and Hot-Links.
Conclusion
GIS is a modern tool that
can be used across the cur-
riculum wherever there is a
spatial question to be
answered, including History,
Biology and other school subjects. Teaching
GIS in schools contributes to the develop-
ment of essential skills in daily life and helps
students to understand and handle comput-
ers and new media. GIS is one of the most
important tools in the 21st century. Using GIS
in schools demonstrates to students the
ubiquity and importance of geography in
every area of their daily lives. It also teaches
them to work with new technologies as a
fundamental research tools. Students apply
GIS as an information system in order to
learn more about their immediate and larger
environment and begin to understand how
everything on earth is truly connected in one
system. Advanced students use GIS to solve
problems, such as regional case studies
about changing the environment due to
human activities, and become active contrib-
utors to the quality of life of our society.
I think WebGIS is an excellent approach to
introduce the use of GIS in schools. In
Germany, every school has access to the
Internet and the use of the map services
provided by WebGIS-Schule
(http://www.webgis-schule.de) is free. Various
(mostly bilingual) map services can be used
for the introduction of GIS at schools and
universities. Students learn
not only the thematic con-
tents but also GIS principles
and backgrounds (layer tech-
nique, database, maps), typi-
cal GIS functions (such as
zoom, pan, identify, search,
query) and the overall bene-
fits of GIS.
References
Audet, R. and G. Ludwig
(2000): GIS in Schools.
Redlands: ESRI Press.
Bill, R. (2005): 20 Jahre GIS-
Ausbildung an deutsch-
sprachigen Hochschulen - eine
55
Figure 4: Query to select all stations in India with an annual precipitation
amount > 1800 mm.
Figure 5: The query results show the stations and areas receiving the highest
rainfall amounts in India.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 55
56
Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging announced Leica
Photogrammetry Suite (LPS) Version 9.0. Aimed at
high-volume production photogrammetry organiza-
tions, LPS 9.0 provides a more efficient means of edit-
ing seams for sizable projects that may involve a large
number of images. This release also introduces Leica
MosaicPro. Updated versions of PRO600 9.0 and
ORIMA DP for LPS 9.0 are also included with this
release.
New features and enhancements in LPS 9.0 include:
Improved auto-correlation during manual point
measurement in the Stereo Point Measurement
tool;
Seed DTM support in the Automatic Terrain
Extraction module;
The ability to edit terrain extraction properties for
all image pairs in the Automatic Terrain Extraction
module;
CARTOSAT RPC model support;
Graphical view for tie point patterns in LPS Core;
APM success rate report;
The ability to create empty terrain datasets in LPS
Core.
Leica MosaicPro features improved seam editing capa-
bilities and improved radiometric adjustment abilities.
Features and benefits of Leica MosaicPro:
Easy use of polygonal seams to visualize the out-
put mosaic;
New embedded viewer for rendering images and
performing seam editing in a streamlined process;
Preview option that applies all settings for a
selected preview area within the embedded view-
er;
Streamlined user interface featuring all tools with-
in a single toolbar;
New "Global Balancing" algorithm for optimal
radiometric adjustment results;
New image selection and graphical display capa-
bilities;
New "visible" column added to the cell array;
Optimized default settings.
Enhancements to PRO600 include semi-automatic grid
terrain dataset measurement in PRODTM;, various
snap-to-ground image correlation modes in the PRO-
LPS driver and the ability to quickly hide and show
stereo overlay graphics in the LPS ViewPlex. The
updated version of ORIMA offers improved stability,
and it includes the option to edit sigma a priori of
control points, new options for image activation and
point selection, and allows more efficient point mea-
surement.
For more information see pages 6, 7 and 9 of this issue.
Source: Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging
Internet: www.gi.leica-geosystems.com
Leica Photogrammetry Suite V9.0
Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging announced
ERDAS IMAGINE V9.0 offering enhanced geospatial
image processing. This latest version leverages
capabilities of spatially-aware databases such as
ESRI ArcSDE and Oracle Spatial 10g. Additionally,
ERDAS IMAGINE V9.0 introduces IMAGINE AutoSync,
which enables rapid georeferencing of images using
automatically-generated tie points from an existing
reference image.
ERDAS IMAGINE V9.0 enables image exploitation by
both local and remote end users via an Internet
connection. Key components facilitate the ability to
load, read and edit both raster and vector data
within the enterprise environment. Updated enter-
prise capabilities in the new release include
Geodatabase support, ArcSDE Raster Exporter and
ArcSDE Raster and Vector dll, based on ESRI
ArcObjects V9.1. The release also incorporates new
capabilities based on Oracle Spatial 10g, including
access for GeoRaster and Vector Feature geome-
tries, and the spatial selector tool for GeoRaster
which enables fast selection of appropriate raster
datasets.
IMAGINE AutoSync is an add-on module for ERDAS
IMAGINE, allowing users to synchronize potentially
dissimilar image types by generating tie points
between them, creating a geometric model that
links the images together. The tool facilitates geo-
referencing data sets to enhance alignment or per-
form quick georeferencing of raw imagery.
More information can be found at pages 6, 7 and 9
of this issue.
ERDAS IMAGINE V9.0
Jan./Feb. 2006
Pr oduct News
Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging has put Leica
Virtual Explorer V3.0 into the market, developed to
facilitate collaborative decision making through 3D
visualization and sharing of geospatial information.
Leica Virtual Explorer integrates terabytes of spatial
data into an interactive "digital earth" that can be
distributed to thousands of users worldwide.
Leica Virtual Explorer empowers stakeholders to
demonstrate 3D spatial relationships, driving
awareness of project logistics while increasing effi-
ciency and effectiveness. While independently or
collaboratively exploring these environments, users
may employ a broad array of geospatial query,
analysis, annotation, 3D modeling and animation,
overlay and raster editing tools. With Leica Virtual
Explorer, organizations in an array of markets can
build on the Leica Geosystems' 3D architecture.
The Leica Virtual Explorer tool suite comprises:
Leica Virtual Explorer Architect, for constructing
and exploring realistic 3D scene interpretations
from imagery, GIS layers, terrain and other geospa-
tial and geotypical data;
Leica Virtual Explorer Client and Pro Client,
enabling the remote exploration of 3D environ-
ments using a wide variety of terrain visualiza-
tion and analysis tools;
Leica Virtual Explorer DVD, to convert rich 3D
scenes into a format optimized for CD, DVD or
other file-based distribution media;
Leica Virtual Explorer Server, for quick and effi-
cient streaming of scenes over private networks
or the Internet;
Leica Virtual Explorer Collaboration, allowing
simultaneous exploration, analysis, annotation
and editing of 3D scenes among users world-
wide.
For more information see pages 6, 7 and 9 of this
magazine.
SmartRover RTK GPS
System Leica Geosystems
Leica Geosystems new SmartRover consists of the
Leica SmartAntenna ATX1230 and the Leica RX1250
Controller. The Leica SmartRover delivers complete
cable free operation and weighs 2.8 kg. The new
Leica RX1250 Controller includes Windows CE and
Bluetooth wireless technologies. This facilitates direct
contact to the office via the Internet to upload/down-
load data to enhance survey productivity. With its
integrated CF-card, data can be seamlessly
exchanged with Leica System 1200 instruments to
provide full X-Function compatibility. Furthermore,
Leica SmartRover includes SmartTrack and Smart-
Check technologies. Leica SmartRover is fully compat-
ible with the Leica SmartStation. SmartStation can be
used to position a total station, and then transfer the
SmartAntenna to continue RTK GPS surveying with
the all-on-the-pole-solution SmartRover.
Source: Leica Geosystems
Internet: www.leica-geosystems.com
Industry News 1-2006 30-01-2006 11:05 Pagina 56
Thales has introduced GPSDifferential for
ArcPad, a software extension that adds
post processing to ESRI ArcPad software
when used on the Thales MobileMapper
CE. With the GPSDifferential for ArcPad
software extension, sub-meter post-pro-
cessed mapping is possible, even where
real-time corrections are not available,
such as in Central and South America
and when used in difficult signal envi-
ronments required by applications such
as forestry.
Behind the scenes and without inter-
rupting normal workflow, GPSDifferential
for ArcPad automatically logs the raw
data that is required for reliable sub-meter post-processed differential corrections.
GPSDifferential for ArcPad is a fully-integrated extension for ESRI ArcPad 6.0.3 and
7.0. GPSDifferential for ArcPad software comes on a secure digital (SD) memory
card for easy installation on the MobileMapper CE. It is packaged complete with a
CD of MobileMapper Office, office software for viewing, editing and exporting GIS
data collected on the MobileMapper CE and a quick start guide.
Source: Thales
Internet: www.thalesgroup.com/navigation
Thales GPSDif ferential for ArcPad
PCI Geomatics announced additional information con-
cerning the features in Geomatica 10, the latest version
of its image-centric geospatial software. Geomatica 10
will be shipped early in January, 2006. Among the list
of new features, the software boasts enhanced sup-
port of the Oracle 10g database technology, ortho-
mosaic workflow automation, and improved hyper-
spectral capabilities.
With the capability to extract, transform, and load
geospatial data in Oracle 10g, Geomatica allows users
to visualize and analyze large amounts of complex
data faster and easier. All of the functionality can now
be leveraged, not only by traditional users, but also by
enterprises that require geospatial information.
Increased productivity is another theme of the
Geomatica 10 release. Ortho-mosaic processing tasks
can now be scripted, customized, and run in batch
processes to maximize efficiency. Additionally, through
new, advanced image-correlation technology, automatic
groundcontrol-point collection can transform a once
tedious task into a fully automated process. New
model-based atmospheric correction for hyperspectral
imagery has also been developed and provides a
more rigorous alternative to simple atmospheric correc-
tion. The model incorporates the MODTRAN4 radiative
transfer model, developed by the United States
Department of the Air Force, and is augmented by pro-
grams that detect and correct spectral line curvature,
as well as perform atmospheric water vapour content
mapping. For more information on the latest features
of Geomatica 10, visit www.pcigeomatics.com/g10.
Source: GfK MACON
Internet: www.gfk-macon.com/europe or www.gfk-
macon.com/about_us.htm
PCI Geomatics Highlights Key Features in Geomatica 10
Applanix released POSPac AIR 4.3, the latest update
to its airborne data post-processing software.
Exclusively developed for the aerial survey and
remote sensing industry, the customized software
incorporates a series of application-specific tools for
systems using the companys POS AV (Position and
Orientation System, Airborne Vehicles) Direct
Georeferencing technology.
Application-specific toolsets include Photogrammetry
Tools for system calibration and quality control of
Direct Georeferencing for frame cameras, DSS Tools
for mission management and image development of
DSS imagery, and SAR Processing Tools for use with
Synthetic Aperture Radar. New to the
Photogrammetry Tools is an Automatic Tie-point
Generation engine, for improved workflow efficiency.
Several new enhancements to the GPS-Aided Inertial
Navigation Processing Tools have also been added,
including improved coordinate transformations and
simultaneous multiple base station processing in
POSGPS via a single, simple step. For more informa-
tion about this product, visit www.applanix.com/
products/pospac_airborne_index.php.
Source: Applanix
Internet: www.applanix.com
Applanix Releases POSPac AIR 4.3 Software
Jan./Feb. 2006
57
Product News
Leica GMX902 GPS Receiver for Monitoring
With the Leica GMX902, Leica
Geosystems presents the first high pre-
cision dual frequency GPS receiver
designed specifically for monitoring
applications. The Leica GMX902
provides precise GPS dual frequen-
cy data for controlling critical infras-
tructure. This GPS receiver is specially
developed to monitor sensitive
structures such as bridges,
dams or high buildings and cru-
cial topographies such as land slides or volcanoes. It
provides precise dual frequency code and phase data up to 20 Hz, enabling pre-
cise data capture as the base for highly accurate position calculation and motion
analysis. Designed with a focus on the essential the reception and transmission
of high quality raw data the Leica GMX902 does not include extra functions. It
has a robust metal housing that is resistant to water, heat, cold and vibration, and
can be mounted to the various structures to be monitored. The device can be
combined with the Leica GPS Spider GPS processing software for coordinate calcu-
lation and raw data storage, and the Leica GeoMoS monitoring software for analy-
sis of movements and calculation of limit checks. Third party analysis software can
also be integrated via the standard NMEA interface of Leica GPS Spider.
2006 SOKKIA (EUROPE) B.V.
30cm to 350m Reflectorless Range
*
Ultimate Performance in a Compact and User-Friendly Design
Go faster, farther, and now with greater ease than ever. The Series30RK
Reflectorless Total Stations are equipped with a high-precision RED-tech II
EDM and an ultra-narrow visibl e laser beam to obtai n pinpoint
measurements over a tremendous range of distances. In addition to a
survey-grade accuracy of (3 + 2ppm x D) mm and a wealth of built-in
programs, this tough, versatil e surveying partner features a
first-for-its-class backlit alphanumeric keypad plus an easy-view LCD screen
to deliver superior accuracy, speed, and efficiency under a wide variety of
conditions.
* Class 3R Models
Guide Light Unit attached to the underside of the telescope is a factory option.
Reflectorless Total Stations
Series30RK
SET230RK3

SET330RK3

SET530RK3
SET230RK

SET330RK

SET530RK

SET630RK
www.sokkia.net
59
Product News
ArcWeb Services 2006 Available
ESRIs ArcWeb Services 2006 further extends on-demand mapping and geographic
information system (GIS) capabilities for Web developers. ArcWeb Services are map-
ping APIs that allow developers to integrate mapping and spatial functionality into
any Web-based application.
Highlights of ArcWeb Services 2006 include:
New Developer APIs: In addition to a Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) API,
ArcWeb Services 2006 includes a REST API for creating maps using simple URL
requests, OpenLS, and a Java 2 Platform Micro Edition (J2ME) Wireless Toolkit
for rapid development of wireless applications;
Custom map and spatial query services: Developers can upload their own
point, line, and polygon data. End users can then perform custom rendering
and spatial queries;
Mobile location services: Through partnerships with Sprint and Bell Mobility, the
ArcWeb Services 2006 mobile location service enables subscribing companies to
build location based services (LBS) applications for tracking their non-GPS and
GPS-enabled cellular phones and send short message service (SMS) messages;
Enhanced route finder service: Developers can now build applications that
route around traffic obstacles as well as optimize the order of the route stop
midpoints;
New administration portal: A new Web site is available to help ArcWeb Services
2006 subscribers easily create, customize, and administer services. This Web
site offers everything needed to get up and running with ArcWeb Services
including Web-based wizards for uploading, geocoding, and managing data;
samples; tools to help administrators manage groups of users and track how
many credits they have used;
Map Image service enhancements: Significant enhancements were also made to
the ArcWeb Services 2006 map image service. In addition to providing all the
standard static graphical file formats, ArcWeb Services 2006 now includes
Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) and Adobe Flash (SWF) mapping file formats.
Web developers can use SVG or SWF to directly access vector mapping data
for building rich Web 2.0 Internet applications.
For more information on ArcWeb Services or to get a 30-day evaluation copy, visit
www.esri.com/arcwebservices.
Source: ESRI
Internet: www.esri.com
Geographic Translator 3.0 Blue Marble
After a beta period, Version 3.0 of Blue Marbles
Geographic Translator in now available for purchase
and download. The Translator has the latest support
for ESRI Shape, MapInfo Tab and MIF, AutoDesk DWG
and DXF up to and including 2006, Bentley DGN, and
read of ESRI e00 format. The Translator also supports
all of the latest updates included in the newest
GeoCalc libraries featuring Text support, .PRJ file sup-
port, full EPSG database support, and creation of
custom coordinate systems. If your map file has a
custom coordinate system with it, the Translator can
handle it. The coordinate system data source is also
organized into a new geography-based order that
makes it easier to work with for novice users. The
map file viewer window is also improved to include a
full set of standard map viewing tools. Besides this
the new map file viewer supports raster formats.
Furthermore Blue Marble has improved the batch
translation capabilities. This is to allow for different
coordinate systems for different files within the batch
or grouping of files based on coordinate system
selection, as well as translating files in different coor-
dinate systems to the same coordinate system out-
put.
Source: Blue Marble
Internet: www.bluemarblegeo.com
Vector Heading Sensor OEM Module Hemisphere GPS
Hemisphere GPS announced the introduction of a new
heading sensor module for Original Equipment
Manufacturers (OEMs) that features Hemisphere's
Crescent GPS technology. The Crescent Vector OEM
module, a printed circuit board, is designed primarily
for the marine market but also very applicable for other
markets including agriculture and machine control.
Crescent technology enables the Vector OEM Module to
simultaneously employ multiple front-ends - enabling
tighter coupling of measurements from separate anten-
nae for use with heading-based products. The Crescent
Vector OEM module enables users to choose their
appropriate power supply and communications transla-
tion. In addition to its discrete Crescent GPS compo-
nents, the module integrates a single-axis gyro and a
tilt sensor onto a small form factor. Its heading accura-
cy ranges from 0.1 degrees (rms) at 2.0-meter antenna
separation to 0.25 degrees (rms) at 0.5-meter antenna
separation. It provides heading and positioning updates
of up to 20 Hz, and delivers positioning accuracy of 20
cm 95% of the time when used with Crescent's L-Dif
differential GPS (DGPS) receiver product, and 50 cm
95% of the time when used with Wide Area
Augmentation System (WAAS) DGPS. The Crescent
Vector OEM module also features Hemisphere's exclu-
sive COAST software that enables Hemisphere receivers
to utilize old DGPS correction data for 40 minutes or
more without significantly affecting the quality of posi-
tioning. When using COAST, the Crescent Vector OEM is
less likely to be affected by differential signal outages
due to signal blockages, weak signals or interference.
Source: Hemisphere GPS
Internet: www.csi-wireless.com
ALTM 3100EA by Optech
Optech introduced the ALTM 3100EA, the worlds first
100 kHz airborne laser terrain mapper. The new ALTM
3100EA still offers all the functionality and perfor-
mance of the previous ALTM 3100 systems, but
enables users to achieve greater accuracies for their
large-scale mapping requirements. Under optimal con-
ditions, users can achieve elevation accuracies as high
as 3 cm, 2-sigma at 500 m elev ation, 33 kHz laser
rep. rates with +/-10 scan angles.
Optechs ALTM 3100EA rates of up to
100,000 pulses per second and has
features such as intensity, full wave-
form digitization, simultaneous
first/last pulse measurement, roll com-
pensation, and digital camera integra-
tion.
Source: Optech
Internet: www.optech.ca
NavCom Technology
Releases TruBlu
NavCom Technology released TruBlu, a Bluetooth
compatible wireless device, enabling cable-free com-
munication between NavCom's GPS receivers and
Bluetooth enabled controllers. The new TruBlu acces-
sory provides users with the option to use NavCom's
GPS equipment with either a serial cable or the
TruBlu wireless module to communicate with comput-
er controllers. TruBlu is a wireless transceiver that
works with all NavCom GPS receivers equipped with
the latest 26 channel NCT-2100D GPS engine. The
compact module provides a wireless range of up to
30 meters and is powered directly from the GPS unit,
requiring no additional batteries for usage. The
embedded blue LED illuminates the translucent and
water resistant casing, flashing intermittently to indi-
cate proper operation.
Source: Navcom Technology
Internet: www.NavComTech.com
The combined power of
DAT/EM Systems International
and Inpho GmbH.
For a demonstration, please visit booth number 215 during the ASPRS 2006 Annual Conference, May 1-5, 2006 in Reno, Nevada, USA
DAT/EM SUMMIT EVOLUTION
TM
:
Afull-featured photogrammetric softcopy workstation.
DAT/EM STEREOCAPTURE
TM
:
3D image feature collection from the SUMMIT EVOLUTION
TM
Stereoplotter into ArcGIS
.
DAT/EM CAPTURE
TM
:
Collects 3D images features from a wide variety of
stereoplotters into AutoCAD
or MicroStation
.
DAT/EM MAP EDITOR
TM
:
Automated editing package for AutoCAD
or
MicroStation
files.
INPHO MATCH-AT
TM
:
Automatic digital aerial triangulation.
INPHO MATCH-T
TM
:
Fully automated DTM generation.
INPHO ORTHOBOX
TM
:
The power of ORTHOMASTER and
ORTHOVISTAcombined.
DAT/EM - INPHO CAPTURE CONTOUR
TM
:
Automatically creates contours from DTM or mass points
within DAT/EM Capture using SCOP processing.
DAT/EM SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL
8240 Sandlewood Place, Suite 101, Anchorage, Alaska 99507 USA
PH: +907.522.3681 FX: +907.522.3688 Email: sales@datem.com Web address: www.datem.com
Precise geospatial data collection
with 3D stereo viewing from your desktop.
A
Laser-Scans Radius Studio acts as a spatial processing,
analysis and compliance engine. It offers domain experts
the possibility to create, review and refine business rules
for spatial data across the web without them requiring
developer skills. It is a tool that can quantitatively mea-
sure spatial data quality by analysing the compliance of
business rules with existing data sets.
