Phn 1:Bi tp v dng iu ch Bi 1: Xy dng m hnh mt knh vi iu ch: iu ch QPSK, Knh AWGN, BSC.

1/ Khi Random Integer Generator Pht s nguyn ngu nhin phn b u trong khong [0 1-M] Cc thng s: M-ary number: gi tr s nguyn hay vector ca cc s nguyn xc nh khong gi tr li ra . Initial Seed: l gi tr ban u ca b pht s ngu nhin. Cho bit chiu di vector li ra. Sample time: chu k ca mi vector ly mu c bn hay mi hng ca ma trn khung c bn. Frame-based outputs: xc nh khi li ra l khung hay mu c bn. Thnh phn ny ch c tc dng khi gi tr Interpret vector parameters as 1-D khng c kim tra. Sample per frame: s mu trn mi khung ca tn hiu li ra. Trng ny ch hot ng khi Frame-based outputs khng cn kim tra. Interpret vector parameters as 1-D: nu hp ny c kim tra, sau li ra l mt tn hiu mt chiu. Hoc li ra l tn hiu 2 chiu. Hp ny c tc dng ch khi Framebased outputs khng c kim tra. i iu c :

iu ch t n hiu u vo s dng phng php iu ch kha dch pha cu phng QPSK

Thng s khi iu ch ging vi khi gii iu ch Phase offset (rad) ( lch pha) : pi/4 Constellation ordering (Th t ch m sao) : iu nh phn Input type ( iu d liu vo ): iu nguyn Output type(kiu dl ra) :kiu nguyn

3/ Khi AWGN channel thm nhiu Gauss trng vo tn hiu li vo. Tn hiu li ra v li vo c th l th c hay ph c. Khi ny cung cp cc tn hiu li vo v li ra a knh cng nh qu trnh x l khung c bn. Khi khng dng cc ch tham chiu bin vi li vo ph c, gi tr bin l t s gi a cc thnh phn th c v o ca tn hiu li vo. Cc thng s : Initial Seed: khi to gi tr ban u cho b to nhiu Gauss. Mode: xc nh bin nhiu vi tn hiu li vo. Number of bits per symbol: s bt trong mt k t , trng ny xut hin khi ch Eb/No c thit lp. Input signal power (watts): cng sut ca k hiu li vo (nu chn ch Eb/No) hay ca mu (nu chn SNR). Symbol period (s): khong thi gian tn ti ca k t t nh theo giy. Trng ny ch xut hin khi ch Eb/No hay Es/No c thit lp. Variance: l bin ca nhiu Gauss trng. i gi i iu c 5/ : Th c hin gii iu ch, khi phc t n hiu gc.

i Error Rate Calculation

tnh ton tc li bit hay li k t ca d liu li vo. Khi ny so snh d liu li vo t mt b pht vi tn hiu li vo ca mt b nhn. N s tnh ton tc li bt bng cch chia tng s cp thnh phn d liu vi tng thnh phn d liu li vo t mt ngun xc nh. Cc thng s:

Receive delay: s mu m d liu bn thu tr so vi d liu bn pht.(nu Tx hay Rx l mt vector th mi li vo a ra mt mu) Computation delay: s mu m khi b qua bc u tin ca qu trnh so snh. Computation Mode: khng nh ng khung Entire, chn cc mu t mt n, m cn chn cc mu t cng, ph thuc vo khi no khi nhn ra tt c hay ch mt phn cc khung li vo. Error Rate Calculation: mt vector ch a cc ch s ca thnh phn vctor khung Rx m khi nhn ra c khi so snh. Trng ny ch xut hin khi Computation Mode c thit lp Select samples from mask. Output data: c Workspace v Port u ph thuc vo v tr m chng ra g i d liu li ra. Variable name: tn ca vector d liu li ra trn khung lm vic MATLAB c bn. Trng ny xut hin ch khi Output data c lp l Workspace. Reset port: nu chn c a s ny, th mt cng li vo b sung s xut hin, c ghi m l Rst Stop simulation:nu chn c a s ny, th m phng s chy cho n khi khi xc nh c s li chn so snh. Target number of errors: m phng s dng sau khi xc nh c s li. Trng ny c ch khi Stop simulation c chn Maximum number of symbols: m phng s dng ngay sau khi th c hin s cc so snh ny. Trng ny ch c khi Stop simulation c chn. 6/ i display

