Professional Documents
Culture Documents
American Flowers
American Flowers
American Flowers
NELTJE BLANCHANZ)**^'
0"
Planting Lists by
LEONARD BARRON
New
York
Doubleday, Page
1909
& Company
TO MY HUSBAND
BUT FOR
WHOM
250778
"
'What
is
a garden?
It is
man's report
It is
to
It is earth
man's
a
man's craving
grown
fine lunacy.
won-
all its
select items,
can
still
JOHN D. SEDDING.
SUBTLE ART OF THE GARDENER, WHICH ALMOST DEFIES DETECTION, INTO A NATURALISTIC ROCK GARDEN
CONTENTS
I
CHAPTER
I.
PAGE
II.
13
"III.
29
43 67
79
IV.
*V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
97
in
131
.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
-163
-193
231
.
ANNUALS
BULBS, TUBEROUS PLANTS AND ORNAMENTAL GRASSES
255
XIV.
289
319
XV.
XVI.
GARDEN FURNITURE
337
ILLUSTRATIONS
COLOUR PLATES
AN ABANDONED STONE QUARRY, TRANSFORMED BY THE SUBTLE
ART OF THE GARDENER
(A. Radclyffe
Dugmore).
Frontispiece
FACING PAGE
Dugmore)
THIS SECTION OF AN OLD AND OVER-LARGE VEGETABLE GARDEN WAS TRANSFORMED INTO A HOME FOR HARDY ROSES (A. Radclyffe
198
Dugmore)
'.
298
Dugmore)
.......
(A.
.
Rad.
348
SIZE OF
. .
No
..7
PIECE OF LAND
IO
ix
Horace McFarland)
THAT IT MAY GIVE THE MOST PLEASURE TO BUSY PEOPLE, THE GARDEN SHOULD BE CONVENIENTLY NEAR THE HOME
(Russell Doubleday)
...
"
. ..
FLOWERS
(J.
18
"SOME FLOTSAM AND JETSAM OF BLOOM, LIKE THE SAND-LOVING " PORTULACA AND SEA PlNKS, EXTEND ALMOST TO THE WAVES
IQ
......
.
(E. E. Soder-
.22
(J.
A HARDY GARDEN
Company)
BORDERING A LAWN
.
.
Horace McFarland
> R. Graves)
.
23 26
IN
27
IN
A RENAIS34
THE
OLD
...
35
A GARDEN ARRANGED
ONE
OF THE BEST
ace
....
(J.
McFarland Company)
.......
.
.
Hor37
BOXWOOD HEDGES OVER A CENTURY OLD (Henry Troth) A TANGLE OF BEAUTY AND LUXURIANCE (Henry Troth)
48
49
52
AN UNPRETENTIOUS, HOME-LIKE
LITTLE
Illustrations
xi
FACING PAGE
FRAXINELLA, THE FRAGRANT-LEAVED AND RESINOUS GAS PLANT, BELOVED BY OUR GRANDMOTHERS (Dr. R. L. Dickinson)
53
THE
R. 62
Graves)
OPEN WOODLAND
63
WALK
(J.
Horace McFarland)
WILD GRASS
(A. Radclyffe
Dug70
SHOWN
.
IN
.
(A. Radclyffe
Dugmore)
71
TALL, LATE GARDEN TULIPS (Gesneriand) NATURALISED IN A GRASSY BORDER IN FRONT OF SHRUBBERY (J. Horace
McFarland)
-J
72
Horace McFarland)
'\~
!'.'
73
(R. B. Whyte)
76
DOUBLE ENGLISH DAISIES DISCARDED FROM FORMAL FLOWER BEDS MAY BE NATURALISED ON THE SUNNY BANK OF A POND
(J.
Horace McFarland)
IN
77
Horace McFarland)
...
(J.
82
WILD GARDEN
(J.
Horace McFarland)
83
WAXY WHITE
Horace McFarland)
86
H. Sargent)
xii
FLOWERS BLOOM
FERNS AND
land)
(T. E. Mart)
9
(J.
WOOD ASTERS
IN
A SHADY PLACE
Horace McFar91
A A
GARDEN (Henry
Troth)
:
102
103
(J.
Horace McFarland)
(J.
.
"'*
V
(J.
106
....
.
.
.
IN
EARLY SPRING
.
.
.
Horace
-.
107
THE FEA"WATER IN A LANDSCAPE Is AS A MIRROR TO A ROOM TURE THAT DOUBLES AND ENHANCES ALL ITS CHARMS"
(T. E. Marr)
. .
. .
114
A BROOK MAY BE INDUCED BY A DAM TO OVERFLOW A BIT OF LOW-LYING MEADOW AND BECOME THE PRINCIPAL FACTOR IN
A WATER GARDEN (Henry Troth)
.
.o
..
115
ITS
(C. J.
118
Hill)
.
119
TO POSSESS SUCH AN
OAK
THE
135
138
AN AVENUE
Marr)
139
Illustrations
xiii
FACING PAGE
142
ITS
HERBACEOUS
143
Horace McFarland)
Marr)
?
166
(T. E. Marr)
. .
.
167
(Gracilis)
.176
.
(C. J. Crandall
Is
&
Company)
177
THE RHODODENDRON
ace McFarland)
(J.
Hor204
A HAPPY COLONY
(Nathan R. Graves)
205
.........
(J.
Horace
McFarland
i
210
WHITE PHLOX, SHELL PINK SINGLE HOLLYHOCKS AND BEE LARKSPUR (Herbert Angell)
211
BOLTONIA
(J.
ONE
......
ASTER-LIKE
PLANTS
22O
221
Horace McFarland)
(J.
Horace McFarland)
237
XIV
(Nathan R. Graves)
244
THE TOBACCO
WHICH LOOKS LIKE A FADED BALL-ROOM BEAUTY BY DAY, SHOULD BE VIEWED FROM A LITTLE DISPLANT,
245
IN
EARLY
.260
(A. Radclyffe
.
261
ONE
:'<
268
IRISES
. .
E.
Marr)
(Nathan R. Graves)
....
HARDY
"
'
269
276
candidum)
Miller)
.
GROWN
;.
IN A CIRCLE OF
/
;.
FLOWERS (Claude
;<
'
y.
..
'/
277
A LONG
ISLAND
WAVE
.
294
V. Lange)
.295
308
PERGOLAS ARE INDEBTED TO THE HARDY, CLEAN, VIGOROUS RAMBLER ROSES FOR MUCH OF THEIR CHARM (Henry
Troth )
309
WISTARIA
THE VINE OF
MANY
322
323
Illustrations
xv
FACING PAGE
OF AN
WHY
........
....
Is
. .
327
334
ONE
HOUSE (Floyd
E. Baker)
335
THE MARBLE TABLE, ON WHICH THE SUN-DIAL RESTS, OF ONE UNEARTHED AT POMPEII (Gustav Lorey)
HYDRANGEAS
(T. E. Marr)
A COPY
.
340
RUSTIC FURNITURE
(Rudolf Eickemeyer,
.... ....
IN
.
Row OF
'.';'.'
341
ALL WEATHERS
>
.
342
THE FORMALITY
OF ARCHITECTURE
FORMALITY IN
343
AN OUT-OF-DOOR
/ 344
345
"Laying
like
out grounds
may
be
considered
liberal art,
in
some
sort
poetry
and painting."
WORDSWORTH.
men
devote
their
lives
to
WITH
all
men
in
form
media
man who no
less faithfully
and nights
The
media
would seem
sculptor, yet
to
to
why
it
him
Is
he well-nigh
For
is
This
an art
it
nature, change
rather, but
The
Museum
of Art,
New
and statuary by
civilised
artists
lands.
Surrounding the
3
museum
is
a great pleasure
of people find recreation ground of exceeding beauty where millions and delight without even having heard the name of Frederick Law
Olmsted.
imagination
Few
and trained
sense
for
Central
Park.
By
to
was enabled
and the
belief of the
them
so,
creative art.
man who
so clear
an
artistic ideal
ranks of
of a
museum
walls.
There
number of
critics
Who
angelo,
remembers that Raphael, Giulio Romano and Michelother great masters of the Renaissance, in the
artistic genius, lavished it
among
exuberance of their
the gardens of
without
Rome and
northern
Italy?
stint
designing palaces and churches and decorating them with carvings, paintings, frescoes
and statuary within and without, not planned and embellished gardens which, But as gardeners these
remain masterpieces.
Like
all
rank must
be endowed with a great imagination that can see clearly the ideal,
which
home grounds,
must
many
years of
toil
and growth,
sis
Q w 5
* O s W H g 3 ~
- ^ ~
Z w <
Q > ;..s
s:
2 o H D
.,i-
Q Z 5 a ^ w <;
ass
I i
S
"
2 a
IBS
< w
TO LENGTHEN DISTANCE AND ADD TO THE APPARENT SIZE OF ONfi's GROUND WITHOUT INCREASING TAXES, A VISTA THROUGH TREES OR VINE-ENCIRCLED COLUMNS IS THE LANDSCAPE GARDENER'S EXPEDIENT
The
and, with the inner eye alone, see the finished picture which
may
be
actually
completed
by
his
silent
is
partner
long
life
is
after
Art
long and
short
indeed, too short, perhaps, for the realisation of even the simplest
of his ideals.
He
from
its
Nature waited patiently through the ages for a partner like Luther Burbank to select, hybridise and bring to perfection her
fruits
and
own
latent
Without the help of the trained possibilities would never have been realised.
flowers.
scientist her
"Nature,"
said Aristotle,
"has the
for
will
That
ideal
is left
with her, in
man
to realise only
her.
the artistic
that
are
nature
art,
found expression.
tion
But unbridled imagination, without a true sense of proporto hold it in check, might easily run away with his greatest
In his student days especially, and indeed through-
opportunity.
out his
life,
it
may
be that
he will never find a single scene, however lovely in be copied exactly and
fit
itself,
that could
in with
its
any of
his plans.
lost, its
Detached
proportion
it
from
its
large environment
beauty might be
were
artistically
possible.
The
of his art; to find his inspiration in them and then select from his
storehouse of knowledge, eliminate, adapt, adjust, harmonise, and
recreate, not only to the scale of his design,
his
own
park-like,
panoramic landscape or a
little
garden.
His task
art
is
is
copy them.
True
never
belief to the
Many
is
Brown, have
fact.
failed as artists
There
and a
servile
copying of her.
to attempt too
is
it
The temptation
partner.
much
is
Nature herself
Only a
mon
is
Which
is
in
detail,
really
good that
Especially are amateurs prone to set out only their pet plants
effect, to select
haphazard from
One
part of the
relation whatever to
another part, the main idea, on which more than half of the beauty of a place depends, is gradually frittered away on trivialities.
Strange to say, a general working plan
is
FOR UNITING A BOUNDARY BELT OF TREES TO A LAWN, THE INTERMEDIATE SHRUBBERY AND LOW-GROWING, FLOWERING FOREGROUND MAKE A SOFTLY FLOWING LINE OF DESCENT
The
think
of.
made
impulsively,
tell
and
you
of
harrowing
stories of
how
clients
effect
some of
his
best
own
power
is
practically
unlimited.
He
rarely permitted to
planting.
all
Nature, however,
trace of his art
and
man
them or indulges
I
"Perhaps,
don't
know good
said a self-complacent
I
know what
I like."
the
that."
in us.
Anyone may
without the
gift
and the technique of it, although, of imagination and a sense of proportion, form
never hope to become a great
artist.
and
color,
one
may
But
much
less
monopolised
by them.
soil
by trained men who should know better. And it is conversely true that some delightful little gardens have been made by untrained
gifts.
amateurs,
who
nevertheless
is
possess the
natural
artistic
However, ignorance
profession or calling,
upon
how
it
little
pleasure to
its
owner unless
It is distress-
size
of his purse.
worm-eaten
their
roses,
care for
them
properly.
little
flower bed
But
the
little
is it
houses
in
midst of cramped,
money and no
taste
Long ago Lord Bacon observed: "A when ages grow to civility and elegancy,
sooner than to garden finely, as
if
when much
worthy
adornment of the home grounds, in whose beauty every passer-by may share. A well-known architect, who is also an expert
landscape gardener, stipulates, before taking a contract, that at
least one-tenth
expended upon
artistic
proper setting.
He
and the
altruistic points
of view.
is
that the
and charm.
He
The
The
sense of form.
He
appreciates, as well as a
line.
Greek
classicist, the
river
meander-
ing through a
the hill-side, the bare beauty of an elm in winter, the jagged outline
These he
and adapts for a naturalistic garden. But the study of art has also taught him the beauty of the circle and the ellipse in a classic garden, of straight avenues of
studies
trees
vistas
knows
that, if
by employing
it
harmony with
the architecture
surrounds and
still
what
art's mission.
a saying:
the
word
'beauti-
until
No
Here, in this
new
country, where
and where so many crimes are committed in the name of Italian gardens, it is small wonder that a popular prejudice against
Without a proper sense of form on the maker's even a naturalistic garden becomes a chaos and a void.
them
exists.
part,
There
is
who
Indeed he
colour-
10
blind.
work
in black
and white
is
at
With a passion to paint in colours, he dares not trust himself to use them lest they be the undoing of his reputation. Would that
many gardeners similarly afflicted might exercise his self-restraint! Some people there are, not artists, who have an instinctive colour sense, which, when applied to garden making, gives pleasure
beyond any other
as she
gift.
Celia Thaxter
was one of
these.
Poppies,
grew them in her garden by the thousand, outlined against the summer sea, were a vision of beauty that no one who saw them
can ever
forget.
island garden
combine as
was
it is
as wild
chiefly
and
for
which
memorable.
It is
of colour in
The pink
opened
lens
Flaming Oriental poppies do not always have an acre of greensward separating them from the June
It
roses.
The
not object to
it
in
scarlet
geranium where
it
weep when a
its
royal
THAT IT MAY GIVE THE MOST PLEASURE TO BUSY PEOPLE, THE GARDEN SHOULD BE CONVENIENTLY NEAR THE HOME. ONLY BY LIVING WITH IT ON INTIMATE TERMS CAN ITS BEAUTIES BE FULLY REALISED IN DIFFERENT LIGHTS AND ATMOSPHERES
The
11
brick house, or
bougainvillea blos-
soms
fairly
place,
by instant removal
in juxtaposition offend,
by the introduction of
among
it
must be
harmony no repose, no
SITUATION
AND DESIGN
"
There
is
no such thing as a
only one
who
knows and
'
'
studies the
be right,
best of
style
may
where the
I never
see
W. ROBINSON.
is,
of
grounds
necessarily,
founded on a due
and
teaches
what
what
is possible to be
of the premises
has
be,
less influence
than
is generally
imagined;
however large
or small
it
may
boundary"
REPTON.
CHAPTER
reason
II
why
is
ONE
at
Americans
work upon them, each striving to adorn the main design in some new detail before passing over the inheritance to the next heir.
At the
sight of the surpassing
estates,
mushroom homes,
is
judgment that inheritance through primogeniture and entail must be the proper method. Perhaps we may be wise enough some day to achieve the same ends by more just means, consistent
better
Instead of endowing
little
thrones,
endow
who knows?
in a little
it
just as
we may we endow
hospitals
and
Happy
trees, the
all
the children
who
are brought
up
to inherit
all
the well
grown
lawn,
the
established
vines
and shrubbery
the
may
work
for
in this
permanence in the garden there can be country toward the best art out-of-doors.
of course, expecting too
incentive
It is,
much
garden.
We
good, rich loam, not where fine trees are already established and
15
6
is
the situation
will
be convenient
number of windows
will
summer
may pour
These and a
may dominate
the selection of a
man
upon
and purpose
we
have been too apt to ignore the garden's claims until the eleventh
all
all
our money
or nothing
leaving
little
home
house
But
into
if
there
it
is
to be a union of the
which
obtrudes
the garden
needed most of
all
is
started, I
bought.
For
it is
the
main
is
to be
wrought out
feet.
If the
home-maker
it is all
the
more reason
and proceed
rich
man
Moving
it
soil,
cart-load of
dumped
Situation
and Design
an
ant-hill,
17
little
larger than
efforts
upon
the
is
same
piece of land
and
Skyrocket
effects of coleus,
geraniums
florist
case, but usually the novice's first undirected efforts are to get
them.
All
plants
require
some
attention,
permanent
well.
Since
it
The
era of vanity
to be his
is
or
was
it
parsimony?
when
every
man presumed
own
lawyer, his
own
doctor, or
architect, or
garden designer,
age of specialists
It
whom
much
on a dry, sandy hill-top or tea roses near Quebec. Enormous sums have been wasted on rhododendrons alone, through attempting
to
grow
in this country
up the
lasting
effects
may
made annually
greens.
to our
in planting
Manchuria and
own, are
more valuable
lawn and garden than the continent of Europe, where we have looked too long, not only for models of design, which may be
sometimes desirable, but for the plants to execute them, which
not.
Where
the novice
is
may
learn from
it
what
not to
buy
It is safe to
say
that millions of dollars worth of plants die for the lack of intelligent
selection, planting, or care.
well as artistic,
we Americans
more
disinter-
to grind.
or no artistic training
whose
Naturally
the temptation
regardless of
thick;
much
stock as possible,
its
"
Plant
thin quick/'
popular
saying
in
the
trade.
The
his business to secure for his client the best stock that
may be
price.
insist
who
does not
upon studying the garden problem on the land where it is to be worked out; who would attempt to furnish a design from a few
photographs of your grounds at his
office desk,
or copy another
Ninety-nine chances
will not
suit
your place;
perhaps not a
It is easier to
be transferred to advantage.
aesthetic
The
who
Situation
and Design
19
knowledge of plants, without which there can be no lasting success. Such knowledge can be
by
had only by years of special study and experiment, quite beyond The landscape the attainment of most professional architects.
gardener on the other hand, very often lacks the needful knowledge
of design, apart from the naturalistic treatment of very large parklike areas.
He may know
how
to choose
and how
to
principles buildings.
grow them, but usually he knows very little about the of art and design, or how to treat the land adjoining The natural landscape he understands, and his usual
is
endeavour
to bring
its
who
are lifting
it
ever
And more
will
value
is
But if, for any sufficient cause, one may not employ disinterested,
expert advice, one
may
own
peculiar
it,
or should not
and
it
thei
is
Principles
of composition govern
its
making,
do a painting
in
oils;
nevertheless the
may
own
distinctive
features
and
charm.
Personality
20
reflected in a
may be
its
chief attraction.
Better a craving
were happiness
when
I find
(Before study your piece of land as a whole from every point of view. Map
it
Draw
it
to scale, if possible.
far as
Show
elevations
to a
monotonous
like every
human
several
face,
If your place
map
into
help you with only one section, the area to be pictorially treated.
It
concerns
itself
may
many
types,
is
broadly interpreted to
it,
But the flower garden, of include the lawn and the trees
and shrubs
suitable for
made
without them.
artistic principles
and the
directions for
its
making
will
On
vista
through the
Situation
and Design
21
make
very
what you have considered an eye-sore may not be transformed into an object of beauty. Consider deepening the
dismal
swamp
into a
pond
for a
tree with a
down making an
;
alpine garden
among
them
out.
Think
on paper, and
to be
approached in your
it
Many
was
good broad
than suburban
house
is
built,
and
upon the tender new growth or bark from your favourite possessions. As soon as the
mapped
out, a
list
will
be needed to execute
may be made.
Do
museum
foliage,
Personally
visit
if
selections
and
name.
many
Many
a man,
own
22
lowest
years
get
start.