Laser-Scan was the first company to offer a fully interop-
erable and standards based, server-side topology engine
for an Oracle relational database. Continuing this trend of
high tech innovation Laser-Scan has been
running a beta programme for Radius Studio that
includes high profile organisations, such as IBM,
Ordnance Survey Ireland and Tele Atlas. All of these
organisations will be presenting how they manage busi-
ness rules in a spatial data environment and their experi-
ences on the Radius Studio Beta Programme.
Source: Laserscan
Internet: www.laser-scan.com/technologies/enterprise/
radius_studio/index.htm
www.laser-scan.com
Laser-Scan Launches Radius Studio
ArcSDE Offers Support for Microsoft SQL Server 2005
ESRIs ArcSDE now supports Microsoft SQL Server 2005
with the release of the ArcSDE 9.1 Service Pack 1 to
enable users to take advantage of Microsoft's newest
technology.
ArcSDE is a server software product that accesses multiuser
geographic databases stored in relational database
management systems (RDBMSs). ArcSDE enables users to
Integrate geographic information query, mapping,
spatial analysis, and editing within a multiuser enter-
prise DBMS
Move from a distributed approach to an integrated
environment
Manage spatial data as a continuous database
accessible to the entire organization
Easily publish maps on the Web
ArcSDE 9.1 Service Pack 1 also includes performance
CyberCity Generates 3D City
Models from Quickbird
CyberCity presents a 3D city model generated from
70cm-ground resolution Quickbird scenes over Phoenix,
Arizona (USA). The images were kindly provided by
Eurimage S.p.A., Italy. The working area was Phoenix
downtown, covering approximately two square kilome-
ters, with skyscrapers in a well-organized network and
distinctly separated from one another. Using CC-Modeler
software package, the buildings have been modeled
semi-automatically with roof texture from the images
themselves and facade textures from suitable images in
the software library. If available, (oblique) aerial images
can be mapped automatically on the facades. The
achieved results demonstrate the big potential of very
high-resolution satellite images, like Quickbird, for the
extraction of 3D city models for topographic, urban and
tourist applications.
Internet: www.cybercity.tv
improvements and maintenance fixes. It is available for
download from the ESRI support site at
http://support.esri.com/downloads.
Source: ESRI
Product News
61
Product News
Safe Software released FME 2006 including
updates to Safe Software's core technology, the
Feature Manipulation Engine (FME). FME 2006 fur-
ther refines FME's Workbench authoring environ-
ment and continues Safe's initiative to deliver the
complete Spatial ETL solution encompassing both
raster and vector support.
FME 2006 incorporates over 1000 product enhance-
ments requested by FME users. On the raster front,
six new raster preview formats have been added
and many others have been updated, including
enhanced support for Oracle GeoRaster which
allows raster data to be loaded into an Oracle
Database10gR2. Newly-added support for the
Google Earth KML format enables FME 2006 users
to publish spatial data residing in any of over 150
different formats and visualize this information in
Google Earth. Also supported for the first time in
FME 2006 is GML 3.1.1. This format was approved
last May by the Open Geospatial Consortium as the
standard XML-based group of formats for repre-
senting geographic features. In addition to tutorials
and traditional Help files included with this product
release, Safe Software also recently created a new
resource for FME 2006 users in the form of an
online user community, or wiki, at
www.fmepedia.com.
Source: Safe Software
Internet: www.safe.com/2006
Safe Software Announces FME 2006
Matrox Graphics introduces Parhelia Precision SDT,
the world's first single-card solution for digital
stereoscopic (stereo-3D) monitors like the Planar
SD1710. Such displays have 2 polarized LCD flat
panels mounted one over the other and a special
glass mounted between them. A realistic 3D view
can be seen when looking at the glass though
correspondingly polarized glasses.
Other graphics cards for such displays require a
separate add-in card to mirror
the image for
the top panel. Eliminating the need for this extra
card reduces costs and improves reliability. The
product includes hardware-based OpenGL(R)
(2D/3D) acceleration with quad-buffered stereoscop-
ic support. For the multi-display support required
with many stereoscopic workstations, Parhelia
Precision SDT has been certified to work together
with other Parhelia-series graphics cards. For more
information on this and other Matrox products, see
www.matrox.com/mga/workstation/3dws/products/
home.cfm
Source: Matrox Graphics
Internet: www.matrox.com
Single-card Solution Matrox
technology.
ArcSDE is a server software product that accesses mul-
tiuser geographic databases stored in relational
database management systems (RDBMSs). ArcSDE
enables users to:
spatial analysis, and editing within a multiuser
enterprise DBMS;
environment;
accessible to the entire organization;
Easily publish maps on the Web.
Source: ESRI
ArcSDE Support for Microsoft SQL Server 2005
LizardTechs MrSID Generation 3 image compression for-
mat (MG3) is now supported in ESRI's ArcPad 7. ArcPad
provides field-based personnel with the ability to capture,
store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display geo-
graphic information. Now with the MG3 implementation,
ArcPad users can take advantage of GeoExpress' image
compression functionality to quickly repurpose an image
for use on a handheld device. It enables them to repro-
ject and compress the images at differing compression
ratios within the same mosaic. This feature will enable
broader use of the imagery by remote field users and
first responders in areas where remote access to geospa-
tial imagery is critical. Additionally, the integration of
MrSID with ArcPad benefits the National Agricultural
Imagery Program (NAIP) image users. With NAIP's com-
pressed county image mosaics being delivered in MG3
format, customers no longer have to double up their
data by converting to MG2 to use it in ArcPad. Another
LizardTech product, Express Server, has also been recent-
ly integrated with ESRI's ArcIMS. With ArcPad supporting
MG3, users can keep their imagery in one place and in
one format, and access it over the web in ArcIMS, locally
via ArcMap, and remotely using ArcPad.
Source: LizardTech
Internet: www.lizardtech.com
Support LizardTech's MG3 in
ArcPad 7
Version 3 of Job Tracking for ArcGIS (JTX)
ESRIs version 3 of Job Tracking for ArcGIS (JTX) is
now shipping including usability improvements, sup-
port for a variety of workflows, and new functionality.
JTX is a solution-based extension to ArcGIS that pro-
vides an integration framework for ArcGIS multiuser
geodatabase environments. This enterprise workflow
management application is aimed at simplifying and
automating many aspects of job management and
tracking and streamlines the workflow. JTX3 requires
ArcSDE in addition to ArcInfo or ArcEditor 9.0 or 9.1.
Source: ESRI
Internet: www.esri.com/jobtracking
GIS
Time for change!
(3D) MACHINE CONTROL GPS+ SURVEY
T
opcon Corporation, headquartered
in Tokyo, Japan, is one of the
world's largest manufacturers of survey
instruments, GPS systems, machine
control systems and lasers for the con-
struction industry.
We have developed and introduced
many innovative technologies for posi-
tioning applications making us the
fastest growing company in the industry.
In addition to numerous manufacturing
locations and technology centres
around the globe, Topcon Corporation
has a network of 47 offices in 16
countries. Due to the extremely positive
development in the following product
areas: GPS applications, such as mm-
GPS for precision construction sur-
veying, GIS products with photo-
positioning technology, and precision
3D machine control systems with GPS
technology, we are now looking to
recruit:
LASER
15 sales professionals
for Germany, France and England
and 8 sales managers
for Germany, France, England and other European countries
Your responsibilities:
Cooperating on strategic planning work
Consolidating market position
Establishing and expanding sales
structures on an independent basis
New customer acquisition
Intensifying existing customer relations
Management analysis
Your profile:
Sales talent and a pleasant manner
Highly developed communication skills
At least 3 years' professional
experience
Negotiating skills
A thorough and practical knowledge
of English, one other foreign language
Sound and up-to-date PC skills
We are offering:
A competitive salary
Opportunities for advancement within
a European organisation
International teamwork
Modern technology and resources
Interested?
If so, please send a convincing
application in writing to:
Topcon Europe Positioning B.V.
Ulrich Hermanski
Senior Marketing & Sales Manager
Essebaan 11 2908LJ Capelle a/d IJssel
The Netherlands
E-Mail: humres@topcon.nl
63
NovAtel Major Subcontractor for Development
European Navigation System Ground Reference
Receiver
Alcatel Alenia Space Italia (AAS-I) and NovAtel as
major subcontractor, together with Space
Engineering, have been selected by the European
Space Agency (ESA)/GaIn to begin work on thedevel-
opment of the Navigation Ground Reference Receiver
for Europes state-of-the-art satellite navigation sys-
tem. The value of this initial funding authorization to
NovAtel is 1.261 million ($1.48m US), which is
expected to generate revenue for the company dur-
ing Q4 2005 and Q1 2006. This is the first part of a
fixed price contract which, provided it continues, will
ultimately be worth up to 6.3 million ($7.4m US)
to NovAtel over the following two and a half years.
www.novatel.com
US DOD Announces ClearView Contracts
The US Department of Defense Released Contract
Awards for the Purchase of Commercial Satellite
Imagery. DigitalGlobe was awarded a $ 24 million
firm fixed price contract modification. This award is
within the previously established $500,000,000
contract ceiling. The supplies to be procured are
high resolution commercial satellite imagery. The
performance period is Feb. 1, 2006 through Jan.
31, 2007. At this time, $2,000,000 FY06 O&M fund-
ing has been obligated. The National Geospatial-
Intelligence Agency is the contracting activity. Space
Imaging was awarded a $ 24 million firm fixed
price contract modification. This award is within the
previously established $500,000,000 contract ceil-
ing. The supplies to be procured are high resolu-
tion commercial satellite imagery. The performance
period is Feb. 1, 2006 through Jan. 31, 2007. At this
time, $2,000,000 FY06 O&M funding has been obli-
gated. The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
is the contracting activity.ORBIMAGE was awarded a
$12,000,000 firm fixed price contract modification.
This award is within the previously established
$500,000,000 contract ceiling. The supplies to be
procured are high resolution commercial satellite
imagery. The performance period is Feb.1, 2006
through Jan. 31, 2007. As can be read on page 13
of this issue, Space Imaging and ORBIMAGE recent-
ly merged into GeoEye.
NGAs NGS Statement of Strategic Intent
Available Online
The US National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
(NGA) released the National System for Geospatial-
Intelligence (NSG) Statement of Strategic Intent, a
vision for the future of geospatial intelligence
(GEOINT). The document reflects changes in the
Intelligence Community and responds to challenges
from oversight commissions to embrace innovative
analytic approaches and improved information shar-
ing and collaboration. The NSG Statement of
Strategic Intent is available on the NGA Web site,
see below.
www.nga.mil
IGP Selects INPHO Software for Orthophoto
Production
Instituto Geogrfico Portugus (IGP), the Portuguese
Geographic Institute, with their headquarters in
Lisboa, have recently purchased a complete INPHO
product suite for digital orthophoto production. The
contract negotiations and system supply was done
by GTBibrica S.L., Madrid, INPHOs distributor in
the Iberian and Latin American sales regions. The
digital orthophoto production line incorporates the
INPHO products MATCH-AT (Automatic aerial triangu-
lation), MATCH-T (Automatic DTM generation),
DTMaster (Advanced DTM data editing),
OrthoMaster (Rigorous ortho-rectification) and
OrthoVista (Automatic color balancing and mosaick-
ing). The main task of the Portuguese Geographic
Institute for the INPHO production line is producing
full coverage of ortho photo maps for M ainland
Portugal and generating high quality DTMs for some
areas of the country. The Ultra CamD digital aerial
camera fr om Vexcel will be used for acquiring the
digital aerial im agery . Under a protocol
estab lished with the P ortuguese Forest Service, the
Portuguese Geographic Institute is responsible for
ortho-rectification of these images and for produc-
tion of the orthophoto maps that will be used,
among other purposes, to obtain the next national
forest inventory .
www.inpho.de
Bentley Launches New Web Site for South Asia
Region
Bentley Systems launched its new web site for the
South Asia region: www.bentley.com/india. The site
empowers users in South Asia's architectural, engi-
neering, construction (AEC) and operations market
by giving them the depth and breadth of informa-
tion they need to successfully learn about and
apply the latest software solutions for the building,
plant, civil, and geospatial verticals. In addition, the
new web site provides articles written by Bentley
users who share best practices based on actual
project experiences, along with white papers writ-
ten by industry experts. The latter discuss a wide
range of technology topics of critical importance to
users in the AEC industries.
www.bentley.com
VARGIS Awarded Digital Aerial Imagery Contract
VARGIS has been awarded a a multi-million dollar
digital aerial imagery contract by the Los Angeles
Region Imagery Acquisition Consortium. VARGIS is
providing digital aerial imagery data and related
photogrammetric services for the entire 4,100-
square mile Los Angeles County area. The
Consortium includes the County of Los Angeles
plus 25 cities and public-sector organizations. VAR-
GIS is capturing the imagery with three
Zeiss/Intergraph DMC camera systems and LiDAR.
By using a multi-resolution approach, VARGIS can
efficiently capture both the urban and rural areas.
VARGIS is capturing 3,000-square miles of urban
orthoimagery at 4-inch pixel resolution. For the
remaining rural areas, such as Angeles National
Forest, VARGIS is producing 1,100 square miles of
color and color infrared orthoimagery at 1-foot pixel
resolution. Also, VARGIS is employing the latest
Leica ALS50 LiDAR technology to produce a new,
highly accurate digital terrain model, as well as 2-
foot contours with breaklines.
www.vargis.com
ESRI Becomes Federation of Earth Science
Information Partner
ESRI has been accepted as a partner of the
Federation of Earth Science Information Partners (the
Federation). The Federation is a network of
researchers and associated groups that collect, inter-
pret, and develop applications for satellite-generated
earth observation information. It is developing the
Earth Information Exchange, a portal where member
data products and tools will be available to
researchers, decision makers, educators, and others.
www.esipfed.org
www.esri.com
Racurs Wins World Bank Tender
Racurs, a photogrammetric software developer in
Russia, has won the World Banks tender to supply
forestry enterprises with software tools. As a result
digital photogrammetric system PHOTOMOD was
delivered to forest regulation companies in St.
Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Krasnoyarsk and
Khabarovsk. In total 29 workplaces were organized.
The delivered software system allows processing of
aerial and space images, image interpretation for
forest inventory both in mono and in stereo
modes. It also allows orthophotos and forest regu-
lation plans creation based on highly effective digi-
tal technologies of image processing. The contract
amounts to $167,200.
www.racurs.ru
OGC Invites Public Comment on Candidate
Specification for Geospatial WPS
The candidate OGC Web Processing Service inter-
face specification provides a standardized interface
that facilitates the access and publishing of
geospatial processes as well as the discovery and
binding to those processes by client applications.
"Processes" in this context include any sort of cal-
culation or model which operates on spatially refer-
enced data. Examples of geospatial processing are
polygon overlay, buffer analysis, and line of sight
analysis. The data required by the WPS can be
delivered across a network or it can be available at
the server. WPS builds on currently adopted
OpenGIS Specifications that define standard inter-
faces for finding and accessing geospatial data and
services. Comments can be submitted to a dedicat-
ed email reflector for a thirty-day period ending
February 4, 2006. Comments received will be con-
solidated and reviewed by OGC members for incor-
poration into the document.
www.opengeospatial.org
eSpatial and PCI Geomatics Sign Technology
Partnership
eSpatial and PCI Geomatics signed a strategic tech-
nology partnership. The alliance will combine
eSpatial's iSMART Geospatial platform with
Geomatica, PCI's image management products and
solutions software suite, to provide an integrated
environment for GeoSpatial solutions delivery. Both
companies are currently working on an integration
of their technologies, particularly PCI's advanced
MappingCentre, an automated image processing
and mapping delivery system, and eSpatial's
iSMART GeoPortal. iSMART GeoPortal provides a
pure web user interface to interact with the under-
lying MappingCentre workflow and product delivery
features. In addition to the MappingCentre and
GeoPortal integration, both companies will utilize
each others products in customer opportunities,
including use of PCI's Oracle 10g GeoRaster
imagery loading tools.
www.pcigeomatics.com
www.espatial.com
27 Photogrammetric Systems for PASCO
Thailand
INPHO and DAT/EM Systems delivered an additional
25 Summit Evolution digital stereo plotters and 2
complete sets of INPHOs photogrammetric prod-
ucts MATCH-AT, MATCH-T, DTMaster Stereo,
OrthoMaster and OrthoVista to PASCO (Thailand).
With this delivery, PASCO (Thailand) now has
obtained a total of 52 Summit Evolution stations
and 30 licenses of various INPHO software products.
PASCO Thailand is one of the largest photogram-
metric firms in Southeast Asia, serving over 15
I ndust r y News
Facts / Figures / Contracts
64
Pr oduct News
Jan./Feb. 2006
countries around the world. PASCO (Thailand) offers a full range of professional
service in aerial photography, digital photogrammetry & mapping, surveying
and GIS. PASCO (Thailand)s web site can be found at www.pascoth.com.
www.datem.com
www.inpho.com
Vexcel Celebrates 20 Years of Innovation in Remote Sensing
Vexcel Corporation recently
celebrated 20 years of
Innovation in Remote
Sensing. Founded in 1985,
principally by Austrian
photogrammetrist Dr. Franz
Leberl, Vexcel focused
initially on photogrammetric
technologies. Since 1992, Vexcel has grown under the leadership of President and
CEO Dr. John Curlander, expanding its products and service offerings into synthetic
aperture radar (SAR) systems and services, satellite ground systems, and data
intelligence solutions. Recent years have brought many changes including the
opening of its Vexcel UK office (Newbury, Berkshire) and the acquisition of global
companies Vexcel Imaging (Austria), Atlantis Scientific (Canada), now operating as
Vexcel Canada, and most recently the Dutch remote sensing company, Synoptics,
now operating as Vexcel Netherlands. The anniversary is punctuated by a year of
successful product launches that include the OceanView maritime surveillance
system; the CCDMap coherent change detection mapping system; EarthView
Matrix polarimetric SAR software; and the UltraMap Server digital archive, catalog
and post-processing system for a fully digital mapping workflow using imagery
from Vexcel's best selling digital aerial camera, the UltraCam.
www.vexcel.com
Canadian Ice Service Signs Contract for RADARSAT-1 Monitoring Over
CanadianWaters
MDA's Geospatial Services announced today that the Canadian Ice Service (CIS)
has signed a one year agreement to use RADARSAT-1 data to detect and monitor
ice conditions in Canadian waters. The Canadian Ice Service has been using
RADARSAT-1 data since 1996 to provide essential information for safe marine ves-
sel navigation and ship icebreaking activities. With its all-weather imaging, large
area coverage and frequent revisit cycle, the RADARSAT-1 satellite is a valuable
data source for the CIS and supplies the Service with as many as ten images a
day. The CIS receives the RADARSAT-1 data in as little as 2 hours after the data is
downlinked. The data is used to generate detailed ice charts that are sent elec-
tronically to workstations onboard marine vessels and applied to navigation and
route planning purposes.
www.mdacorporation.com
New Sokkia Distributors in France and Spain
Sokkia Europe recently appointed two new distributors to improve its distribution
in Spain and France. The new Spanish distributor is the company DITAC
Soluciones, S.L. (Distribucin de Intrumentos Topograficos y Auxiliar de la
Construccin), a member of the A.L. Holding S.A.. DITAC SL, with head-office in
Madrid. Sokkia Europe decided to appoint a new distributor for the high-end sur-
veying market in France too. This decision was made in cooperation with Sokkia
S.A. which will continue to promote Sokkia in the French construction and laser
market. Yann Quenet is the managing director of the new company which is called
Survey & Precision S.L. and is located near Paris.
www.sokkia.net
65
Product News
Jan./Feb. 2006
James Blackwood European General Manager
Geospatial Solutions Division Tadpole
Tadpole Technology announced the appointment of
James Blackwood as European General Manager for
the Geospatial Solutions Division, as part of a
strategic initiative to strengthen the divisions
position within the European market. Since joining
the Geospatial Solutions Division 2 years ago,
Blackwood has overseen the growth of the
European professional services business, and in
particular managed the OS Phoenix progamme.
He will continue to have overall responsibility for
growing this area of the business and managing
the divisions implementation services, consultancy
services and support services. As European General
Manger he will now assume overall responsibility
for the operational and commercial management of
the divisions business throughout Europe.
www.tadpole.com
Topcon Europe Positioning BV Strengthens
Organization
Topcon Europe Positioning
BV has strengthened its
organization, to structurally
support its aggressive
growth plan.