Khi ny chp nhn v a ra cc t n hiu th c hay ph c ca bt k kiu d no m Simulink cung cp, bao gm c cc kiu d liu im kt hp. Cc thng s: Format : xc nh kiu d liu hin th. Mc nh l short. Decimation: xc nh kiu hin th d liu. Mc nh gi tr l 1 th s hin th mi im li vo. Floating display: nu chn c a s ny th cng li vo ca khi s bin mt, cho php khi c dng nh l mt khi Floating display. Sample time: xc nh thi im ly mu hin th im.

i iscrete-Time Scatter Plot Scope

hin th cc thnh phn tn hiu sau khi iu ch dng pha v cu phng. Gin chm sao m t s phn b ca cc im mt cch ri rc theo thi gian ca mt tn hiu iu ch, th hin ra cc c im nh hnh dng xung hoc s mo ca tn hiu. Cc thng s: Samples per symbol: s mu trn mi k t Offset (samples): cc mu c b qua trc khi th c hin v cc im Points displayed: tng s im c v ra. New points per display: s cc im mi xut hin trng mi ln hin th. can thip ca nhiu Gauss trng nh hng tr c tip n thng lng v cht lng ca knh truyn. ua m phng v quan st gin ch m sao ta thy: T l li bit BE ph thuc vo t s N BE cng nh v ngc li. ca trn truyn: N cng ln,

hi t n hiu iu ch cha a qua knh truyn AWGN, cc im trn gin ch m sao l l tng, ch ng l cc chm xc nh v khng b dao ng ra xung quanh. hi t n hiu iu ch c a qua knh nhiu Gauss trng, gin ch m sao c dng nh sau:

Nhiu ny lm cho cc im trn gin chm sao b dao ng ra xung quanh v tr chun ca n mt i lng no y. Mc d nh hng ca nhiu ny cha lm cho cc im trong gin chm sao ln vo nhau xong n cng gy nh hng n qu trnh truyn ca h thng. Nu knh truyn c t l N nh, cc t n hiu s chng ln ln nhau v ti ph a thu vic khi phc li t n hiu l rt kh kh n.

Bi 2: Xy dng m hnh mt knh vi iu ch: iu ch QAM, Knh AWGN, BSC.

1/ Khi QAM Modulator Baseband - iu ch tn hiu li vo s dng phng php iu ch bin xung vung.Li vo c th l cc bit hoc xung vung. Thng s M-ary number: s im trong chm tn hiu, bng 2k vi k l s nguyn cho trc. Input type: xc nh li vo l s nguyn hay nhm cc bt. Constellation ordering: xc nh cch khi lp biu mi nhm bit li vo thnh s nguyn tng ng. Trng ny cho php ch khi Input type c lp. Normalization method: xc nh cch m khi chia chm sao tn hiu. Chn Min.distance between symbols, average Power v Peak Power. Minimum distance: khong cch ngn nht gi a 2 im, xut hin ch khi Normalization method c lp l Min. distance between symbols Average power (watts): cng sut trung bnh ca k t trong chm, ch c khi Normalization method c thit lp l Peak Power. Phase offset (rad): chiu quay ca chm sao tn hiu, tnh theo radian. Samples per symbol: s my li ra m khi to i vi mi gi tr s nguyn hay t m nh phn li vo. Note thng s ca b iu ch v gi i iu ch ging nhau

