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Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
AND
OPERA HOUSES
LEO BERANEK 975 Memorial Drive Suite 804 Cambridge, MA 02138-5755 USA beranekleo@comcast.net beranekleo@ieee.org.net
L I B R A R Y O F C O N G R E S S C AT A L O G I N G - I N - P U B L I C AT I O N DAT A Beranek, Leo Leroy, 1914 Concert halls and opera houses : music, acoustics, and architecture / Leo Beranek.2nd ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: Concert and opera halls, 1996. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Architectural acoustics. 2. Music halls. 3. Theaters. I. Beranek, Leo Leroy, 1914 NA2800.B39 2002 725.81-dc21 2002070734 ISBN 0-387-95524-0 Printed on acid-free paper.
2 0 0 4 S P R I N G E R-V E R L A G N E W Y O R K , I N C . All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identied as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 SPIN 10882373
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Contents
Preface xv
CHAPTER ONE
MU S I C A N D A C O U S T I C S
What Are Good Acoustics? 1 Acoustics and the Performers 3
Conductors 3 Performers 7
CHAPTER TWO
TH E L A N G U A G E O F MUSICAL ACOUSTICS
19
vi
CONTENTS
CHAPTER THREE
37
Contents
vii
CHAPTER FOUR
AC O U S T I C S O F C O N C E R T H A L L S
Rank-Orderings of Acoustical Quality of 58 Concert Halls Developed from Interviews and Questionnaires 494 Reverberation Time: Musicians Preferences 495
Reverberation Time for Occupied Halls 497
491
Binaural Quality Index (BQI) 506 Loudness, the Strength of the Sound (G) 509 Warmth, Bass Ratio (BR) and Bass Strength (Glow) 512 Intimacy, Initial-Time-Delay Gap (ITDG) 513 Lateral Fraction (LFE4) 519 Acoustical Glare and Surface Diffusivity Index (SDI) Listener Envelopment 525 Clarity 526 Texture 527 Orthogonality of Objective Acoustical Measures 528 Special Structures for Reducing Acoustical Glare and for Diffusing Sound 529 Brilliance 534 Noise, Vibration and Echo 534 521
viii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER FIVE
AC O U S T I C S O F O P E R A H O U S E S
Questionnaire Rank-Orderings of Acoustical Quality of 21 Opera Houses 554 Objective Measurements of the Acoustical Properties of 23 Opera Houses 556
Measurement Procedure 556 Sound Quality Parameters 559
553
Boxes and Balconies 568 Echo and Distortion 570 Concluding Remarks 573 Terminology, Denitions, and Conversion Factors 575 APPENDIX 2 Acoustical Data for Concert Halls & Opera Houses 583 APPENDIX 3 Equations, Technical Data, and Sound Absorption 615
APPENDIX
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