Ulrich Hermanski has been
promoted to European
Senior Sales and Marketing
Manager. Having worked as
the German National Sales
Manager for the past 8
years, Hermanski has moved to the European head
office in The Netherlands and will now be responsible
for daily management of Topcons European Sales and
Support organization. Hermanski graduated in 1985 at
the University of Essen as Diplom-Engineer for survey-
ing and then started his career as sales manager for
Topcon Germany. From 1989 Hermanski worked for
Mobil Oil in Belgium as a European Sales Manager for
packaging machinery systems. From 1992 to 1996 he
was managing director and partner of a civil engineer-
ing office in Germany. In 1997 Hermanski re-joined
Topcon Germany, as sales manager for surveying
products. From the 1st of December 2005 he started
for TEP and he will have the challenging task to fur-
ther strengthen and expand Topcons new structure on
the European continent.
After the merger of Topcon
Spain with former Trimble
and Sokkia dealer Inland
on the 1st of October
2005, Fernando Sahuquillo
has been promoted to
Regional Sales Manager
Southern Europe with
responsibility for Spain,
Portugal and Italy.
Sahuquillo has been with
Topcon for 8 years. He graduated in 1986 at the UPC
Universidad Politcnica de Catalua in Mining
Engineering and then started his career as Surveying
Teacher in the Mining Degree University of Catalonia
in 1987/88. In 1988 Sahuquillo worked for Lep, S.A.,
the formal Topcon dealer in Spain in that time. From
1992 till 1995 he joined for a Surveying Software
House company and returning to Topcon in 1995 as
a Sales Manager for Topcon Espaa S.A.
Axel Messing has been promoted to Regional Sales
Manager Benelux. After setting up the Topcon
Netherlands office, and managed its growth to
become a major player in the Dutch positioning mar-
ket, Messing now has
added responsibility for
Topcons Belgian Sales
office. In his new responsi-
bility as Sales Manager
Benelux he expects to gain
more efficiency out of com-
bining marketing activities
for the Belgian and Dutch
market. Messing graduated
in Marketing & Sales and worked several years for
trading companies. He started working in the posi-
tioning industry in 1986, when he joined Sokkia
Europe BV. Within Sokkia he was part of the team
that succeeded in bringing Sokkia to a number 1
position in the local construction market in the
Netherlands in the early nineties. Since 1996 his
responsibility was the Topcon sales and marketing
in the Netherlands.
Geospatial Intelligence Defense 2006
Worldwide Business Research (WBR) announces
Geospatial Intelligence Defense (GID) 2006 taking
place May 8-10 at the Westin Hotel in Arlington, VA.
At GID, participants will come together in an intimate
cross-Service and cross-Intelligence forum to realize
the potential of geospatial intelligence on national
security. Idea behind the event: We must act now to
ensure that the right people with the right intelli-
gence are at the right place at the right time and
address the challenges of developing and implement-
ing new approaches to meeting mission objectives.
We are all aware of the criticality of geospatial intelli-
gence to support our war fighters and first respon-
ders as they protect our nation. Facing the demands
of an increasingly volatile environmental picture and
combating the ever-changing enemy that is terror is
an on-going challenge. Advancing geospatial intelli-
gence capabilities goes beyond incorporating enter-
prise-wide geospatial initiatives and promoting and
achieving interoperability.
To successfully advance geospatial intelligence for
National Defense and Homeland Security the orga-
nizers are having the following things in mind:
Eliminating stovepipes to achieve interagency
communication;
Developing common rules for data standardiza-
tion and sharing;
Protecting US critical infrastructures through
network security;
Disseminating data swiftly and effectively;
Training US War Fighters to be data collectors.
GID 2006 is aimed at providing actionable tools and
strategies to advance geospatial intelligence for
national defense and homeland security. To secure
space at GID 2006, call 1-888-482-6012 or 1-973-812-
5153, visit www.dgi2006.com or e-mail dgi@wbre-
search.com and mention priority booking code GIPR.
Intergraph Announces Intergraph 2006
Intergraph announced Intergraph 2006, the compa-
ny's new flagship international users conference, to
be held June 12-15, 2006 in Lake Buena Vista,
Florida. In its inaugural year the conference will
bring together Intergraph's Apex, Geospatial World
and Public Safety Users Conferences into a single
international conference showcasing Intergraph's
full range of spatial information management tech-
nologies.
www.intergraph.com
People
Conferences & Meetings
Professor Gordon Petrie Receives 2006
ASPRS Photogrammetric Award (Fairchild)
Professor Gordon
Petrie has been a
contributor to
GeoInformatics
magazine since
1998.
The 2006 Photogrammetric Award (Fairchild) is
awarded to Professor Gordon Petrie, an outstand-
ing photogrammetric professional with a record of
solid achievements. His contributions to the field
over his half-century career include both outstan-
ding technical work and a corps of students
throughout the world trained by him. A graduate
with a M.A. with 1st class honors in Geography
from the University of Aberdeen, Petrie later
obtained a post-graduate Diploma in Surveying
from University College London. He also has a
B.Sc. in Photogrammetric Engineering, from ITC,
Delft, The Netherlands. The majority of his career
has been spent at the University of Glasgow,
where he began as a Lecturer in Surveying and
Photogrammetry, later became a Professor of
Topographic Science, and is now an Emeritus
Professor & Honorary Research Fellow after his
retirement in 1995. He has been a visiting profes-
sor at the Department of Geography, University of
Georgia, and the Department of Geography, Miami
University of Ohio, and a Carnegie Research Fellow
at ITC. Petries research interests have covered a
wide range of topics, including the design of sen-
sors and instrumentation, and he has maintained
his knowledge of equipment and technology in
the field reaching from the days of analog equip-
ment to current digital practice. A particular inter-
est has been cameras and sensors, especially
other than conventional film aerial cameras, with
his early work on IR line scanners and SLAR lead-
ing to current study of commercial satellite
sensors. His range of expertise is reflected in an
extensive bibliography of significant publications
in photogrammetry, remote sensing, and survey-
ing. Since his retirement, he has also found time
to write for trade journals and the popular press
on subjects related to mapping, thereby bringing
an expert perspective to a wider, non-technical
audience. Petrie has been involved with comput-
ers for many years and has embraced the Internet,
making available a Web page giving links to no
fewer than 7764 useful sites related to photo-
grammetry, surveying, and remote sensing.
He has been active in the Remote Sensing and
Photogrammetric Society, as evidenced by the
Honorary Membership awarded him in 1995, and
in ASPRS, with frequent presentations and interac-
tions at meetings in the United States.
The award will be presented during the ASPRS
2006 Annual Conference in Reno, May 1-5.
www.asprs.org
2006
09-10 February Cities Revealed Event
Cambridge, Madingley Hall, U.K.
Tel: +44 (0) 1223 880077
E-mail: andrewl@citiesrevealed.com
Internet: www.training4gis.com
13-14 February The International LIDAR
Mapping Forum (ILMF2006)
Denver, CO, Grand Hyatt Denver, U.S.A.
Tel: +1 (101) 298 9847 x333
Fax: +1 (713) 292 9279
E-mail: organizer@lidarmap.org
Internet: www.lidarmap.org
13-15 February Kuwait Second International
GIS Conference & Exhibition
Kuwait City, Crowne Plaza Hotel, Kuwait
Tel: +965 2453036 / 2453036 / 2413047
Fax: +965 2405018
E-mail: info@gulfgis.com
Internet: www.gulfgis.com
14-16 February ISPRS Ankara Workshop
'Topographic Mapping from Space'
Ankara, Turkey
Info: Ugur Murat Leloglu
Tel: + 90-312-210-1310
Fax: + 90-312-210-1315
E-mail: leloglu@bilten.metu.edu.tr
Internet: www.bilten.metu.edu.tr/
ISPRSWorkshopAnkara2006/
19-22 February 10th Annual Integrating GIS
& CAMA Conference
Orlando, FL, Disney Coronado Springs Hotel,
U.S.A.
Tel: +1 847 824-6300
Fax: +1 847 824-6363
E-mail: wfrancis@urisa.org
Internet: www.urisa.org or www.iaao.org
20-22 February Kuwait 2nd international GIS
Conference & Exhibition
Kuwait, Kuwait
Tel: +965 2405015
Fax: +965 2405018
E-mail: info@promedia-international.com
21-23 February Munich Satellite Navigation
Summit 2006
Munich, Germany
Tel: +49-(0)89-6004 3425
Fax: +49-(0)89-6004 3019
E-mail: info@munich-satellite-navigation-
summit.org
Internet: www.munich-satellite-navigation-
summit.org
22-24 February ISPRS-Workshop on Multiple
Representation and Interoperability of
Spatial Data
Hannover, Germany
Tel: +49 (511)762 2780
E-mail: wsinfo@ikg.uni-hannover.de
Internet: www.ikg.uni-
hannover.de/isprs/workshop.htm
23-24 February Intergeo East 2006
Belgrade, Belgrade Fair, Serbia and
Montenegro
Tel: +49 (0) 721 931 33 750
Fax: +49 (0) 721 931 33 710
E-mail: ofreier@hinte-messe.de
Internet: www.intergeo-east.com
23-24 February Virtuelle 3D-Modelle im
Bauwesen 'Eine neue Technologie ist
praxisreif'
Berlin, Messe, Germany
Info: Dipl.-Ing. Horst Kremers
Tel: +49 172 3211 738
Fax: +49 717 1189 755
E-mail: mail@realit.de or office@horst-
kremers.de
Internet: www.realit.de/Veranst_Build_06.htm
27-28 February GPS and LBS Investing
Summit
Santa Cruz, New York, USA
Tel: +1 800 280 8440
E-mail: jmcginnis@frallc.com
Internet: www.frallc.com
02-03 March 1st EARSeL SIG URS workshop
Challenge & Solutions
Berlin-Adlershof, Germany
Info: Patrick Hostert and Carstel Jrgens
E-mail: sig-urs@hurs.de
Internet: www.hurs.de
07-11 March AAG 2006
Chicago, IL, U.S.A.
E-mail: meeting@aag.org
Internet: www.aag.org
08-11 March 5th FIG Regional Conference for
Africa - Promoting Land Administration and
Good Governance
Accra, Ghana
Tel: +45 3886 1081
Fax: +45 3886 0252
E-mail: fig@fig.net
Internet: www.fig.net/accra
09-10 March 6th International Conference
ASIA GIS 2006
Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
Info: Prof. Dr. Ahris Yaakup
E-mail: b-haris@utm.my or
asia_gis2006@yahoo.com
Internet: www.utm.my/asiagis
09-15 March CeBIT 2006
Hannover, Deutsche Messe, Germany
Internet: www.cebit.de
13-17 March 2006 BAE Systems GXP
International User Conference
San Diego, CA, Hyatt Regency La Jolla at
Aventine, U.S.A.
Internet: www.socetgxp.com/conference/
index.htm
14-15 March WIT 2006: 3rd International
Workshop on Intelligent Transportation
Hamburg, Germany
Info: Prof. Dr. Hermann Rohling
E-mail: rohling.wit@tu-harburg.de
Internet: wit.tu-harburg.de
14-17 March GeoForm+ 2006
Moscow, Sokolniki Culture & Exhibition
Centre, Russia
Tel: +7 (095) 105-3481
Fax: +7 (095) 268-7605
E-mail: ksv@mvk.ru
Internet: www.geoexpo.ru
14-17 March Sustainable Land Management
in Africa
Dar es Salam, Tanzania
Symposium organised by CASLE
Tel: +44 (20) 7373 3543
Fax: +44 (20) 7477 8573
E-mail: e.b.d.waldy@city.ac.uk
Internet: www.casle.org
15-16 March GIS: Something for Everyone
MAC URISAs 2006 Regional Gis Conference
Trenton, Rutgers University, Busch Campus,
U.S.A.
Tel: +1 609 633 1262
E-mail: seth.hackman@dep.state,nj.us
Internet: www.macurisa.org
16-18 March GEOS 2006 International Trade
Fair of Geodesy and Cartography
Prague, Prague Trade Fair Area Letany,
Czech Republic
Info: Mr. Radko Pechar
Tel: +420 221 992 130
Fax: +420 221 992 149
E-mail: pechar@terinvest.com or
geos@terinvest.com
Internet: www.terinvest.com
16-22 March 4th World Water Forum
Mexico City, Mexico
Tel: +52 55 5174 4480, +52 55 5174 4481
Fax: +52 55 5174 4722
Internet: www.worldwaterforum4.org.mx
17-18 March 2006 ESRI Developer Summit
Palm Springs, CA, Palm Springs Convention
Center, U.S.A.
Internet: www.esri.com/devsummit
26-29 March Map Middle East
Dubai, Dubai World Trade Center, U.A.E.
Tel: +971-50-3053956, +971-4-2610911
Fax: +971-4-2610922
E-mail: info@mapmiddleeast.org
Internet: www.mapmiddleeast.org/2006/
index.htm
Advertisers Index
Please feel free to e-mail your
calendar notices to:
calendar@geoinformatics.com
27-28 March SPAR 2006: Capturing and
Documenting Existing-Conditions Data for
Design, Construction and Operations
Houston, TX, U.S.A.
Tel: +1 (978) 774 1102
E-mail: bruce.jenkins@sparllc.com
Internet: www.sparllc.com/spar2006.php
27-29 March GEO 2006, 7th Middle East
Geosciences Conference and Exhibition
Manama, Bahrain International Exhibition
Center, Bahrain
Tel: +1 918 560 2555
Fax: +1 918 560 2694
Internet: www.aapg.org/go2006
27-29 March EWC III - Third International
Conference on Early Warning
Bonn, Germany
E-mail: ewc3@un.org
Internet: www.ewc3.org
27-31 March Oc OpenHouse 2006 Where
'Printing for Professionals' comes to life
Poing, Germany
Internet: www.openhouse.oce.com
29-30 March World of Geomatics 2006
Warwickshire, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0) 1438 352 617
Fax: +44 (0) 1438 351 989
E-mail: sharon@pvpubs.demon.co.uk
Internet: www.pvpubs.com/world_of_
exhibition.asp
02-07 April EGU2006, Automatic Mapping for
Emergencies
Vienna, Austria
Tel: +39 (332) 78 6360
Fax: +39 (332) 78 5466
E-mail: gregoire.dubois@jrc.it
Internet: www.ai-geostats.org
03-05 April Location Intelligence Conference
San Francisco, U.S.A.
Info: Nora Parker
E-mail: nora.parker@directionsmag.com
Internet: locationintelligence.net/
conference
04-05 April Military Geospatial Intelligence
London, Thistle Marble Arch Hotel, U.K.
E-mail: info@iqpc.co.uk
Internet: www.iqpc.com/cgi-bin/templates/
singlecell.html?topic=221&event=9225
04-11 April IPEX 2006
Birmingham, NEC, U.K.
Tel: + 44 (0) 20 7915 5614/5681
Fax: + 44 (0) 20 7915 5021/5096
Internet: www.ipex.org
05-07 April GIS Research UK 2006
Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, University of
Nottingham, U.K.
Tel: +44 0 115 9515443
Fax: +44 0 115 9515249
E-mail: gisruk06@geography.nottingham.
ac.uk
Internet: www.nottingham.ac.uk/geography/
gisruk
06-07 April National Conference 'Emerging
Trends in Surveying and Real Property Law'
Las Vegas, U.S.A.
Tel: +1 (800) 647 8079 ext. 260
Fax: +1 (715) 836 0031
E-mail: kharmes@pesi.com
20-22 April 9th AGILE International
Conference on Geographic Information
Science
Visegrd, Thermal Hotel Visegrd, Hungary
E-mail: agile2006@forestry.gsi.gov.uk
Internet: www.agile2006.hu or
www.agile-online.org
21-26 April ACSM 2006
Orlando, FL, U.S.A.
Tel: +1 (703 964 1240
Fax: +1 (703) 964 1246
E-mail: acsmexhibits@conference-
managers.com
Internet: www.acsm.net
23-26 April GITA's Annual Conference
29/Oracle Spatial User Conference
Tampa, FL, Tampa Convention Center, U.S.A.
Information: Ken Goering, GITA
Tel: +1 (303) 337 0513
Fax: +1 (303) 337 1001
E-mail: kgoering@gita.org
Internet: www.gita.org/events/annual/29
23-27 April MidAmerica GIS Symposium
Kansas City, Missouri, Westin Crown Center,
U.S.A.
Tel: +1 816 502 9420
Fax: +1 816 502 9497
E-mail: rodom@watershedconcepts.com
Internet: magicweb.kgs.ku.edu
24-27 April IEEE/ION PLANS 2006
Coronado (San Diego), CA, U.S.A.
Info: Larry Cortland
Tel: +1 (951) 693-0877
Fax: +1 (858) 826-9363
E-mail: lcortland@juno.com
Internet: www.plans2006.org
Advertiser Page
Applanix (www.applanix.com) 40
Contex (www.contex.com) 2
DAT/EM (www.datem.com) 60
ESRI (www.esri.com) 30
GITA (www.gita.org) 34
Hewlett Packard (www.hp.com) 8
INPHO (www.inpho.de) 33
Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging
(www.gi.leica-geosystems.com) 16
Leica Geosystems (www.leica-geosystems.com) 67
Military Geospatial Intelligence (www.iqpc.co.uk) 49
Navcom (www.navcom.com) 28
Oc (www.oce.com) 68
Pacific Crest (www.pacificcrest.com) 19
Sokkia (www.sokkia.net) 58
STAR (www.star.be) 38
Thales Navigation (thalesnavigation.com) 54
Topcon Europe (www.topconeurope.com) 22
UNIGIS (www.unigis.org) 64
Jan./Feb. 2006
66
Cal endar
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 66
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 67
29
Dont Stumble at the Last Hurdle
From transport and logistics, utilities and mining industries, through to government and insurance companies, the need for geo-
graphic information is essential. Highly accurate information ensures a competitive advantage. There have been recent announce-
ments in the press, such as TomTom using Tele Atlas, as well as the launch, and following success, of Google Earth. These are tes-
tament to the increasing popularity of GIS and the increasing demand for satellite imaging for everyday use.
By Paul Hinkins
PCs and Handheld Devices
Technology has meant that GIS is now more
sophisticated than ever, as are the devices
with which we view pictures. Currently,
images and maps are traditionally looked at
or analysed on PCs and/or handheld devices.
However, it seems that large format image
output is an area that can be neglected. On-
screen viewing is commonplace but is that
enough when examining an image closer
detail? Printing is a vital part of the GIS pro-
cess but is an area where businesses and
organisations are sadly falling down.
Stand-alone Device
Over time, a myth has developed that print-
ing, especially on a large format printer
(LFP), is expensive and something that busi-
nesses do not necessarily need. To briefly
clarify, a large format printer is exactly that, a
standalone device that allows users to print
large documents and, as with most technolo-
gy, it has developed and advanced over time
to produce cost-effective, high-quality
images. Not only that, but there is also a
lack of awareness that a large image can be
printed out in its entirety from a single
Speci al
The latest large format printers released by Canon are the 44" imagePROGRAF W8400 (D) and A1+ 24" imagePROGRAF W6400 (D). Utilising
dye-based ink, the printers possess a wide colour gamut. Coupled with new one-inch-wide high-density print head, these products produce
microscopic 4-picoliter droplets. The imagePROGRAF W8400(D)/W6400(D) produce output speeds of up to around 2.2 minutes per page when
producing A0 size images and 1.3 minutes per page for A1. Both printers offer a small footprint as well as supporting both Mac and PC plat-
forms, which means that they can be integrated into an existing office solution. They also offer increased compatibility with standard software
and the inclusion of PosterArtist and Digital Photo Print Pro as standard. PosterArtist has a catalogue of templates and images that allow
users to create their own, individual poster designs. Digital Photo Print Pro has been designed to support large-scale photographic reproduc-
tion - enabling users to process, enhance and print photographic images without needing to use photo application software. Canons
imagePROGRAF W8400(D) and imagePROGRAF W6400(D) come with HDI drivers for AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT.
The 44" imagePROGRAF W8400 (D) printer.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 29
device. Not de-bunking the myth that sur-
rounds LFP could mean that businesses are
missing out on a range of opportunities that
could lead to an increase in revenue or a
more accurate assessment of an image. It may
not be seen as the most critical part of the
global imaging process, but LFPs are a funda-
mental component and something GIS users
should not ignore. It can also offer a competi-
tive advantage and provide levels of detail;
especially with satellite imaging that may not
necessarily be seen on screen. A printed image
can have a significant impact on a range of
areas and activity, such as presenting plans,
providing evidence in legal or insurance cases,
searching for oil, or even for individuals to
hang on their walls.
Breaking Down Barriers
GIS is an area where precision and data accu-
racy is key. With that in mind there may be a
barriers to purchasing an LFP. These barriers
can be easily overcome however. From discus-
sions Canon has had with GIS experts it
seems there may be a trust issue at play due
to a reticence between what is seen on-screen
compared to what is printed on the LFP, which
may not necessarily represent the visual truth.
These reservations arise from the moment an
individual presses print as the data may not
successfully transfer to the LFP, therefore print-
ing an inaccurate image. This is not the case.
Although with GIS, the conversion of data
from application to printer is far heavier than a
more traditional word-based document or low-
res image, this does not affect the output.