 Nhn xt Sau khi chy m phng ta thy rng vi h thng khi khng c thnh phn tp nhiu tc ng vo, d a vo biu chm sao c nhn xt: - Do nhiu Gauss trng l khng ng k nn cc k t trn biu c lch so vi v tr ban u, song khong cch l khng ln, khng nh hng ti cc k t bn cnh. Do vic gii m bn thu s khng xy ra li bt (t c l s bt li l 0). Gi s thm vo thnh phn to nhiu v pha vo ng truyn trong qu trnh t ni pht ti ni thu: - biu chm sao ta thy khi c thnh phn nhiu pha tc ng trong qu trnh truyn th v tr cc k t c s thay i v v tr rt ln. Cc k t nhiu khi thu s lm cho bn thu nhm vi cc k t bn cnh, v gy ra li k t sau khi gii iu ch. - S lng k t li s t l nghch vi gi tr m c nhiu pha (phase noise level) do ch ng ta ci t ban u. D a vo m c nhiu m cc nh khoa hc tm ra c quy lut gy nhiu theo cng th c ton hc c th gim hoc loi b nhiu. Nh phng php m ha Trellis Bi 3: Xy dng m hnh mt knh vi iu ch: iu ch MSK, Knh AWGN, BSC.

iu ch kho dch pha c c tiu MSK (Minimum Shift Key). Kho dch c c tiu (MSK) l mt loi c bit ca kho dch tn s pha lin tc (CPF ), trong lch tn s nh bng 1/2 tc bit. Ni cch khc MSK l kho dch tn (FSK) pha lin tc vi ch s iu bin 0.5, ng vi khong cch tn s c c tiu cho php hai tn hiu FSK l tr c

giao kt hp v tn kho dch c c tiu ng s tch bit tn s c c tiu cho php tch sng tr c giao. 1/ khi Bernoulli binary generator L khi ngun hay cn gi l khi nh phn Bernoulli.khi ny to ra dy d liu s dng bit 0,1 theo phn b Bernoulli.phn phi Bernoulli vs thng s p =0 vi xc sut p v bng 1 vs xc sut 1-p Thng s: Probability: xc sut xut hin Initial seed: gi tr ban u Sample time: thi gian ly mu Samples per frame: cc mu trn khung 2/ khi MSK modulator baseband iu ch tn hiu li vo theo kiu diu ch kho dch pha c c tiu MSK (Minimum Shift Key) Thng s: Input type: cho bit dl vo l gi tr lng c c hay kiu nh phn Phase offset(rad): chiu quay ca chm sao tn hiu, tnh theo radian. Samples per Symbol: s mu u ra cho mi s nguyn hoc bit u vo Out data type: xc nh u ra ca khi c th l 1 hoc 2.theo mc nh l 2 Nhn xt: - hi t n hiu iu ch cha a qua knh truyn AWGN, cc im trn gin ch m sao l l tng, ch ng l cc chm xc nh v khng b dao ng ra xung quanh. - trng hp qua knh truyn c nhiu th vic nh hng ca nhiu nh dch nh thi dch pha, dch tn cng c th s to ra cc im x dch trng hay st vi mt trong cc im Phn 2:Bi tp v dng nhiu