Poor stock
nursery of your
well,
own by
soil,
enriching
and lightening
it, if it
make very slow growth in clay soil. A rich, sandy loam, cool and moist with much decomposed vegetable matter through it,
favours the rapid growth that the owner of a
longs for.
new
it
place so greatly
As soon
room
to spread
and with
mulch of
stable litter or
winter
frosts.
mulching before
it
If the house
compound
ineffective
which
it
would be sadly
on a new
which
is
disproportionately
costly
and
difficult
buy, gives
delightful,
quick
results.
on your place before buying it. One can no more plant one's grounds in a hurry than one can successfully furnish
a house outright in a week.
One must
feel one's
way
along,
and
realise the
ceeding to get
guardian
Situation
and Design
soil
23
from the
site
There
will
What
mulch
will
heap piled up with broken sod, cut grass, manure, and wood ashes. The merest novice must know that there can be no success in a
garden without a careful study of the
various species of plants that are to
soil,
draw
their sustenance
Some
where a house
may
any garden
artifice
to simulate Nature's
garden coming to
soil like
its
very doors,
a Jack-from-the-
The
of
all to
harmony.
Whether
the situation
to
and
its
environment.
bit
A
or
fells
is
it
is
not
moment
man
a tree, or sets out a plant where one did not grow before,
responsible for the effect of the land
that
moment he becomes
will.
he subverts to his
earth at her best."
who consider
veil it
Salve
still it is
it
a blemish to be apologised
not concealed.
24
and restrained
its
existence.
Beauty of architecture
own
In this day of
except
the
no excuse,
untrained
client, for
is still
Unhappily, mongrel
architecture
in our midst -
"the pug-Newfoundland-poodleit
but
it is
passing, and a
who
an absence of
in the building of
homes.
We
As a
people,
we have
it
not
when
comes
world
the area, be
see a
it
most important piece of land in all the large or small, around the home which is
;
Every
architect,
in his office.
Their work
is
largely interdependent.
The advantage
The
situation
style
problem to present
how
new house
to the
suddenly obtrudes.
must vary
its
in every case.
if
The
dignity
made
by an
Italian
garden on a terrace.
Spanish house
Each
style
of architecture and
Situation
and Design
a different setting.
25
no
style
of architecture
demand
While the
stately, perfectly
filled
with old-fashioned
may
be treated
that
electively,
is
and sometimes most informally. "Queen Anne in front and Mary Ann
its
ugliness
mercifully concealed.
Where
judiciously placed,
may perhaps
one of the
ment.
many
may have
all
about
it
may
indeed that are not improved by a formal touch about them somewhere.
Most
benefited
through
immeon a
it
set
would
try to
by a Japanese garden. Yet a newly rich whose architect had achieved a Tudor triumph in stone and
to the landscape
it
was turned.
"I can never
forgive you," wrote the outraged designer.
is it
"What
concern
of yours
Is n't
your
bill
was arranging
26
and bridges,
to
The
feel at
tactful
professional gardener.
The
style
may
be a limitation or a
it.
pleased to consider
It is
Infinite
not necessarily
stereotyped.
There are
cases, perhaps,
effect
may
might be
I
it
may
give the
most
Then
it
may
in,
enjoyed without
effort,
seen from the windows by busy workers indoors, tended with the
least trouble, quickly
robbed of some of
its
its
interests
safeguarded
by every
living
member
Only by
garden by moonlight
defect
is
becomes a new
revelation.
Then
every
concealed,
white
lilies,
a Milky
Way
by the
If
night.
FOR A HOME OCCUPIED IN SUMMER ONLY, FLOWERS CLOSE ABOUT IT ARE DELIGHTFUL ARRANGED FOR COLOUR HARMONY AND UNINTERRUPTED SUCCESSION. WINTER HOMES NEED LOW EVERGREENS AND BRIGHT-BERRIED SHRUBBERY ABOUT THEM FOR CHEERFULNESS WHEN FLOWER BEDS ARE BARE AND UNSIGHTLY
IF
Situation
and Design
27
grounds on a hot day, perhaps to an end of the vegetable garden devoted to flowers, before the eyes may feast upon them, or a few
blossoms
pleasure
may
is lost,
What
would the
little
cottages of
England look
like
How much
by extending end too abruptly, by softening sharp angles, by broadening the effect of a house that is too high for its width with masses
lines that
garden
may add
to the
itself
of shrubbery or hedges on
hill top,
its sides,
by
on a
not a garden
of definite boundaries.
cottage perched
on a
cliff
overhanging
the sea, for example, could not have flower beds and specimen
trees
ledges, nor
would they be
desirable;
would grow
might
the landscape.
tide of flowers
surge around the rocky base of the promontory, and some flotsam
Where nature
left off
would be impossible
for
to say.
own
much more
its
freely
than
it is.
The
it
laurel
was
own
had become
a favourite
in
Europe, thanks to
actually import
it
introduction by Peter
Kalm,
when we could
conveniently than
we
could dig
it
28
garden
is
no
less
a garden because
it
and conventions.
And
and
bound by
of-doors
is
the fads
Art out-
grandmothers, for the water garden in the humid East above the
cactus garden of the desert.
every garden
submit.
site is
and beauty suffice. Happily a law unto itself to which the gardener must
Fitness
faces,
No
were ever
alike.
Both have individuality as their chief charm. But it is generally conceded that every garden picture
improved by a frame.
is
The
sea,
or
natural and
artificial,
may set
off the
garden's
own
peculiar beauty
The needs
ll
From
the intimate
union
of art
and nature,
of architecture
and landscape,
taste,
now
promises
to
bring
us"
EDOUARD ANDRE.
CHAPTER
orthodoxy was ever
III
"my doxy/'
in
it
need surprise no
this,
its
The
"spirit of
even in their
more
in the
artificial
of jingling rhymesters,
amused
his generation
at
by poking fun at formal gardens generally, the errors which undoubtedly disfigured much of
England of
his time.
Pope, while
statuary in
up rocks and
Twickenham, making
much condensed,
his fertile
These two
literary
who knew
not
away with
avenues
axe, plough
tree-lined
32
broad terraces and box-edged parterres that had been the glory
of the old English estates, influenced by the Renaissance.
saying that nature abhors a straight line was construed to warrant the destruction of every line of oaks
direct
People professed to
name
meaningless serpentine twists and turns to reach either their entrance gate or the kitchen garden.
The
if
Hence the
logical step
setting out
an occasional dead
lawns
Quite as
many
the
name
name
of art by the
"The
is
Robinson
is
an enthusiastic
horticulturist
who
view.
On
the
other hand,
"Garden
method of
to
a landscape
is
unworthy
be
an
art at
all.
'The question
who is Robinson's
"
Is the
garden to be considered
33
and as an
which
depends for
or
is
its
nature
The
real fact.
There
some
the relationship between the two, but his actual practice shows
that this admission
is
And
so the battle of
to the present
tactics
day
in
has been
Not
now England
most of the
plain that
To
quite
ammunition
for both
been
gathered, not from the best examples of the formal or the naturalistic
other's
work
Where
Wherein
lies
the
men
to
it
in every age
in his
"Dawn
of Civilisation,"
tells
of an Egyptian
nobleman who
was described upon his tomb. When various forms of art spread from Egypt to other lands, no doubt the art of gardening was
widely copied.
Even
and we
famous hanging gardens of Babylon, from the very nature of their site, could have been nothing but
feel sure that the
Greek gardens, which, like the Egyptian, were a combination of the utilitarian and the decorative, were laid out with
formal.
34
formal to
They must have been too severely be enjoyed and lived in as the Romans enjoyed and
which they,
in turn, derived
hillsides,
lived in theirs,
On
the
pictorial feature.
terraced
hill,
and balustrades
for convenience
and
who
lived
much
gardens.
two of
been able
to identify
them with
the remains
now known.
we may
it.
faultlessly restored,
The inmates of
for
among
the flowers.
life
How
of Pompeii!
With
utilitarian features
now came
to be recognised as
an adjunct
grounds immediately surrounding it, and there they left off abruptly. Such weather-proof embellishments as the Roman patrician, connoisseur,
and
collector
had
beautiful statuary,
his open-air
were taken to
35
that their
Can we doubt
set
was
less
appreciated
when
on balustrades and
and cypress
?
background of
in the
olive, ilex,
the topiary gardener did his worst, and innocent trees, frivolously
much
was absurdly
artificial,
marked
Roman's once simple and dignified pleasure ground. After the fall of Rome, when the darkness of the Middle Ages settled down
over Europe, gardening, with
for centuries.
all
her
sister arts
of peace, slumbered
it
The
existed at
all,
we
was merely a monastery's patch of "simples" or vegetables tended by a monk, or an enclosure within the castle's precincts, where herbs grew around the
learn from old,
illuminated missals,
to artistic Italy
with the cessation of wars, holy and unholy, and the return of prosperity to the land.
artistic activity
which we
call the
Renaissance,
the ar-
chives of their
classic
its
Roman
Restored in
free-
dom
all
and Raphael among them, the Italian garden of Lorenzo de Medici's day has become synonymous in
time, Michelangelo
its
highest degree.
Where
lies
the secret of
its
excellence
36
He knew, none
and the Roman.
house
it
joined
He
to the uses to
which
it
shady
in the union
predecessors.
But
beyond
the house and garden should be the ultimate goal of his tributary
art;
and secondly,
Italian
on the great and varied beauty of the landscape, and fitting it into his design with an art which
in seizing
itself.
concealed
Whether one
the incomparably beautiful Villa d'Este at Tivoli, the superb old estates at Frascati, the sumptuous pleasure grounds of the
prelates in
Rome
itself
one sees
"
"
startled
me by
had an uncommonly artistic eye. "Did you ever see one a real one in It^ly ?" I asked.
saying, for he
"No,
"
have
ONE OF THE BEST MODERN AMERICAN FORMAL GARDENS, WHOSE ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES ONLY TIME CAN MELLOW
37
afraid
'Italian gardens,' I
am
and
geometric
little
patterns patched on
to the
clipped
prim
asters in
rectangular beds, or a
New
I
"Apropos,
you a story," he went on. "Once I the house of some very rich people, where the lady
tell
must
insisted
Her
she dwelt
cost,
upon
in detail, telling
me how much
the marble
work had
how
At
last,
by saying: "My
an Italian garden/
Indeed
'
we
live in
took two
it.
Then
France and Holland, and after long subjugation there, the fun-
has become
It
may be
be translated into our terms; that the garden magic of the Renaissance
is
and landscape, the wealth of deep-toned evergreens, the cheapness of labour, the social usages of an age of splendour, the Italian genius
for artistic expression.
38
noble
lines,
is
but
it
one that
and
Our summer
and our spring and summer climate We have our choice of a score of ever-
known
to the
may
and the
less
Lombardy
poplars
Certainly, there
is
no lack of wealth
it
be spent
in a
better
way
to bring health
and pleasure
to a family than
upon a
garden.
making and maintenance. Fountains, sundials, garden seats, balustrades, steps, and other garden accessories are by no means
essential to a lovely garden,
but
if
ration of
cement
may
classic models.
and drink from the basin, where goldfish play hide and seek under the lotus and lily leaves, show constant appreciation of his taste.
It is
we Americans,
39
art
by the
artists
themselves continues to
of our
artistic poverty.
models inspire the garden makers in this new land. For nearly a hundred years garden making went out of fashion. The worthy
formal gardens here can be counted on the fingers of one hand.
But
its
art out-of-doors
long sleep, and the few really competent designers are meeting
last.
it is
Perhaps
it
would be as
futile as
undesirable to servilely
become an
in
Italy,
be situated
New
need
England,
Illinois,
principles of their
making are of
What
learn
theirs.
we
chiefly
is
alone shall
Italians
we
how
to
met
Even
tions.
in Italy
methods were necessarily adapted to various situaThe Roman's pleasaunce, overlooking the broad Campagna,
simplicity of treatment in har-
mony
scape
with
its
is less
of garden details.
The
So must we learn
A
that
is,
room
that
is
may
be.
And
so our gar-
make
40
tall
life
family's comfort
of the dwelling.
alleys led
and convenience, as carefully as he did the rooms Broad paths through pergolas, arbours or wooded
to another,
and
so,
by
and more informally into the naturalthe farther one walked away from the house, until the stroll
freely
herself.
more
Here was
despised by
terraces,
No "method" was
The
the
stone work, the fountains, the sundial, the ilex walks, the parterres,
the bowling green, the open sunny spaces, the shaded retreats,
down
groups of
irresistible
trees, the
all
A
and
The
design
rigid for-
intricacy of line
to
Chinese
fretwork.
The
finished garden
is
conscious only of
astonishment to
harmony on every hand. Another matter for the American is that the beauty of a Renaissance
These were
garden
may
41
many
gardens,
all,
it is
were
scarcely necessary at
to
Our
Church and
Le Notre devoted
his
may
What
Italian
fore-
when our
came
to these shores
We
feel
no prejudice against
but that
a decided
Our Teutonic
our training,
Italy,
might easily
formal
feel for
The
refreshing truth
is
is
on a small
place,
home
picture,
adapted.
house, on
How much of the charm of the simple, dignified Colonial the elm-lined village street in New England was due to
the box-hedged path leading directly from the front gate to the
42
front door,
In
its
modest way
it
was as
an
artistic
H H
else
were
to be
1 '
found
o)
ground.
DRYDEN.
gardening has
its root
See
how
of building
up
that piece of
JOHN D. SEDDING.
CHAPTER
exiles
IV
for
confor
and Huguenots, or
all
Old World.
Little
among
good
and overworked
women on
the stern
New
The
latter
a primitive settlement where the good wife had to rely solely upon
them
felt
ill
that flesh
is
heir to.
She
and follow George Herbert's quaint advice to impecunious parsons: "Know what herbs may be used instead of drugs of the same
nature
...
more easy
.
.
for
.
for all
men's bodies.
As
for spices,
them, but condemns them for vanities, and so shuts them out of
his family, esteeming that there
to
no spice comparable for herbs and savory Mints, and for seeds to Fennel
is
for
salves,
outlandish gums/'
46
whom
down.
were
days.
Onion syrup
for hoarseness
and sore
throat, "Saffern"
tea for biliousness, "sarsaparilla for spring fever, basil to clear the
wits
these
among
the
"potent medicines"
so
highly
still
on by not a few old women in New England villages. Tansy must have come over the sea with some of the earliest settlers, for it had escaped from the gardens throughout
the colonies
naturalised here in
we
as
still
now reckoned
an
American wild
fields,
The
was
Scores
of
new
we
The
hay used
in
fields.
Plantain
man's foot."
To add
and thyme
for the
zest to the
monotonous
bill
Sage
"seed cakes"
47
made
grown
in every
garden patch.
coming to tea, must have been Dried bunches of herbs for kitchen
hung
long
from the
during
the
to
New
England winters.
But we
chew
remember
in the
utilitarian
had a place
Plymouth Plantation and Massachusetts Bay Colony; that roses looked in at the windows probably the sweet brier or eglantine and the striped York and Lancaster
roses brought
gilly flowers,
"fetherfew" and
honesty, with
quet,
tables
grew
freely
among
and pot herbs which the gossiping Josselyn found about the homes of the Puritans in 1672 when he published "New England
Rarities Discovered."
will
fertillaries,
saffron
flowers,
lilies,
flower-
Not until
Colonies and
had become a
were the
New
of as
laid out in
houses
we speak
known
in
Such
in
each country, of
48
original Longfellow
garden was
How much
New-
New
England towns,
was due
broad straight
on
either side
a single
among
modern
sisters
who spend
the
summer
on
was
Time
to
work
invariably
devolved
upon the women of the family who most loved them. Little wonder that the hardy perennials or annuals that sow their own
seed
plants that very nearly take care of themselves
were
little
foxgloves,
scented
valerian,
fraxinella
with
its
penetrating,
aromatic
perfume,
periwinkle,
roses,
and
Canterbury might be
bells.
relied
upon
come up year
weeds
49
that the
The
story goes
seen in
New
Not
the least
recommendation of the
wood
that
for flower
bed borders,
linen afforded
was the
by
homespun
the garden
its flat
when
Although every
man
of consequence in
New
England, includ-
ing Governors Endicott and Winthrop, raised and sold fruit trees
and
plants, comparatively
in
Revolution.
No
nursery
business
from friends
welcome, in
England usually contained seeds that were doubly that they revived cherished memories of the old home.
in
first
Probably the
Prince, at Flushing,
Long
Island, about
century
it
Caterhorti-
brought
together
the
and
of Lebanon.
single spot
our land.
But long before the establishment of any nurseries, the Dutch gardens had become famously fine. Ships of the Dutch East
India
Company brought
floral treasures
50
Governor Peter Stuyvesant, who had a large farm on the "Bouwerie" and a garden about his mansion, White Hall, at the Battery,
any other
estate in old
New
Amsterdam.
Such an
The
Colonists as a
rule
When Manhattan
Van
der
and stock
roses,
and those of
in the country,
such as eglantine,
lilies,
the
lily
fritilaria,
anemones,
clove tree
baredames,
marigolds,
summer
sots, etc.
The
has also been introduced, and there are various indigenous trees
that have
lands.
handsome
flowers
in the
Nether-
We
for instance,
sun flowers,
red, white
some flowers of native growth, as red and yellow lilies, mountain lilies,
and yellow maritofHes
(a very sweet
I
morning
stars,
which
have not
Gay
gardens, these,
masquerade under new names on modern nursery which, bewilderingly long as they are, mention no jenoffenor baredames, nor maritofHes.
thrifty
lins, alas,
The
Dutch
particularly
51
from surrounding land; and the large area of sun-baked brick wall, against which fruit trees and vines were espaliered, forced
the pears, peaches,
sweetness.
in
flat,
windy Holland was quite apparent, the expense of its making was not so easily justified here, and it gradually disappeared.
With
New Amster-
dam, the quaint, formal Dutch gardens of intricate patterns outlined with box gave place to warehouses along the river banks,
where comfortable homes had
lately stood, to
crowded into
living
solid rows.
Even
at
gardens
now
when
remain.
But
at
still
homestead
Descend-
was
like
the
Empire
State
The
up the formal flower beds of the upper garden and the long, straight flower-bordered walk where the happy children of nine generations have raced and played, in preserving the noble trees, the velvety
turf, the lovely
great-grandfather's time.
How
home
restless,
roving people!
Sentiment
all.
garden
is
Generously comfortable
nowhere more
52
encouraged the
of
many
native to the
New.
Around about
still
and parallelograms filled with gay flowers and box-bordered with scarcely an exception. These, apart from
by the Friends. At the time of the Revolution there were, perhaps, no finer gardens in the Colonies than were mainfostered
Doubtless they
felt
the influence of
established in
botanist,
who
horticulturists
of
all,
the
treasures
of
settlers
immense
tracts
and garden on
Ship-
from England.
so
much
in
to
owners
to
the
Mother
when
the ships
to
But
books,
among
the
common
unknown.
SP
FRAXINELLA, THE FRAGRANT-LEAVED AND RESINOUS GAS PLANT, BELOVED BY OUR GRANDMOTHERS. THE FOAMY, WHITE " SPIRAEA" (Astilbe Japonica) IN THE FOREGROUND, ALTHOUGH COMMONLY GROWN UNDER GLASS, THRIVES IN THE HARDY GARDEN
53
intelligence, wealth,
and luxurious
living ascribed to
the Southern Colonies in the early days have been greatly exagger-
One may
is
How
visit to
Mount Vernon!
his life
dignity
stroll
through the
still
affectionately, reverently
man and
home, than any amount of reading could ever do, nearer, somehow than the house itself, which they did not build; for the
very trees that shaded them, the hedges too, that they set out, the
which they
filled
Martha Washington's
personalities.