Currently, there are a range of software tech-
nologies that are specifically designed for GIS
that can, and do, successfully convert large
amounts of varying data to produce wholly
accurate images. SCP is a company that pro-
vides one such software solution.
High-quality Images
Another perception is that the total cost of
ownership of an LFP is high and that they are
slow and cumbersome owing to the fact that
they have to produce large, colour-intense
images. As mentioned earlier, technology has
allowed the printer industry to produce faster,
high quality images cost-effectively. There are
now LFP devices that can produce output
speeds a little over 2 minutes per page when
sent a stronger case, both commercially and
within a scientific context as seeing an image
as a whole in hardcopy can have a visual
impact on its audience. It is an effective way
to communicate a point to a non-scientific
audience this is particularly pertinent for the
commercial sector and could be a matter of
winning business or even to use as evidence
from a legal standpoint.
More Printing Than Ever
Finally, another key benefit is a very simple
one, tangibility. People do like to touch and
look at documents. Consider the office envi-
ronment for a moment, where it was believed
that one day there would be the paperless
office. The fact is that businesses are now
printing more than ever. It is predicted that a
staggering 37 thousand million pages colour
printed pages will be produced by 2007 [1].
This is showing no signs of decreasing. It is
testament to the fact that people like to print
because tangibility ensures a better under-
standing of a document or image for the indi-
vidual. From a scientific perspective, haptic
perception, the exploratory use of touch,
means that from childhood to adulthood, peo-
ple find touch an extremely important sense,
therefore to get the best performance out of
individuals means providing tangible images.
Conclusion
By ignoring the benefits of large format print-
ing, businesses and organisations are really
stumbling at the last hurdle and not seeing
the bigger picture. For those that thought LFPs
were slow, expensive and cumbersome, tech-
nology has remedied all of those issues to
provide an extremely cost-effective device that
can quickly and accurately print images. GIS is
all about getting the correct view of the world,
so get printing to ensure greater accuracy and
more effective information share along with
the improved decision making that follows.
References [1] IDC European Hardcopy Tracker 2004.
Paul Hinkins (paul.hinkins@canon-europe.com)
is European Marketing Manager, LFP, Canon Europe.
Product and company information on
www.canon-europe.com.
producing A0 size images and significantly less
per page for A1 this certainly goes against
the pre-perceived notion that large format
devices are slow. These times are being
reduced with every new product released. The
printers also come in a range of sizes from 24
inches to 44 inches to cater for the diverse
needs of the GIS market. Additionally, as with
all printers, inks are not indispensable and do
have to be replaced, which may be seen by
some as costly and another barrier to adop-
tion. The good news for the GIS industry is
that the cost of print goes down when more
ink is required, therefore significantly reducing
the cost per milliliter for LFP. Most, if not all
LFPs today possess a wide colour gamut or
range, to ensure accuracy when matching the
colour on-screen with the printed image. Ink
technology has developed so much that LFPs
can now produce microscopic 4-picoliter
droplets that create vibrant and realistic colour
output. For those that may have concerns
about print parameters on a page, there is
also a borderless print option to cover the
paper from end to end and side to side, to
show even more of the image creating the
maximum impact every time.
Why Print?
There are many business benefits to printing a
document that could enable competitive
advantage for the commercial sector and pro-
vide greater clarity for the science arena.
Besides cost, using an LFP can, quite literally,
provide a bigger picture than looking at a
screen. As images or maps can be printed in
their entirety, users are able to get a broader
perspective on an image. This leads to
improved decision-making, as opposed to
looking at an image in stages, which can be
fragmented. Even with modern re-sizing tech-
niques employed by most of todays GIS soft-
ware you cannot beat the impact a large for-
mat print has on the argument!
To give a better idea on this, consider screen
sizes and think about a standard PC monitor
or the screen on a handheld device it is
easy to understand that it is not possible to
view an entire map or image in detail. By
printing an image or map and placing it in
front of the individual means detail can be
seen more completely and more effectively.
Printing can also allow an organisation to pre-
31
Speci al
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 31
Improving Effectiveness of Daily Activities GIS Operators
Most GIS operators dont want to print. When working with their Geographic Information System (GIS), the last thing they want to do
is print. Gathering information, combining different data sets, analysing the results, deriving conclusions, defining actions, that is
what they find interesting. But printing on paper?
By Adwin Kannekens
What is the Problem?
Given the fact that GIS operators dont want
to print, they dont spend a lot of time on
sending their output to the printer. Most of
the time, hitting the print button in the
application software does the job. And by
doing so, a lot of the resources and effort
put into GIS are wasted or not used to the
maximum. This is like a chef who spends
four days preparing and cooking a Christmas
meal with the team and then serving it to
guests on paper plates with plastic forks. Or
like eating a fast-food hamburger from real
porcelain with a silver knife & fork.
Imagine that an emergency happens, for
example a child is missing or the drinking
water system has been contaminated. It
might be that a number of sheets from the
GIS must be printed to solve this emergency
on site. In this situation, the GIS operator is
not interested in the availability of the first
sheet but in the last one (read: the whole
set). That means overall productivity is
essential. In this situation it is very unlikely
that he cares about the media used.
Optimising things for one situation might
easily lead to unacceptably high costs in
another situation (fast food on porcelain) or
to lower rewards and credibility (paper
plates on Christmas Day). So it is important
for GIS operators to care about printing. Or
at least their managers. This should result in
a printing system hooked up to GIS software
that requires hardly any operator interven-
tion to support a variety of printing jobs in
the optimum way.
Right Print Mode
Wide format printers that can do colour (and
colour is a no-brainer for GIS printing) are all
based on inkjet technology, mainly thermal
inkjet. The advantages of this technology are
clear: good print quality, a big colour gamut
and low initial investment. Costs mainly have
to do with the ink, so this is totally depen-
dent on actual usage. Furthermore there is a
variety of media to choose from.
On the other hand, when working with ther-
mal inkjet one has to take into account that
the prints are created in swatches. The print
heads are moving from left to right and back
again to put the ink on the paper. Those
swatches will be visible in the image. To
eliminate this, the image can be printed in
multiple passes (read: a different print
mode). Although this results in a better print
quality, it decreases the print speed. And
print speed is already one of the weaker
points of the current wide format colour
printers.
Basically, an operator has to make a trade-
off between the printing quality needed and
the amount of time he wants to spend on
waiting for the print. A decision that is often
made incorrectly by GIS operators. It might
be that they are not aware of the conse-
quences or where they can do selections (in
the driver). Moreover, visibility of the swatch-
es is worse when printing lines than when
printing areas. So theoretically, GIS operators
have to take into account the contents of
the file for selecting the right print mode.
Jan./Feb. 2006
32
Speci al
The Oc TCS500, see page 35 for more information.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 32
Right Paper Type
Furthermore, one has to realise that most
colour printers only support one media roll.
This means that whenever you want to print
on another media this requires changing rolls.
On many colour printers loading a roll is not
an easy job. It might also lead to conflicts,
especially when multiple operators are using
the same printer. Assume that one operator
wants to print on high quality (read: expen-
sive) paper for e.g. a presentation to the
board while at the same time lower quality
(read: cheaper) paper is in the printer. Before
submitting the print job the operator will load
the high quality media onto the system.
However, his colleagues in the room next door
are not aware of this and may want to check
and discuss their work so far. Without knowing
the operator is printing a number of docu-
ments that will have a lifetime of only a few
minutes on the expensive paper.
(cyan, magenta, yellow and black). In this
case the printer requires 4 bitmaps.
Unfortunately, many colour printers do not
print when processing those bitmaps. This
Processing Large Files
Printing higher quality prints can take a
while. However, the processing of those files
can be even more time-consuming. The
amount of raster and vector data that can be
incorporated in one print from a GIS applica-
tion can be very large. 100 Mb is common,
500 Mb is no exception and up to 2 GB hap-
pens occasionally. The (controller of the)
printer has to digest this data and convert it
into printable data (bitmaps). Colour printers
used for GIS normally print in four colours
33
Speci al
Car e About Printing?
ators
s Car e About Printing?
When processing the plot file, Dynamic Switching
determines which print mode must be applied to
print the information. On the fly the printer will, for
example, switch from one-pass to four-pass and back,
if a part of the plot requires this. This guarantees the
optimum trade-off between print speed and print
quality. Since this is done automatically the GIS oper-
ator does not need to make additional settings to
select the number of passes.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 33
means that the print times (that already
werent that impressive) are even extended
by the amount of time the printer processor
needs to process the bitmaps. GIS operators
know that this can vary from 30 seconds to
an hour or more. What they dont know is
how to overcome this.
Optimise Printing from a GIS
Can GIS operators, and their managers,
improve the overall performance and presenta-
tion of their activities by caring about printing?
Possibilities are analysing the workflow, look-
ing at where printing comes into play, using
common sense and surfing the Internet for
solutions. Provided they can afford the time
and enjoy doing this, they can add a lot of
value to their organisation. However it is ques-
tionable whether these kinds of activities are
part of their job description and will be
rewarded in the short run (read: when the
deadline for the current project is not
achieved).
For those who want to outsource this process,
there are other possibilities. The GIS operator
could contact the supplier of the GIS software.
Just like a kind of system integrator most sup-
pliers have customised the software to meet
the exact needs of the customer. Therefore,
they are fairly involved in the workflow on site
and can easily come up with improvements.
However, this assumes that they also have
knowledge about wide format printing. And
often this is not the case. Like GIS operators
they are very much interested in things like
Powerful processor to create the bitmaps
to facilitate fast print-out times and to pro-
ductively print sets. Processing of the
bitmaps must be done while printing the
previous file. This way wasting valuable
printing time is avoided.
If those requirements are met, the effective-
ness of the daily activities of GIS operators
will definitely improve. Though it is under-
standable that GIS operators dont want to go
through these lists with specialised printer
resellers/vendors, it is certainly worthwhile. Just
imagine that the performance of all GIS opera-
tors is improved by 15 minutes, simply
because they dont have to wait for prints.
They do not waste time sending prints or
changing media on the printer. And their pre-
sentations are more convincing because of the
professional output. This will give all GIS oper-
ators one or two weeks per year extra to con-
centrate on what really concerns them, namely
gathering information, combining different data
sets, analysing the results, deriving conclu-
sions and defining actions.
Adwin Kannekens (adwin.kannekens@oce.com) is
International Business Development Manager TDS
Colour of the Business Unit Wide Format Printing
Systems at Oc-Technologies, the Netherlands.
Learn more about Oc and its products via
www.oce.com.
mapping, surveying, and analysis, but not in
printing. As those system integrators are and
must be ahead of the crowd, they tend to
focus on the future (paperless office) and sug-
gest hooking up any printer to the network for
the time being. Another alternative for GIS
operators is to talk to specialised printer com-
panies/resellers. The contact people of profes-
sional companies like this are trained in effi-
ciently analysing the workflow of each specific
situation. Although they are also trained to
sell, the really good ones definitely want to
build up a long-term relationship which will be
reflected in their advice.
Key Requirements
In order to evaluate the advice of printer com-
panies/resellers, the GIS operator simply needs
to have common sense. He must ensure that
the following general requirements that can be
derived from the above-mentioned situations
are met:
Low number of settings (preferably one) to
determine the print quality of the plot;
Easily accessible settings, for example by
means of pre-configured templates;
Media type selectable in the application,
for example in the driver, and proved by
the printer before starting to print;
Colour profiles for commonly used media
types available and manageable in the
controller;
Two or three media rolls supported on the
printer with automatic selection and easy
loading of the media. Ask for a demo;
35
Speci al
The Oc TDS450 wide format print, copy and scan system
is provided with a single high-resolution 600 dpi colour
CCD camera and lens. Also contributing to the systems
image quality is the lamp used to illuminate the original,
which requires no warming-up time. This optical system is
in fact a single mirror, thus reducing the number of mov-
ing parts to a minimum. In addition, the Oc Image Logic
technology -already embedded in black & white systems -
has now been extended to colour in the Oc TDS450
scanner. Accurate manual alignment of documents is not
necessary: the fully digital automatic width detection is
precise to the millimetre. Furthermore the display panel,
inspired by the technology of todays palmtop devices and modern ergonomics, is intuitive and directly accessible to every operator, including
wheelchair users. The user interface is fully customisable, using preprogrammed templates that enable users to perform more complex jobs at the
touch of a single button. The Oc TDS450 is supported by regularly updated and certified drivers and software applications, The Oc TDS450 is avail-
able as standard as a black & white printing system, with the option to expand the system with a full-colour scan-to-file capability.
The Oc TCS500 wide format colour print, copy and scan system is the successor to the Oc TCS400. It allows printing, copying and scanning of all
kinds of wide format originals, both monochrome and colour, from A4 to A0 and up to 36 wide. The scanner, with its Direct Scan technology, is
always ready for immediate use, without warming up time. The Oc Power Logic Controller is developed for quickly handling and processing files,
and can handle new jobs while printing. The Oc TCS500 prints an A0 colour plot in one minute, while an A0 monochrome plot takes 40 seconds.
No trimming is needed, and there is a choice of delivery options. The fully automatic printer calibration enables overnight printing, and media rolls
and inks can be changed without interrupting printing. Recurring copy and scan jobs can be done by using predefine templates, allowing complex
operations to be performed at the push of a single button. The Advanced Queue Manager gives full control of all pending and running jobs.
The Dynamic Switching Technology automatically determines the best print strategy for each part of a plot. Users can choose from 1, 2 or 3 roll units,
different processing memory configurations in the controller and a range of delivery options. The copy module is a separate unit.
The Oc TDS450
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 35
Contex 3D Printing to Increase Prototyping Accuracy and Effectiveness
Historically, the creation of a 3D model or prototype has been a tedious and time-
consuming process that allowed for a significant amount of human error. For example,
creating a large, three-dimensional topographical map with accurately scaled elevations,
overlaid with a perfectly positioned color texture map, and inclusion of all relevant GIS
data would take a day or two to recreate. However, with the advent of Contexs 3D
printing technology, prototyping can be less time-consuming.
By Jesper Erlandsen
How it Works
What is 3D printing and how does it work?
Three-dimensional printing, also referred to
as 3DP, is a type of rapid prototyping that
creates a three-dimension prototype/physical
model from Computer Aided Design (CAD)
data. It uses an inkjet print-head to deposit
a liquid binder that solidifies layers of pow-
der. Using an adapted inkjet printing system,
layers of a fine powder are selectively bond-
ed by printing a water-based adhesive from
the inkjet print head in the shape of each
cross-section as determined by a CAD file.
Alternately the machines feed liquids into
individual jetting heads that squirt tiny
droplets as they are scanned to form a layer
of the model. The liquid hardens after being
deposited. Once a single layer is deposited,
a milling head is used to ensure uniform
thickness before the next layer is deposited.
This rapid prototyping technology enables
models designers, product developers, and
GIS professionals to construct models of
real-world objects like buildings and land-
scapes or to communicate a topographical
surface.
There are many applications for 3D models.
One can think of concept models, presenta-
tion models, functional testing, and Finite
Element Analysis. Sales presentations, mar-
ket research on style, color, and packaging
options are other examples. 3D models of
designs can also be used as tools to demon-
strate the scope of a project or as a leave-
behind.
3D Printing and the GIS Market
While it is still relatively new to the GIS envi-
ronment, 3D printing offers unlimited possi-
bilities for mapping, surveying and related
topics. The 2005 Wohlers Report recognizes
GIS as a "non-traditional" market along with
architecture and medicine. However, with the
emergence of multi-color 3D printing technol-
ogy like the DESIGNMate CX from Contex,
the door into these non-traditional markets
is rapidly opening. In fact, GIS is expected to
be a very strong growth market for 3D print-
ing. Virtually any GIS software application
that can produce CAD data can produce a
file that can be then output on a 3D printer.
Promising 3D modeling applications in the
GIS sphere include urban planning, environ-
mental impact analysis, and site planning for
Jan./Feb. 2006
36
Speci al
GIS Application Description
Operations/Response Planning Deploy 3D Terrain and Urban models to field units and
operation centers quickly and accurately, replacing "the
sand table" with models printed in real-time geospatial
intelligence;
Line of sight;
Plume analysis;
Least cost path.
Communication and Review Create communication models for client/
public review process;
Create full-color models to enhance communications and
customer impact;
Make complex information easy to understand.
Cartographic Display Generate three dimensional topographic models from two-
dimensional GIS data;
Create hydrographs;
Create city models;
Simplify cartographer/analyst map production;
Create educational/museum displays;
Enable 3D visualization.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 36
mining, construction, and demolition to
name a few. With Contex 3D printers, GIS
users can reproduce terrain, urban and sub-
surface maps and models in less time with-
out geometrical limitations and with high
geometrical accuracy. Engineers can use
these physical representations of electronic
design concepts to communicate more effec-
tively with customers, partners and suppliers.
The ability to use 3D printing for GIS appli-
cations changes the way GIS data is used to
communicate. It opens up a world of possi-
bilities including the ability to increase the
exposure and visibility of GIS data, while
communicating clearly with clients, co-work-
ers or the general public with three dimen-
sional examples. With 3D printing technolo-
gy, GIS professionals can create accurate
models without existing resources, delays or
high costs, capitalizing on internal 2D draw-
ings and GIS content.
Five Basic Steps
Creating three-dimensional GIS output using
a Contex 3D printer involves just a few basic
steps. For example, using a Contex 3D print-
er, creating a 3D model is as simple as fol-
lowing these basic steps:
Select the level of detail and area you
want to model and determine the size
and scale;
Choose how the model will be displayed;
Export a VRML/PLY file for 3D printing
from GIS software;
Generate a color image-texture map
overlay on a Digital Elevation Model
(DEM) from sources such as Satellite,
Aerial, Annotation, Chloropleth in
DesignEDIT software;
Print a 3D model of the VRML file on the
3D Printer.
printers available, and are equipped with fea-
tures such as high-definition print resolution. It
is also stated that output speeds are 5 to 10
times faster than other rapid prototyping tech-
nologies, cost per-part construction is the low-
est, and inkjet printing technology is capable
of creating parts with crisply defined features,
enhanced accuracy, and precise 24-bit color.
Users can leverage color capabilities to high-
light and annotate physical models just as
they would with a 2D drawing.
Conclusion
More users in an expanding range of environ-
ments and industries are looking for ways to
accelerate time to market. According to Contex,
the demand for fast, accurate, full-color rapid
prototyping 3D printers that transform the pro-
cess of creating physical models will continue
to grow. As it does, providers like Contex will
be standing ready to provide high-speed high-
quality technology solutions that enable them
to create 3D models quickly and affordably
using in-house resources in a matter of days.
Jesper Erlandsen (jde@contex.com) is Marketing
Manager with Contex. Visit Contex, www.contex.com
to learn more about what Contex has to offer GIS
professionals in the latest technology and products.
Contex Imaging Products
Contex digital solutions provide a path to cap-
ture technical documents, drawings and other
input in order to view, edit, archive, convert,
file or print the output data for various appli-
cations and jobs. Contex scanners also make
wide-format digital copiers by linking a Contex
scanner to a large-format printer. Companies
requiring in-house copying of posters and
drawingsincluding advertising agencies, bill-
board manufacturers and sign makers - can
also benefit from Contex copy solutions.
In 2005 Contex has launched two 3D printers
being offered through a select group of distrib-
utors with expansion planned well into the
future: the Contex DESIGNmate Cx and the
Contex DESIGNmate Mx.
According to Contex its 3D printers are dis-
tinguished from competitors by the fact
that they are the only multi-color 3D
37
Speci al
nica ting GIS Data
y and Effectiveness
nica ting GIS Data
The new Contex printers offer the
same features as 3D printers sold by
Z Corporation, a Contex subsidiary.
The Contex DESIGNmate Cx 3D printer
is a full color printer that produces
high-definition (600 x 540 dpi) full
color 3D models. The Contex
DESIGNmate Mx, with a resolution of
300 x 450 dpi, creates physical models directly from digital
data. It allows users to produce concept models and functional test parts
and is in fact an entry-level prototyping system for office environments and educational
institutions, to mention a few target groups.
Contex 3D printers are based on proven technology that originated at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and was later developed by Contexs Z Corporation subsidiary. The
technology is sold under the Contex, Z Corporation and Vidar brand names through separate
sales channels. Context 3D printers are available today from dealers worldwide.
The Contex DESIGNmate
Cx 3D printer.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 37
39
Taking Decisions Sensibly and with a Maximum of Information
Everyone knows the benefits of GIS when it comes to surveying or risk-management. However the use of GIS-tools in marketing has
not been widely discovered yet. In fact, marketing and water have at least one aspect in common: why flood the market with ads
when a drop in the right spot can serve equally well? What you need is an irrigation system. This system is geomarketing.