Bi 4: Xy dng mt m hnh knh nhiu: S dng hai m hnh knh l AWGN, BSC. (tp photo) 1, i ernoulli inary enerator : hi ngun, hay c n gi l khi nh phn Bernoulli. hi ny to ra d liu s gm dy bit 0,1 theo phn b Bernoulli. 2/ khi Hamming encoder 3/ khi BPSK modulator baseband L khi iu ch pha nh phn, c n.v .ch tn hiu s vs bit 0 tng ng vs tn hiu sng c pha = -90o v bit 1 tng ng vs sng mang c pha = 90o (hoc ngc li) 4/ khi Re(U) : (khi ny dng khi dng knh BSC,cn AWGN ko cn) loi b sng ca tn hiu bng cch loi b cc thnh phn o chuyn t dng sng sang dng bit 4 i knh truyn Nu l AWGN : Khi AWGN cng nhiu trng Gauss vo trong tn hiu li vo. Tn hiu li vo v tn hiu li ra c th l s th c hoc s ph c. C th xc nh s khc nhau ca b to nhiu bi knh AWGN t s tn hiu trn n Eb/N0 v Eb/N0 vi tn hiu ln lt l bt v l symbol, hay t l tn trn tp SNR.. Nu l BSC : Knh truyn nh phn i x ng ch cho d liu dng nh phn i qua 5 i Error rate calculator : L khi t nh ton t l li b t hoc t l li symbol ca t n hiu li vo. Khi ny so snh d liu li vo ca b pht vi d liu li vo ca b thu. N tnh t l li di dng nh ng con s thay i lin tc, bng cch chia tng s cp d liu khng bng nhau cho tng s d liu li vo ca ngun. Ta c th s dng khi ny tnh t l li bit hay t l li k hiu, v n khng t nh n s khc nhau gi a cc thnh phn d liu vo. Nu li vo dng bit th khi s tnh t l li bit. Nu li vo l cc k hiu th n tnh t l li k hiu. Khi ny k tha thi gian ly mu ca tn hiu li vo. D liu ra ca khi ny gm : Tc li b t, tng s li l s cc b t khc nhau v s b t c so snh. 4, i Display : Hin th kt qu t nh ton t khi Error rate calculator . Nhn xt : - nh B C nh hng ti t n hiu truyn ln hn knh AWGN. BE ca knh B C > BE ca AWGN khi truyn cng s bit - khi Es / No t ng ln s lm nh hng ca nhiu ti t n hiu s gim hay BE s gim

- khi error Peobability t ng ln th BE cng gim i

Bi 5: M hnh knh nhiu n pha vi iu ch 256-QAM.

1/ random integer generator (Khi pht s nguyn ngu nhin) Khi ny pht s nguyn ngu nhin phn b u trong khong [0,M-1].M l s m c ca tn hiu AM c iu ch. y M=256 Thng s: M-ary number: gi tr s nguyn hay vector ca cc s nguyn xc nh khong gi tr li ra . Initial Seed: l gi tr ban u ca b pht s ngu nhin. Cho bit chiu di vector li ra. Sample time: chu k ca mi vector ly mu c bn hay mi hng ca ma trn khung c bn. Frame-based outputs: xc nh khi li ra l khung hay mu c bn. Sample per frame: s mu trn mi ct ca tn hiu li ra. Output data type: Kiu d liu ra l s t nhin khng du 8 bit. 2/ Khi iu ch bng tn c s 256-QAM. iu ch tn hiu li vo s dng phng php iu ch bin xung vung.Li vo c th l cc bit hoc cc s nguyn. Cc thng s: M-ary number: s im trong chm tn hiu, bng 2k vi k l s nguyn cho trc. Input type: xc nh li vo l s nguyn hay nhm cc bt.