Although there were many other Colonial gardens in Virginia, Maryland, and the Carolinas, whose charms have not been wholly
obliterated
by time nor the ravages of war, let us take the wellpreserved, familiar Mount Vernon garden, as fairly representative
differs
in
eighteenth century.
practically
On
this
side
disappeared with the retaining walls, steps, balustrades and other expensive architectural features which heretofore
had been thought necessary accompaniments of the Italian style. American gardens were, therefore, laid out on flat spaces,
54
and England, or
in
sunken enclosures, as
and hedges
by Pope, reliance
came
upon
flowers.
The
enclosing wall,
The
broadest garden paths were not very wide; the narrowest ones
It
were often as
tall
intricate as a
relied
on
to conceal
To
the
modern American
what
the
word
association, but
"
quite overstill
fills
fragrance.
Lord Bacon,
in his oft
quoted
essay
"Of
"But
most
by as the
is,
rest,
Burnet, Wild
set
or tread."
These charming green alleyways, frequently paved or bordered with fragrant herbs, were familiar to every well born French and
55
then with apple and pear trees and cedars, which succeeded.
By
bending the tops toward the centre and interlacing the branches where they met overhead, a series of symmetrical
side of a path,
artificial
After a few
tunnel-shaped network.
How
But vine-covered
latticed
arbours required
less
time to
make
and the hard worked, practical Colonist perceived that he might shade a walk by growing grapes over it. Beauty
and care
for,
came
to
mean
less
and
own
was too
become
extinct.
On
the
Lee
an
alley of
hornbeam
trees,
two hun-
Tuxedo,
are
is
made
of
Judas
in
whose
slender
branches
etched
by the sunlight
a delicate tracery
on
Although formal
Never-
when
all
outlines be-
Only an underlying
56
formality, however,
of the whole.
The
sundial or a bushy
boxwood
specimen
in
the
box-bordered parterres,
tire.
On
heart of
filled
such a wheel
the charm-
ingly simple
just as fittingly
Italian ideas of
garden
making had thoroughly permeated Europe when the Colonists began to "build stately" and to "garden finely" on this side of the
sea; but
it
is
influence
familiar
upon our garden designs. Le Notre's work was to all intelligent men. L'Enfant's splendid design for
new
capitol
To
the
for
much
help in
Marquis de Geradin, Jefferson was indebted planning Monticello and the beautiful University
they knew.
OF OLD-FASHIONED
GARDEN FLOWERS
New
The
will
flowering time is given approximately for the neighbourhood of be somewhat earlier or later to the South or North.
hortensis).
Single, white
More 1731; blue, 1736; double red and blue, 1752; white 1753. modern improvements of forms and colours than any other annual of the daisy family. Annual; July to September; ij feet. Does best when sown in the open.
57
many small globose, double, CORNFLOWER, RANUNCULUS or FAIR MAIDES OF FRANCE, GLOBE AMARANTH (which see).
applied to
button-like flowers, such as
A name
BALSAM, SOMERSET, SOMER-SOTS, LADY'S SLIPPER (Impatiens balsamind). White, rose, red, and purplish. Double flowers from July to frost. Pods snap open and seeds turn somersaults before flying out. Favourite
toy of children.
Annual; 2
feet.
Introduced
from India.
BELLFLOWER.
BLUEBELL.
See
CANTERBURY BELLS
below, and
list
of
HERBACEOUS
PERENNIALS.
See HAREBELL.
(I her is sempervirens).
CANDYTUFT
or
border;
6 to
inches;
White flowers
,
in
(7.
first.
June.
flat.
COLOURED
ROCKET
long umbel-
Dark
lilac, flesh,
,
and white.
Flower clusters
(/. amara). White, like sweet alyssum, but not fragrant, and larger. Good for rockery or border. Common white candytuft. Clusters elongate
always
remain
in fruiting.
Oldest and
most popular of all campanulas. Blue, violet, pink, or white bellshaped flowers, one and one-half inches across. June; 2 to 2| feet; Sow August to October in frames for flowers the next biennial.
year.
CARNATIONS, BORDER (Dianthus Caryophyllus). Pink, white. August; Giant Marguerite blooms in twelve weeks from seed; I to 2 feet. Chabaud's Perpetual in six months, and will stand over winter,
blooming next spring
across
in
also.
Give porous,
Viscarid).
Red
short-stalked
clusters.
two-notched.
Tufted plant.
CHRYSANTHEMUM, ANNUAL
(Chrysanthemum coronarium). Yellow. Gives yellow buttons one-half inch across from July to frost. Doubtless what the Boston seedswoman of 1760 meant by "ChrysantheWhite chrysanthemum listed in Boston, 1760, could hardly have been the perennial flower so common to-day.
mum."
58
CORNFLOWER,
Cyanus).
like heads.
BACHELORS'
BUTTONS
(Centaurea
in thistle-
oured, lilac, and purple. Annual; 2 feet. CROWN IMPERIAL (Fritillaria imperialis). Has a circle of pendant brown-red flowers each one and one-half inches long, topped by Put bulb six inches Plant has onion-like odour. a tuft of leaves.
having manure below that. Perennial; 3 feet. DAFFODIL (Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus). Yellow. April, May; ijfeet. The old trumpet daffodil, single or double Van Sion. Very effective
deep
in rich soil
when
naturalised.
Jonquil is a round-leaved narcissus, plenus), pale yellow. rich yellow flowers less than an inch across; I foot high, with extremely fragrant.
The
DAISY, ENGLISH
Pink and white. April, May. perennis). rosette with flowers on three-inch stalks, making buttons about
(Bellis
May.
This and the pansy best bedding plants April to After blooming in beds transplant for naturalising in moist,
shaded spot.
matronalis).
partially
See ROCKET.
DAY
LILY, LEMON (Hemerocallis flava). Yellow trumpets, 4 inches Grass-like long, borne in loose clusters on stems 4 feet high.
Divide clumps every four or five years. The lemon day lily is one of the oldest garden and has become naturalised in some places. Flowers favourites,
foliage, 3 to
in
June; fragrant.
is
ORANGE (H.
form of
this.
August; there
(See also
a double
PLANTAIN LILY.)
FAIR MAIDES OF FRANCE, FAIR MAIDES OF KENT, WHITE BACHELORS' BUTTONS (Ranunculus aconittfolius). White buttons one inch
May, June; 6 inches to 3 feet. The yellow ranunculus, or buttercup, once grown in gardens, is now a naturalised
across, freely
produced
in
is
quarters of an inch across. Foliage yellow, with characteristic bitter odour. Old favourite for edging. The single (wild) strong,
kind, like a small ox-eye daisy,
was
59
(C. prcealtum, var. aureum). YellowPerennial. leaved kind used for edging, a closely related species.
GOLDEN FEATHER
See IRIS.
FLOWER-DE-LUCE.
FoRGET-ME-NoT
June and
than the
all
(Myosotts alpestris). Small blue flowers in racemes. summer; 6 inches. Better adapted for summer bloom
summer
forget-me-not, being suited to a dry soil. Also bloomer, with longer flowers and fragrant in the evening.
common
(Mirabilis^alapd). Tuberous, tender Bright shades of red, yellow, perennial; also grown as an annual. and white; long-tubed, funnel-shaped flowers that open in striped, cloudy weather, early morning and late afternoon. 2j feet high.
Start indoors in
March.
FOXGLOVE
feet.
on
June; 3 to 4 Purplish pink, white. in two inches flowers long, long spikes Large, thimble-shaped Most refined white form is var. gloxini<zflora alba. long stems.
(Digitalis
purpur ea).
will
YELLOW (D. ambigua). Yellowish , Ranks next to the inches dark red inside. \ long, spotted
See
common
FRAXINELLA.
foxglove.
GAS PLANT.
FRITILLARY, SNAKE'S HEAD, GUINEA-HEN FLOWER, CHECKER LILY Tessellated green and purple nodding (Fritillaria Meleagris). flowers, one inch across, borne singly on six-inch stems. May.
Moist
soil.
albus).
June; 2 feet.
Whole
Long
flash
White variety prettier than rose-flowered, but less hardy. Will at dusk, on still summer eve, if a lighted match is brought near.
Everlasting; purple, pinkish, globosa). India 1714. white, or golden buttons borne well above the bush. Sometimes called Bachelors' Buttons. Annual; ij feet or less.
Dainty purple
bells
half an inch across, on slender stems 6 inches long. Blooms more or less all the season in a moist, loose, shady spot. Frequently
now reckoned
a wild flower.
The
6o
in
woods
is
S cilia
festalis,
wood
hyacinth.
HEARTSEASE.
HOLLYHOCK
madder
soil.
Rose,
pink,
white,
stalk
pale
yellow,
offsets.
and
Rich
On
to 6 feet high.
Biennial, but
makes
herbaceous plants, but subject to disease. with ammoniacal copper carbonate early in season. Sow in Spray
of the best
One
August
in drills.
HYACINTH (Hyacinthus
pale creamy
as they
oriental! s).
yellow; 9 inches.
have entirely
in
modern varieties, displaced the old ones which had fewer flowers
Buy
the
to a stalk.
fall
beds and
HYACINTH, GRAPE (Muscari botryoides). Dense heads of small blue Effective for window or flowers on stalks 4 to 6 inches long; April.
shrubbery or in border.
period.
Hardy.
Purple, yellow, white. Large Annual. July, August; 2 feet. Showy part is daisy-like heads. the stiff bracts; as cut flowers they last all winter. Sow outdoors
in spring, or start in heat for flowers in early
summer.
IRIS,
German
FLEUR-DE-LIS, FLOWER-DE-LUCE (Iris hybrids). The so-called irises are among the most showy and satisfactory plants
and yellow, with purple brownish fringes. 3 feet; May, June. Will grow in any average soil, the clumps extending by creeping rhizomes. When planting, be careful not to bury the rhizome more than one-half. ENGLISH (/. Anglicd). Probably the
,
oldest
iris in
cultivation.
soil
July.
Average rich
moderately dry.
See PANSY.
See PANSY.
LARKSPUR (Delphinium
grandiflorum, D. formosum, D. elatuni). Deep blue and shades to white. In Perennial. indigo lighter long spikes. Blooms June, July; 2 to 5 feet. Attractive leaves on long stems.
again in the
fall if first
61
Improved
America, being subject to blight. Dig dry Bordeaux about crowns Modern or spray weekly with ammoniacal carbonate of copper.
hybrids
(D.
great
improvement over
A lads).
Same
colours.
May
ANNUAL
LILY, ANNUNCIATION, ST. JOSEPH'S (L. candldum). The oldest cultivated of all the lilies; quite hardy. May, June; up to 6 feet, bearing white of flowers, individually four to six inches across. pure spikes
Extremely fragrant.
begins immediately. the pollen, pull off the anthers Will grow in any good garden
spotted with
red.
Bulbs must be planted in August, as growth In order to prevent soiling of the flowers by
when
the flower
is
is
half expanded.
,
soil
that
not water-logged.
Orange
Escaped from old gardens. Sandy loam in sunny place. Formerly used for winter bouquets with grasses and everlastings. ST. BERNARD'S (Anthericum Liliago). Graceful raceme of ten to twenty white lily-like flowers, each one inch across. May,
June;
ners.
I
foot.
Has
tuber-like rhizomes,
ST.
BRUNO'S (Paradisea Liliastrum, Anthericum Liliastrum). White lily-like flowers, eight to ten on a stem. June; I to 2 feet. Taller than St. Bernard's lily, and has fewer, larger flowers. (See also DAY LILY, PLANTAIN LILY, etc.)
LILY-OF-THE- VALLEY (Convallaria majalis). May; 9 inches. Fragrant, pendulous white bells, one-third of an inch across, in an arching raceme of utmost grace. Wants partial shade and deep, rich soil.
ST. PATRICK'S
CABBAGE
(Saxifraga
Evergreen edging plant, 4 inches high. White flowers in summer on foot-long stalks; one-half inch across, sometimes
dotted red.
things will
Perennial.
(See also
RAGGED ROBIN.)
LOVE-IN- A- MIST (Nigella Damascend). Blue and white flowers followed by weird pods amid finely cut fennel-like foliage. Annual; June,
July; 2 feet.
62
YELLOW (Lupinus
Yellow.
listed in
grape-like
Improves
Scarlet flowers, the four Chalcedonica). ends like a Maltese cross. An old-world petals with squared of to a 2 favourite, possibly 3 feet; perennial. long ago. June; hybrid
MIGNONETTE (Reseda
borne
in a
Red, white and yellow, finely cut flowers odorata). dense spike, but otherwise not conspicuous. June to
for fragrance.
October; 9 inches. Egypt, 1752. Most popular flower grown solely Resents transplanting, and is subject to parsley worm.
coronarid).
Whitish, woolly
foliage and glowing rose-crimson circular flowers one and one-half inches across, borne singly on ends of branches. I to 2j feet;
biennial or perennial.
Good
for bedding.
MYRTLE
leaves.
(Vinca minor). Evergreen trailing vine with dark-green shiny Invaluable for covering the ground in shaded places where Flowers of rich blue in summer, one inch across. grass will not grow.
PANSY,
LADIES' DELIGHT (Viola of colours, the velvety texture of the tricolor). dark ones, and the quantity of flowers make this a universal favourite. Self-coloured pansies would be anachronistic in a real Colonial
HEARTSEASE,
JOHNNY-JUMP-UP,
Gives scattering bloom in summer if sown in spring, but best flowers produced in spring from August-sown seed. Rich, moist soil. Keep flowers picked; they deteriorate if seed forms.
garden.
PEONY
(Pceonia officinalis).
largest-flowered
plant
May
and June; 3
Dark crimson.
(P. albiflora).
white through rose and magenta to crimson. June; i\ feet. Largest double-flowered hardy perennial. Favourite varieties:
From
Delicatissima,
Modeste Guerin.
six years.
September to October.
with plenty
Divide every
of moisture.
Deep,
POET'S NARCISSUS NATURALISED ALONG AN OPEN WOODLAND WALK, WHERE THEY REQUIRE ABSOLUTELY NO CARE. A THOUSAND BULBS COST LESS THAN FIFTY CIGARS
63
The
brightest
range of colours in any hardy perennial. Peculiarly appropriate, Now to be had in white, pink, scarlet, mauve, since it is a native.
and various
seed,
combinations.
division.
cuttings, or
in
Give water
general use.
summer.
Thrives anywhere. Propagate by Five feet or less according to will. By cutting back can be made to
for
Prettiest PINK, CHINESE, SNOW, OR STAR (Dianthus Chinensis). annual variegated flowers of the pink family. Introduced about
Had been highly developed in the Far East. Seeds best 1713. Excellent for edgings. started indoors in March. Single or slightly double. June; i foot. fragrant fringe along old garden paths.
GARDEN, SCOTCH, GRASS, PHEASANTS' EYE (D. plumarius). Blooms in spring and early summer; i foot. Fragrant fringed flower,
,
originally pink or purplish, the petals fringed for about one-fourth their length. Needs perfect drainage, and is likely to die in winter if FRINGED (D. superbus). Summer , grown on a level.
Petals lilac, fringed for more than early autumn; I foot. half their length. Winter kills in rich soil. Prefers plenty of sand raised from seed. and grit. Easily MAIDEN (D. deltoldes). ,
and
Small, one-half to three-quarters of an inch across, deep-red flowers, with notched petals and a dark crimson eye. Spring and early
summer; I foot. Easiest of the small-flowered species of Dianthus for level-ground cultivation, forming a perfect mat. Does not suffer from wire worms. (See also CARNATION.)
PLANTAIN LILY, WHITE (Funkla
subcordata).
,
BLUE
(F. ovata).
Often erroneously confused with the day lily (Hemerocallis). July, August, September; 2 feet. Leaves broad, ribbed like the common
plantain, but eighteen inches long.
spring; multiplies freely, making large clusters, perfectly hardy. Will naturalise in moderately rich, partly shaded places. Variegated forms. Flowers four to six inches long in loose racemes carried
well above the foliage.
POPPY, CORN (Papaver Rhceas). Scarlet with black spot. Summer; I foot. Gorgeous weed that glorifies the grainfields of Europe. Parent of Shirley poppy. Sow where intended to flower; poppies will not
generally bear transplanting.
,
64
five
inches
across.
Nodding
3
gorgeous
annual;
PYRETHRUM (Chrysanthemum
Crimson, magenta, rose, coccineum). white, daisy-like, single and double. June to July; 3 feet. Must have perfect drainage to avoid crown rot, especially in winter. If rots in summer after heavy rains, cut some away.
foliage
Flos-cuculi).
Double red or
blooming cuckoo flower.
,
Perennial;
"Flos-cuculi" means
EVERVery common in old gardens and now naturalised. BLOOMING (L. Flos-cuculi, var. plenissima). Has extraordinary
RAGGED SAILOR. See CORNFLOWER. ROCKET, SWEET ROCKET, DAME'S ROCKET (Hesperis matronalts). Magenta, mauve, or white. July; 3 feet. Long spikes of small
at evening. Select four-petalled flowers which are most fragrant or colour and a plant with good lavender plant the propagate that,
white kind.
Double forms.
See
Perennial.
ROSE CAMPION.
summer.
eties also.
MULLEIN PINK.
Cceli-rosa).
Rosy flowers one inch across all notched; eyed, fimbriated and white variVery
floriferous.
Likes sun.
ROSES of various sorts generally referred to as "old-fashioned" or "garden." These include the hundred-leaved (Rosa centifolia), damask (R. Damascena), the Pink Daily and the Old Cabbage, and the York and Lancaster with flowers sometimes all red or all
white, or parti-coloured; also the Persian brier for its yellow flowers. All these do well anywhere, in good garden soil, flowering in June.
The
fragrant leaved sweetbrier or eglantine (R. rubiginosa) ekes out a struggling existence. It should be raised from seed sown in the fall. None of the all-summer bloomers having tea blood are
SWEET WILLIAM (Dianthus barbatus). One of the oldest garden flowers, and now run wild. Single and double. Flowers in dense, flat head,
fragrant, various colours, chiefly red or reddish
65
July,
foot;
Rich
soil.
(Matthiola incana^ var. annua). Clove-scented of Annual; ij white, creamy, pinkish, or crimson flowers. spikes
May
to July.
Sow
in rich,
and transplant. Parent of the small, early, and forcing and was known in red and yellow. T.
soil,
warm
Gesneriana, the showy scarlet, later garden tulip, with pointed petals, Plant in masses of one colour in fall for also varieties of this type.
spring flower. same time.
at
VALERIAN, GARDEN HELIOTROPE (Valeriana offictnalts). June; 3 feet. Minute pinkish-gray flowers in flat clusters, three inches across. Very easy to grow. Spreads rapidly. Spicy odour scents a whole
garden.
Perennial.
VERONICA, LONG-LEAVED (Veronica longi folia). long, narrow spikes. July to September; 2
y. spicata.
best of
all
Minute
to 3 feet.
lilac flowers in
Often sold as
is
purple-blue variety, subsessilis (Japan, 1871), hardy veronicas, and is more robust than the type.
Its
the
Can
be used instead.
VIOLET (Viola
odorata).
Violet.
March; 6
California
is
inches.
The Russian
is
common
sorts.
Get
nursery-grown plants.
Grow
in the shade.
WALLFLOWER
(Cheiranthus Cheiri). Yellow, red, brown, fragrant Biennial. Blooms all flowers, in spike six to twelve inches long. summer in partial shade if not allowed to seed; 2 feet. Must not
dry out.
NOTE. For the greater part of the Mr. Wilhelm Miller.
facts contained in the
above
list
credit is
due to
"A
dressed garden is
Nature
idealised
art of touching
up
the truth.'
JOHN D. SEDDINQ.