By Petra Pommerening
Geomarketing for Beginners
Imagine you own a travel agency with two
points of sale. By the end of the year you find
out that one agency is performing fine while
the other one is doing exceptionally bad. You
can either go for the soccer strategy - fire the
manager and hire new players - or you can
analyse the problem before taking further
steps. Because travel tickets that have been
booked are often mailed to the customer, you
have their addresses that you then geocode
with your newly purchased GIS software. Since
you only know maps from school, you had
hesitated at the investment at first. Especially
since a friend told you that GIS software is
only for specialists, it takes years to learn to
apply, and in the end GIS is of no use at all.
But your friend has never been a trendsetter
anyway (though he is a very good golfer) -
and so here you are with GIS in your hands.
A wizard leads you through the geocoding and
in an instant you have all your customers
colour-coded according to the two points of
sale on your digital map.
Neighbourhood Blocks
Because people who live in the same
neighbourhood are likely to share the same
preferences that is the reason why the lawn
mower and the drill are still at the neigh-
bours -, you can classify your customers in
clusters such as neighbourhood blocks. The
boundaries as well as market data for the
blocks are included in the geomarketing sys-
tem. By using dialogues, the system guides
you so that you find out in only an hour that
80 % of your customers live within a radius
of 18 kilometres. The most potential ones are
strikingly often in areas with middle income,
few kids and posh cars, as the GIS, and the
market data that comes with it, tells you.
In the end you find out that the crucial dif-
ference between the bad- and the well-per-
forming agency is that one is located in an
area with a lot of your target customers liv-
ing close by. It is a place with plenty of
offices in the immediate vicinity, with a lot of
overworked employees searching for a holi-
day special during their lunch-breaks. The
other one is situated in a town where nearly
everyone commutes, people who hardly
manage to drop by a supermarket when they
come home late from work.
You immediately take action and:
Fire the manager anyway he should
have used the geomarketing tool to find
out the reasons for the bad performance;
Open a new agency in a spot identified
by the geomarketing software to make
up for the loss over the last year;
Ar t i cl e
Pouring Geo onto marketing.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 10:59 Pagina 39
Promote the employee who gave you the
article about geomarketing as manager
of your new agency;
Put household ads in the high potential
areas that you have now identified;
Play golf with your friend and beat him
for the first time in months as he is
stunned by your experiences with geo-
marketing.
What is Geomarketing?
Actually, no one really knows what geomarketing
is, as nearly everyone describes it in a different
way. One possible definition is as follows:
Geomarketing (as well-known as business-GIS or
business mapping) analyses actual as well as
potential markets according to their spatial struc-
tures, to more effectively plan and steer sales
measurably. Geomarketing can be applied in the
planning and steering of outlets, sales areas, and
ors and fancy marketing people, trying to
combine the best of both worlds to achieve
a win-win situation. But a drain from one
side to the other does not take place. The
idea of GIS in marketing and vice versa is
still strange to both sides.
Internet Connection
Nearly every move in the market has a spa-
tial aspect. Even online buyers live some-
where and they buy accordingly. This means
that people in rural areas use the Internet in
a different way and for different purposes
than people in cities do. But in both cases
the type of Internet connection is crucial,
such as for telecommunication companies
who offer special rates for DSL customers.
Special data like these are a highly valuable
piece of information for selling products effi-
ciently. Marketing is more than advertising
and includes every decision a company
makes concerning the customer, such as
price, point of sale, and availability.
Geomarketing is the means enabling the
entrepreneur to take these decisions sensibly
and with a maximum of information.
Geomarketing makes the difference between
wasting water and making the most of every
single drop.
But after all the best thing is that it
improves your golf proficiency.
Petra Pommerening (p.pommerening@infas-geodat-
en.de) is Sales Consultant Europe at infas GEOdaten
GmbH, active in geomarketing full service:
www.infas-geodaten.de or www.marktanalyst.com.
net infrastructures all the way up to the targeted
development of new markets. Thus, geomarket-
ing is more often applied in the entrepreneurial
fields of controlling and expansion in order to
objectively measure the success of the imple-
mentation. In real life this means that geomarket-
ing offers a combination of data, maps and mar-
ket information, as well as tools for analysis.
Together with the company data, it is the key to
the companys treasure chest.
New Dimensions in Marketing
With markets becoming more and
more saturated, marketing man-
agers have to think of means to
better exploit their customer poten-
tial and find new ones. On average,
about 80% of all company data has
a spatial component but only 20%
of the data is used to some extent.
Mostly, the reason for this discrep-
ancy is the lack of possibilities for
interlinking the information. A GIS
presents such a possibility by mak-
ing use of the addresses. Added
value is achieved by accumulating the infor-
mation. All of a sudden, the user of a geo-
marketing software is able to visualise a
degree of information density in only one
map that filled up several dozens of tables
before.
This bit of information might not surprise an
experienced GIS user but it is rather new
and sometimes fairly unbelievable for mar-
keting managers. Geomarketing is out there
somewhere in the huge gap between survey-
41
Ar t i cl e
Spiders indicating the relation between customer and points of sale.
Walking distance of the target customer.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 41
Practical Satellite Navigation
The authors first encounter with satellite navi-
gation dates back to the early nineties of the
last century. During my study Hydrographic
Surveying in Amsterdam there was a single
Sercel NR103 GPS receiver available for train-
ing. It was locked away most of the time,
since it cost roughly twenty thousand US dol-
lars, a staggering amount of money at that
time. The use of GPS was by no means com-
mon in those days with most land surveyors
still using theodolites, total stations or level
instruments. At sea systems like Hyperfix,
Syledis and Decca, which are archaic by cur-
rent standards, were used. What almost no
one could have imagined in those days was
the enormous flight the developments in satel-
lite navigation would take. At the moment GPS
is synonymous for easy, precise and fast posi-
tioning in almost every sector. The number of
receivers that are offered is large and prices
are low. However the knowledge of these
systems is usually lagging behind. Who isnt
familiar with the example of politicians want-
ing to use GPS for say road taxing? In theory
this sounds good, but everyone who has been
using GPS in an urban environment, in tun-
nels, or under trees knows that the system
will not work (properly).
Future developments like Galileo and Glonass
will probably improve this, but are still in a
development phase. This series of articles will
primarily focus on practical problems as men-
tioned above, their origin and how to prevent
them if possible. Starting point will always be
practical application of the theory.
GPS History in Short
Satellite navigation comprises all the systems
developed, or under development, for naviga-
tion or positioning purposes based upon satel-
lites. Satellite navigation dates back to the last
century. In 1964 the American Transit system
was declared operational and offered a preci-
sion in the order of 400 meters. Even though
receiver prices were high, the system was in
use until 1992 by, amongst others, the US
Navy.
The greatest disadvantage of the Transit sys-
tem was the relative low precision and low
update rate. For this reason the American gov-
ernment started the development of a succes-
sor to Transit or, as it was known by then, the
Navy Navigational Satellite System (NNSS). This
successor was christened Navigation by
Satellite Timing and Ranging (NAVSTAR) but
was later given the name Global Positioning
System (GPS). On the 8th of December 1993
the system was officially declared operational,
but by then had already been in use for almost
10 years by the army and survey industry.
Glonass and Galileo
Parallel to the development of GPS, Russia
has been developing a similar system called
Glonass. Glonass was declared operational in
1997 but the number of satellites deteriorated
Jan./Feb. 2006
42
Ar t i cl e
Nowadays almost everyone, both inside and outside the GIS and survey sector, is
familiar with satellite navigation, and GPS in particular. Even so thorough knowledge
of satellite navigation seems to be private to specialists like geodesists and manufac-
turers. The group of daily users of GPS systems and data however is becoming larger
by the day. This article is the first in a series scrutinizing the daily use of GPS and
will expand on the GNSS article as published in GeoInformatics 5 - 2005.
GPS Constellation (source: tpegps.port5.com).
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 42
shortly thereafter by lack of funding. In 2001
the launching program was reinstated and
expectations are that the system will be
operational again in 2010.
At the moment Europe is working hard on its
own satellite navigation system, Galileo. The
expectation of the European Union is that
the system will be operational in 2008.
This series describes the practical application
of satellite navigation in general, but will use
GPS as a basis for demonstrating practical
matters. The table on page 45 shortly
describes the differences between GPS,
Glonass and Galileo.
Satellite Navigation System
Components
Every satellite navigation systems consists of
three components:
Space Segment: is made up of the satel-
lites, which are called Space Vehicles
(SV) in GPS. A full GPS constellation con-
sists of 24 SVs (21 plus 3 active spares);
Control Segment: a network of tracking
stations around the world. From these
stations the satellites are tracked,
checked and corrected if necessary;
User Segment: consists of all the users
and receivers.
Currently 30 GPS satellites are active, revolv-
ing around the earth at a height of 20,240
kilometres. There are six GPS orbits, with at
least four satellites per orbit. Each orbit
makes an angle with the equator, called
inclination, of roughly 55 degrees. The actual
inclination depends on the satellite and
orbit. A complete revolution of a single satel-
lite around the earth takes 11 hours and 58
minutes. This results in a GPS constellation
European GSM telephone transmits at 900
MHz and 1800 MHz. In the near future GPS
will also transmit at a third frequency band,
L5 (1176 MHz).
Within GPS every satellite is designated with
its own unique identification code called
Pseudo Random Noise (PRN). Currently the
GPS system uses two PRN codes per satel-
lite for navigation. The first is for general
(civilian) use called the Coarse Access or C/A
code and is transmitted on the L1 frequency.
The second is the Precision or P code that
can only be used by military users and is
transmitted on both the L1 and L2 frequency
bands. New GPS satellites will furthermore
have a so-called L2C code which is basically
a C/A code in the L2 band.
Satellite Reception
The effective power at which signals are
transmitted from the satellite amounts to
500 Watt. This may seem like much, but one
should realise that the signal has to cover
more than 20,000 kilometres.
Upon reaching the receiver antenna the sig-
nal is much weaker than the background
noise. A GPS receiver employs a special tech-
nique called auto correlation to distinguish
the GPS signal from the background noise,
the PRN code playing a key role in this pro-
cess. The PRN code for the satellite is gener-
ated in the GPS receiver and then compared
with the received signal for that satellite.
This results in a highly accurate detection of
the signal.
Since the signal is very weak when reaching
change of four min-
utes per day.
As a result of the
55-degree inclina-
tion, the orbit of
the individual GPS
satellite will not
reach above 55
degrees latitude
North or South. As a
result, the number
of available satel-
lites above the hori-
zon will become
less above these latitudes. Furthermore this
inclination has an influence on the actual
precision of our position determination. More
about this phenomenon in the upcoming
article on errors and quality indicators.
Signals
Basically a navigation satellite is nothing
more than a radio transmitter sending cer-
tain messages at a specific time interval. The
transmitted messages consist of two ele-
ments; a code used for the actual position-
ing and two navigation messages called
ephemeris and almanac indicating amongst
others orbit information.
Depending on the navigation system this
information is transmitted at two or more
frequencies. These frequencies are usually
indicated using the frequency band in which
they are transmitted. GPS for example trans-
mits at the L1 (1575 MHz) and L2 (1227
MHz) frequency bands. To compare: a
43
Ar t i cl e
GPS Signals for the current constellation. The L5 frequency and the L2C code are not
shown (source: P.H. Dana 1996).
Tracking of 27 GPS satellites for two orbits. As can be seen there are no GPS satellites reaching a latitude of more
than 60 degrees North or South (source: P.H. Dana 1998).
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 43
a receiver, a good antenna is needed.
Usually antennas incorporating amplifiers are
used. But even when using a state-of-the-art
antenna, a small obstruction between the
satellite and the receiver will block the signal
completely. Glass is usually no problem, but
under trees or inside and under cranes GPS
performance is greatly reduced because the
signals are blocked.
Satellite Detection
In order to use auto correlation the receiver
needs to know in advance which satellites to
expect above the horizon. This is necessary
since most receivers dont have as many
reception channels (usually 12) as there are
available satellites (around 30 at the
moment). If we now have a GPS receiver
having been used in America and accordingly
switched off and back on in Europe, it would
try to find the satellites that are visible
above the horizon in America. Eventually
these satellites will come into view, but this
can take as long as eight hours. If we tell
the receiver our approximate location, it will
use the information from the almanac or
ephemeris to determine which satellites are
visible above the horizon. This initial posi-
tion does not have to be very accurate; a
couple hundreds of kilometres is in general
good enough.
If we have a clean receiver without an
almanac, or if the almanac is faulty, the ini-
almanac into the receiver from the Internet
or another GPS receiver. GPS almanacs and
ephemeredes are, amongst others, available
from the US Coast Guard Navigation Center.
The next article in this series will deal with
the positioning method and timing within
satellite navigation systems.
topics discussed go to www.navcen.uscg.gov (GPS),
www.esa.int (Galileo) and www.glonass-center.ru
(Glonass).
tialisation will take longer as well. In this
case the complete almanac must be received
from the satellites. This can take several
hours, depending on the number of visible
satellites. An alternative is to download an
45
Ar t i cl e
Starting this issue, Huibert-Jan Lekkerkerk, will reinforce the writing staff of GeoInformatics on the
topic of surveying. Huibert-Jan studied both Hydrography (1995) and Maritime Electronics (1997)
at the Higher Nautical College Amsterdam, the Netherlands. From 1995 until 1998 he worked as a
hydrographic surveyor and software engineer at Hydrographic and Marine Consultants where,
amongst others, he was involved in the development of a maritime GIS and an autonomous
survey vessel. From 1998 until 2005 he worked in various functions at the D.O.O.R. group, first
as hydrographic surveyor, later on as consultant / project manager and trainer. As a trainer for
Skilltrade, a trainings institute for hydrographic and geological survey, he trained various branches
of the Dutch government as well as personnel of various survey companies. In 2005 he left
D.O.O.R. Nederland to take up the function of project manager information standards at the
InformationDesk standards Water. Besides his function at IDsW, Huibert-Jan is also active as a
freelance writer and trainer in the field of positioning and surveying. His fields of expertise are
inshore surveying and dredging with an emphasis on GPS, Multibeam echo sounding and
Attitude sensors.
GPS Galileo Glonass
(Probably) operational in the year 1993 2008 2010
Number of satellites when operational
(active + spares) 21 + 3 27 + 3 21 + 3
Current number of satellites 30 1 13
Number of orbits 6 3 3
Number of satellites per orbit 4 10 8
Inclination of satellites 55 56 64.8
Orbit height (kilometres) 20,240 23,222 19,100
Frequency bands used L1, L2, (L5) L1, E1, E2, E5, E6 L1, L2
Specific parameters of global navigation satellite systems.
Artist Impression of a GPS Satellite (source: www.gulfsurveyors.com).
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 45
Combination with INTERGEO Creates Big Global Surveyors Event
The XXIII Congress of the International Federation of Surveyors, FIG, will take place in
Munich, Germany from 8-13 October 2006. The congress will be hosted by the DVW
German Association of Surveying Society for Geodesy, Geo-Information and Land
Management. This organisation has assumed the FIG presidency for the period
20032006.
By Markku Villikka
FIG & INTERGEO
The FIG event will make Munich the focus of
international activity for one week in 2006 -
at least for surveying and geomatics. The
congress will run concurrently with the
German INTERGEO 2006 as one fully inte-
grated event. Especially the expert fair with
almost 500 exhibitors and an exhibition
space of 30,000 square meters will make FIG
2006 the largest meeting for surveyors
world-wide this year. The organisers expect
that more than 15,000 people will visit the
exhibition in Munich.
Surveying Disciplines
Several additional events are linked to the
main congress. For example the Geodetic
Week (1012 October 2006) for the exchange
of information on current activities in geodet-
ic university and research institutes. Other
parallel events include the symposium of
International Association of Geodesy (IAG)
Commission 1 and FIG Commission 5 and the
workshop History of Surveying at the
Deutsches Museum. And there will be more,
says Thomas Gollwitzer, Congress Director of
FIG 2006.
The FIG Congress will run at the International
Congress Centre in Munich and at the
Holiday Inn, Munich for a whole week. The
event includes four plenary sessions three
jointly with INTERGEO and more than 100
technical sessions and workshops.
Furthermore there are 30 technical tours. To
balance the technical programme a wide
range of sightseeing tours and social events
has been planned. In order to facilitate the
mutual exchange of ideas, a variety of meet-
ings and events will be organised jointly,
both in the professional field and on a social
level, especially in the evenings.
Gollwitzer wants to emphasize the specific
Two Different Venues
The FIG Congress takes place at two different
venues. From 912 October it will be held at
the International Congress Centre Munich
(ICM), from 10 October together with INTER-
GEO, Geodetic Week and the trade fair. The
opening ceremony, plenary sessions and all
FIG/INTERGEO/Geodetic Week scientific ses-
sions will be held at the ICM.
The FIG administrative meetings, General
Assemblies and the welcoming reception,
closing ceremony and the party of the next
FIG Congress (to be held in Sydney in 2010)
on 8 and 13 October will take place at the
Holiday Inn Munich City Centre. The Holiday
Inn is a 4-star conference hotel located just
a few minutes away from the city centre and
the Deutsches Museum, explains Gollwitzer.
ICM and Holiday Inn are linked by a practi-
cal public transport system. Expenses for this
are included in the congress fee.
Results of Past Four Years
With the motto Shaping the Change, we
wish to make clear how the surveying pro-
fession can contribute to the present and
future challenges among experts, but also to
make it accessible to a more general public,
explains Prof. Holger Magel, President of FIG.
He continues by explaining that the congress
contains a collection of the results of the
work of the ten FIG technical commissions
and of the FIG Council from the last four
years. The result is the congress programme
to range from an opening ceremony to tech-
nical sessions and workshops. The speakers
Jan./Feb. 2006
46
The world congress
of FIG is organised
every four years,
with previous con-
gresses in
Washington DC in
2002, Brighton, UK in 1998, Melbourne,
Australia in 1994 and in Helsinki in 1990.
This year the 23rd Congress will take place
in Munich, Germany 8-13 October 2006. The
latest congress in Germany was in
Wiesbaden in 1971.
Thomas Gollwitzer, Congress Director of FIG 2006.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 46
include international partners like the United
Nations and its agencies UN Under
Secretary General Prof. Klaus Tpfer will be
the keynote speaker at the opening ceremony
to our professional partners among which
representatives of the geospatial information
societies. We are also very happy about the
closer co-operation with our corporate mem-
bers and their professional contributions to
our scientific programme.
Developing Countries
Magel expects the FIG Congress in Munich to
make a new record both in participant fig-
ures and nations represented in the
congress. He explains that for many develop-
ing countries and countries in transition the
congress, as it takes place once every four
years, is still the best if not the only oppor-
tunity to meet with international colleagues.
This is in spite of the success that we have
had by introducing regional conferences and
by developing the FIG working weeks into
mini-congresses. The FIG Congress is still a
must for all surveyors.
Magel also expresses his wish to see many
young surveyors and students at the
congress. We are doing our best to make
participation as attractive as possible for
young people. In order to do so we have the
FIG Congress Prize for example, a contest for
surveyors under 35 years.
The topics of the scientific programme cover
all ten commissions of FIG: professional
practice, education, geoinformation manage-
ment, hydrography, positioning and measure-
ment, engineering surveys, land management
and land administration, spatial planning
and development, valuation and real estate
management and construction economies.
transparency and especially more sustainable
development in the interest of the next gen-
eration. More than ever surveyors explicitly
have to contribute to democracy, good gov-
ernance and enhancement of civil society.
Due to some negative consequences of glob-
alization increasing there is now a great dan-
ger for democratic structures on a local,
national and global level. More than ever we
should underline the need for and benefit of
functioning and even strengthened democra-
cy for all people and for proper or at least
better living conditions. This includes an
intensified commitment of surveyors to guar-
anteeing better access to land and resources
for all human beings. Surveyors are well-
known experts for all topics around land and
resources and therefore responsible for tai-
lor-made land administration and land read-
justment systems or for appropriate spatial
data infrastructures. More than ever there is
also a need for a new balance between pub-
lic and private sectors in the field of survey-
ing activities and responsibilities, says
Magel.
He continues: We can conclude that survey-
ors around the global village have to adapt
to all of these new socio-political and eco-
nomic and environmental dimensions. They
have to deal with new technologies, meth-
ods and tools to optimize their contributions
in the interest of public and private stake-
holders. That is why the FIG congress 2006
in Munich is so important.
Markku Villikka (markku.villikka@fig.net)
is Director of the FIG office in Denmark.
More information about FIG at www.fig.net and
about FIG 2006 at www.fig2006.de.
FIG is not only about land surveying and
land administration, but also about valuation
and quantity surveying or about geodesy,
photogrammetry and remote sensing, says
Magel.
Call for Papers
Papers to the technical programme are
selected by the FIG technical commissions
based both on an open call for papers and
on invited papers. Authors who are interest-
ed in submitting a paper have to submit
their abstract to the FIG office by 15 March
2006. For the first time the abstract submis-
sions are collected online on the FIG web
site: http://www.fig.net/abstractdb/
submit.asp?id=6. Selected authors will be
notified by the end of May 2006. The full
papers have to be submitted by 15 July
2006.