Constellation ordering: xc nh cch khi lp biu mi nhm bit li vo thnh s nguyn tng ng Normalization method: xc nh cch m khi chia chm sao tn hiu.Chn Average Power. Average power (watts): cng sut trung bnh ca k t trong chm. Phase offset (rad): chiu quay ca chm sao tn hiu, tnh theo radian. Output type :xc nh kiu li ra. 3/ Khi knh nhiu cng tnh AWGN. - Khi AWGN cng nhiu trng Gauss vo trong tn hiu li vo.Tn hiu li vo v tn hiu li ra c th l s ph c hoc s th c. Initial Seed: khi to gi tr ban u cho b to nhiu Gauss. Mode: xc nh bin nhiu vi tn hiu li vo. Input signal power (watts): cng sut ca k hiu li vo (nu chn ch Eb/No) hay ca mu (nu chn SNR). Symbol period (s): khong thi gian tn ti ca k t t nh theo giy. Trng ny ch xut hin khi ch Eb/No hay Es/No c thit lp 4/ phase noise (Khi n pha). - Khi ny lm dch pha ca tn hiu mt lng ngu nhin. - Khi n pha cng nhiu pha ti tn hiu ph c, tn hiu b ng c s. Khi cung cp nhiu pha nh sau: To ra nhiu Gauss cng tnh (AWGN) v lc nhiu ny bng b lc s. Cng nhiu vo thnh phn gc ca tn hiu vo. Thng s Phase noise level(dBc/Hz) : M c n pha. Frequency offset(Hz): lch tn s. Initial seed : L gi tr ban u ca b pht s ngu nhin. Cho bit chiu di vector li ra. 5/ 256-QAM demodulator baseband(Khi gi i iu ch bng tn c s 256-QAM) - Gii iu ch tn hiu li vo s dng phng php iu ch bin xung vung.L tp hp cc s nguyn t 0->255 6/ error rate calculator(B tnh ton v thng k li). - Khi ny dng tnh ton t l li bit hoc t l li symbol ca d liu li vo.Tc li ca d liu thu c xc nh = tr ca d liu truyn. - Khi ny c 2 cng li vo: Tx v Rx,trong Tx l cho t n hiu truyn i. x l cho tn hiu nhn c. Thng s: Receive delay: s mu m d liu bn thu tr so vi d liu bn pht.(nu Tx hay Rx l mt vector th mi li vo a ra mt mu) Computation delay: s mu m khi b qua bc u tin ca qu trnh so snh. Computation Mode: khung Entire chn cc mu t mt n, m cn chn cc mu t cng, ph thuc vo khi no khi nhn ra tt c hay ch mt phn cc khung li vo. Output data: Port ph thuc vo v tr m chng ra g i d liu li ra.

7/ display(Khi hin th) . - Khi ny hin th cc gi tr ca li vo. - Khi ny cho ta thy c t l li bit trn k t ,tng s li v tng s k t . Thng s: Format : xc nh kiu d liu hin th. Mc nh l short. Decimation: xc nh kiu hin th d liu. Mc nh gi tr l 1 th s hin th mi im li vo. 8/ discrete-time scantter plot scope (gi n chm sao). - Hin th cc thnh phn cng pha v vung pha ca tn hiu iu ch. - Gin chm sao m t s phn b ca cc im mt cch ri rc theo thi gian ca 1 tn hiu iu ch,th hin ra cc c im nh dng xung hoc s mo ca cc tin hiu Nhn xt. Sau khi chy m phng ta thy rng vi h thng khi khng c thnh phn tp nhiu tc ng vo, d a vo biu chm sao c nhn xt: - Ban u, cc im trn chm sao khi qua khi iu ch QAM l l tng. Chng l cc chm xc nh v khng b dao ng ra xung quanh. - Khi tn hiu truyn qua knh AWGN th: Tn hiu c nhiu trng, nhiu ny lm cho cc im trn gin chm sao b dao ng ra xung quanh mt i lng nh. N gy nh hng n qu trnh truyn ca h thng nhng cha n m c nghim trng. - Khi tn hiu i qua khi n pha, ta thy c s thay i rt ln trn gin chm sao.Cc im trn gin ch m sao l c ny b nhiu ln ln nhau. nh hng ny gy kh kh n rt ln cho vic khi phc tn hiu. Phn 3:Bi tp v dng m ha Bi 6: M hnh c s dng m ha knh truyn vi m Hamming.

1/ Bernoulli Binary Generator:

hi ngun, hay c n gi l khi nh phn Bernoulli.

hi ny to ra d liu s gm dy bit 0,1 theo phn b Bernoulli.