CHAPTER
we
of
WHEN
to
gardening,
how much
and
sacrificed
ignorance
prejudice!
Devotees
of
the
bedding system who delight in planting their initials in particoloured coleus on innocent lawns, or casting a hopeful anchor of "dusty miller," edged with clam
shells, against
a terrace like a
To
There
number whose
sole
seedsmen's catalogues.
late to perpetrate
on
their
These they toil early and employers' grounds and display them
is
equalled only by
what they
do.
Many
woman
on
who
will
weep
bitter tears
when
When we remember
lately
that the
it is
landed immigrants,
upon a
life-sized
on the greensward of a
cultivated Americans,
public park.
But
is it
not astonishing
when
artistically
and whose
jo
to let a
to
important picture of
the
home garden
prove
it,
The
may have
but
gardener who,
into
stars,
if left
to his
own
and
devices,
stereotyped
triangles,
flower
beds of geometric
-
circles,
squares
ellipses
and
with
them
with
cannas, or with
asters,
prim rows
screaming
tulips or
of
deep
pink
and
purple
china
or
with
scarlet
geraniums,
invariably
or with
hyacinths
colours
arranged
zones
of
sharply
contrasting
bed.
Such excrescences
on a
fair
of Nature.
Even
the large-minded
liked to
down
Piccadilly button-
who has
and
gentleman with an
ideas of elegance
imitation deer
on
The man's
by the
sight.
But, as "the
How
far
their
ignorance, departed!
And
for
how many
wild nature on our lawns and about our houses, which would be
is
may
not be
The
of the grounds
beautiful.
It
Naturalistic
be
Garden
the
71 interesting
may
not
made
most
and
a successful
moment, however, that informal garden can be made haphazard. Not only
for a
must the place as a whole, be planned carefully, but each bit of planting, no matter how small, needs to be carefully thought out.
Every one knows that more
are required
skill
and a
finer
artistic
sense
by
landscape painter
than by a mechanical
draughtsman.
When
the gardener,
like
the
painter,
studies
the
natural
landscape, he learns
how
sky line
how
how
she clothes with kind verdure the raw banks and other scars
little
bushes
and plants over them until their ugliness is healed. Nature Her disciple learns that she has plants for insists upon beauty.
every place and purpose, and that even on a small
he, too,
home
area,
may grow
met and
a great variety of
them
in a free
its
and picturesque
peculiar needs
may
He
cannot see a
little
Japanese
tufts of
irises
me-nots on
clethra
banks.
He knows
and white azalea bushes would be quite happy among the red-berried alder and elder flowers on the margin of his little lake
where willows and white birches have already made themselves at home. A bit of well-drained land that has nothing to fear from cattle
or a
mowing machine,
mind
naturalising
72
poet's narcissus
and he
figures
price of a
box of
He
yel-
low crocuses
"come
before the
swallow dares."
He
delays the
first
He
mark
and
walls.
grounds
unbroken
stretches of his
may
He would be
as loth to put a
bed of geraniums
lawn picture as he
freakish trees
would
distress
Weeping and
him
a calico pony.
woodland,
he
will surely
perhaps,
if its
sense of fitness
must be conveyed or
trees
and
plants,
however beautiful
environments.
in themselves,
may
The
He
waxy
is
and myriads of
TALL, LATE MAY GARDEN TULIPS (Gcsneriana) NATURALISED IN A GRASSY BORDER FRONT OF SHRUBBERY: LOSS TEN TO TWENTY PER CENT. ANNUALLY. T. sylveslris, A LOVELY, PALE YELLOW FLOWER, WITH LONG, POINTED PETALS, WOULD BE QUITE AT HOME HERE OR IN OPEN WOODS
IN
LILIES NATURALISED ALONG A DRIVE. THE DARK BACKGROUND OF TREES HELPS EMPHASISE THE RICH COLOUR OF THE FLOWERS
The
speedily transform
it
Naturalistic
Garden
Under
73
the trees, along
soil,
into a
bank of beauty.
masses of rhodowinter,
dendron and
laurel that
all
all
and
for
Spires of white
cathedral
sow poppies broadcast in his most informal garden and enjoy a waving ribbon of them along the sunny edge of a walk. He may even hope to naturalise them
aisles.
He
will
successfully
among
in
them growing
wheat and
if
Europe.
The
down with
even
poppies
that
are
a ravishing delight
scatters
not
commercially profitable.
in
He
the
portulaca's
tiny
seed
the
for
driest, sunniest
places where
is
no other flower
next of kin to
would grow,
"pusley"
is not more easily most pestiferous of weeds I have seen it blooming luxuriantly on discouraged by drought. Such old-fashioned a sandy beach just beyond reach of the tide.
common
crowders
of
finer
lily,
garden flowers
as
the
tiger
lily
naturalised
among
the
tall
grass of an
When
who
comes
to plant
around a home
difficult, for
here nature,
designs.
him with
can to
by softening its angular outlines and doing what he divert the eye from its least attractive features, with the help
of trees, shrubs, and vines, rather than essay the impossible task
74
few
should happily be
growing near his building site he already possesses the most reconOne very charming house I know ciling features he could have.
has a gnarled, picturesque old apple tree to shade a porch that
killed
let
it
had not a deep brick well been air, light and moisture down to its
it
new
lease of
life.
rocky part
it.
May
after white
and lavender mats of creeping phlox have carpeted them with bloom. Columbines dance on airy stems along the rocky ledges
and
stately white
spikes of
up from
The
fiery
poker plants
ablaze in Sep-
tember.
and dwarf
ever-
waves against
the
which
rises as if
may
be
permitted to go bare.
our
\
it is
destined
to
very highest
perfection,
but our
strong
Teutonic
strain
The
Naturalistic
Garden
75
A traveller
living
can usually
tell
at a glance
with masses
of the estate.
But how
fitting
stretch
their giant
clumps of shrub-
For the discerning few, who know when and how to apply
Italian principles of
not to say,
i
may
of garden problems.
demands
formality should
line,
the farther
finally
away
the
planting
is lost
recedes
until
the
naturalistic
However
great
may
faultless piece of
compelled to
tawny
orange
lilies
bloom
and
tall,
unkempt
lilacs
send their
76
Herrick was not the last kitchen door. fragrance through the sweetness" or to take "delight Anglo-Saxon to approve of "erring
in disorder," which,
he frankly admits,
more bewitch me than when Art
too
precise in
"Do
Is
every
part."
We
we come
naturalistic treatment
permanent.
plants
are
sold
it
annually
true,
quick,
pyrotechnic
display of flowers,
is
more
f
real
home
affections.
Some gardeners change all the tender plants in a bed, not once, but several times in a summer to keep up a brilliant succession of bloom
a senseless extravagance
when
Not
method of
the comparatively
small cost of taking care of a place where floral features do not have
to be annually renewed.
vines, plants
Ten
more
and
than a hundred
The garden
so
that
its
As
its
loveliness increases,
do the owner's
friends,
who
fall
heirs to
the
offshoots
and
PERMANENT HARDY
LILIES
si
!*
Q w Q P4 < u
The
seedlings which,
Naturalistic
Garden
77
The
No
And
since the
is
first
cost of the
garden that
its
is
planted on
naturalistic lines
may hope
yard gay with hardy perennials, and a few shrubs and vines, at
least;
and oh, how sadly our working people's most unlovely homes
little
need cheerful
Christmas presents.
Why
do we so rarely give
?
trees,
shrubs,
a large
Many
New York
carries
its
an enormous
Do friends care any less for one another because they stay at home ? One bride I know received a cheque to cover the cost of making
and planting a garden around her new home, and
all
it is
certain that
tithe
life.
For a wooden
wedding present a young couple who had recently moved into a raw, new place received two maples that taxed the capacity of the
nearest
nurseryman's
big
tree
movers.
when asked by her father to chose her own Christmas present, handed him a list of hardy hybrid tea roses. These could not be
enjoyed except in her mind's eye until the following spring,
true,
it is
how
to care for
them,
she
when
78
cannot pick a bud for her father's buttonhole, and roses for the
library table.
The
made
all
accretions,
home
is
needed, or
where a
or
finer effect
Every
little
likely to yield
trove.
In moving from a
swallowed
was hardest
to leave
behind
had brought in the crown of my hat from the battlefield of But I jealously removed to the new country home all Lexington.
my
old garden.
The
my
on
it
there flashes
my
young wife set out the ancestral plants of this very phlox under his study window. Years after her death, when the phlox that had survived the burning of the cottage, had overflowed to the roadside,
I
where
his adorable
brought
home
that
is
not as
its
of associations
and of sentiment as
is
of flowers, misses
finest joy.
CHAPTER
VI
THE
purist
it
may seem an
we
impertinence to trans-
TO
so
yet
plant
the flora of other lands to any of those parterres are pleased to call
of nature's garden
"ours" when
many
little
by American gardeners.
flowers
But
let
him remember
that the
that
commonest wild
we
now whitens
and
its
continent until
it
smuggled
passage across the Atlantic in the hay used for packing the early
Colonists'
exquisite
china.
Very
many
other
so-called
weeds
the
Queen Anne's
to
match
sky"
only
among many
ised foreigners, not natives, that thrive far better here, however,
than they did at home, just as the Irish and Italian immigrants
do.
When
we
?
nature
does
not
fix
sectional
limitations,
why
should
to old homesteads,
we commonly
gestive
European tansy's shining yellow "bitter buttons" sugof the time when tansy tea was supposed to cure most of
that flesh
is
the
ills
heir to.
New
make
of "our"
Tawny
orange
81
that once
had
their
82
have escaped from their keepers passage paid across the ocean,
through
many
fences
to free-
dom.
ally
So are the small, speckled red blackberry lilies that origincame from China. Escaping from gardens here and there,
from Connecticut they have already attained the respectable range westward to Indiana and Missouri. How many to
Georgia
beautiful
flowers,
commonly grown
in
which, of course, are the wild flowers of other lands, might become
naturalised Americans were
to
lift
few plants, scatter a few seeds over our fences into the
roadsides
to raise the bars of their prison, as
it
fields
and
them
free!
Most of them
are
doomed
Some,
corn
freedom presents
go.
Lucky
are they
if
produce
plant has
Each
some device
however slowly, or
for sendif
ing
its
offspring
let it
to
man
would but
alone.
is
lift!
Not alone
own
country.
Peter
Kalm had
where
it
immediately
became a garden
kalmia plants,
Even
Catawbiense and their hybrids, the best azaleas evolved from our
deli-
way of Europe. What comfortable little fortunes that might easily have been earned by Americans, now stand to the credit of the
SHEETS OF BLUE FORGET-ME-NOTS OVERSPREAD THE BANKS OF A WILD GARDEN NEAR WATER, WHERE THEY ARE AT HOME
83
"Ameri-
fine
many
years.
gives the
American
American rhododendrons,
laurel
and
azaleas, but
tribe, the
New
tall
England
asters
Canadian goldenrod,
field
lilies,
rose
mallow from
New
Jersey tide-
viburnums,
despised
trilliums, bloodroot
and meadow
other
rue,
velvety
mullein
among many
cherished
soil
from
of a
British peer.
Strange as
ing the shy
specialists,
it
may
little
by American
who
rarely receive
As a
rule,
who
nurserymen who grow them from seed, rather than despoil the
Impulsively
we
dig
up
whenever or wherever we
when they
when no
discouraged
when they
die.
Who
can
resist the
trout
lily
or adder's
up the plants
at
Few
marked
lift,
wish to
and
months afterward,
to transplant
84
them during their dormant season, and then only when we have holes and soil prepared to receive them, water and mulch at hand,
canvas or paper to hold a generous ball of
soil
around each
root,
and a waggon
to rush
them
to their
new home.
to give it a similar one study a plant's natural habitat and attempt We learn only by sad experience that the in their wild garden.
on a dry upland where barberries, butterfly weed and black-eyed Susans would feel more at home; that to expose the
woods
die
an unprotected
situation,
is
even more
lives
them than
to the
after transplanting,
usually wiser, and certainly far less trouble, perhaps even less
costly, to
who
all
will
buy wild plants trained for travelling by a reliable grower, ship them properly packed at the right season and answer
But oh! what fun one misses!
is
through experimenting.
Your
true
gardener
not to
be
cheated
out
of
those
excursions to the
He,
fixed
slope
for
drons for the royal fern and the fragrant, finely cut fronds of Dicksonia.
85
happy
and
star,
Solomon's
seals,
Pinxter
hawkweed, shooting
St.
phlox
among
the foreign
plants, without
ever complete
Only
his rocks
any among
the poor
may know
as well as he
their
delightful
possibilities
when
lavishly
planted.
Grown
in
bold
masses,
under
trees along
bank of a small
grouped
in the
majestic.
Laurel
may
be
foreground at their
feet, tall
auratum, superbum
their midst, or their
and Canada
lilies
may may
With
shoot
upward from
serve as a background in
damp
situations
of Japanese
rhodo-
plants.
But
of
many
other native
in
What
viburnum
tribe alone
in the high
bright
fruit!
How
impoverished
should
we be without
the dogwoods, without the shad bush, the Judas tree, the sumachs, the glossy leaved, blue-berried
mahonia,
berried
holly!
The
creamy cups of
86
the air
with a spicy fragrance as delicious as the clethra's, the black make a cheerful alder whose dark twigs, stuck with red berries,
in the autumn landscape, the elder, whose flat punctuation point white blossoms come with the wild roses, the shrubby cinquefoil,
meadowsweet and
the ninebark,
may
any other
it
site.
is
humming
its
midsummer day
brimming
feast.
Rose mallows
feathery,
meadow
rue,
superbum
lilies,
slippers, the
white
fringed orchid
may now,
is
after long
many
happy
where there
no
possibility of
dying out.
and wild grape up the trees. Tufts of English primroses and marsh marigolds and sheets of blue forget-me-nots delight to
spread along the banks of a brook where serried ranks of blue and
yellow
irises
called a
swamp
"Nature's sanctuary."
Not
one enters
it
PIPES
IN
A MAN-MADE CORNER OF
OUR NATIVE SHOWY LADY's SLIPPER IN MOIST ALLUVIAL SOIL. THE MARVELLOUS MECHANISM OF THIS BEAUTIFUL ORCHID, WHICH SO DELIGHTED DARWIN, MAKES IT DOUBLY VALUABLE IN THE WILD GARDEN
87
realise
how many
lovely
;
human
much
drier places
The
rose
swamps,
Now
commonly
has found
its
way
its
into many flower beds, where, however brilliant the blossoms, ill fitting environment robs it of half its charm.
It surprises
most people
to see
how much
little
cultivation
improves
many
When
for existence
may
anticipated and
all their
the plants
may
latent loveliness,
how
fast
it
reveals
itself!
The
blue wheels of
its
wont;
its
next of kin, the Joe Pye weed, rears fleecy flowers of dull
;
astonishes
all
beholders by the
prodigal richness of
its
gold.
is
Not
when
send abroad for foreign plants to naturalise in the wild parts of his
estate, or
he
may buy
more than one American enthusiast has done, but nature knows no partiality. The poorest teacher in a rural school, withas
may
take
all
woods and
and bring
home
in a
to beautify the
88
The bald
ugliness of many a
hard
lines of too
the poorest people's cabins, the barren waste of most country graveyards, might
all
were understood by
The
mean
it
does
mean
a far
more
beautiful, artistic,
gardening than any that the masses of our people can afford.
It is
other desirable
marked thus
(*)
flowering season given is that for the neighbourhood of -varies earlier or later to the South or North.
NOTE.
The
New York
and
TOOTH VIOLET. ADAM'S NEEDLE, SPANISH BAYONET (Yucca filamentosa). See HERBACEOUS PLANTS. (P. 229.) The best desert evergreen plant
ADDER'S TONGUE.
See DOG'S
and
* AMERICAN
SENNA
to 5 feet.
Yellow. (Cassia Marylandica). July, August; 2 Best yellow flower for clumps in moist, open situations
and swamps.
ASTER (Various
species').
Blue,
mauve
to white.
August
till
frost;
6 inches to 4
Daisy-like flowers of various sizes in loose panicles. Open meadows and woodland borders. These are the best late flowers. * ENGLAND (Aster Novce-Anglice). , very Violet and purple; 3 to .8 feet. Moist ground. Much
feet.
NEW
improved
blue.
in
cultivation.
feet.
NEW YORK
feet.
is
(A.
,
Novi-Belgii).
(A. lavis).
soils
Pale blue;
2 to 3
lands.
SMOOTH
For dry
Sky
September, October; 2 to 4
Easiest
way
to naturalise
by scattering
seeds.
89
rubra). April, June;
effective
alba).
in
RED. (A.
to 2 feet.
Rich
soil
shade.
Undergrowth.
Most
and red
BAYBERRY (Myrica
SHRUBS,
p. 187.
ceriferd).
For description see WAX MYRTLE in Naturalise along seashore and on sandy knolls.
BEARD TONGUE. See PENTSTEMON. BEE BALM (Monarda didyma). See HERBACEOUS PLANTS, p. 217. BLACK-EYED SUSAN (Rudbeckia birta). Yellow with black centre.
May, September.
summer.
I
to 3 feet.
fields.
Naturalised freely in
Dry and open ground anywhere. The most showy daisy-like flower of
racemosa).
feet.
White
elongated spikes.
June, August; 4
to
Moist, shady
corners, woods,
pond edges.
BLAZING STAR
(Liatris pycnostachyd). Purple. July, August. 4 to 5 feet. soil. well-drained Long grass-like foliage, with flower heads Light, in long spikes. 2 to 4 feet. Flowers August, (L. scariosa).
BLOODROOT.
BLUEBELL.
See
TUBEROUS PLANTS,
p.
273.
See HAREBELL.
BLUE COHOSH (Caulopbyllum tbalictroides). Flowers greenish purple. i to i\ feet. Well-drained, shady, and dark corners. April, May.
Moist
hillsides.
Foliage glaucous
when young.
BLUETS, INNOCENCE (Houstonia ccerulea). Pale blue, with yellow eye. May. 2 to 4 inches. Dainty little 4-petalled flower growing in tufts for open, moist or grassy places. Brightest dwarf flower of spring.
*BOLTONIA, FALSE CHAMOMILE (Boltonia latisquama). For bold, wild effects. to October; 2 to 6 feet.
Lilac.
August
soil
Moist
in
sunny
place.
July, September.
*BONESET (Eupatorium
ber; 2 to 5 feet.
perfoliatum).
places.
Wet
BUTTERFLY WEED, PLEURISY ROOT (Asclepias rarely yellow. Heads flat. June, September; I
well-drained
soil.
Easiest plant of
its
colour to naturalise in
go
*CARDINAL FLOWER
August; 2 J
in
feet.
carmine.
July,
The
is
brightest flower of
kind.
Often grown
places
somewhat ragged.
Best in shady
to 2 feet.
For a
shade.
May, June, but with preference for partial Leaves dark green, flowers quite
Yellow or
red.
showy.
CINQUEFOIL
All summer; Bright yellow. jruticosd). (Potentilla like flowers one inch Small feet. to across. 6 inches single roses, 4
soil,
may become
Very weed on
favoured
soil.
CLINTONIA (Clintonia
Green, margined yellow in threes. borealis). in autumn above the dark-green berries blue followed by May, June; Other species almost the Cool, moist woods. leaves; I to 2 feet.
same.
COLUMBINE
Red and yellow. (Aquilegia Canadensis). Excellent for rocky slopes. 8 to 20 inches. (See also
PLANTS,
p. 220.)
and
in
woods.
flowers an inch
DOG'S TOOTH VIOLET, ADDER'S TONGUE, TROUT LILY (Erythronium Americanum). Yellow. April to May; 10 inches. Flowers with the violet, and often found growing with it. Solitary nodding Leaves marbled with brown lily-like yellow flowers an inch long. and silvery gray. Plant 6 inches deep, in any light soil with partial shade. Several marked variations.
DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES
(Dicentra Cucullaria). Greenish white, tinged with pink. April; 8 inches. Delicate-looking plant, with finely divided leaves. Moist soil in partial shade. One of the first
flowers of spring.
DWARF CORNEL
(Cornus Canadensis). White. May to July; 6 inches. white Herbracts, followed by bright red berries in fall. Large For shaded woods, as undergrowth, along driveways, etc. baceous.
9i
White.
May;
6 to 12 inches.
tuft
Foamy
Cool
of foliage.
soil
and
full
or half shade.
*FoRGET-ME-NoT (Myosotis
CEOUS PLANTS,
p. 221.
palustris).
Along streams.
See
HERBA-
GENTIAN, CLOSED
August
to October;
cluster, large and usually quite closed. strong-growing plant Excellent along banks of for rich, moist soil in partial shade.
streams.
I
to 3 feet.
FRINGED (G. crinita). Violet. September, October; , Flower-tube about two inches long, with flat, expanded
some places the seed is woods and meadows; or by in cultivation on a seed bed of sphagnum moss as first described in The Garden Magazine for December, 1905. Makes a tiny rosette
lobes, prettily fringed.
killed
frost.
biennial,
and
in
Sow
the
first
year.
NARROW-LEAVED
(G. linearis).
Blue. August,
September; 6 inches to 2 feet. Similar to the closed gentian, but Profuse flowering. Moist Perfectly hardy. tipped with white.
places in open sun
and
in bogs.
The
of late
easiest gentian
to naturalise.
*GOLDENROD
LAND
shade.
(Species of Solidago).
Plumose, yellow.
summer and
I
fall.
August, September;
(S.
to 3 feet.
For moist
to 2 feet.
(S.
FIELD
to
nemoralis). July to
November. ^
,
Best
for
densis).
places. 2 to 8 feet.
CANADA
Best
tall
Cana-
kind for
open
GOLD THREAD
July;
(Coptis
tr
ifolio).
base.
May
to
6 inches.
and on
clay.
Purplish pink. pulchellus). June, July; and Grass-like leaves in spring. Swamps peat bogs, also of the native orchids One with 6 to soil if moist. brightest sandy 12 flowers to a stalk.
foot.
to July; 6 inches. Dark, shaded places, but open; also rocky in sun and full crevices, high altitudes only.
May
92
*!NDIAN TURNIP, JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT (Arisama tripbyllum). Greenish with a horizontal flap, followed by red berries. spathe, striped purple feet. Low, moist, rich woodlands. Leaves April to June; ij from early spring till autumn, in shady, moist places.
*!RIS,
BLUE FLAG (Iris versicolor). Blue and white. May to July; 20 Wet places and along brooksides. More slender growing, inches.
flowering in
May
and June,
is
7.
prismatica or I
Virginica.
At
home
*!RONWEED (Vernonia
Purple. July to September; Noveboracensis). Flowers in large terminal clusters, very showy. Best 3 to 5 feet. in masses near water, making good supplement to the purple effect
loosestrife,
which
is earlier.
*JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT.
(Datura
Stramonium).
White.
Any soil. Naturalised from June to September; 2 to 5 feet. An annual that has become a weed in the South. Use tropics.
only in very wildest places.
*JoE-PYE
Purple to flesh colour, to almost white. August to September; 8 to 9 feet. The boldest, tall, rank-
WEED
(Eupatorium purpureum).
growing plant for low grounds. Easily naturalised. Foliage coarse. Var. maculatum is lower, with purple-brown markings on stem.
, SHOWY (C. spectabile). Pink-purple to pink. orchid to grow feet. Several leaves. The easiest native 2 June; and the showiest. Bogs or moist, partly shaded bed of peat or leaf-
acaule).
Rosesoil
June;
foot.
Two
leaves.
Well-drained
YELLOW (C. Get large clumps, as of all orchids. Yellow brown. May, June; I foot. Well-drained pubescens). bed of leaf-mould and peat in moist shade. C. pauciflorum is Leave undisturbed. smaller, but easier to grow in similar soil.
mould.
,
*LILY, RED,
See
BULBOUS PLANTS,
pp. 277,
LIVERWORT (Hepatica
Earliest spring; 6 to 8 inches. Best and earliest flowering plant for massing in corners or shady open woods. In protected places flowers in the
triloba).
snow.
Holds
all
winter and
93
Bright purple.
June to summer,
LUPIN (Lupinus
feet.
Dry, sandy
and banks.
(Hibiscus Moscheutos).
to
feet.
Rose
or
white.
7 August, September; 3 marshes. four inches across, sometimes flower, Large, expanded with crimson eye. Best large, rose-coloured flower for wet places.
brackish
MAY
APPLE (Podophyllum
peltatum).
White.
May;
ij feet.
Large,
nodding flowers under bold seven and nine lobed leaves, almost round and peltate. Creeping root-stocks. Excellent for early spring effects in moist woodlands.
to 5 feet.
White. July to (Thalictrum aquilegifolium). Moist soils in open or along brooks. Light,
Good feathery balls of flowers and gracefully cut fern-like foliage. T. dioicum, I to 2 feet. in for cutting too. flowers Purplish
April,
May.
Woods.
*MEADOW SWEET
2 to 4 feet.
moist
soils.
Creamy white. June, July; of the best free-growing plants for moderately Showy terminal corymbs, borne on erect stems, natur(Ulmaria pentapetala).
One
One
*MILKWEED, SWAMP
rarely white.
(Asclepias incarnatd). Rose-purple in flat heads, Swamps, where July to September; I to 2 feet.
grasses
late
fail,
Most showy,
,
summer
such situations.
Earlier;
COMMON
Dull,
soils.
grayish pink.
much
less
MILKWORT, FRINGED
Rose. May, June; 6 (Polygala paucifolia). For edges of moist, rich woods, in open places. Pretty inches. Plant in clumps. purplish foliage and large-fringed flowers.
Ox-EYE DAISY (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum). White with yellow centre. May to November; I to 3 feet. The common daisy of the Parent of Shasta daisy fields, and invaluable for meadow effects.
(see p. 228).
re pens).
all
Dark
Woods.
94
*PENTSTEMON (Pentstemon
July; 4 to
naturalised,
5 feet.
White.
May
to
Any
well-drained
soil in
in
GARDEN PENTSTEMON,
HERBAC-
EOUS PLANTS,
p. 217.)
PHLOX, WILD BLUE (Phlox divaricatd). Gray-blue. April to June; moist for its colour at its of woods. Valuable i feet. J Along edges
season.
*PICKEREL
WEED
(Pontederia cordata).
Blue.
June to October; 2 to
in
swampy
lands.
Flowers
pond
PRICKLY PEAR (Opuntla vulgaris). See HERBACEOUS PLANTS, p. 227. *QuEEN OF THE PRAIRIE (Ulmaria rubrd). Pink. June, July; 2 to
Large panicles, slightly fragrant. Moist grounds and open meadows. Excellent for wild effects on large areas.
8 feet.
woods
White. August; i foot. pubescent). Flowers in a terminal spike. Easiest orchid to naturalise in ordinary loam, mixed with pine Native in
setigera).
damp woods.
Pink flowers, fading whitish. June, Best climber. For shrubby effects on dry July; 6 feet or more. R. 6 with and fruits showy all winter. red stems lucida, feet, ground On moist ground, R. Carolina,* 8 feet.
fatidus).
Bright, yellow green, bold
dells.
foot.
Moist
Very
effective.
SNAKEROOT.
See
WHITE SNAKEROOT.
Bright
yellow.
daisy-like
*SNEEZEWEED
October;
in
i
(Helenium autumnale).
to 2
feet.
fall.
August to
flower
for
summer and
grow
For swamps and wet meadows. Var. superbum, 4 feet, with open border.
Will also
flowers
inches across.
biflorum).
I
White flowers
Black berries
in
arching
sprays, with the leaves. June; shade or rich soil in the open.
foot.
,
in fall.
Moist Moist
White,
to 2 feet.
95
August, September; 6
feet.
the sun.
Very
free
growing.
The
summer for full sun. *SPIDERWORT (Tradescantia Firginica). Blue. Moist, rich places in shade or sun. (See HERBACEOUS PLANTS, p. 229.) SPRING BEAUTY (Claytonia Firginica). Obscure pink flowers in summer.
Spreading plant 8 inches high, with long, tapering leaves of bright Moist soils in rocky bottoms, and especially in moist leafgreen.
mould
in
woods.
SUN DROPS
Yellow. (CEnothera fruticosd). June to August; I to 3 feet. in and sand. Common soil New England meadows. Dry, exposed A small, dense, bush-like shrub, covered with inch-wide flowers.
Sometimes a weed.
*SUNFLOWER (Heliantbus Maximilianus). Yellow. August till after Most desirable sunflower for naturalising frost; 8 to 10 feet.
because of its great height Grows flowers are small.
and extremely
late season.
Individual
asplenifolia).
Deciduous.
TANSY (Tanacetum
vulgare).
Yellow; i\
composite flowers.
along roadsides, mostly escaped from of the old-time simples. The flower head 4 to 6
Pale rose. May. Creeper. repens). to naturalise, insisting on perfect drainage plant
Common
very
difficult
in a dry,
sandy, loamy soil, in shade. On planting protect with an Do not inch of light litter or leaves, to remain for a whole season. attempt this plant unless you have the exact conditions.
TRILLIUM.
See WOOD-LILY.
cucullata).
*ViOLET (Viola
in
June; 6 inches.
Damp
Violet blue or purple in shades. April to but does well often places, mostly shaded,
semi-open woods, etc. Best of all the native violets, with largest flowers, and very easy to naturalise by transplanting. Root tuberous.
I
*VIRGINIA COWSLIP (Mertensia Firginica). Blue. May, June; Moist soils in partial shade. Flowers nodding. feet.
to 2
WAKEROBIN.
See WOOD-LILY.
96
Rich woods.
Curious
more
Flowers borne close to the ground. Large kidney-shaped leaves. Leaves appear very early. Rich, shaded woods, or with ferns.
WILD INDIGO
feet.
Yellow. June to September; i to 2 (Baptisia tinctoria). for naturalising on or shade. Invaluable in soils sun Dry
the coast.
Flowers pea-like.
*WiLD SWEET WILLIAM (Phlox maculatd). White or purple. June to August; 3 feet. For moist woods or along streams and in open sun.
Flowers in compact pyramids.
(See also
ROCK GARDEN,
p.
no.)
Rose-purple. angustifolium). July to rich or For well-drained soil in to feet. upland 5 open sun. August; 3 Flowers loosely borne in lax spikes at end of shoots, which also
branch.
One
WINDFLOWER (Anemone
nemorosa). White, tinged purple. April to Partial shade. Excellent for carpeting and woodland borders, and in the grass. Solitary flowers I inch across,
June; 2 to 4 inches.
WINTERGREEN
White, followed by bright (Gaultberia procumbent). red berries. June to September; 2 to 6 inches. low-growing
with
bright
green
leaves.
For woods.
Treat
Berries last
Difficult to naturalise.
WooD-LiLY, WAKEROBIN (Trillium grandiflorum). White. May; 8 inches to i| feet. For woods and shaded stream borders. The
flower
is
two inches
across, carried
Very
easy to naturalise.
above 3-partite leaf on single stalk. Tuberous. The best early white flower
T. erectum has dark purple flowers.
for woods.
Plant in masses.
*YARROW
Flat heads (Achillea Mi liefolium). White. Summer; 2 feet. of very small composite flowers on erect stalk arising from tuft of very finely cut feathery leaves. For open meadodor. Pungent
ows and
all
Most
ciliaris).
meadows.
flowers.
"An
artificial
rockery is usually a
bit oj
it
frankly simple
make
believe.
Nine
ground"
all
things
should be planted geologically; the length of the drift going with the natural
In
all free
and
dis-
may
But
the
not perceive
garden
artist
why who
it is
right
and good)
is
understands what
is technically
known
as
"drawing"
to
we have
only
follow
and
come right"
GERTRUDE JEKYLL.
CHAPTER
VII
A
yet
PRETENTIOUS
cobble
stones,
pile
of rickety
rocks
propped with
and a
few
in
sickly,
sun-baked plants
straggling over
them
a meaningless
manner
this
would seem
garden in too
many
American dooryards. Yet a rock garden, treated in a naturalistic and practical way, and fitted into the surrounding scene as if it
really belonged there,
may
Moreover,
it
may become
interest-
grow nowhere
else,
among
of
soil
one
almost
the cost of
serious
it is
be so apparent as to
make
to
fit
Where some
fine rocks in
is
rockwork unless
it
can be so
added
to
what nature
offers as to
seem
to be a part of her
design.
100
rocks on estates beauty have been wasted in blasting and burying in Connecticut alone in order to make "gentlemen's country seats"
Let
no one deplore the possession of boulders, outcropping rocks, rocky seams, crevices, and ledges, for the trained imagination of
a landscape gardener should find infinite possibilities of beautifying
to a level
commonno
The opportunity
One
of the most
quarry,
now transformed by
the
happy home of myriads of rock-loving Your true gardener never spoils nature: he trains and
develops her.
Since the situation of any kind of a garden should dominate
the whole scheme of the
its
down.
However,
it
is
certain that the site needs to be selected with extra care, for
most
England instead of adapting them to our more extremely hot and cold climate. But
that rocks not screened from the sun
drier,
at last
we have
learned
by
trees, or so situated
on a
We may
Nor will
101
garden cannot be planted on a protected hillside, but they must be kept at a distance where the roots of the guardians will not rob
their wards.
firs,
In addition to the
taller evergreens,
hemlocks, pines,
in the
and
wind screen
rhododendrons, laurel
and bay,
whose
fine
and
the
to
punctuate points of
sensitive plants, with
among
most
those charming
little
dwarf
pines, junipers,
right.
may
it
be induced to
live contentedly,
mentioned
site,
in this
would as certainly die a fact connection only to show how almost any desirable
however exposed,
may
Rock gardens
the best of
made on
natural slopes to
them
are.
Some
level land.
What
is
known
as
an underground
into the soil
it
dug,
all
banks when
finally
The
width of several
feet at the
may
be varied
and increased
to fifteen or
102
exit, will
soil
may make
a total depth of
line,
Of
but in a
gently curving one, in the hope of creating an impression of naturalness as well as affording a variety of exposures to plants of varying
needs.
The marvel
is
an under-
ground rock garden can ever be convincing. Needless to say, it takes an artistic genius to make it so. Yet there is a rockery of this
purely
artificial
type at
Kew
is
a joy to
all
bank by
a
the
same under-
ground
thrives
method
and
executed
by
former
Kew
man,
Many
and more or
less cut
out underground;
but never in this dry land of ours was a successful rock garden
made on
away
among the rocks keeps up a never failing supply of moisture. So much of the success of a rock garden, cultural as well as
depends upon the placing of the stones, that one needs to
artistic,
Of
course,
to suggest a natural,
rocky
by art and the number of its desirable Such a scene, however, will be of shortplants greatly increased. lived beauty unless the best possible situation and soil for every
beauties emphasised
it.
It is better to
devote one's
first
home
for the
103
effect
it
possible.
The
He
will
deep good
soil
and within a
generous area of
it,
provided
wherever a plant
is
to be set out.
Rhododendrons,
laurel, azaleas
and so do most
and
lilies;
make
hardy
forever
may
be given a
its
no plant
will endure,
Not even a skunk cabbage Sweetness and light are more essential
essays.
scoriae
in a
garden than
in
Matthew Arnold's
masses of
and masonry in a rockery could be tolerated only where the insensate owner would feel equal
Clinkers, shells,
satisfaction in seeing a picket fence
around
it.
In no other part of
the
is
benches and
it.
Even a
if
necessary,
is
deplorable.
formal
simple
and picturesque.
104
stones,
surrounding
soil,
or
little
make
the ideal
path.
and
if
by rocks over which little creepers steal out into the open, they give no offence to a critical eye. Whenever steps and broken levels that add so much to the charm are necessary
of any garden have most reason to exist where rocks cause
many
there
uneven surfaces
stones deeply
let
them be made,
imbedded
frost
in the earth, or
grouted in cement,
if
be danger of
Steps of cedar
many
years, are
and stepping-stones
little
plants to
One
Rows
of sharply
pointed rocks, like a gigantic set of false teeth, are set along the
to the horror.
and
private,
one
finally learns
what not
to do.
much
it
rock in evidence.
here
out!
fine
and
there,
some
boulders, undraped
by
vines, or
un-
touch of nobility to
are trying to create.
the
too sweet
The
on rocks can
105
should never be
to the
Some
will surely
upon them.
woods,
like
What
shall
upon whether
it is
made
in
who
is
his
own
gardener.
From
the
list
may make
it
but in a general
way
may
hobby
grow
of
no better environment
lichens
for
many
and
exquisitely
and fungi can be secured than that of a rock garden, where they properly belong; and that while many bulbs, such as scillas, chionodoxas, single narcissus and daffodils may
fittingly
be naturalised
among
as tulips
setting.
closely associated
if
in
people's
most charming
brook, a pool, or
little
cascade splashing
where harebells,
bog and
to true aquatics.
Such
io6
it,
more varied
But that
is
grasp.
another story.
that of
New
York.
April.
Sun.
white.
(Seep. 216.)
Single
ANEMONE, JAPAN
double.
(Anemone Japonica).
Rose,
and
trade
lists.
August, October; 2 to 4 feet. For named varieties see Flowers 2 inches across, like single roses. Best late
Partial
shade.
similar.
WOOD
,
(A.
sylvestris).
White,
naria,
flowering in spring, is
var.
St.
ST.
BRIGID (A.
coro-
April; 6 to
buttercups.
Brigid). Various colours, except clear yellow. inches. Like gigantic double Finely cut foliage. Most valuable species for the garden. Responds to
PASQUE FLOWER (A. Pulsatilla). Blue. , high cultivation. April; 6 inches. Flower ij inches long, with numerous long brown hairs outside. Largest early blue flower for the rock garden.
ASTER
(Aster Nov<z-Anglia).
White.
i
Rose. (var. rosed). Purple. Best daisy-like flowers for late bloom.
(See page 88.)
feet.
foot up.
BABY'S
soil.
BREATH (Gypsophila
(See page 216.)
Very
White. August; 2 paniculata). small flowers in loose panicles. For shade or sun.
Good
barbatus).
I
Red.
inch long.
One
Blue.
July;
foot.
Sun.
Pale blue.
all
Sun.
6 inches.
Easily
grown, whereas the rock gentians are difficult. (See p. 217.) BLOODROOT. See BULBOUS AND TUBEROUS PLANTS, p. 273.
BLUE BELLS
feet.
Shade.
BLUE LEADWORT
Creeping.
phlox.
Blue. (Ceratostigma plumbaginoides). September. Sun. Best creeping blue flower of summer. Like a
(See p. 224.)
YELLOW, ORANGE AND WHITE PERENNIAL ICELAND POPPIES OF TISSUE TEXTURE ALONG THE STEPS THROUGH A ROCK GARDEN
107
I
August, September;
Light, sandy
Blue.
soil.
to 5 feet.
Sun.
Protect in winter.
BUGLE-WEED (Ajuga
P 218.)
.
reptans).
May.
Sun.
Rich
soil.
(See
CANDYTUFT (Iberis sempervirens). White. April; 4 inches. Makes tuft of dazzling white in early summer after phlox.
P-
Sun.
(See
570
April;
,
to
10
inches.