Registration fees to the congress vary from
440 euros (early-bird registration) to 560
euros (late registration). To encourage stu-
dents to participate they pay only 150 euros.
The fees include admission to all FIG, INTER-
GEO and Geodetic Week Sessions, the trade
show, FIG general assemblies and social
events like the welcoming reception,
Surveyors Reception, FIG 2010 party and a
ticket for public transportation. Especially the
Surveyors Reception is a shared event with
the traditional Treff, the social highlight of.
Visible Profession
Magel wants to emphasize that the FIG
congress in Munich will be a great platform
to discuss the role of surveying and geomat-
ics in future. Up to now surveyors have had
to contribute more or less purely technically
to public and private interests and actions.
Nowadays the profession is visible for all,
heading towards more equity, security and
47
eyors Event
Participants should look for this hotel if they want to
attend the FIG administrative meetings.
Silhouette of Munich, centre of Germany and with a
Bavarian charm.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 47
Balanced Overview of Developments in SDIs
Over the last 15 years a lot has happened in the GIS-world at a more conceptual level,
but so far this is hardly reflected in the existing literature. Ian Masser has taken it
upon himself to write a book about the emergence of Spatial Data Infrastructures:
GIS Worlds - Creating Spatial Data Infrastructures, published by ESRI Press in 2005.
By Robin Wevers
Introduction
The book provides an overview of the devel-
opments in Spatial Data Infrastructures
(SDIs) over the last 10 to 15 years. Ian
Masser became involved in matters relating
to geographic information (GI) policy and
spatial data infrastructures (SDIs) in the late
1980s. He carried out a comparative evalua-
tion of national spatial data infrastructures in
a number of countries. From 1999 to 2003
Masser was president of the Eurogi
(European Umbrella Organization for
Geographic Information) and from 2002 to
2004 he was president of the GSDI
Association (Global Spatial Data
Infrastructure). These and several other activ-
ities make Masser more than qualified to
present this book.
The target audience for the book is key deci-
sion makers at all levels of government and
in the private sector. People in the trade
business can put this book on their bosses
desks to encourage them to think more
strategically about GI and GIS. According to
Masser one of the problems is that most of
the literature on the subject tends to be very
technical. This deters politicians and senior
management executives from reading about
this subject and consequently taking action.
GIS-Worlds
Most books about GIS-related topics look
attractive as a result of many illustrations.
But GIS-Worlds - Creating Spatial Data
Infrastructures is a book about concepts
and about strategic developments, not about
the day-to-day use of GIS-systems and data.
Thus this book is less suited for appealing
illustrations. Nevertheless ESRI Press and
Masser have succeeded in producing an
attractive-looking book. The number of illus-
trations is limited, but by frequently present-
ing information in tables and descriptions in
boxes the overall impression of the book is
quite pleasing. Furthermore Masser proves to
have a way with words and succeeds in get-
ting his message across.
What is this message? When asked the
author says: I think that the most important
message from my book is that SDIs are
emerging. This shows that governments
throughout the world are beginning to think
more strategically about the management
and exploitation of their geographic informa-
tion assets. This will have some profound
consequences for the way both public and
private sector organizations will operate in
the future. For example, the notion of data
sharing features prominently in many state-
ments about GI (and also IT in general) but
there are few examples of data sharing in
practice.
Diffusion of SDIs
Lets go back to the contents of the book.
Masser starts his journey with the diffusion
of SDI over the world, followed by the evolu-
tion and implementation. For his analysis of
the diffusion of SDIs the author uses the
well-known model of Everett Rogers, original-
ly developed for the diffusion of hybrid corn
species in Iowa (1943), but since that time
widely applied in different types of innova-
tions. Rogers model describes the diffusion
by distinguishing between innovators, early
adopters, early majority, late majority and
laggards. Every group has its own character-
istics. According to the model the innovators
account for about 2.5 per cent of the popu-
lation. Considering there are about 200
countries worldwide this amounts to five
countries. Similarly about 27 countries make
up the population of the early adopters. The
distinction between the two is not always
obvious. Masser distinguishes and analyses
eleven countries that are in the front field of
SDIs: Australia, Canada, Indonesia, Japan,
Korea, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Portugal,
Qatar, United Kingdom and the United
States. His analysis highlights the diversity of
Jan./Feb. 2006
50
Book r evi ew
GIS Worlds -
Creating Spatial Data Infrastructures
By Ian Masser
ISBN 1-58948-122-4
Printed by ESRI Press, 2005
312 pages $ 49,95
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 50
these countries in size and population: from
10 million inhabitants (Portugal) to 285 million
(USA). As for gross national product per capita
and economic status 9 out of the 11 innovator
countries fall in the high-income range accord-
ing to the World Banks ranking system.
Several Levels
Masser distinguishes several levels of SDI:
sub-national, national, regional and global,
and gives examples of each level. How com-
plex the evolution of SDIs can get, is illustrat-
ed by the description of the developments in
Australia, Canada and the USA. In these coun-
tries a multilevel SDI evolved with a national
framework, complemented with regional SDIs.
Since the implementation varies from region to
region, the SDI that emerges from this process
is a collage of similar but often quite different
elements. Analysing the early majority reveals
a difference with the early adopters and inno-
vators: most early majority countries have low-
income levels. An important aspect of the
emergence of the early majority is that they
provided much of the interconnectedness in
the interactions that take place between simi-
lar countries. An important player in this field
is Eurogi. Eurogi is the only regional body that
is independent from any national or intergov-
ernmental body. The exact objectives of Eurogi
have been redefined over time, but essentially
Eurogi tries to further the interests of the
Conclusion
All in all Masser has succeeded in giving a
balanced overview of the developments of
spatial data infrastructures. The book encour-
ages its readers to think strategically about
geographics information. Being highly con-
ceptual the book will not make it to the
bedside table, but it is a valuable descriptive
work, which will leave its readers well-
informed and able to participate in discus-
sions about ongoing developments.
Robin Wevers (r.r.wevers@freeler.nl) is a freelance writ-
er of geo-ict articles.
More information can be found at:
http://www.esri.com/news/releases/05_2qtr/ian-mass-
er.html
http://www.gsdi.org
http://www.eurogi.org
More information about INSPIRE can be found in
GeoInformatics 2005-5, 2005-7 and 2005-8.
European geographic information community
and stresses the importance of increasing the
use of geographic information for many pur-
poses.
Benefits
GIS-Worlds - Creating Spatial Data
Infrastructures is descriptive in nature and
elaborates about the diffusion, evolution and
implementation of SDIs. The book only
briefly mentions benefits from SDIs. The ben-
efits that the various countries hope to
achieve vary slightly. The executive order of
President Clinton (USA, 1994) phrases it as
follows: to promote economic development,
improve our stewardship of natural
resources, and to protect the environment.
The National Geographic Information System
in Korea recognizes SDI as one of the most
fundamental infrastructures required in
promoting national competitiveness and
productivity.
GIS-Worlds Creating Spatial Data
Infrastructures does not explain how and
why SDIs are thought to bring about these
benefits. When asked Ian Masser explains
that there actually is a gap in current
research. As yet very little systematic work
has been done in this respect. The Joint
Research Centre of the European Commission
(JRC) has recently organized a workshop on
this topic.
51
Book r evi ew
For a definition of a Spatial Data Infrastructure Masser refers to the Global Spatial Data
Infrastructure website (http://www.gsdi.org/):
A .spatial data infrastructure supports ready global access to geographic information. This is
achieved through the coordinated actions of nations and organizations that promote awareness
and implementation of complimentary policies, common standards and effective mechanisms for
the development and availability of interoperable digital geographic data and technologies to
support decision making at all scales for multiple purposes. These actions encompass the poli-
cies, organizational remits, data, technologies, standards, delivery mechanisms, and financial and
human resources necessary to ensure that those working at the global and regional scale are not
impeded in meeting their objectives.
(Italics from Masser).
Four key concepts underpin all SDIs:
Maximize the use of geographic information;
A need for a coordinated action on the part of governments;
SDIs must be user-driven;
Implementation involves a wide range of activities regarding technical, organizational and
financial issues and human resources.
Ian Masser, author of the book.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 51
Applicable Across the Curriculum Wherever There is a Spatial Question
As GIS technology expands into many markets, it is becoming an important part of
daily life in Germany. Despite this fact, the technologys presence in schools remains
weak although in the last 5 years remarkable progress has taken place in schools in
Germany. This paper presents a solution for a simple but effective and straight-for-
ward introduction of GIS in schools based on WebGIS-technology.
By Dirk Schaefer
GIS in German Education
Since the 1990s geoinformation and GIS
technology have become an increasingly
important part in many areas of German
daily life: the weather forecasts in the daily
news on TV include satellite images and
even animated flights through 3D-land-
scapes. Navigation systems are available in
cars, travel planners are used via the
Internet to find the best route. Professional
planners, emergency and disaster response
personnel, government agencies, businesses
in Germany (and around the world as well)
use GIS as a tool for their everyday work.
For many years, GIS has been applied and
used in research in many universities in
Germany. Also, the students in different fields
of study, such as Geography and surveying,
learn how to use GIS to solve geographical
questions. Additionally, numerous new insti-
tutes have been established in Germany dur-
ing the last 20 years focussing on the topics
geoinformation and GIS, offering different
study courses in higher education, including
e-learning, with different academic grades
(BILL, 2005).
Unfortunately, the significance of GIS in
schools still remains weak. However, in the
last few years a remarkable progress in
deployment of new media took place in
schools due to a governmental initiative that
gives every school in Germany computers
and Internet access. GIS is slowly, but steadi-
ly becoming an integral part in teaching
geography. Some states have already inte-
grated GIS in the curriculum, like Hamburg,
Baden-Wuerttemberg, and Bavaria. Other
states will follow.
New Access
GIS is more than just another software tool
or programme that can be used in schools. It
is also more than just computer mapping.
Applying GIS offers new access to geograph-
ic data and therewith it helps to answer
questions related to space as well as
changes in space and time. Therefore, GIS
can be used in geography classes and other
classes as well. Due to the access to the
database and different new media, GIS gives
more interactions for students than an ordi-
nary atlas, where many limitations are found
in map and data analysis. As an interactive
tool, GIS allows students to visualize and
manipulate data and draw their own maps
and graphs. Another advantage is the possi-
bility of editing and updating maps and
tables. Furthermore, data from governmental
organizations or others can be integrated
into the system to analyse regional and local
data from the environment of the students.
The application of GIS in schools is therefore
very important because it helps to achieve
the specified competencies as defined in the
education standards by the German confer-
ence of the ministers of education: examples
are competence of matter, media compe-
tence, competence in presentation, spatial or
orientation competence, and social compe-
tence.
Barriers
ESRIs ArcView 3.X and 9.X and "Diercke GIS"
are the most popular GIS-software in German
schools. Diercke GIS (http://www.diercke.de/
gis/gis.html), an adapted version of ArcView
GIS 3.2, was developed by ESRI Germany in
collaboration with Westermann Textbook
Publishing Company ("Westermann-
Schulbuchverlag"), one of the leading publish-
ing houses for geographic educational materi-
als in Germany. Diercke GIS features a special
menu bar in German and English so it can be
used in bilingual teaching. The package comes
with a large collection of maps and ready-to-
use data. Diercke GIS includes all mapping
and analysis functions of ArcView and can be
used out-of-the-box. These products and oth-
ers that are similar are evidence that GIS tools
for schools are available, but the acceptance
of GIS in schools is developing slowly. This
raises the question why the introduction and
use are proceeding so slowly.
Jan./Feb. 2006
52
Figure 1: Screenshot of the map service The Climate worldwide on http://www.webgis-schule.de.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 52
The biggest barriers to the introduction of GIS
in schools remain its cost, and the necessary
hardware and data. In addition, it takes a long
time to learn GIS, especially with time-consum-
ing acquisition and practice is prejudicial for
the introduction in schools. According to this,
learning materials and easy-to-use tools for
the introduction of GIS need to be prepared to
enable every teacher to apply GIS in the class-
room. Also, it is very important to implement
GIS in teacher-training in the universities in
order to prepare future teachers to apply the
technology in their schools. Consequently, the
curriculum in the universities for students who
want to become teachers must be adapted to
the developments in schools in order to
enable these students to learn GIS as soon as
possible. Additionally, universities (and/or other
institutes) have to provide further training on
GIS and its applications for the teachers
already teaching in schools.
the easiest way to introduce GIS in schools.
The diverse lessons and data on WebGIS-
Schule can be used as a methodical tool for
the introduction of GIS in schools and uni-
versities. It provides a simple, straightfor-
ward and very cost-effective introduction and
the use of this GIS technology is free.
Furthermore, WebGIS can be used all over
the world, only a computer with internet
access is needed and no additional GIS soft-
ware has to be installed.
Applying WebGIS in Schools
The map-service The Climate Worldwide
includes a world map, a graticule, a world
satellite image and monthly temperature and
rainfall data of 1270 reference stations, see
Figure 1. According to Walter and Lieth climate
diagrams for all stations are available as Hot-
Links or hyperlinks. Data and maps can be
used to analyse various topics about the cli-
mate, such as climate classifications or region-
al climates. The format of the map service
The Climate Worldwide Monthly
Temperature and Precipitation Data is clearly
structured. It contains the map window, the
layer list, the legend and the toolbar, see
Figure 2. The toolbar provides typical GIS
functions, corresponding to the functions of a
tool border in a full version of a GIS, such as
ArcView 3.X or Diercke GIS 1.X or 2.0. Both
Web Services can be found on
http://www.webgis-schule.de. Students can
learn about the layer technique and the
meaning of visible and/or active layers.
The layers can be made visible or hidden by
simply clicking the check box beside the layer
name (and clicking the Refresh Map button).
In order to identify objects or to query the
database the layer has to be active. However,
only one layer can be active in WebGIS.
Monsoon in India
The following example demonstrates how
WebGIS can be applied in the school (11th
class). The students can learn about the
monsoon climate in India by applying typical
GIS functions. The monsoon in India is a
topic that can be found in many curricula
around the world; see the example in the
text book for teachers Mapping Our World:
GIS Lessons for Educators (Malone et al.,
2002). Teachers need basic computer litera-
cy and knowledge how to use the Internet
Free GIS Technology
An easy and cost-effective
introduction of GIS in schools
and universities is possible
via the Internet with specific
Internet mapping solutions,
such as WebGIS. The website
WebGIS-Schule (Schule is the
German word for school) was
developed by me, the author
of this article, in order to
provide map-services that
can be used for an introduc-
tion of GIS in high schools,
comprehensive (middle)
schools, and universities. All
map-services on WebGIS-
Schule were evaluated in schools, including
universities. The WebGIS-Server is provided
by the Department of Geography at Mainz
University in cooperation with the Data
Processing Center of Mainz University. All
WebGIS services are based on ESRI ArcIMS
9.x, running on a Windows 2003 server with
an Apache Web-Server and Tomcat 4 as
servlet container.
WebGIS-Schule (http://www.webgis-schule.de)
provides different services with a collection
of data components that can directly be
used in classes following the general require-
ments of the curriculum. Most of the map-
services are bilingual. The following are
examples of different data sets:
The Climate of Germany (German);
The Climate worldwide (German, English);
WebGIS Rhineland-Palatinate (German);
WebGIS Spain (German, Spanish);
WebGIS France (German, French).
Another WebGIS about China
that provides interactive
maps, data and diagrams
about the climate and cli-
mate change is also available
(http://www.webgis-china.de).
The applications provide the
usual GIS tools (zoom, pan,
identify, hyperlinks, buffer)
and also allow the user to
query the database. In addi-
tion, step-by-step instructions
can be downloaded (PDF-
documents) and directly used
in the classroom, which is
53
s a Spatial Question
Figure 2: Monthly temperature and rainfall data of 1270 stations can be
identified.
Figure 3: Climate diagrams are available for all stations.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 53
and a computer pool with Internet access is
necessary. First, the students have to zoom
on South Asia by using the Zoom tool.
Then, individual stations can be selected and
be compared concerning the monthly tem-
perature and precipitation data applying the
"Identify tool.
According to Walter and Lieth climate dia-
grams can be analysed using the Hot-Link
tool. On the basis of typical stations, like
Bombay, the monsoon climate of South Asia
can be divided into the four seasons and it
clearly shows that precipitation represents
the crucial climatic element for the partition-
ing into the seasons, see Figure 3.
The spatial and temporal distribution of rain-
fall shows large differences in South Asia,
which can be analysed using and comparing
the climate data and climate diagrams.
Stations can be selected to draw profiles, for
example north-south; west-east. The query
manager can be applied to identify the
regions receiving highest annual precipitation
amounts (>1800 mm) in India, see Figures 4
and 5, identifying the two branches of the
monsoon system during south west summer
monsoon, which can be explained as a part
of general circulation of the atmosphere.
Erfolgsstory? In: GIS Geoinformations-
systeme. Zeitschrift fr raumbezogene
Informationen und Entscheidungen, 6. 14 19.
Malone, L., A.H. Palmer and C.L. Voigt:
(2002): Mapping Our World, GIS Lessons for
Educators. Redlands: ESRI Press.
Schaefer, D. (2004a): Der Monsun in Indien.
Eine Internet-Erkundung mit WebGIS. In:
geographie heute 221/222. 40-45.
Schaefer, D. (2004b): WebGIS - ein methodis-
ches Werkzeug zum Einstieg in GIS in
Schulen und Hochschulen. In: Schaefer, D.
(Edit.)(2004): Geoinformation und
Geotechnologien. Anwendungsbeispiele aus
der modernen Informations- und
Kommunikationsgesellschaft. Mainzer
Geographische Studien, Mainz. 63-74.
Schaefer, D. (2005): WebGIS-Schule - Der
Einstieg fr Schulen und Hochschulen in
Geographische Informationssysteme (GIS). In:
Strobl, J., Blaschke, T. und G. Griesebner
(Edit.) (2005): Angewandte Geoinformatik
2005. Beitrge zum 17. AGIT-Symposium
Salzburg. Wichmann Verlag. 605-610.
Schaefer, D. and J.-P. Mund (2001): Einsatz
Geographischer Informationssysteme im
Erdkundeunterricht. In: Geographie heute,
195, 18-21.
Wachowicz, M., C. Brox and W. Reinhardt:
Chanllenges on Advancing GI Education in
Europe. In: Geoinformatics, September 2005.
10-13.
Dr. Dirk Schaefer (Dirk.Schaefer@Uni-Mainz.de;
http://www.geo.uni-mainz.de/schaefer) works as a
senior researcher at the Department of Geography,
Mainz University in Germany, responsible for
the education in GIS. Go to http://www.webgis-
schule.de to learn more about WebGIS.
The added value of applying
WebGIS is evident. On the
one hand, students learn
about the monsoon system
as part of the general circula-
tion of the atmosphere and
on the other hand, students
learn the basic functions of
GIS: zoom, identifying, query-
manager, and Hot-Links.
Conclusion
GIS is a modern tool that
can be used across the cur-
riculum wherever there is a
spatial question to be
answered, including History,
Biology and other school subjects. Teaching
GIS in schools contributes to the develop-
ment of essential skills in daily life and helps
students to understand and handle comput-
ers and new media. GIS is one of the most
important tools in the 21st century. Using GIS
in schools demonstrates to students the
ubiquity and importance of geography in
every area of their daily lives. It also teaches
them to work with new technologies as a
fundamental research tools. Students apply
GIS as an information system in order to
learn more about their immediate and larger
environment and begin to understand how
everything on earth is truly connected in one
system. Advanced students use GIS to solve
problems, such as regional case studies
about changing the environment due to
human activities, and become active contrib-
utors to the quality of life of our society.
I think WebGIS is an excellent approach to
introduce the use of GIS in schools. In
Germany, every school has access to the
Internet and the use of the map services
provided by WebGIS-Schule
(http://www.webgis-schule.de) is free. Various
(mostly bilingual) map services can be used
for the introduction of GIS at schools and
universities. Students learn
not only the thematic con-
tents but also GIS principles
and backgrounds (layer tech-
nique, database, maps), typi-
cal GIS functions (such as
zoom, pan, identify, search,
query) and the overall bene-
fits of GIS.
References
Audet, R. and G. Ludwig
(2000): GIS in Schools.
Redlands: ESRI Press.
Bill, R. (2005): 20 Jahre GIS-
Ausbildung an deutsch-
sprachigen Hochschulen - eine
55
Figure 4: Query to select all stations in India with an annual precipitation
amount > 1800 mm.
Figure 5: The query results show the stations and areas receiving the highest
rainfall amounts in India.