Thng s : Probability of a zero : c sut ca bit 0 Initial seed : Gi tr ban u Samples time : Thi gian ly mu Samples per frame:S mu trn khung Output data type : kiu d liu ra 2/ BPSK Modulator Baseband: Khi iu ch pha nh phn, c nhim v iu ch tn hiu s vi bit 0 tng ng vi tn hiu sng c pha = -90 v bit 1 tng ng sng mang c pha = 90 (hoc ngc li). 3/ BPSK Demodulator Baseband: Khi gii iu ch pha nh phn, th c hin nhim v ngc li khi BPSK Thng s ca b iu ch v gii iu ch : Phase offset = 0 v Samples per symbol = 1. 4/ AWGN Channel: Khi AWGN cng nhiu trng Gauss vo trong tn hiu li vo. Tn hiu li vo v tn hiu li ra c th l s th c hoc s ph c. 5/ Hamming Encoder: Khi m ha Hamming, c nhim v m ha cc bit u vo thnh chui bit u ra bng cch chn cc bit kim tra li 6/ Hamming Decoder: Khi gii m Hamming Thng s cho b m ha v gii m: Codeword Length N : xc nh chiu di t m, l chiu di vector u ra Message Length K : xc nh chiu di bn tin, l chiu di vector u vo hoc vector nh phn i din cho 1 a th c sinh ca trng nh phn 7/ Error Rate Calculation: L khi t nh ton t l li b t hoc t l li symbol ca t n hiu li vo. Khi ny so snh d liu li vo ca b pht vi d liu li vo ca b thu. N tnh t l li di dng nh ng con s thay i lin tc, bng cch chia tng s cp d liu khng bng nhau cho tng s d liu li vo ca ngun. Ta c th s dng khi ny

tnh t l li bit hay t l li k hiu, v n khng t nh n s khc nhau gi a cc thnh phn d liu vo. Nu li vo dng bit th khi s tnh t l li bit. Nu li vo l cc k hiu th n tnh t l li k hiu. Khi ny k tha thi gian ly mu ca tn hiu li vo. D liu ra ca khi ny gm : Tc li b t, tng s li l s cc b t khc nhau v s b t c so snh. 8/ Display: Khi dng hin th kt qu t nh ton t khi Error rate calculator . Khi ny s hin th ra 3 i lng: T l li / bit Tng s bit b li. Tng s bit nhn

Nhn xt:

Bi 7: M hnh c s dng m ha chp tc 2/3 (convolutioncode) vi m Hamming vi knh AWGN.(hoc BSC)

1/ Bernoulli Binary Generator:

hi ngun, hay c n gi l khi nh phn Bernoulli.

hi ny to ra d liu s gm dy bit 0,1 theo phn b Bernoulli. Probability of a zero : c sut ca bit 0 Initial seed : Gi tr ban u Samples time : Thi gian ly mu Samples per frame:S mu trn khung Output data type : kiu d liu ra

2/ Convolutional Encoder: Khi m ha chp tc 2/3, chng li cc tc ng trn knh truyn Thng s: Trellis structure: cu trc trellis,v d nh cu trc : poly 2 trellis ([5 4],[23 35 0;0 5 13]); 3/ knh truyn: - nu l AWGN: Khi AWGN cng nhiu trng Gauss vo trong tn hiu li vo. Tn hiu li vo v tn hiu li ra c th l s th c hoc s ph c. - nu l BSC: l knh truyn nh phn i x ng ch cho php tn hiu nh phn i qua Thng s knh BSC: Error probability : xc sut li Initial seed: Gi tr ban u Output error vector:xc nh s vector ra b li 4/ Complex to real-imag: Khi ny s nhn tn hiu ph c v cho ra phn th c ca tn hiu , do iu ch BPSK khng c phn o nn trong phn thit lp thng s ca khi ny, ta chn Output l Real. Ta cng khng cn gii iu ch tn hiu v khi Gii m Viterbi c th x l c tin hiu ny. 5/ Viterbi Decoder: Khi ny gii m s dng thut ton viterbi. Trellis structure: cu trc trellis ,V d : poly 2 trellis ([5 4],[23 35 0;0 5 13]); Decision type: hard decision Cn li mc nh 6/ Error Rate Calculation: Khi dng so snh li gi a tn hiu gc v tn hiu sau khi qua knh AWGN c s dng m chp.D liu ra ca khi ny gm : Tc li b t, tng s li l s cc b t khc nhau v s b t c so snh. 8/ Display: Khi dng hin th kt qu t nh ton t khi Error rate calculator . Khi ny s hin th ra 3 i lng: T l li / bit