FEATHERED (Thalictrum
July; 6 inches to 2 feet. Sun. Rich, moist Daintily cut foliage, with foam-like flowers. (See p. 220.)
Pink.
CRANESBILL,
MEADOW
2
I
(Geranium pratense).
feet.
Light
(G.
purple.
April,
Shade.
Sun.
RED
,
sanguineuni).
to 2 feet.
SPOTTED
I
Pink.
May;
to 2 feet.
Shade.
Flat flowers;
Sun.
Purple.
September;
Blooms without
leaves.
(See p. 274.)
Yellow, lemon.
This
is
the
hoop-petticoat.
Other
species of Narcissus
may
difficult to
handle.
July;
EDELWEISS
very
hair.
(Leonto podium
alpinum).
June,
12 inches.
Sun.
bracts.
hairy
Small woolly flowers in star-like clusters, Leaves also densely covered with white
soil,
4 to with
Well-drained, medium-light
in
full
sun.
Raise from
seed.
EVENING
PRIMROSE
Sun.
inches.
Yellow.
June;
18
'ALSE GOAT'S
BEARD
Japonica,
var.
compacta).
White.
May;
foot.
Shade.
'ORGET-ME-NoT (Myosotis
(See p. 221.)
Blue.
April;
6 inches.
Sun.
soil.
Any
Purple.
June; 3
feet.
Shade.
Yellow.
Rich,
Shade.
Not nearly
as
June.
io8
GOLDENTUFT (Alyssum
lific
Yellow.
small
yellow
flower
of spring.
season.
Self sows.
soil.
HORNED VIOLET
plant.
(Viola
like
Flower
April till frost. Violet. Tufted cornuta). small pansy. Any good soil. Sun or half
shade.
JACOB'S Shade.
LADDER (Polemonium
May;
foot.
Much
attacked
by
fall.
Rich,
White.
May.
Shade.
calestinum).
Blue.
to 2 feet.
Sun.
Flat-topped clusters
Protect slightly.
Moss
PINK, CREEPING
PHLOX (Phlox
soil,
sululata).
April,
May;
2 inches.
spring bloom.
Rocks or
Named
May; 4
Evergreen.
varieties
The common
a harsh magenta.
inches.
MOTHER-OF-THYME
Sun.
(Thymus
Serpylluni).
Pink.
soil.
Fragrant foliage.
procumbens). White to purplish. 6 to inches. Shade. 12 Shrubby. Large, dark-green May, June; Excellent for carpeting under trees. leaves. Any soil.
cordifolia
and subcordata).
White,
blue
Shade.
(See p. 63.)
POPPY, ICELAND (Papaver nudicale). White, yellow, orange, red. May; I foot. Sun. Raise from seed where it is to flower. Well-drained
soil in
sun.
(P. alpinum).
Similar.
(See p. 227.)
PRICKLY PEAR (Opuntia Rafinesquti). Yellow. June; 4 inches. Sun. Exposed rocky ledges. (See p. 227.) PRIMROSE, ENGLISH (Primula vulgaris). Pale yellow. April; 4 inches.
Shade.
winter.
cluster
Cool,
,
moist,
but
thoroughly
drained
soil.
Protect
in
COWSLIP
(P. officinalis).
on a long stalk. Slightly darker. Like the true primrose, but (P. polyantha).
POLYANTHUS
in great variety of
colours.
109
(Arabis albidd). White, fragrant. May; 4 to 6 and showiest Cheapest spring-blooming white-flowered for the Do not confuse with alpina, carpeting ground. plant and smaller flowers otherwise PURPLE inferior. , having
Purple.
rich
soil
June,
in
July;
pockets
Unusual
colour.
Needs
slight protection.
SAXIFRAGE, PYRAMIDAL (Saxifraga Cotyledon). Great silvery rosettes of leaves and pyramidal inflorescence 20 inches high, of small white flowers. May, July. Largest and showiest of the
To get the largest specimens remove the offsets. family. THICK-LEAVED (S. crassifolia). lent for rockeries. ,
6 to 8 inches.
ExcelPink.
Massive coarse foliage and flowers April; in dense, branching heads; 3 to 4 inches long. (See also LONDON PRIDE, p. 61.)
Sun.
SEA LAVENDER
Lavender.
Small
flowers
June; 18 inches.
in
Sun.
Any
soil.
spikes.
profuse
soil.
spreading
Sun.
soil.
Do
not disturb.
Deep
Pink.
May, June;
3 to 6 inches.
Any
SELF-HEAL (Brunella
inches.
foliage.
grandiftora).
Half shade.
Dull purple. June to July; 8 to 12 Flower heads carried above the mass of Also for carpeting.
Pink.
stalk.
Avoid dry
soil.
August; 18 inches.
(See p. 228.)
all
Yellow.
April
and
summer;
foot.
In clustered heads.
soil.
SNOW-IN-SUMMER (Cerastium
Smothered with flowers
all
I
tomentosuni).
June; 8 inches.
inch across.
season.
grass.
Drought
STORE'S ASTER (Stokesia cyaned). Blue. August. (var. alba). White. Largest thistle-like flower for rockeries; 6 inches. Sun.
no
STONE CROP (Sedum bybridum, and others). Yellow. July; 3 inches. For Sun. Succulent plants making rosettes of thick, fleshy foliage. shallow ledges, growing in almost no soil at all. (S. album).
White.
July.
,
LOVE-NTANGLE
Yellow.
grow
for carpeting
lengthening stems.
Rocky
ledges.
divaricatd).
soils.
May;
to J feet.
September; I stems. of on One latest bloomtbe Flowers to 2 feet. erect, leafy Var. nigra blooms earlier. ers. Light, sandy loam; Well drained. WOOLLY WOUNDWORT (Stack ys lanata). Pink. July; 6 inches. Sun.
TOAD LILY
Brownish.
YARROW
I
Valuable for the silvery foliage edging. Ordinary soil. tile White; var. roseum pink. folium). (Achillea
September;
to 2 feet.
Sun.
Good
soil.
"The
o) pools
opportunity
to
where water
water-metre.
will,
paid
to the
presence of the
however, serve
grow aquatic
plants,
and
to
of life
to
the
scene
the
which can
best be
Indeed,
charming
effects that
can be obtained
of
GUY LOWELL.
CHAPTER
in a
VIII
as a mirror to a
all
room
its
the
WATER
reflect the
feature that
charms.
Whoever may
distinct
may
Anywhere! "or a wash-tub, sunk in a city back yard, would hold at least one the pastel-tinted water-lilies. Even a rain barrel under the
'ater-spout of a
to
up
throughout
the
summer; but
enough
can anchor
its
peculiar roots
irmly
id
>r
to resist the
such a place.
One charming
>il
little
barrels.
First they
were sawed
presently turned
ic
flames after
open end downward on the ground to extinguish the oil was consumed, and then sunk to their depth
and
levels in a sheltered,
sunny
by
irregularly
dwarf bamboo and Japanese iris growing between them. And the whole ten tubs, each slowly dripping its overflow into another
through
little
"3
oil
barrels
some of the
water poppies and the feathery papyrus plant of the Egyptians, now invites your admiration of her superb pink Indian lotuses that
thrive in six half-hogsheads.
If she
sunny lawn and grow the Victoria regia therein perhaps her ambition would be still unsatisfied.
Great Eastern in her
little
and
But,
is
an otherwise worthless,
way.
dam
for
Your
banks,
magnolia,
lilies,
wild
azalea,
meadow
sweet,
tall,
button-bushes,
superbum
bulrushes.
Like wild
their
artists if
you
would
Politely but
firmly will the landscape gardener, who has not mistaken his calling,
come down
knowing that
it
would
A BROOK, FALLING DOWN THE SWARD BETWEEN TREES AND BUSHES AND CLUMPY GROWTHS, MAY BE INDUCED BY A DAM TO OVERFLOW A BIT OF LOW-LYING MEADOW AND BECOME THE PRINCIPAL FACTOR IN A WATER GARDEN
115
Nor may
islands
the
that
man who
little
dumpy
would give an
something
to the mirror-like
One might
think that
to trans-
it.
How
clethra
pond be large enough, the colony of and andromeda bushes where Maryland yellow-throats
island, if the
an
have had their happy home for generations; to indent the shore
little
trilliums,
spring
fern
marsh
that
marigolds,
cowslip
and
royal
(Osmunda)
ing.
drastic drain1
An
besides affording
irregular outline
more margin
is
for planting.
circles suggesting
One
a
to use
commercial
it
phrase
will
may be
bog
garden.
"Nature's
sanctuary,"
name
for the
her loveliest
There
is
the ordinary
of cardinal flower,
is
in the
moss
n6
has grown and decomposed, slowly piling layer on layer, that the home pitcher plants, interesting insectivorous plants have their
many
is is
of the shyest,
Water
in a
sphagnum bog
its
and as
its
moss
so poor in nitrogen
members
Which
is
common
with the ghoulish Indian pipe, pine sap and mushrooms are what
botanists call "partial saprophites"
-a
dodder belong.
In the making'bf a wholly
size that is desired to
artificial
water, so
much
much
sides of
it,
so
much
man
and no one
less
water-
A
a
more than a
spring
an excavator's
bill;
or
the
is
vicinity
a plumber's longer
piping
of a bed of pure
dollars that
clay
for
also
save
one would so
much more
gladly give
for
shrubs,
lilies
117
spirit level
will
and
perhaps a
surveyor's instrument
may
be needed
feet.
if
the
pond
is
to
have a greater
charms out of
remembered.
to freeze, the
all
be
As
be
any, that
is
likely to
form
It
is
two
feet,
not only
will
it
be saved.
to
Then,
wade out
For
this
reason the
and
lotus
out in
and sinking them, rather than setting them the enriched bottom of the pond itself where they may spread
If the entire
at will.
to the
is
depth of
naturally
the cost
when only
it.
sure to
damage
roots that
roam
by
stirring
up muck and
much water
is
necessarily lost
is
essential
if
the
An
with a
with a
spade
if it
it
wooden maul
n8
After
it
let
him tamp
yet again.
is
A coating
where
desirable
may
be
had.
soil in
pond, natural or
artificial,
Cement
will
is
no clay available
soil
is
for
where the
naturally
itself
sandy and
mixed with
through
to
gravel,
through which
Niagara
would drain
China.
For the
is
pools
and
wide
After
indispensable.
a carpenter has
made
the
wooden frame
is
is
a simple
it.
matter for the village mason to pour mixed cement and sand into
Some very
St.
Chicago and
lilies
and
their
method of treatment
on home grounds.
From
pond
is
usually
aquatics
there
are
undeniable advantages
in
having cultural
the
water
For the
make your
may
dam
119
One
of
A dam
for
most
solid
construction
are
is
the
first
essential.
Open
ditches
really
adequate
outlets
the
must be provided for a pond that is supplied by a brook, but even an artificial pond needs to have an outlet for the water which will become stagnant and unhealthful if there is not some movement of it
enters in time of flood
at times,
however
slight.
The
perfectly balanced
aquarium
is
not
made on
Aquatics
so large a scale.
insist
about upon a very rich and rather heavy soil one-third cow manure to two parts of well rotted sods is not too
hearty a^ftet for these voracious feeders.
It
an
soil.
Wild water
lilies
may
fare
in the
mucky bottoms of natural ponds, but the best results obtained when this simple diet is offered the pampered
of the French and American hybridisers.
are not
darlings
Water poppies,
bamboo and
good
living.
In autumn, after the canvas for the picture has been prepared,
as
it
out such hardy deciduous trees and shrubs as have been chosen
for a
background.
make
the most
effective
late spring.
it
At the
risk of
harping too
string, let
in the
neighbourhood,
and so
fit
in well
120
best to use.
you live in Massachusetts, nor dwarf Japanese maples reds and yellows, nor shrubs with variegated leaves, nor
if
composition.
tall
growing
trees
where
all
You may
plant
much
or
little
the soft-
Grindling
Gibbons spent two years carving a frame for a mirror. Nature bestows her most deft and delicate touches upon water margins.
She has a large
frames
class of exquisite
amphibious plants
ferns,
white-blossomed
swamp
wild
Whoever
possesses an old
pond, with
its
own
who need
add
can
realise.
Although he may
to nature's
doubtful
if
he add thereby to
a garden do the
poppies, foxgloves,
and
Just as
its
noun
in
environment.
It
would be as
futile to
attempt a
121
to place
pond
in the centre of a
a classic
Roman Nymphaeum
in the
But what water garden was ever complete without its goldenhearted, waxy-white and exquisitely tinted water lilies floating
and
mahogany? To secure flowers of the hardy Nymphaeas the same season, plant as early in the spring as the rhizomes show
signs of growth, or at
any
September to establish
plants
whose bloom
is
No
its
new
con-
up
its
and although submerged two feet when set out, it will send leaves to the sun and air on the surface in an incredibly
short time.
Where
it
is
it
warm,
Lotuses
(Nelumbo)
lilies
be
greedy lotus tubers ever pushing about through the soft rich
seeking what they
muck
sun
may
devour.
The
up high above the surface would as effectually keep from the water lilies as so many big green umbrellas.
times necessary to anchor the roots of both water
lilies
somelotuses
their
and
lest
they
rise
from
float
away.
and the tubs or hogsheads are dropped into the pond several weeks, perhaps, after the more hardy Nymphaeas were planted out; but,
once established, lotuses withstand very severe winters, provided
122
their roots
Of
all
most resent being transplanted and interfered with. Where water is drained out of ponds and basins in winter, a thick covering of
stable litter
and autumn
lilies
them
all
necessary protection.
Tender
tropical
weather
warm
may
are to
in a cellar or green-
pond
large
enough
grow the gigantic Victoria regia, it may be planted out at the same time as the tender Nymphaeas after it has made a good
under
glass.
start
Not even
visitors.
a gypsy
camp
in a
neighbourhood
will attract
more
it
only about
fifty
it,
began
to find their
first
way
It
very slowly at
was not
of beauty
lies
them
the rich
may
artificial
heat
necessary for
all,
warm
among
numerous wants.
As a matter
The
away by
all
who make
a specialty of
aquatics furnish
culture.
Even the
example.
show chrysanthemums, Lively times with trap and gun may- be in store
123
grower of water
lilies
and
their
most troublesome
foe, the
water
Aphides
may sometimes
young lotus stems, but If strong spraying with a hose washes them off and kills many.
they are very persistent, however,
the plants with tobacco dust
it
will
it
be necessary to powder
is
which,
is
true,
makes them
If there
who can be
them upon
it
is
an
its
worst,
is
a small difficulty.
Frogs
and water
attempted.
snails should
As
live
Hardy enough
to
The
is
With the
larvae
of
fish
last
reasonable objection
Without them on
a
resort
allies
constant
might
readily
become
for
the
malaria-spreading pest.
They
are
our foremost
every-
where
in
even
in
rain barrels
against
the mosquito.
Carp
pets
fish,
of feudal lords,
in mediaeval days.
Gold
may be tamed
is
worth having
they delight in
if
only to
home.
How
it!
How
they sing!
124
But perhaps they enjoy a splashing bath on the lily pads even more. From matins until evensong there is not an hour of the day when
you cannot enjoy the visits of robins, catbirds and thrushes that are perhaps the most appreciative bathers among your many less
familiar
surest
to
whom
water
is
the
means of
Where a
might
lift its
about on
them
like so
many
balls of quicksilver;
where
its
buds might expand into golden-hearted flowers of Oriental splendour, and later, when the odd seed vessels might ap'pear, I wonder
could forego so
its
much
beauty, even
habitation.
if
only a tub at
humble
WHAT ARE
among
flowers.
Day
Very early and floriferous. Sterile. CAPE COD LILY (N. odorata, var. rosea). Even pink.
to 7 inches.
Flowers
Opening 6 A.M., closing at noon, but'*sepals remain Does not thrive south of Philadelphia. bloomer. Shy
tetragona).
White.
Smallest grow-
o'clock.
Flowers
June, September. Opens noon, closes at Leaves dark 2 inches across, star-like.
I
to 3 feet of water.
alba,
till
var.
candidissima).
Snowy
to 5 feet
white.
June
frost.
For depths 2
common pond lily cannot grow. Sterile. hardy. Day bloomer. DEVON (N. Devoniensis). Red. Best night-blooming
its
lily
colour.
O'Mara's.
crowns.
Very
free blooming.
single plant
may
125
White.
Petals
Hardy,
forming
day
a
bloomer.
glistening
Scentless; 8
inches
diamteer.
till
3 P.M.
very free flowering, but quite hardy and strong growing. have three or four shoots for continuous bloom. I to 2 feet of
water.
Not Must
GRACILIS (N. flavo-virens). The N. gracilis of the American trade, but differing from the plant of that name in the European trade. Dull white, star-shaped; narrow pointed petals. Sepals pure
green.
morning till six at night. I foot above the water. Easily raised by seeds or tubers. The commonest and best tender white day
bloomer.
HUSTER'S (N. George Huster). Best very dark red night-blooming. Tender. Deeper flower than the Devon lily; 8 to 10 inches across.
Otherwise
like
O'Mara's.
Strong growing.
Free bloomer.
feet
varieties).
Magenta.
Purplish.
flori-
Rosy
lilac.
Pink; most
None
(var. albida).
Gladstone's
lily;
rank growing.
deep Flowers deep red with cardinal stamens, floating, leaves blotched brown, deepest coloured hardy red. (var.
rosea,
rose, are
ignea).
Most floriferous yellow, hardy, very double; early chromatella). All these are good for small water gardens. Chromaflowering.
tella is the
June
till
hardiest and most satisfactory of all the hardy lilies. frost. Leaves and flowers grow above water if crowded.
Glowing
Flowers
I
in the sun-
foot across.
Blooms July
till
frost.
The most
Good
for cutting.
ia6
Pink.
Free flowering. More cup shaped. pigmy Colour deepens with age from shell pink to carmine rose. Very
and
shallow water.
Unequalled for fragrance, but not For large ponds. Hardy. Day so free flowering as some others. SOUTHFlowers 2 to 5 inches. Good for cutting. bloomer.
odorata).
,
White.
ERN
(var.
gigantea).
White.
Strongly
feet.
scented,
I
to
inches
across.
For water up to 8 or 10
,
Leaves
foot; round.
LESSER
(var. minor).
White.
diminutive
and
will
YELLOW (var. sulphured). plete drying. Flowers I to 3 inches. Best Best hardy yellow for shallows. Opening from 7 to 8 A.M.
for cutting.
Deep
I
pink, approaching
Petals narrow,
tapering.
Flower
star-like.
Tender.
Day
blooming.
RICHARDSON'S (N.
the white water
water.
var. Richardsoni). Most double of all Odourless. Does best in about 3 feet of
Floating.
ROBINSON'S (N. Robinsoni). Red. Outer petals yellowish. Flowers Oldest floating and leaves with a notch on border of the sinus. and best known of the yellow-red water lilies. Free flowering but
not spreading rapidly.
Hardy.
Good
SEIGNORETTE'S (N. Seignoretti). Excellent companion to Robinson's water lily but with flowers standing six inches above the water and leaf not notched.
STURTEVANT'S (N.
stamens.
Sturtevantii).
Night
massive in
Requires high temperature. Most both flower and foliage. Flowers I foot in diameter.
blooming.
AMAZON (Victoria Cruziand). The largest of all leaves 6 feet across; flowers i foot; white, becoming pink aquatics,
Needs a warmed pond, but has borne seed outdoors at Philadelphia. Better than the more tender V. Regia, which it closely resembles. Needs special pools. Raise annually
from
seed.
on second day.
127
10
inches
petiole
the
with central erect yellow stamens. Curiously stiff looking, like a short yellow candle in a white saucer. Var. grandiflora with
all,
more
numerous
petals.