Prod_GI_1_2006 30-01-2006 11:00 Pagina 55
56
Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging announced Leica
Photogrammetry Suite (LPS) Version 9.0. Aimed at
high-volume production photogrammetry organiza-
tions, LPS 9.0 provides a more efficient means of edit-
ing seams for sizable projects that may involve a large
number of images. This release also introduces Leica
MosaicPro. Updated versions of PRO600 9.0 and
ORIMA DP for LPS 9.0 are also included with this
release.
New features and enhancements in LPS 9.0 include:
Improved auto-correlation during manual point
measurement in the Stereo Point Measurement
tool;
Seed DTM support in the Automatic Terrain
Extraction module;
The ability to edit terrain extraction properties for
all image pairs in the Automatic Terrain Extraction
module;
CARTOSAT RPC model support;
Graphical view for tie point patterns in LPS Core;
APM success rate report;
The ability to create empty terrain datasets in LPS
Core.
Leica MosaicPro features improved seam editing capa-
bilities and improved radiometric adjustment abilities.
Features and benefits of Leica MosaicPro:
Easy use of polygonal seams to visualize the out-
put mosaic;
New embedded viewer for rendering images and
performing seam editing in a streamlined process;
Preview option that applies all settings for a
selected preview area within the embedded view-
er;
Streamlined user interface featuring all tools with-
in a single toolbar;
New "Global Balancing" algorithm for optimal
radiometric adjustment results;
New image selection and graphical display capa-
bilities;
New "visible" column added to the cell array;
Optimized default settings.
Enhancements to PRO600 include semi-automatic grid
terrain dataset measurement in PRODTM;, various
snap-to-ground image correlation modes in the PRO-
LPS driver and the ability to quickly hide and show
stereo overlay graphics in the LPS ViewPlex. The
updated version of ORIMA offers improved stability,
and it includes the option to edit sigma a priori of
control points, new options for image activation and
point selection, and allows more efficient point mea-
surement.
For more information see pages 6, 7 and 9 of this issue.
Leica Photogrammetry Suite V9.0
Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging announced
ERDAS IMAGINE V9.0 offering enhanced geospatial
image processing. This latest version leverages
capabilities of spatially-aware databases such as
ESRI ArcSDE and Oracle Spatial 10g. Additionally,
ERDAS IMAGINE V9.0 introduces IMAGINE AutoSync,
which enables rapid georeferencing of images using
automatically-generated tie points from an existing
reference image.
ERDAS IMAGINE V9.0 enables image exploitation by
both local and remote end users via an Internet
connection. Key components facilitate the ability to
load, read and edit both raster and vector data
within the enterprise environment. Updated enter-
prise capabilities in the new release include
Geodatabase support, ArcSDE Raster Exporter and
ArcSDE Raster and Vector dll, based on ESRI
ArcObjects V9.1. The release also incorporates new
capabilities based on Oracle Spatial 10g, including
access for GeoRaster and Vector Feature geome-
tries, and the spatial selector tool for GeoRaster
which enables fast selection of appropriate raster
datasets.
IMAGINE AutoSync is an add-on module for ERDAS
IMAGINE, allowing users to synchronize potentially
dissimilar image types by generating tie points
between them, creating a geometric model that
links the images together. The tool facilitates geo-
referencing data sets to enhance alignment or per-
form quick georeferencing of raw imagery.
More information can be found at pages 6, 7 and 9
of this issue.
ERDAS IMAGINE V9.0
Jan./Feb. 2006
Pr oduct News
Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging has put Leica
Virtual Explorer V3.0 into the market, developed to
facilitate collaborative decision making through 3D
visualization and sharing of geospatial information.
Leica Virtual Explorer integrates terabytes of spatial
data into an interactive "digital earth" that can be
distributed to thousands of users worldwide.
Leica Virtual Explorer empowers stakeholders to
demonstrate 3D spatial relationships, driving
awareness of project logistics while increasing effi-
ciency and effectiveness. While independently or
collaboratively exploring these environments, users
may employ a broad array of geospatial query,
analysis, annotation, 3D modeling and animation,
overlay and raster editing tools. With Leica Virtual
Explorer, organizations in an array of markets can
build on the Leica Geosystems' 3D architecture.
The Leica Virtual Explorer tool suite comprises:
Leica Virtual Explorer Architect, for constructing
and exploring realistic 3D scene interpretations
from imagery, GIS layers, terrain and other geospa-
tial and geotypical data;
Leica Virtual Explorer Client and Pro Client,
enabling the remote exploration of 3D environ-
ments using a wide variety of terrain visualiza-
tion and analysis tools;
Leica Virtual Explorer DVD, to convert rich 3D
scenes into a format optimized for CD, DVD or
other file-based distribution media;
Leica Virtual Explorer Server, for quick and effi-
cient streaming of scenes over private networks
or the Internet;
Leica Virtual Explorer Collaboration, allowing
simultaneous exploration, analysis, annotation
and editing of 3D scenes among users world-
wide.
For more information see pages 6, 7 and 9 of this
magazine.
SmartRover RTK GPS
System Leica Geosystems
Leica Geosystems new SmartRover consists of the
Leica SmartAntenna ATX1230 and the Leica RX1250
Controller. The Leica SmartRover delivers complete
cable free operation and weighs 2.8 kg. The new
Leica RX1250 Controller includes Windows CE and
Bluetooth wireless technologies. This facilitates direct
contact to the office via the Internet to upload/down-
load data to enhance survey productivity. With its
integrated CF-card, data can be seamlessly
exchanged with Leica System 1200 instruments to
provide full X-Function compatibility. Furthermore,
Leica SmartRover includes SmartTrack and Smart-
Check technologies. Leica SmartRover is fully compat-
ible with the Leica SmartStation. SmartStation can be
used to position a total station, and then transfer the
SmartAntenna to continue RTK GPS surveying with
the all-on-the-pole-solution SmartRover.
Thales has introduced GPSDifferential for
ArcPad, a software extension that adds
post processing to ESRI ArcPad software
when used on the Thales MobileMapper
CE. With the GPSDifferential for ArcPad
software extension, sub-meter post-pro-
cessed mapping is possible, even where
real-time corrections are not available,
such as in Central and South America
and when used in difficult signal envi-
ronments required by applications such
as forestry.
Behind the scenes and without inter-
rupting normal workflow, GPSDifferential
for ArcPad automatically logs the raw
data that is required for reliable sub-meter post-processed differential corrections.
GPSDifferential for ArcPad is a fully-integrated extension for ESRI ArcPad 6.0.3 and
7.0. GPSDifferential for ArcPad software comes on a secure digital (SD) memory
card for easy installation on the MobileMapper CE. It is packaged complete with a
CD of MobileMapper Office, office software for viewing, editing and exporting GIS
data collected on the MobileMapper CE and a quick start guide.
Source: Thales
Internet: www.thalesgroup.com/navigation
Thales GPSDif ferential for ArcPad
PCI Geomatics announced additional information con-
cerning the features in Geomatica 10, the latest version
of its image-centric geospatial software. Geomatica 10
will be shipped early in January, 2006. Among the list
of new features, the software boasts enhanced sup-
port of the Oracle 10g database technology, ortho-
mosaic workflow automation, and improved hyper-
spectral capabilities.
With the capability to extract, transform, and load
geospatial data in Oracle 10g, Geomatica allows users
to visualize and analyze large amounts of complex
data faster and easier. All of the functionality can now
be leveraged, not only by traditional users, but also by
enterprises that require geospatial information.
Increased productivity is another theme of the
Geomatica 10 release. Ortho-mosaic processing tasks
can now be scripted, customized, and run in batch
processes to maximize efficiency. Additionally, through
new, advanced image-correlation technology, automatic
groundcontrol-point collection can transform a once
tedious task into a fully automated process. New
model-based atmospheric correction for hyperspectral
imagery has also been developed and provides a
more rigorous alternative to simple atmospheric correc-
tion. The model incorporates the MODTRAN4 radiative
transfer model, developed by the United States
Department of the Air Force, and is augmented by pro-
grams that detect and correct spectral line curvature,
as well as perform atmospheric water vapour content
mapping. For more information on the latest features
of Geomatica 10, visit www.pcigeomatics.com/g10.
Source: GfK MACON
Internet: www.gfk-macon.com/europe or www.gfk-
macon.com/about_us.htm
PCI Geomatics Highlights Key Features in Geomatica 10
Applanix released POSPac AIR 4.3, the latest update
to its airborne data post-processing software.
Exclusively developed for the aerial survey and
remote sensing industry, the customized software
incorporates a series of application-specific tools for
systems using the companys POS AV (Position and
Orientation System, Airborne Vehicles) Direct
Georeferencing technology.
Application-specific toolsets include Photogrammetry
Tools for system calibration and quality control of
Direct Georeferencing for frame cameras, DSS Tools
for mission management and image development of
DSS imagery, and SAR Processing Tools for use with
Synthetic Aperture Radar. New to the
Photogrammetry Tools is an Automatic Tie-point
Generation engine, for improved workflow efficiency.
Several new enhancements to the GPS-Aided Inertial
Navigation Processing Tools have also been added,
including improved coordinate transformations and
simultaneous multiple base station processing in
POSGPS via a single, simple step. For more informa-
tion about this product, visit www.applanix.com/
products/pospac_airborne_index.php.
Source: Applanix
Internet: www.applanix.com
Applanix Releases POSPac AIR 4.3 Software
Jan./Feb. 2006
57
Product News
Leica GMX902 GPS Receiver for Monitoring
With the Leica GMX902, Leica
Geosystems presents the first high pre-
cision dual frequency GPS receiver
designed specifically for monitoring
applications. The Leica GMX902
provides precise GPS dual frequen-
cy data for controlling critical infras-
tructure. This GPS receiver is specially
developed to monitor sensitive
structures such as bridges,
dams or high buildings and cru-
cial topographies such as land slides or volcanoes. It
provides precise dual frequency code and phase data up to 20 Hz, enabling pre-
cise data capture as the base for highly accurate position calculation and motion
analysis. Designed with a focus on the essential the reception and transmission
of high quality raw data the Leica GMX902 does not include extra functions. It
has a robust metal housing that is resistant to water, heat, cold and vibration, and
can be mounted to the various structures to be monitored. The device can be
combined with the Leica GPS Spider GPS processing software for coordinate calcu-
lation and raw data storage, and the Leica GeoMoS monitoring software for analy-
sis of movements and calculation of limit checks. Third party analysis software can
also be integrated via the standard NMEA interface of Leica GPS Spider.
59
Product News
ArcWeb Services 2006 Available
ESRIs ArcWeb Services 2006 further extends on-demand mapping and geographic
information system (GIS) capabilities for Web developers. ArcWeb Services are map-
ping APIs that allow developers to integrate mapping and spatial functionality into
any Web-based application.
Highlights of ArcWeb Services 2006 include:
New Developer APIs: In addition to a Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) API,
ArcWeb Services 2006 includes a REST API for creating maps using simple URL
requests, OpenLS, and a Java 2 Platform Micro Edition (J2ME) Wireless Toolkit
for rapid development of wireless applications;
Custom map and spatial query services: Developers can upload their own
point, line, and polygon data. End users can then perform custom rendering
and spatial queries;
Mobile location services: Through partnerships with Sprint and Bell Mobility, the
ArcWeb Services 2006 mobile location service enables subscribing companies to
build location based services (LBS) applications for tracking their non-GPS and
GPS-enabled cellular phones and send short message service (SMS) messages;
Enhanced route finder service: Developers can now build applications that
route around traffic obstacles as well as optimize the order of the route stop
midpoints;
New administration portal: A new Web site is available to help ArcWeb Services
2006 subscribers easily create, customize, and administer services. This Web
site offers everything needed to get up and running with ArcWeb Services
including Web-based wizards for uploading, geocoding, and managing data;
samples; tools to help administrators manage groups of users and track how
many credits they have used;
Map Image service enhancements: Significant enhancements were also made to
the ArcWeb Services 2006 map image service. In addition to providing all the
standard static graphical file formats, ArcWeb Services 2006 now includes
Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) and Adobe Flash (SWF) mapping file formats.
Web developers can use SVG or SWF to directly access vector mapping data
for building rich Web 2.0 Internet applications.
For more information on ArcWeb Services or to get a 30-day evaluation copy, visit
www.esri.com/arcwebservices.
Source: ESRI
Geographic Translator 3.0 Blue Marble
After a beta period, Version 3.0 of Blue Marbles
Geographic Translator in now available for purchase
and download. The Translator has the latest support
for ESRI Shape, MapInfo Tab and MIF, AutoDesk DWG
and DXF up to and including 2006, Bentley DGN, and
read of ESRI e00 format. The Translator also supports
all of the latest updates included in the newest
GeoCalc libraries featuring Text support, .PRJ file sup-
port, full EPSG database support, and creation of
custom coordinate systems. If your map file has a
custom coordinate system with it, the Translator can
handle it. The coordinate system data source is also
organized into a new geography-based order that
makes it easier to work with for novice users. The
map file viewer window is also improved to include a
full set of standard map viewing tools. Besides this
the new map file viewer supports raster formats.
Furthermore Blue Marble has improved the batch
translation capabilities. This is to allow for different
coordinate systems for different files within the batch
or grouping of files based on coordinate system
selection, as well as translating files in different coor-
dinate systems to the same coordinate system out-
put.
Source: Blue Marble
Internet: www.bluemarblegeo.com
Vector Heading Sensor OEM Module Hemisphere GPS
Hemisphere GPS announced the introduction of a new
heading sensor module for Original Equipment
Manufacturers (OEMs) that features Hemisphere's
Crescent GPS technology. The Crescent Vector OEM
module, a printed circuit board, is designed primarily
for the marine market but also very applicable for other
markets including agriculture and machine control.
Crescent technology enables the Vector OEM Module to
simultaneously employ multiple front-ends - enabling
tighter coupling of measurements from separate anten-
nae for use with heading-based products. The Crescent
Vector OEM module enables users to choose their
appropriate power supply and communications transla-
tion. In addition to its discrete Crescent GPS compo-
nents, the module integrates a single-axis gyro and a
tilt sensor onto a small form factor. Its heading accura-
cy ranges from 0.1 degrees (rms) at 2.0-meter antenna
separation to 0.25 degrees (rms) at 0.5-meter antenna
separation. It provides heading and positioning updates
of up to 20 Hz, and delivers positioning accuracy of 20
cm 95% of the time when used with Crescent's L-Dif
differential GPS (DGPS) receiver product, and 50 cm
95% of the time when used with Wide Area
Augmentation System (WAAS) DGPS. The Crescent
Vector OEM module also features Hemisphere's exclu-
sive COAST software that enables Hemisphere receivers
to utilize old DGPS correction data for 40 minutes or
more without significantly affecting the quality of posi-
tioning. When using COAST, the Crescent Vector OEM is
less likely to be affected by differential signal outages
due to signal blockages, weak signals or interference.
Source: Hemisphere GPS
Internet: www.csi-wireless.com
ALTM 3100EA by Optech
Optech introduced the ALTM 3100EA, the worlds first
100 kHz airborne laser terrain mapper. The new ALTM
3100EA still offers all the functionality and perfor-
mance of the previous ALTM 3100 systems, but
enables users to achieve greater accuracies for their
large-scale mapping requirements. Under optimal con-
ditions, users can achieve elevation accuracies as high
as 3 cm, 2-sigma at 500 m elev ation, 33 kHz laser
rep. rates with +/-10 scan angles.
Optechs ALTM 3100EA rates of up to
100,000 pulses per second and has
features such as intensity, full wave-
form digitization, simultaneous
first/last pulse measurement, roll com-
pensation, and digital camera integra-
tion.
Source: Optech
Internet: www.optech.ca
NavCom Technology
Releases TruBlu
NavCom Technology released TruBlu, a Bluetooth
compatible wireless device, enabling cable-free com-
munication between NavCom's GPS receivers and
Bluetooth enabled controllers. The new TruBlu acces-
sory provides users with the option to use NavCom's
GPS equipment with either a serial cable or the
TruBlu wireless module to communicate with comput-
er controllers. TruBlu is a wireless transceiver that
works with all NavCom GPS receivers equipped with
the latest 26 channel NCT-2100D GPS engine. The
compact module provides a wireless range of up to
30 meters and is powered directly from the GPS unit,
requiring no additional batteries for usage. The
embedded blue LED illuminates the translucent and
water resistant casing, flashing intermittently to indi-
cate proper operation.
Source: Navcom Technology
Internet: www.NavComTech.com
Laser-Scans Radius Studio acts as a spatial processing,
analysis and compliance engine. It offers domain experts
the possibility to create, review and refine business rules
for spatial data across the web without them requiring
developer skills. It is a tool that can quantitatively mea-
sure spatial data quality by analysing the compliance of
business rules with existing data sets.
Laser-Scan was the first company to offer a fully interop-
erable and standards based, server-side topology engine
for an Oracle relational database. Continuing this trend of
high tech innovation Laser-Scan has been
running a beta programme for Radius Studio that
includes high profile organisations, such as IBM,
Ordnance Survey Ireland and Tele Atlas. All of these
organisations will be presenting how they manage busi-
ness rules in a spatial data environment and their experi-
ences on the Radius Studio Beta Programme.
Source: Laserscan
Internet: www.laser-scan.com/technologies/enterprise/
radius_studio/index.htm
www.laser-scan.com
Laser-Scan Launches Radius Studio
ArcSDE Offers Support for Microsoft SQL Server 2005
technology.
ArcSDE is a server software product that accesses multiuser
geographic databases stored in relational database
management systems (RDBMSs). ArcSDE enables users to
spatial analysis, and editing within a multiuser enter-
prise DBMS
environment
accessible to the entire organization
Easily publish maps on the Web
CyberCity Generates 3D City
Models from Quickbird
CyberCity presents a 3D city model generated from
70cm-ground resolution Quickbird scenes over Phoenix,
Arizona (USA). The images were kindly provided by
Eurimage S.p.A., Italy. The working area was Phoenix
downtown, covering approximately two square kilome-
ters, with skyscrapers in a well-organized network and
distinctly separated from one another. Using CC-Modeler
software package, the buildings have been modeled
semi-automatically with roof texture from the images
themselves and facade textures from suitable images in
the software library. If available, (oblique) aerial images
can be mapped automatically on the facades. The
achieved results demonstrate the big potential of very
high-resolution satellite images, like Quickbird, for the
extraction of 3D city models for topographic, urban and
tourist applications.
Internet: www.cybercity.tv
Source: ESRI
Product News
61
Product News
Safe Software released FME 2006 including
updates to Safe Software's core technology, the
Feature Manipulation Engine (FME). FME 2006 fur-
ther refines FME's Workbench authoring environ-
ment and continues Safe's initiative to deliver the
complete Spatial ETL solution encompassing both
raster and vector support.
FME 2006 incorporates over 1000 product enhance-
ments requested by FME users. On the raster front,
six new raster preview formats have been added
and many others have been updated, including
enhanced support for Oracle GeoRaster which
allows raster data to be loaded into an Oracle
Database10gR2. Newly-added support for the
Google Earth KML format enables FME 2006 users
to publish spatial data residing in any of over 150
different formats and visualize this information in
Google Earth. Also supported for the first time in
FME 2006 is GML 3.1.1. This format was approved
last May by the Open Geospatial Consortium as the
standard XML-based group of formats for repre-
senting geographic features. In addition to tutorials
and traditional Help files included with this product
release, Safe Software also recently created a new
resource for FME 2006 users in the form of an
online user community, or wiki, at
www.fmepedia.com.
Source: Safe Software
Internet: www.safe.com/2006
Safe Software Announces FME 2006
Matrox Graphics introduces Parhelia Precision SDT,
the world's first single-card solution for digital
stereoscopic (stereo-3D) monitors like the Planar
SD1710. Such displays have 2 polarized LCD flat
panels mounted one over the other and a special
glass mounted between them. A realistic 3D view
can be seen when looking at the glass though
correspondingly polarized glasses.
Other graphics cards for such displays require a
separate add-in card to mirror
the image for
the top panel. Eliminating the need for this extra
card reduces costs and improves reliability. The
product includes hardware-based OpenGL(R)
(2D/3D) acceleration with quad-buffered stereoscop-
ic support. For the multi-display support required
with many stereoscopic workstations, Parhelia
Precision SDT has been certified to work together
with other Parhelia-series graphics cards. For more
information on this and other Matrox products, see
www.matrox.com/mga/workstation/3dws/products/
home.cfm
Source: Matrox Graphics
Internet: www.matrox.com
Single-card Solution Matrox
technology.
ArcSDE is a server software product that accesses mul-
tiuser geographic databases stored in relational
database management systems (RDBMSs). ArcSDE
enables users to:
spatial analysis, and editing within a multiuser
enterprise DBMS;
environment;
accessible to the entire organization;
Easily publish maps on the Web.
