Practical-1 AIM: - Install and test various n/w connecter cables.

The larges the area your LAN the more critical cabling design of cabling first to determine wheather if WAN drive your n/w budget !lanning e"uals to it is only a minor consideration. The ty!e of cabling you have installed or want to use might be a deciding factor in the design layout of the n/w. There are five !ossible cabling are: #. $nshielded twisted !air %$T&' (. )hielded twisted !air %)T&' *. +oa,ial cable connector -. .iber-o!tic connector /. Wireless . Twisted-&air: Twisted-!air cable has been around a lit longer than coa,ial0 but it has been carrying voice0 not data. $nshielded twisted-!air is used e,tensively in the nationwide tele!hone system. &ractically every home that has tele!hones is wired with twisted-!air cable. Twisted-!air offers some significant benefits. It1s lighter0 thinner0 more fle,ible0 and easier to install than coa,. or fiber-o!tic cable. It1s also ine,!ensive. It is therefore ideal in offices or wor2 grou!s that are free of severe electromagnetic interference. Twisted !air cabling comes in two varieties: shielded and unshielded. 1. Unshielded twisted Pair:The "uality of $T& may vary from tele!hone-grade wire to e,tremely high-s!eed cable. The cable has four !airs of wires inside the 3ac2et. 4ach !air is twisted with a different number of twists !er inch to hel! eliminate interference from ad3acent !airs and other electrical devices. The tighter the twisting0 the higher the su!!orted transmission rate and the greater the cost !er foot. The 4IA/TIA %4lectronic Industry Association / Telecommunication Industry Association' has established standards of $T& and rated five categories of wire. +ategories of $nshielded Twisted &air: Ty!e +ategory # +ategory ( +ategory * +ategory +ategory / $se 5oice 6nly %Tele!hone Wire' 7ata to - 8b!s %Local Tal2' 7ata to #9 8b!s %4thernet' 7ata to (9 8b!s %#: 8b!s To2en ;ing' 7ata to #99 8b!s %.ast 4thernet'

$T& +onnector: The standard connector for unshielded twisted !air cabling is an ;<--/ connector. This is a !lastic connector that loo2s li2e a large tele!hone-style connector. A slot allows the ;<--/ to be inserted only one way. ;< stands for ;egistered <ac20 im!lying that the connector follows a standard borrowed from the tele!hone industry. This standard designates which wire goes with each !in inside the connector. 2. Shielded Twisted Pair wire: )hielded twisted !air carrier an e,ternal aluminum foil as woven co!!er shielded s!ecifying designed to reduce the electrical noise also absor!tion. Thus it combi=nes the shielded !ro!erties of both coa,ial cable unshielded twisted !air wire. .ig-# shows the fail braid shielding on shielded twisted !air wire. )hielded twisted !air cables are relatively e,!ensive difficult to wor2 with they re"uire out stream installation I>8 has successively mas2ed a wiring !lan using their cables for to2en ring installation. The I>8 !lans room of cable between every server as client station a central wiring hub. 7ifferent com!anies have their own s!ecification for such cables although to2en ring shielded twisted !air cable are e,!ensive difficult to wor2 with several ty!es such as I>81s )T& for ta2en ring are very thin "uic2ly fill u! wiring conducts.

Connectors: I>8 used s!ecial connect are shown fig-*. .or connection to the central wiring hub of shielded twisted !air wire. In fig. The 7-shell connector shows connects the cable to the to2en ring ada!tors card. The larger dar2er connector is an I>8 data to connector0 which attaches the two twisted !air of wire shielded to an I>8 medium attachment unit. 3. Coaxial cable:+oa,ial cable0 or coa,0 has a long history. If you have cable television in your home0 you have coa,ial cable. >roadband transmission uses the same !rinci!les as cable T5 and runs on coa,. >roadband and cable T5 ta2e advantage of coal1s ability to transmit many signals at the same time. 4ach signal is called a channel. 4ach channel travels along at a different fre"uency0 so it does not interfere with other channels. +oa, has a large bandwidth0 which means it can handle !lenty of traffic at high s!eeds. 6ther advantages include its relative immunity to electromagnetic interference %as com!ared to twisted-!air'0 its ability to carry signals over a significant distance0 and its familiarity to many cable installers.