WHITE PIGMY. See CHINESE WHITE PIGMY. YELLOW PIGMY (N. tetragona, var. Helvold).
Yellow.
Similar to the
white pigmy, but leaves are heavily blotched with reddish brown. Hardy at Washington. Shy bloomer. 3 feet of water.
Royal blue.
Tender.
Day
bloomer.
to five days
A.M. to 5 P.M.
ing
July
frost.
The best of ail the water lilies, adaptof conditions, flowering even in a small pot. Var. azurea sky blue; var. rosea rose pink. Under
sides of the leaves are coloured similarly to the flowers in each case.
Herbaceous Perennials.
is
They
are indicated
The
given as for
New
BLADDERWORT
ders which
(Utricularia purpurea).
Submerged
trap
,
insects.
summer.
COMMON
effusus).
feet.
Purple flowers, quite showy in early (U. vulgaris.) Yellow flowers. Floats
still
water.
Round dark-green
stems.
For marshy
2 to 4
April to Septem-
Leaves rounded.
4 to 6 inches high.
BULRUSH, CAT-TAIL (Typha lotifolio). 2 to 4 feet. For pool margins and still waters. Flowers borne in dense brown spike 6 inches
For massing plant 2 feet apart. long. for this purpose. Summer.
The
best plant of
its
kind
28
CABOMBA
feet
Caroliniana).
Hardy
in
to
Comfeet.
albo-maculata).
silvery
spots.
margins; 2
FLOATING
HEART
(Limnanthemum
all
Blotched or mottled.
summer.
Pools and
still
water.
FORGET-ME-NOT.
See
HERBACEOUS PLANTS,
Boldest
tall
p. 221.
growing grass for semiwild and tropical effects. 15 feet and, rarely, up to 30 feet. Looks like a giant corn. Variegated form less hardy than the type and
dwarfer.
grass winter.
is
Var. macrophylla is glaucous. Will grow where pampas not hardy. Propagate by ripe canes laid on wet moss in
HORN FERN
Sterile
fronds feathery, light green, 10 to 15 inches. wherever these fronds fall into the water.
New
plants produced
Annual.
Propagate
by
IRIS,
spores in water.
(Iris
YELLOW
May- July;
(/.
Pseudacorus).
feet.
Yellow,
lavigata).
AMERICAN (Nelumbo
Creamy
white,
10
inches
in
July, August.
Excellent for
wild waters; roots spread freely. Rich earth under 4 to 12 inches of water. Enclose roots in brick tank. , Transplant in spring.
nucifera, or spedosum). foregoing, except in pink flowers.
this: rosea,
PINK (N.
Similar in
all
respects to the
varieties of
deep rose, single and double; Shiroman, white double; Kinshiren, dwarfer, double. Species is more hardy than the
varieties.
MARSH MARIGOLD
15 inches.
Good
(Caltha palustris). May; 12 to Bright yellow. for sun or shade, on banks or in brooks up to
i
4 inches deep.
Plant
foot apart.
129
on top of each stalk, like a large umbrella plant. Tender; take up after first frost in autumn to warm well-lighted tank; 4 to 6 feet
above.
'ARROT'S
Slender feathery proserpinacoides). 6 to 8 inches long. Roots in the earth plumes, very finely divided; at the margin, and makes the brightest green tuft over the water.
in a bottle of water.
FEATHER (Myriophyllum
PICKEREL
water.
WEED
(Pontederia cordata).
i
Blue.
In water
foot deep.
inches.
Leaves
tubular,
pitcher-like,
and
curved;
greenish
Flowers deep
or
wet
places.
Flowers yellow. Leaves die 3 high. Light green at the top after spring growth, sometimes giving a very ragged A. gramineus and var. variegatus, similar but dwarfer. effect.
leaves.
THALIA (Thalia
divaricata).
canna leaves; 6 feet above. Will grow in a tub. Winter tank or half dry in a cool house. Flowers insignificant.
warm
the
IMBRELLA
PLANT (Cyperus
alternifolius).
feet.
Similar
to
plant of the greenhouses, which is in truth a smaller variety. Easily propagated by division of the roots or by the leaf cut off and inserted in water.
common umbrella
ARUM
r
sphagnum ATER ARUM (Peltandra Virginicd). Arrow-shaped calla-like leaves. 6 inches long. Green spathe 6 inches long in May, June; I foot above water. Green berries when ripe. Plant in mud under one
foot of water.
Mulch with
Growing
Useful
Looks
like
for hiding
pond margin.
For margins of clear streams Flowers white, small, all summer. Easily raised
officinale).
CRESS (Nasturtium
6 to 8 inches.
from seed or
cuttings.
Good
cover to keep
fish cool.
WATER HYACINTH
1
inches.
stalks.
Spreads rapidly,
All
must be
by wooden pen.
weed South.
Yellow.
WATER POPPY
inches.
(Limnocharis Humboldti).
summer; 6
Flowers borne singly, Floating leaves 3 inches across. as big as the leaves, and above, last one day. Resembles CaliTender. Plant in shallow water. fornia poppy.
WATER SHIELD
Leaves entire, I to 3 (Brasenia peltata). Floating. or Flowers dull purple appearing inches, broad, greenish, purplish. above the surface. Plant in i to 6 feet of water.
The
experiences of leading growers and students have been
viz.: Prof.
NOTE.
drawn on
in
H.
S.
Conard, H. Hus,
W.
TREES
"We
lived,
some
We
they never betray our trust; they shield us from the sun and from the rain; their
spring welcome is a
tiful robes at
new
birth
which never
our feet in autumn; in winter they stand and wait, emblems of patience
little
and
of
to
us
hope9 the
DR. O. W. HOLMES
CHAPTER
TREES
IX
Will they
drink,
strangle
WHAT
them
to death?
not
stifle
rob
the
lesser
plants
of
food
and
them with
shade, and
ultimately
At the
outset,
it
trees could
be
admitted within the garden proper, only those smaller ones which,
like the
lesser
magnolias and
their
But
its
background and
frame,
and as
it
would be
difficult
indeed to
make
book
without trees
effectively
this
both, perhaps
necessary.
To
at
diversity of outline
and colour
home grounds,
the house
and
its
and boundary
and shade,
height of a
to
screen
to
off
unsightly places,
to
emphasise the
hill top,
draw
place comfortable
these ends
and beautiful
not by any
in winter as well as in
summer
are
means
133
all
that
may be accom-
134
nothing about a
home
much
But
sentiment as a
dead stone,
names by
living shafts be
known:
It is
member
To
much
nursery stock.
tinguished
men who
it,
enormous
soil
around
bark.
From
the practical
and the
pictorial points of
view we have
most
We
shall never
be able to
live
part of the year, as the Europeans live in their gardens, until the
all
winter
is
far
more generally
The
most comfortable
at all seasons,
because trees and shrubs that are permanently green and sheltering are their basis.
And
yet,
our disposal than any Old World garden maker had four centuries
ago,
we
them
as
we might
for
Of
be
set
summer
Trees
breezes; but
135
in winter
might be
fuel, if
many a house that is bleak and draughty made quite comfortable, and with an actual
saving of
north and east exposures or wherever the keenest blasts come from.
And
if
they
make
how
much more enjoyment may be had out in the home grounds where they are freely planted! Some day we shall be wise enough to
use evergreens as wind-breaks even for our
that the stock
yards,
may
live
healthfully in the
open
air.
In the
lee
far north as
late
it
becomes deciduous
there.
The
rare
Charles
perfection at Dosoris
many
and beautiful
would certainly have been winter-killed without the protection of evergreen guardians. No plant, however hardy, can Even a vegattain its best if whipped and lashed by the wind.
etable garden will bear almost a fortnight earlier if
an evergreen
hedge surrounds
it.
purest air,
made
actually
warmer because of
causing a
the
trees,
circulates
to every
corner
without
draught.
The
who had
Now
ills
is
being prescribed
most of the
that flesh
heir to,
They
The baby
in the
and sunset
open
I3 6
makes
learned the value of evergreens from the birds that prefer them
to all other trees as sleeping
and nesting
places.
of "civic improvement"
fences
all
we were
home grounds,
family
life
The
that
should be lived as
much
itself.
There
a vast difference
belt of
room
home
be
set
if
on a public
The busy
comment of
passers-by.
Thanks
to the
young people may have rough and tumble play on the lawn, the father may feel free to don overalls and paint the garden chairs if the humour seize him, and the
shielding
evergreens,
the
from curious
eyes,
may
frequently
The
when
eaten al fresco.
suburban and country houses and stables are not to look bare and cheerless and ugly after the deciduous trees and shrubs
have shed their leaves, as
to be freely used in the so
Trees
for
137
the drying
departments.
content.
But
comes
to choosing either
when
cheerfulness
was a
certain fitness in
New
England winter.
trees imported,
Norway
It is
spruce,
among the
it
first
good-looking only in
off,
its
youth.
Pres-
becomes
it
thin, ragged,
condition
is
undoubtedly
evergreens
much
The
broad-based, conical tree, densely clothed with cheerful bluishgreen, short, sharp needles from
its
its
spread-
So hardy
is
it
that in
mass
planting
it
may
One might
is
hardy in
Not
so.
The Douglas
making it to the snow line when imported from France after having lived through six moderate winters; but the same species, brought
from the higher altitudes of Colorado, never
winters of 1903-4.
stock you buy.
It is
and more graceful outline than the white more desirable for a lawn specimen, was killed
lost
important to
know
source
of the
The glaucous
Colorado blue
frost
when
the exquisite
new growth
138
most
effective
crescendo.
it is!
how
important
it is
to really
know
various
members of even
their uses
the most
and merits,
and abuses,
before installing
If
them as neighbours about your home. the yew and holly are the best evergreens for England
we may
according to fancy, with details from the ends of the earth; but
let
money wasted
After exhaustlies in
on European evergreens
those from lands with climatic conditions, similar to our own, notably Siberia, China
and Japan.
and
have
We
most of the charming little retinisporas, the green and gold lace and embroidery among trees, that we most enjoy when planted
close to the foundations of our houses,
massed
in
corners, in
AN AVENUE OF WHITE PINES WHOSE FAR-FLUNG, HORIZONTAL BRANCHES HUNG WITH NEEDLES SHRED THE WIND INTO MUSIC LIKE AN AEOLIAN HARP WHILE SUBTLY ROBBING IT OF ITS POWER
Trees
rriage turn-arounds,
139
taller
is
the
worst
who
reversing
the
operation.
After
experienced
landscape
new
These
will
when he
and tag
stock.
ee will be ordered
whose place
It is so
is
plan.
much
asses of trees
and
The knowledgeable
gar-
who
ach of
e
ell
soil, situation,
and climate,
is
an indispensable economy to
inexperienced patron.
afford not to consult
Even comfortably poor people cannot him if they did but realise their own
will
imitations
and
his worth.
reproduce
this country the effect of the Italian cypress so well as the red
and the
artisttall,
it
as well as the
In another
of the
locality the
columnar
140
He may
it is
wish to
advisable to place the house for the sake of a superb view, and he
will
tall
horizontal branches,
hung with
wind
its
into
music
like
of
power.
fir
Or he may group
(Abies concolor),
Nordmann's
fir,
all
For rock work and ground carpets he uses prostrate junipers and dwarf pine.
After the foundations of comfort and beauty, as
it
were, have
will
be bewilder-
and paths, shading the tennis-court and beautiShall large trees be bought or
young nursery
take possession
it.
stock?
of a
who
trees
upon
The
des-
we
encouragement to planting
we have
from anywhere within hauling distance. This is work for experts only, who must be employed at considerable expense and at no
little risk.
is
involved in such
is
fascination.
itself to
So great
the shock
that
new environment
odds and
my
living in a
Trees
half-hearted
spite of
141
way
for
two years,
its
finally gives
up the
struggle, in
thinning out
branches, wrapping
its
watering, mulching
and every other kind of coddling an anxious while your oak, bought at the same nursery and
same
conditions,
may
never
know
it
was
moved.
new
house, reconciling
as a
at
so helpful
good sized
tree.
The one
dwelling,
is
light
and
air
from
its
living-rooms,
How
pays to
most graceful
it
tree!
moving and big trees; or, neighbours improvement societies may well combine to buy one. One enthusiastic amateur has reduced the
percentage of loss to less than 5 per cent, of all the trees he moves,
and, so daring has he grown, that he no longer root-prunes a tree
before lifting
it,
On
large estates
own
full
When
he already
owns the
to
trees,
he estimates that
for
move specimens
him twenty dollars apiece which a nursery that grew them would be
costs
hundred
dollars.
if
Tree bargains
may
ment with
less
willingly
and
Owing
lifted
to the
must be
with evergreens,
as
not possible to
move such
large specitrees
mens
may be
lift
safely attempted
among deciduous
out.
from
soil
may be shaken
Even
for
them, however,
better to
soil if possible.
42
may be had
to the fast
soil,
as
it
growing kinds, trees that skim the surface cream of the were, rather than delve for a living deep down in it.
will cause
them
to
make
uprooted by storms,
and
by borers.
However necessary it may be to include such trees for swift returns on a new place, it must be recognised that their tenure
is
temporary.
Permanent
satisfaction
is
derived
from
the
sturdy oaks, the hard maples, the lofty, Gothic-arched elm, the
beeches, graceful, clean
tulip
and other
trees of slower
The
Some
trees will
Who
loveliness of the
May
with abandoned
may
be prolonged three
months
in the vicinity of
New
York.
China many
him
magnolia
exquisite,
star-like,
narrow-petalled,
delicately
in this
many nurserymen
country
if
All
ITS
HERBACEOUS RELATIVES
Trees
off his
143
showy
the loveliest.
must not be confused with the Yulan magnolia (M. conspicua), whose large pure white cups are set on the leafless branches
like tree
It also
where
all trees
come show
to the best
Even
the
Judas
tree,
if
backed by hemlocks.
So exquisite
is
beauty of spring
bloom most adequately express the exuberant that no one with a dollar to invest in pure joy
"Sure ye can't
see the tree
fur the
on
it,"
said
you would
attract birds to
them from the strawberry beds in June; the Russian mulberry, whose cloying sweet fruit they have the bad taste to like better, perhaps, than any other; the
berry (Amelanchier) that happily diverts
fleecy white-flowered, bird-cherry tree, for whose
racemes of blackish
many
miles;
Hercules club
(Aralia
spinosa)
flowers one
would
How
to
make
difficult
planting problems,
44
Probably
about
way
to use
them
is
on a lawn
the worst
way
to plant
any kind of
tree or
shrub
effect in
can be awful
little
too.
One weeping
hanging a
Trees with
pendulous branches have a special grace, but the deformed freaks of the catalogue can spoil any garden picture. Because golden
retinisporas are beautiful in themselves
is
no reason
into
for
buying
whose
rich colour
an accented tone
is
desired, or a
lighting up.
No
foliage
is
more
more
richly
coloured than
that
of
the
low-growing, shrub-like
in
Japanese
American gardens
the
little
and stunted pines and miniature waterfalls, each small tree in perfect harmony of form and colour with its environment.
Here we are too apt
scale, the
of maples of
many hues
in shrubbery borders.
noble speci-
men
may
it
Keyed
or
hogany
he
for
has
learned
to
use
it
most
effectively
as
background
flowering
peaches,
crabs,
it
fleecy
looks
Trees
flowered shrubs; but
is
it
145
after their
bloom
The
brilliant
genius in families
autumnal colouring of trees is as the gift of one can never be certain where it will appear.
may
search in
A red oak
tree that
is
may
when
oak dazzle one with the lambent brightness of flame. Whoever revels in colour, as even the most primitive savage does
of the scarlet
some
The pepperidge
if for
is
tree
gum would be
autumnal
tints.
desirable
One
mahogany red and russet leaves late into the new sometimes until the new growth pushes them off. Although
a less vigorous relative of the pines and
firs,
e larch,
does not
autumn,
new growth
and
its
cones, are so effective against the sky that there are at least
xcellent reasons
e
two
for planting
it.
One
ntil it is
inst a
background of evergreens.
When
in
most
autiful
urst
when
their
its
fresh green,
from
146
snow ?
THE BEST
OF THE
ASH, WEEPING (Fraxinus excelsior, var. pendula). 50 feet. Best tall canopy tree. Round-spreading top, forming an ideal shady arbour
Give summer house. Grows rapidly, spreading 50 feet. for Unsuitable for small room development. gardens. ample
or
it.
See MAGNOLIA.
,
ferrugined).
EUROPEAN
tree,
(F. sylvaticd).
the
largest
long-lived,
with
in the spring.
smooth, light-gray bark, and remarkably pretty yellowish foliage Edible nuts. The European beech is more compact,
many
varieties:
FERN-LEAVED
the
beeches;
divided
The most
leaves
tendril-like.
the
(var.
sky.
Also
seen against
,
RIVERS'S
purpurea Riversi).
tree.
Dark
purplish maroon.
The
best dark-
leaved
not.
Absolutely
hardy, while the paler, purple beech is Grand lawn specimen tree, with symselect dark-coloured specimens,
metrical head.
Colour varies, so
,
WEEPING
(var. penduld).
Pendulous, irregularly odd-looking, but not freakish. have billowy effect. Slow-growing and long-lived. Can be planted
in conspicuous places.
50 feet. Branches
BIRCH
80 feet. Small, light-green foliage; silvery, almost (Betula alba). white> bark. One of the most picturesque trees, but needing a
background, preferably evergreens; rapid grower even soil. Most effective medium-sized tree in the spring.
in thin,
,
dry
CUT-
LEAVED
(var.
pendula laciniatd).
65
feet.
Most
cut-leaved trees; slender, pendulous branches. of this tree is not seen for several years. Leader
spire-like outline.
Trees
CATALPA (Catalpa speciosa). showy panicles. June.
bark
grow.
50
feet.
147
in large,
Quick
with
clean,
furrowed
and
heart-shaped leaves. Hardy wherever apples Flowers after horse chestnut. The long seed pods, looking
large,
Not
so
showy
as C. bignoniodes,
but a better-habited
tree.
Leafs out
late.
CHERRY,
20
hortensis
fl.
/>/.).
feet.
clusters.
White and pink; flowers an inch and a half across in Among the most graceful of the second-early flowthe
ering burst
trees,
open.
beginning to develop as the flowers Will thrive under conditions that suit the fruiting
foliage
varieties,
resembling
little
roses,
last
90 feet. Covered with varnished winter buds; tent-like Big leaves. Always dropping scales, flowers, fruit, or rusty leaves. Too dense for streets, and an untidy tree on trim lawns.
loensis, var.
fl.
pi.).
30
feet.
Pink.
May.
Best of double-flowered ornamental apples; flowers 2 inches across. When out of flower looks like an ordinary crab. Needs as much
spraying as
feet.
fruit
trees.
FLOWERING
early
(P.
floribunda).
May.
Most
floriferous,
flowering
small
tree,
15 or
The
make good
jelly.
Spray
remedy
to 25
spraying with the lime-sulphur mixture prepared by mixing 15 pounds of unslacked lime, 15 pounds of sulphur, and 50 gallons of water, combining with heat and spraying on the plants immediately.
More
convenient, but a
preparations of lime-sulphur and of miscible oils, which diluted with water and are then ready for use. Several special preparations of this character are offered under proprietary trade
For
One
148
CYPRESS,
swampy
where
it
60 feet. A comparatively distichum). deciduous although coniferous; native of throws up characteristic knees from its
roots; but will grow in dry lands. Particularly well adapted to the narrow for streets. A good tree South.
floridd).
30
feet.
flower-like displays in
May;
ing
shaded as well as fully exposed spots. Var. intensity, from pink to red.