Tng s bit b li. Tng s bit nhn

Nhn xt hai m: Hamming v Convolution - Ging nhau: Cng l phng php m ha s a li bng cch chn cc bt s a li vo chui bt d liu - Khc nhau: T kt qu m phng ta nhn thy Cng 1 gi tr SNR th BER ca Hamming lun ln hn BE Hamming -s dng m chp (convolution code) tc 2/3 trn knh truyn nh phn i x ng cho ta kt qu : t l li bt rt nh - nu thay i m chp bng m Hamming th t l li bit t ng ln - nu s.dng b m chp tc 1/2 th s bit li t ng ln Note : Nu s.dng knh B C thay cho AWGN th knh B C l tng hn do khi dng BSC t s BER gim i Phn 4:Bi tp v dng iu ch chu tc ng ca fading relay Bi 8: M hnh s dng iu ch P 1/Khi Random Integer Generator: 2 /Khi General QPSK Modulator Baseband Phase offset (rad) ( lch pha) : pi/4 Constellation ordering (Th t ch m sao) : iu nh phn Input type ( iu d liu vo ): iu nguyn Output type(kiu dl ra) :kiu nguyn c tc ng ca fading Rayleigh. ca Convolution. V vy m ha knh dng Convolution tt hn so vi

3 /Khi Multipath Rayleigh Fading Channel

Khi ny to ra fading rayleigh a ng dn ti suy gim cng v xoay pha tn hiu Thng s: - Maximum Doppler shift(Hz)-> 40: gi tr v hng tch c c cho thy s dch chuyn doppler ti a - Doppler spectrum type: ch nh s doppler ca qu trnh rayleigh, tham s ny mc nh ph Jakes - average path gain vector [0-3]: vector x.nh li cho mi ng - average path delay vector (s) : x.nh s chm tr cho mi ng - initial seed :to gi tr cho my pht ting n Gauss 4/Khi Raised Cosine Interpolator L b lc cosin, hn ch nhiu I I, ng thi c tc dng ng b ha d liu Cc thng s: Dialog parameter: tham s thoi Interpolation facter: yu t ni suy 5/Khi QPSK Scatter Plot Scope Nhn xt:
S dng iu ch P c tc ng ca fading raleigh th quan st gin chm sao thy cc im di chuyn chng ln ln nhau, khong cch khng u nhau ng thi c xu hng thm nhiu im khc. Dn ti t s BE t ng ln lm cho vic khi phc v gii iu ch c t n hiu gc l kh kh n

Bi 9: M hnh s dng iu ch AM c tc ng ca fading Rayleigh.

1/ Khi Random Integer Generator:

2/ Khi General QAM Modulator Baseband 3/ Khi Multipath Rayleigh Fading Channel 4/ Khi Raised Cosine Interpolator 5/ Khi QAM Scatter Plot Scope Nhn xt: Di tc ng ca fading rayleigh ( loi fading c nh hng rt xu ti vic thu tn hiu ti my thu) d c s dng iu ch AM nhng d a vo gin chm sao ca iu ch AM, cc im lun di chuyn , khng 1 v.tr xc nh,ng thi c xu hng thm nhiu im khc. Dn ti t s BE t ng ln lm cho vic khi phc v gii iu ch c tn hiu gc l kh kh n