Source: ESRI
ArcSDE Support for Microsoft SQL Server 2005
LizardTechs MrSID Generation 3 image compression for-
mat (MG3) is now supported in ESRI's ArcPad 7. ArcPad
provides field-based personnel with the ability to capture,
store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display geo-
graphic information. Now with the MG3 implementation,
ArcPad users can take advantage of GeoExpress' image
compression functionality to quickly repurpose an image
for use on a handheld device. It enables them to repro-
ject and compress the images at differing compression
ratios within the same mosaic. This feature will enable
broader use of the imagery by remote field users and
first responders in areas where remote access to geospa-
tial imagery is critical. Additionally, the integration of
MrSID with ArcPad benefits the National Agricultural
Imagery Program (NAIP) image users. With NAIP's com-
pressed county image mosaics being delivered in MG3
format, customers no longer have to double up their
data by converting to MG2 to use it in ArcPad. Another
LizardTech product, Express Server, has also been recent-
ly integrated with ESRI's ArcIMS. With ArcPad supporting
MG3, users can keep their imagery in one place and in
one format, and access it over the web in ArcIMS, locally
via ArcMap, and remotely using ArcPad.
Source: LizardTech
Internet: www.lizardtech.com
Support LizardTech's MG3 in
ArcPad 7
Version 3 of Job Tracking for ArcGIS (JTX)
ESRIs version 3 of Job Tracking for ArcGIS (JTX) is
now shipping including usability improvements, sup-
port for a variety of workflows, and new functionality.
JTX is a solution-based extension to ArcGIS that pro-
vides an integration framework for ArcGIS multiuser
geodatabase environments. This enterprise workflow
management application is aimed at simplifying and
automating many aspects of job management and
tracking and streamlines the workflow. JTX3 requires
ArcSDE in addition to ArcInfo or ArcEditor 9.0 or 9.1.
Source: ESRI
Internet: www.esri.com/jobtracking
63
NovAtel Major Subcontractor for Development
European Navigation System Ground Reference
Receiver
Alcatel Alenia Space Italia (AAS-I) and NovAtel as
major subcontractor, together with Space
Engineering, have been selected by the European
Space Agency (ESA)/GaIn to begin work on thedevel-
opment of the Navigation Ground Reference Receiver
for Europes state-of-the-art satellite navigation sys-
tem. The value of this initial funding authorization to
NovAtel is 1.261 million ($1.48m US), which is
expected to generate revenue for the company dur-
ing Q4 2005 and Q1 2006. This is the first part of a
fixed price contract which, provided it continues, will
ultimately be worth up to 6.3 million ($7.4m US)
to NovAtel over the following two and a half years.
www.novatel.com
US DOD Announces ClearView Contracts
The US Department of Defense Released Contract
Awards for the Purchase of Commercial Satellite
Imagery. DigitalGlobe was awarded a $ 24 million
firm fixed price contract modification. This award is
within the previously established $500,000,000
contract ceiling. The supplies to be procured are
high resolution commercial satellite imagery. The
performance period is Feb. 1, 2006 through Jan.
31, 2007. At this time, $2,000,000 FY06 O&M fund-
ing has been obligated. The National Geospatial-
Intelligence Agency is the contracting activity. Space
Imaging was awarded a $ 24 million firm fixed
price contract modification. This award is within the
previously established $500,000,000 contract ceil-
ing. The supplies to be procured are high resolu-
tion commercial satellite imagery. The performance
period is Feb. 1, 2006 through Jan. 31, 2007. At this
time, $2,000,000 FY06 O&M funding has been obli-
gated. The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
is the contracting activity.ORBIMAGE was awarded a
$12,000,000 firm fixed price contract modification.
This award is within the previously established
$500,000,000 contract ceiling. The supplies to be
procured are high resolution commercial satellite
imagery. The performance period is Feb.1, 2006
through Jan. 31, 2007. As can be read on page 13
of this issue, Space Imaging and ORBIMAGE recent-
ly merged into GeoEye.
NGAs NGS Statement of Strategic Intent
Available Online
The US National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
(NGA) released the National System for Geospatial-
Intelligence (NSG) Statement of Strategic Intent, a
vision for the future of geospatial intelligence
(GEOINT). The document reflects changes in the
Intelligence Community and responds to challenges
from oversight commissions to embrace innovative
analytic approaches and improved information shar-
ing and collaboration. The NSG Statement of
Strategic Intent is available on the NGA Web site,
see below.
www.nga.mil
IGP Selects INPHO Software for Orthophoto
Production
Instituto Geogrfico Portugus (IGP), the Portuguese
Geographic Institute, with their headquarters in
Lisboa, have recently purchased a complete INPHO
product suite for digital orthophoto production. The
contract negotiations and system supply was done
by GTBibrica S.L., Madrid, INPHOs distributor in
the Iberian and Latin American sales regions. The
digital orthophoto production line incorporates the
INPHO products MATCH-AT (Automatic aerial triangu-
lation), MATCH-T (Automatic DTM generation),
DTMaster (Advanced DTM data editing),
OrthoMaster (Rigorous ortho-rectification) and
OrthoVista (Automatic color balancing and mosaick-
ing). The main task of the Portuguese Geographic
Institute for the INPHO production line is producing
full coverage of ortho photo maps for M ainland
Portugal and generating high quality DTMs for some
areas of the country. The Ultra CamD digital aerial
camera fr om Vexcel will be used for acquiring the
digital aerial im agery . Under a protocol
estab lished with the P ortuguese Forest Service, the
Portuguese Geographic Institute is responsible for
ortho-rectification of these images and for produc-
tion of the orthophoto maps that will be used,
among other purposes, to obtain the next national
forest inventory .
www.inpho.de
Bentley Launches New Web Site for South Asia
Region
Bentley Systems launched its new web site for the
South Asia region: www.bentley.com/india. The site
empowers users in South Asia's architectural, engi-
neering, construction (AEC) and operations market
by giving them the depth and breadth of informa-
tion they need to successfully learn about and
apply the latest software solutions for the building,
plant, civil, and geospatial verticals. In addition, the
new web site provides articles written by Bentley
users who share best practices based on actual
project experiences, along with white papers writ-
ten by industry experts. The latter discuss a wide
range of technology topics of critical importance to
users in the AEC industries.
www.bentley.com
VARGIS Awarded Digital Aerial Imagery Contract
VARGIS has been awarded a a multi-million dollar
digital aerial imagery contract by the Los Angeles
Region Imagery Acquisition Consortium. VARGIS is
providing digital aerial imagery data and related
photogrammetric services for the entire 4,100-
square mile Los Angeles County area. The
Consortium includes the County of Los Angeles
plus 25 cities and public-sector organizations. VAR-
GIS is capturing the imagery with three
Zeiss/Intergraph DMC camera systems and LiDAR.
By using a multi-resolution approach, VARGIS can
efficiently capture both the urban and rural areas.
VARGIS is capturing 3,000-square miles of urban
orthoimagery at 4-inch pixel resolution. For the
remaining rural areas, such as Angeles National
Forest, VARGIS is producing 1,100 square miles of
color and color infrared orthoimagery at 1-foot pixel
resolution. Also, VARGIS is employing the latest
Leica ALS50 LiDAR technology to produce a new,
highly accurate digital terrain model, as well as 2-
foot contours with breaklines.
www.vargis.com
ESRI Becomes Federation of Earth Science
Information Partner
ESRI has been accepted as a partner of the
Federation of Earth Science Information Partners (the
Federation). The Federation is a network of
researchers and associated groups that collect, inter-
pret, and develop applications for satellite-generated
earth observation information. It is developing the
Earth Information Exchange, a portal where member
data products and tools will be available to
researchers, decision makers, educators, and others.
www.esipfed.org
www.esri.com
Racurs Wins World Bank Tender
Racurs, a photogrammetric software developer in
Russia, has won the World Banks tender to supply
forestry enterprises with software tools. As a result
digital photogrammetric system PHOTOMOD was
delivered to forest regulation companies in St.
Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Krasnoyarsk and
Khabarovsk. In total 29 workplaces were organized.
The delivered software system allows processing of
aerial and space images, image interpretation for
forest inventory both in mono and in stereo
modes. It also allows orthophotos and forest regu-
lation plans creation based on highly effective digi-
tal technologies of image processing. The contract
amounts to $167,200.
www.racurs.ru
OGC Invites Public Comment on Candidate
Specification for Geospatial WPS
The candidate OGC Web Processing Service inter-
face specification provides a standardized interface
that facilitates the access and publishing of
geospatial processes as well as the discovery and
binding to those processes by client applications.
"Processes" in this context include any sort of cal-
culation or model which operates on spatially refer-
enced data. Examples of geospatial processing are
polygon overlay, buffer analysis, and line of sight
analysis. The data required by the WPS can be
delivered across a network or it can be available at
the server. WPS builds on currently adopted
OpenGIS Specifications that define standard inter-
faces for finding and accessing geospatial data and
services. Comments can be submitted to a dedicat-
ed email reflector for a thirty-day period ending
February 4, 2006. Comments received will be con-
solidated and reviewed by OGC members for incor-
poration into the document.
www.opengeospatial.org
eSpatial and PCI Geomatics Sign Technology
Partnership
eSpatial and PCI Geomatics signed a strategic tech-
nology partnership. The alliance will combine
eSpatial's iSMART Geospatial platform with
Geomatica, PCI's image management products and
solutions software suite, to provide an integrated
environment for GeoSpatial solutions delivery. Both
companies are currently working on an integration
of their technologies, particularly PCI's advanced
MappingCentre, an automated image processing
and mapping delivery system, and eSpatial's
iSMART GeoPortal. iSMART GeoPortal provides a
pure web user interface to interact with the under-
lying MappingCentre workflow and product delivery
features. In addition to the MappingCentre and
GeoPortal integration, both companies will utilize
each others products in customer opportunities,
including use of PCI's Oracle 10g GeoRaster
imagery loading tools.
www.pcigeomatics.com
www.espatial.com
27 Photogrammetric Systems for PASCO
Thailand
INPHO and DAT/EM Systems delivered an additional
25 Summit Evolution digital stereo plotters and 2
complete sets of INPHOs photogrammetric prod-
ucts MATCH-AT, MATCH-T, DTMaster Stereo,
OrthoMaster and OrthoVista to PASCO (Thailand).
With this delivery, PASCO (Thailand) now has
obtained a total of 52 Summit Evolution stations
and 30 licenses of various INPHO software products.
PASCO Thailand is one of the largest photogram-
metric firms in Southeast Asia, serving over 15
I ndust r y News
Facts / Figures / Contracts
64
Pr oduct News
Jan./Feb. 2006
countries around the world. PASCO (Thailand) offers a full range of professional
service in aerial photography, digital photogrammetry & mapping, surveying
and GIS. PASCO (Thailand)s web site can be found at www.pascoth.com.
www.datem.com
www.inpho.com
Vexcel Celebrates 20 Years of Innovation in Remote Sensing
Vexcel Corporation recently
celebrated 20 years of
Innovation in Remote
Sensing. Founded in 1985,
principally by Austrian
photogrammetrist Dr. Franz
Leberl, Vexcel focused
initially on photogrammetric
technologies. Since 1992, Vexcel has grown under the leadership of President and
CEO Dr. John Curlander, expanding its products and service offerings into synthetic
aperture radar (SAR) systems and services, satellite ground systems, and data
intelligence solutions. Recent years have brought many changes including the
opening of its Vexcel UK office (Newbury, Berkshire) and the acquisition of global
companies Vexcel Imaging (Austria), Atlantis Scientific (Canada), now operating as
Vexcel Canada, and most recently the Dutch remote sensing company, Synoptics,
now operating as Vexcel Netherlands. The anniversary is punctuated by a year of
successful product launches that include the OceanView maritime surveillance
system; the CCDMap coherent change detection mapping system; EarthView
Matrix polarimetric SAR software; and the UltraMap Server digital archive, catalog
and post-processing system for a fully digital mapping workflow using imagery
from Vexcel's best selling digital aerial camera, the UltraCam.
www.vexcel.com
Canadian Ice Service Signs Contract for RADARSAT-1 Monitoring Over
CanadianWaters
MDA's Geospatial Services announced today that the Canadian Ice Service (CIS)
has signed a one year agreement to use RADARSAT-1 data to detect and monitor
ice conditions in Canadian waters. The Canadian Ice Service has been using
RADARSAT-1 data since 1996 to provide essential information for safe marine ves-
sel navigation and ship icebreaking activities. With its all-weather imaging, large
area coverage and frequent revisit cycle, the RADARSAT-1 satellite is a valuable
data source for the CIS and supplies the Service with as many as ten images a
day. The CIS receives the RADARSAT-1 data in as little as 2 hours after the data is
downlinked. The data is used to generate detailed ice charts that are sent elec-
tronically to workstations onboard marine vessels and applied to navigation and
route planning purposes.
www.mdacorporation.com
New Sokkia Distributors in France and Spain
Sokkia Europe recently appointed two new distributors to improve its distribution
in Spain and France. The new Spanish distributor is the company DITAC
Soluciones, S.L. (Distribucin de Intrumentos Topograficos y Auxiliar de la
Construccin), a member of the A.L. Holding S.A.. DITAC SL, with head-office in
Madrid. Sokkia Europe decided to appoint a new distributor for the high-end sur-
veying market in France too. This decision was made in cooperation with Sokkia
S.A. which will continue to promote Sokkia in the French construction and laser
market. Yann Quenet is the managing director of the new company which is called
Survey & Precision S.L. and is located near Paris.
www.sokkia.net
65
Product News
Jan./Feb. 2006
James Blackwood European General Manager
Geospatial Solutions Division Tadpole
Tadpole Technology announced the appointment of
James Blackwood as European General Manager for
the Geospatial Solutions Division, as part of a
strategic initiative to strengthen the divisions
position within the European market. Since joining
the Geospatial Solutions Division 2 years ago,
Blackwood has overseen the growth of the
European professional services business, and in
particular managed the OS Phoenix progamme.
He will continue to have overall responsibility for
growing this area of the business and managing
the divisions implementation services, consultancy
services and support services. As European General
Manger he will now assume overall responsibility
for the operational and commercial management of
the divisions business throughout Europe.
www.tadpole.com
Topcon Europe Positioning BV Strengthens
Organization
Topcon Europe Positioning
BV has strengthened its
organization, to structurally
support its aggressive
growth plan.
Ulrich Hermanski has been
promoted to European
Senior Sales and Marketing
Manager. Having worked as
the German National Sales
Manager for the past 8
years, Hermanski has moved to the European head
office in The Netherlands and will now be responsible
for daily management of Topcons European Sales and
Support organization. Hermanski graduated in 1985 at
the University of Essen as Diplom-Engineer for survey-
ing and then started his career as sales manager for
Topcon Germany. From 1989 Hermanski worked for
Mobil Oil in Belgium as a European Sales Manager for
packaging machinery systems. From 1992 to 1996 he
was managing director and partner of a civil engineer-
ing office in Germany. In 1997 Hermanski re-joined
Topcon Germany, as sales manager for surveying
products. From the 1st of December 2005 he started
for TEP and he will have the challenging task to fur-
ther strengthen and expand Topcons new structure on
the European continent.
After the merger of Topcon
Spain with former Trimble
and Sokkia dealer Inland
on the 1st of October
2005, Fernando Sahuquillo
has been promoted to
Regional Sales Manager
Southern Europe with
responsibility for Spain,
Portugal and Italy.
Sahuquillo has been with
Topcon for 8 years. He graduated in 1986 at the UPC
Universidad Politcnica de Catalua in Mining
Engineering and then started his career as Surveying
Teacher in the Mining Degree University of Catalonia
in 1987/88. In 1988 Sahuquillo worked for Lep, S.A.,
the formal Topcon dealer in Spain in that time. From
1992 till 1995 he joined for a Surveying Software
House company and returning to Topcon in 1995 as
a Sales Manager for Topcon Espaa S.A.
Axel Messing has been promoted to Regional Sales
Manager Benelux. After setting up the Topcon
Netherlands office, and managed its growth to
become a major player in the Dutch positioning mar-
ket, Messing now has
added responsibility for
Topcons Belgian Sales
office. In his new responsi-
bility as Sales Manager
Benelux he expects to gain
more efficiency out of com-
bining marketing activities
for the Belgian and Dutch
market. Messing graduated
in Marketing & Sales and worked several years for
trading companies. He started working in the posi-
tioning industry in 1986, when he joined Sokkia
Europe BV. Within Sokkia he was part of the team
that succeeded in bringing Sokkia to a number 1
position in the local construction market in the
Netherlands in the early nineties. Since 1996 his
responsibility was the Topcon sales and marketing
in the Netherlands.
Geospatial Intelligence Defense 2006
Worldwide Business Research (WBR) announces
Geospatial Intelligence Defense (GID) 2006 taking
place May 8-10 at the Westin Hotel in Arlington, VA.
At GID, participants will come together in an intimate
cross-Service and cross-Intelligence forum to realize
the potential of geospatial intelligence on national
security. Idea behind the event: We must act now to
ensure that the right people with the right intelli-
gence are at the right place at the right time and
address the challenges of developing and implement-
ing new approaches to meeting mission objectives.
We are all aware of the criticality of geospatial intelli-
gence to support our war fighters and first respon-
ders as they protect our nation. Facing the demands
of an increasingly volatile environmental picture and
combating the ever-changing enemy that is terror is
an on-going challenge. Advancing geospatial intelli-
gence capabilities goes beyond incorporating enter-
prise-wide geospatial initiatives and promoting and
achieving interoperability.
To successfully advance geospatial intelligence for
National Defense and Homeland Security the orga-
nizers are having the following things in mind:
Eliminating stovepipes to achieve interagency
communication;
Developing common rules for data standardiza-
tion and sharing;
Protecting US critical infrastructures through
network security;
Disseminating data swiftly and effectively;
Training US War Fighters to be data collectors.
GID 2006 is aimed at providing actionable tools and
strategies to advance geospatial intelligence for
national defense and homeland security. To secure
space at GID 2006, call 1-888-482-6012 or 1-973-812-
5153, visit www.dgi2006.com or e-mail dgi@wbre-
search.com and mention priority booking code GIPR.
Intergraph Announces Intergraph 2006
Intergraph announced Intergraph 2006, the compa-
ny's new flagship international users conference, to
be held June 12-15, 2006 in Lake Buena Vista,
Florida. In its inaugural year the conference will
bring together Intergraph's Apex, Geospatial World
and Public Safety Users Conferences into a single
international conference showcasing Intergraph's
full range of spatial information management tech-
nologies.
www.intergraph.com
People
Conferences & Meetings
Professor Gordon Petrie Receives 2006
ASPRS Photogrammetric Award (Fairchild)
Professor Gordon
Petrie has been a
contributor to
GeoInformatics
magazine since
1998.
The 2006 Photogrammetric Award (Fairchild) is
awarded to Professor Gordon Petrie, an outstand-
ing photogrammetric professional with a record of
solid achievements. His contributions to the field
over his half-century career include both outstan-
ding technical work and a corps of students
throughout the world trained by him. A graduate
with a M.A. with 1st class honors in Geography
from the University of Aberdeen, Petrie later
obtained a post-graduate Diploma in Surveying
from University College London. He also has a
B.Sc. in Photogrammetric Engineering, from ITC,
Delft, The Netherlands. The majority of his career
has been spent at the University of Glasgow,
where he began as a Lecturer in Surveying and
Photogrammetry, later became a Professor of
Topographic Science, and is now an Emeritus
Professor & Honorary Research Fellow after his
retirement in 1995. He has been a visiting profes-
sor at the Department of Geography, University of
Georgia, and the Department of Geography, Miami
University of Ohio, and a Carnegie Research Fellow
at ITC. Petries research interests have covered a
wide range of topics, including the design of sen-
sors and instrumentation, and he has maintained
his knowledge of equipment and technology in
the field reaching from the days of analog equip-
ment to current digital practice. A particular inter-
est has been cameras and sensors, especially
other than conventional film aerial cameras, with
his early work on IR line scanners and SLAR lead-
ing to current study of commercial satellite
sensors. His range of expertise is reflected in an
extensive bibliography of significant publications
in photogrammetry, remote sensing, and survey-
ing. Since his retirement, he has also found time
to write for trade journals and the popular press
on subjects related to mapping, thereby bringing
an expert perspective to a wider, non-technical
audience. Petrie has been involved with comput-
ers for many years and has embraced the Internet,
making available a Web page giving links to no
fewer than 7764 useful sites related to photo-
grammetry, surveying, and remote sensing.
He has been active in the Remote Sensing and
Photogrammetric Society, as evidenced by the
Honorary Membership awarded him in 1995, and
in ASPRS, with frequent presentations and interac-
tions at meetings in the United States.
The award will be presented during the ASPRS
2006 Annual Conference in Reno, May 1-5.
www.asprs.org

Geoinformatics 2006 Vol01

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Geoinformatics 2006 Vol01

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Leica Geosystems Enters the Six-Sided (Hexagon) World

The Future for its Geospatial Imaging Division

wireless technology, field-replaceable

You might also like