+oa,ial is the oldest networ2 cable. It is !roven0 easy to use. It has a large bandwidth and can su!!ort transmission over long distance. +oa, cable has four !arts. The inner conductor is a solid metal wire surrounded by insulation. A thin0 tabular !iece of metal screen surrounds the insulation. Its a,is of curvature coincides with that of the inner conductor0 hence the name coa,ial. .inally0 an outer !lastic cover surrounds the rest. +oa, comes in several si?es. )tandard 4thernet cable0 the yellow stuff called thic2 4thernet0 is about the diameter of a man1s thumb. Thin 4thernet0 the blac2 cable0 is about as

thic2 as a woman1s !in2y finger. A;+net uses ;@/:= coa, cable. Thic2er coa, is more robust0 harder to damage0 and transmits data over longer distance. It1s also more difficult to connect. +oa,ial cabling has a single co!!er conductor at its center. A !lastic layer !rovides insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal shield. The metal shield hel!s to bloc2 any outside interference from fluorescent lights0 motors0 and other com!uters. Although coa,ial cabling is difficult to install0 it is highly resistant to signal interference. In addition0 it can su!!ort greater cable lengths between networ2s 7evi Coax: Two conductors share the same a,is. +ommon used for thic2 4thernet0 thin 4thernet0 cable T5 and A;+net0 coa,ial cabling that uses >N+ connectorsA heavy shielding !rotects data0 but e,!ensive and hard to ma2e connectors. >andwidth is between (./ 8b!s and #9 8b!s. Coaxial Cable Connectors: The most common ty!e of connector used with coa,ial cables is the baonetNeill-concelman %>N+' connector. 7ifferent ty!es of ada!ters are available for >N+ connectors0 including a T-connector0 barrel connector0 and terminator. +onnectors on the cable are the wea2est !oints in any networ2. To hel! avoid !roblems with your networ20 always use the >N+ connectors that crim!0 rather than screw0 onto the cable. 4. iber-o!tic cables: .iber o!tic cabling consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of !rotective materials. It transmits light rather than electronic signals eliminating the !roblem of electrical interference. This ma2es it ideal for certain environments that contain a large amount of electrical interference. It has also made it the standard for connecting networ2s between buildings0 due to its immunity to the effects of moisture and lighting. .iber o!tics has been touted as the answer to all the !roblems of co!!er cable. It can carry voice0 video0 and data. It has enormous bandwidth and can carry signals for e,tremely long distances. >ecause it uses light !ulses0 not electricity to carry data0 it is immune to electromagnetic interference. It is also more secure than co!!er cable0 because an intruder cannot eavesdro! on the signals0 but must !hysically ta! into the cable. To get at the information inside0 a device must be attached0 and the light level will subse"uently decrease.

.iber-6!tics cable itself is a core fiber surrounded by cladding. A !rotective covering surrounds both. L47s or light emitting diodes send the signals down the cable. A

detector receives the signals and converts them bac2 to the electrical im!ulses that com!uters can understand. While the bits are encoded into light in a number of ways0 the most !o!ular method is to vary the intensity of the light. .iber-o!tic cable can be multimode of single-mode. In single-mode cable0 the light travels straight down the fiber0 which means data can travel greater distances. >ut since single mode cable has a larger diameter than multimode cable0 it is harder to manufacture. In multimode cable0 the light bounces off the cable1s walls as it travels down0 which causes the signals to wea2en sooner0 and therefore data cannot travel great distances. )ingle-mode cables are most often used in the nationwide tele!hone system0 and multimode cable is most often used in LANs0 since data is not re"uired to travel across the country. 1. "istance: Although signal on a co!!er cable light in a glass fiber travel at a!!ro,imately the same s!eed0 the light meet less distance as it moves along therefore0 light signal go further with less attenuation. .iber o!tic lin2s can run without a re!eater to distance at more than *./ 2m. This is more than (( lines the ma,imum distance for coa,ial cable #/ lines the distance for twisted for system such as #9-base-T. 2. #eliabilit$: The !rimary reason for the reliability of fiber system is that they don1t !ic2u! electrical signal im!ulses radio transmitter !ower lines other electrical device absorb more energy then fiber o!tic. The energy from these entire source modifiers the data signals in the metal cable. +ausing band !ac2ets sometimes-transient unreliability. 3. Sec%rit$: .iber LAN1s offer im!roved security because they carry light that light is !recisely controlled. It can get my hands on a co-a,ial cable LAN can to! into it read all the data !assing over it include !assword.

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iber-o!tic cables: Not all n/w are connected with cablingA some n/w are wireless. Wireless LANs use high fre"uency radio signals0 infrared light beams0 or lasers to communicate between the wor2stations and the file server or hubs. 4ach wor2station and the file server or hubs. 4ach wor2station and file server on a wireless n/w has some sort of transceiver/antenna to send and receive the data. Information is relayed between transceivers as if they were !hysically connected. .or longer distance0 wireless communications can also ta2e !lace through cellular tele!hone technology0 microwave transmission0 or by satellite. The two most common ty!es of infrared communications used in schools are line-of-sightand scattered broadcast. Line-of-sight communication means that there must be an unbloc2ed direct line between the wor2station and the transceiver. If a !erson wal2s within the line-of-sight while there is transmission0 the information would need to be sent again. This 2ind of obstruction can slow down the wireless networ2.