ELDER, Box, VARIEGATED (Acer Negundo, var. argenteo-variegatum). Best conspicuously variegated-leaved 60 feet. Green and white. hardy tree; rapid grower; little seen. So markedly distinct that it Not advisable for landscape is usually used in small sizes only.
effect.
100
feet.
Best of our
and diffused
Seriously attacked in certain regions by gipsy moths and elm beetles, which defoliate it in August. In regions where the elm-leaf beetle is a pest the trees should be sprayed with arsenate of
lead,
quantity of water; mix, and let stand twelve hours. The precipiis then mixed with 50 gallons of water, and is
ready for use. This adheres well to the foliage. Spraying should CAMPERDOWN (Ulmus scabra, be done in May and August. , var. penduld). Usually grafted at 8 feet. Canopy-like head forms a
Very free perfect hollow, dome-like tent, spreading to 30 feet. Plant an on as isolated specimen the lawn, where it can be grower.
used as a
summer house
or children's playhouse.
100 feet. Unique, gloxiniawith vanilla fragrance. Violet. May, before Catalpa. Rapid grower. Leaves a foot across. Sprouts from roots. Flower buds killed by severe winters North. Seed vessels look ragged.
to
Flowers having no background are poorly seen against sky. New York.
Hardy
Trees
GINKGO.
See
149
MAIDENHAIR TREE.
Perfectly hardy; thrives
June.
trimming. Many varieties, single another species, C. monogyna, by the hair-splitting botanists. Red berries, relished by birds. Clothed with sharp thorns. Very slow
30 feet. White, pink on dry soil. Stands severe and double, which are referred to
growing
leaves.
Spray
for scale.
See CRAB.
HERCULES CLUB
40 feet. Huge, handsome pinnate (Aralia spinosa). Flowers fleecy white, in large, broad, clustered panicle, followed by dark purple berries in heavy clusters, relished by migrant Blooms in midsummer. One of the most birds in autumn.
showy native
when
its
CHINESE ANGELICA (A. without branches, alone remain. , Similar, with leaves 2 to 3 feet long, and flowering a Cbinensis).
week earlier. HICKORY (Hicoria alba). 100 soils. Slow growing and
feet, or less.
difficult
to
Adapted
shaggy bark. Open mantle of foliage makes broken shade. LABURNUM (Laburnum vulgare). 20 feet. Yellow. May. Flowers
in
June like a yellow wistaria. Clean, smooth bark. Equally good on all sorts of soil, including lime. Poisonous in all parts, espeNot quite hardy north of New York. Seedlings crop cially fruits.
up
its
all
around.
The laburnum
is
at
LAUREL, GREAT.
See MAGNOLIA.
JNDEN
90 feet. Dense, round head when young. White Needs fragrant flowers attract bees. Rapid grower. no attention after planting. Very variable and much confused with European species, T. petiolaris, which is smaller, and has leaves
(Tilia Americana).
hairy beneath.
:UST,
FALSE
ACACIA
(Robinia
Pseudacacia).
80
feet.
White.
Fragrant pea-like flowers in May, June. Quick growing when young. Makes a moderate spread with irregular outline. Attacked
by seeds, and suckers badly. [AGNOLIA (Various species). These embrace the largest-flowered and most conspicuously ornamental deciduous trees; some evergreen, some deciduous, and some are shrubs. Besides being the largest by a borer, spreads
freely
The deciduous flowered, they are also among the most fragrant. and in sheltered positions may be species are reasonably hardy,
150
to be
done as growth
starts.
Propagation
100
feet.
is
,
by seeds or
layers.
background
CUCUMBER
slightly
TREE
hairy,
(Magnolia acuminatd).
60 to
Leaves
Flowers greenish yellow; 3 inches across. light green beneath. May, June. Fruit conical, pink. The hardiest species. Foliage , yellow in the fall. The most inconspicuous in its flowers.
LARGE-LEAVED (M. macropbylla). 30 to 50 feet. Of growth, making a broad, round head. Leaves up to 30
long; bright green above, silvery white below. 12 inches across, white, with a purple centre.
slender
inches
The
flowers
10
to
May, June.
Highly
decorative with the cone-like fruit becoming bright red. Hardy The largest-leaved magnolia. Should be given a shelto Boston. FRASER'S (M. Fraseri). 30 to 40 feet. Usually tered position. ,
Fruit rose red, 5 inches long. Distinguished by the peculiarly Almost as hardy as the cucumber tree. GREAT ,
fcetida).
LAUREL (M.
across.
Cup-shaped, solitary. Hardy to Philadelphia. Cut HALL'S (M. stellatd). See branches used for winter decoration. ,
SHRUBS,
p.
181.
30
feet.
May.
leaves.
White-pink blossoms, six inches long, appearing before the Plant against dark backgrounds; small specimens two to
The
A number
-,
this.
Sometimes a shrub.
North.
Though
50 to 75 deciduous
in the
lining.
Leaves
The
Flowers 2 to 3 inches across; creamy white, fragrant. Yorl best magnolia for general cultivation, thriving from south. More floriferous when cut back and treated as a shrub.
New
30 feet. White, fragrant flowers conspicua). to six inches. expanding May. The largest white-flowered tree that is hardy farther north than Long Island.
,
YULAN (M.
Trees
MAIDENHAIR TREE (Ginkgo
pyramidal, with
shaped.
fungi.
biloba).
151
Singular habit; erect, Leaves wedgecuriously horizontal branches. but not from freakish Free insects and Singular, looking. hardy.
80
feet.
Perfectly
Ripe
fruits
Kernels
eaten by Chinese.
Low specimens up to 20 feet. palmatuni). The most delicately foliaged small tree. Usually used as a shrub. Numerous varieties variously cut, and some coloured red or purple.
Plant in well-drained, rich
soils,
,
and partial shade. Handsome for foregrounds and near the house, and in the rock garden. RED (A. rubruni). 90 feet. Earliest blooming of the large trees; rounded head of small scarlet flowers. Should be planted against
evergreen background.
brilliant
in
summer;
leaves
orange and scarlet in fall. Makes a tall, rather upright tree. Does not thrive on hillsides or other dry land, and is the only maple
for
wet
and swampy
80
feet.
sites.
SILVER
(A.
all
saccbarinwn
or
Quickest growing of
is
Much
used
for street planting, unfortunately, but can be improved by persistent STRIPED (A. Pennsylvanica). , pruning to a single stem.
40 feet. Peculiarly attractive on account of the bark of the trunk and of larger branches being striped with white or yellowish lines on
a green ground.
An
excellent
lawn
,
Valuable
feet.
and street tree among the maples. Long enduring; bright red and yellow foliage in fall. Transplant when young. In some regions attacked by the leopard moth and other borers. When young, makes numerous
Moist
preferred.
The
best shade
shoots
that
like
need thinning.
the
NORWAY
,
(A.
platanoides).
Much
saccharinum, var.
Wieri).
ioo
feet.
Vigorous, upright habit, with long, arching, pendulous branches. Best in Silver-green leaves, deeply cut on youngest branches.
as old
trees
become prey
to insects
and
are
ASH
(Sorbus Americana).
flowers.
White
Pinnate 30 feet. Spreading. but for clusters valued May, June, chiefly
152
EUROPEAN
brilliant
(S.
Aucuparia).
edible.
Thrives
in
extreme North.
Very
fruits;
Many
40
feet.
Fastest-
Stands drought well, and for the West. growing, long-lived tree Grows twenty feet in ten years. Gets winter-killed in also shade.
the Dakotas and Kansas.
fruits litter
Needs pruning
as a shade tree.
Edible
ground.
OAK, ENGLISH (Quercus Robur or pedunculata). 120 feet. Stout, spreadFoliage dark green ing branches and broad, round-topped head. 2 to 5 inches long. Remains above, and pale bluish-green beneath.
variable. The historical oak of Enggreen until winter. Extremely land, but thrives poorly in America with the exception of California. The following kinds are much to be preferred. , MOSSY Cup
80
Distinguished by the huge shaggy receptacles for feet, but sometimes twice as much. Spread-
Deeply furrowed, light ing branches, and broad, round head. brown bark. Leaves bright green and shining above, whitish beneath; 6 inches long. strong-growing, stately tree. Very
picturesque
in
winter.
Transplants with
difficulty,
so
buy
120
PIN (Q. , young nursery stock. branches. with feet, large, spreading
palustrls).
always 80 to
head.
Pyramidal
when young.
avenues.
in fall.
Very handsome Foliage, bright green above, light green beneath. The most rapid-growing oak. Useful for streets and
Transplants
easily.
Prefers moist
soil.
Foliage scarlet
80 to 150 feet. Stout, spreading , (Q. rubra). Leaves dull green above, light branches, and round-topped head.
green beneath. dark red in fall.
RED
Nearly as rapid growing as the pin oak. Foliage The best oak for dry uplands and rocky soils. , WHITE (Q. alba). 100 feet. Stout branches with round, open head. Bark light gray. Leaves bright green, becoming violet-red or
violet-purple in
North.
It
of the best trees for park effects in the Does not transplant easily. Get prefers moist soil.
fall.
One
young nursery
stock.
WILLOW
(Q. Phellos).
Slender branches
glossy above, light green beneath, becoming pale yellow in fall. The best medium-sized oak. Prefers very moist, almost swampy
soil.
Oaks
Trees
lived of all; generally easily transplanted, excepting those of the white oak group. This peculiarity seems to be related to problems of symbiotic fungi on the roots, a subject that is as little under-
yet
vulgaris, var.
/?.-/?/.).
Up
to 30 feet, but
much smaller specimens. Bright, rosy pink. Flourwherever common peach will grow. Should be pruned
and given
is
Flowers nearly an inch across, very Also a white double, appearing when the fruiting peach blooms.
closely,
rich soil.
variety
which
not so effective.
POPLAR, CAROLINA (Populus Carolimana). 100 ft. Dry soil preferred. Fastest growing of all shade trees; best for most crowded parts of
large cities.
pappus shed in summer and driven by the wind becomes a nuisance. Soft wood, and easily
in arid states.
Good
,
The
silky
P. nigra, var. Italicd). 60 feet. Tall, columnar tree of most distinct and striking habit of any tree suitbroken.
(
LOMBARDY
able for the North, but not long-lived in the northernmost states. So singular that it should be planted with care. Excellent for formal
planting, also to give effect of height on a plain, or to add to effect of a low cliff or ledge. Suckers from root. TULIP (Lirioden,
dron Tulipifera).
120
feet.
Yellow
tulip-like flowers in
May, June.
Splendid
Fastest-growing, longest-lived soft-wood tree of the East. lawn specimen. In perfection New York southward.
"LANE,
ORIENTAL (Platanus
regular-formed
orientalis).
80
feet.
Good
and as a
making
street or avenue tree; wide-spreading, head with better outline than the
Western or American plane (P. occidental is), which is subject to disease. The two can hardly be distinguished in the young state. The shedding of the bark in winter makes the trees peculiarly attractive.
Japonica). 60 feet. Loose panicles of white, in flowers July (or September in Massachusetts); something pea-like The peculiar method of branching makes it a like a white acacia.
most interesting winter tree. Not hardy far north. most graceful-looking large trees.
One
of the
30
feet.
Purplish-pink
I54
Isolate
Evergreens for background most effective. SHADBUSH (Amelancbier Canadensis). 20 feet. Mass of small, white, in very early spring; berries May to June, red, plum-like flowers relished by nesting birds. Hardy in extreme North, and becoming Most effective white-flowered tree along South. in the 60 feet a tree
woodland borders
red bud.
dogwood.
feet.
Flowers with
60
Attractive
all
the
Terminal clusters of white flowers in June. Foliage changes year. to crimson in the fall. Conspicuous seed pods remain white for a
long time.
bark.
Stands shade.
SWEET GUM
plant.
(Liquid ambar styraciflua). 50 feet. Characteristic tree north of New York. Hard to trans-
The ivy-like leaves become beautifully yellow and red in the Seed balls and corky wings on the branches give character Does well near water. in the winter.
fall.
TAMARACK
(Larix Americana).
60
feet.
needle-like leaves, pale green, fading to golden yellow in autumn. Grows on any soil, and is better than the larch (L. Europe a),
soil.
TULIP TREE.
TUPELO, SOUR
GUM
(Nyssa
sylvatica).
75
feet.
Picturesque, bold-
looking tree, valuable for distant effects. Bright scarlet foliage in autumn. Winter character peculiarly desolate because of droopDoes not transplant well. ing limbs.
VARNISH TREE
60 feet. Yellow flowers, (Kcelreuteria paniculatd). and followed ornamental curved seed pods 2 feet June by July, long. Foliage finely divided, becoming rich crimson in the fall. One of the handsomest of the Japanese trees.
nigra).
125
feet.
Preferred
Requires wide space to develop. In the East, often disfigured by large webs of the webworm, which should be burned off with torches on poles. Drops its leaves rather eaily in the fall.
alkali lands.
WILLOW, WEEPING (Salix Babylonicd). 40 feet. Branches pendulous. Most rapid-growing "weeper" thriving in average soils. Olive-
Trees
155
Best effect when green bark in winter; var. aurea has yellow bark. In extreme North, plant var. dolorosa. planted on margins of water.
The
upright willows look much alike, but are good for quick effect 20 feet. as screens to be cut out later. , PUSSY (S. discolor).
ROSEMARY (S. incana). Thrives equally on wet or dry ground. , With narrow leaves, white underneath, giving gray effect. Grafted on hardy stock is an effective small lawn specimen, usually used as
shrub.
YELLOW WOOD
June.
50 feet. White. (Cladrastis tinctoria, Virgilia luted). like a white flowers, wistaria, Fragrant lasting several days.
Sought by bees. Hardy in Canada. Gray beech-like bark. Shy Fruits hang on all and intermittent bloomer except in South.
winter.
YULAN.
See MAGNOLIA.
ANDROMEDA.
ARBORVITAE
mental
p. 229.
(Thuya
Up
to
40
feet.
Best
orna-
moderate height. Excellent as hedge, evergreen brownish screen, windbreak, or specimen. Foliage green, becomdarker with winter. and Give good soil not too dry. ing
of
The
Ware ana?) is narrower, denser and There are many varieties, the most important being "George Peabody," orange yellow, useful for bedding, and var. globosa, dwarf, less than two feet high.
Siberian
variety,
in
(var.
better
coloured
winter.
Bright green.
feet.
same
size.
Flowers
The most floriferous everobscuring foliage. May. Useful for hedges or for massing with rhododendrons that green. do not bloom at same time. Peaty soil. Give protection from
Isolate.
severe winds.
BAY, BULL (Magnolia grandiflora). 80 feet. Pyramidal habit. Leaves underneath. thick, leathery, glossy dark green, reddish brown
Doubtfully hardy
156
SWEET (Laurus Transplants badly. The most popular formal evergreen for formal gardens, nobilis). Not hardy, but largely used in tubs terraces and vestibules, etc.
flowers
I
foot across.
decoration, and always in artificially trained Must be stored over forms, pyramid, standard, and so forth. winter in a frost-proof cellar.
and pots
for
summer
BOXWOOD (Buxus
p. 188.)
,
sempervirens).
20
feet,
but usually
(See
The box
of old gardens.
DWARF
(var. su/ruticosa).
Best for formal edging to beds, etc. ORIENTAL , 6 feet, with more rounded leaves, nearly as hardy; (5. Japonica). Var. is very desirable for hedges from Philadelphia southward.
mlcrophylla
is
CEDAR OF LEBANON
A
to
With peculiarly tabled horizontal Not hardy North of New York. 70 feet. recent form now under trial at the Arnold Arboretum promises MT. ATLAS (Cedrus Atlantica). 120 feet. be quite hardy.
(Cedrus Libani).
,
Leaves
near
less
New
than an inch long. The hardiest of the cedars growing York with shelter, on well-drained loamy soil. Graceful
Var. slightly drooping branches in young specimens. bluish has foliage. ,RED(Juniperus Virginiand). Up to glauca 100 feet. The best tree of the cedar type for American gardens.
feathery,
From Nova
Scotia to Florida.
A symmetrical,
breaks, and seaside planting. Adapted to every kind of Extremely variable in outline and colour.
buxifolia).
Low
spreading
dark green
persistent
leaves
May, June.
CRYPTOMERIA
when
quite young.
Up
L.
to
Very
is
pretty,
light
green,
wiry
but
drooping
branches.
I.,
There
is
but
not
a plant of the type 40 feet high at Dosoris, The var. Lobbi is usually considered hardy.
is
hardy
Trees
CYPRESS, JAPANESE.
See RETINISPORA.
,
LAWSON'S (Chama-
beautiful and probably the tallest cypans Lawsomana). of the American cypresses attaining 200 feet in Northern California.
The most
Ascending branches with drooping tips giving graceful plumose effect. Very rapid grower when young. Great merit is that it does well in the mountains toward the South, but is not reliably
hardy
in
New
England.
Very
variable.
It is to
EUONYMUS
coast.
(E. Japonicus).
leaves.
dark-green
Not
Does best along the ij to 2 inches long. in the North, quite hardy except in shaded, protected
,
situations.
CREEPING
(E.
radi-
cans).
FETTER BUSH
Dense growing bush with dull, deepFlowers in green foliage. drooping, terminal tassels. White. April, May; 2 to 4 feet. The conspicuous flower buds all winter
this plant particularly decorative for
make
bordering drives, etc. , JAPANESE, or ANDROMEDA (P. Japonica). Similar to the foregoing, but larger and with looser habit of growth.
FIR,
slender tree. balsamea). 50 to 80 feet. Foliage dark green and lustrous above, pale below. The common fir of eastern North America, giving Canada balsam. Foliage fragrant
its beauty early in cultivation. Thrives on a and where other evergreens would fail. , variety NORDMANN'S (A. Nordmanniana). Most ornamental and stateliest 100 to 150 feet. Glossy dark foliage. fir. Broadly conical outLeaves remain on the trees for eight years. Thicker and line.
BALSAM (Abies
in drying.
Loses
of
soils
Uninjured by
Said
salt spray.
Large
mens transplant
Philadelphia, but
in the
badly.
is
to winter-kill
in
some
specispots near
,
uninjured
,
RED.
best
The
feet.
North, withstanding heat and drought. Very hardy. 250 Rapid grower, and the most ornamental fir for the East.
bluish,
effect.
Conical habit,
tree.
and with
(Needles carpa is
A.
lasio-
Dark
Purplish pink.
I5 8
Fragrant.
in the
summer;
foot.
soil.
Th<
With ascending branches. Flowers white or (D. Blagayana). Grafts die without apparent cause. yellowish, April, May. HEMLOCK (Tsuga Canadensis). Most ornamental Eastern evergreen. Has general character of the Norway spruce, but more graceful and Endures shade and valuable for bordering colour. lighter, brighter
not stand salt spray. Also the best evergreen hedge plant, standing trimming well. See also, HEDGES, p. 188. HOLLY, AMERICAN (Ilex opaca). Dull green, spiny leaves, with bright red
woodlands, but
will
Up
to 50
ft.
ENGLISH
among pistillate ones. More lustrous than (7. Aquifolium). hardy. Grows near New York in moist, Numerous varieties cultivated in Europe.
is
planted
JAPANESE (/. crenata). Resembles boxwood in foliage, but outline. Comparatively new. Thrives plant is more irregular in New York, but is winter-killed nearby. perfectly in Bronx Park,
INKBERRY
(Ilex
glabrd).
all
black berries
Upright. winter; 2 to 4
Much
feet.
branched.
Profusion
of
Mature plants resemble old boxwood. JUNIPER, COMMON (Juni perils communis). The English and Irish columnar. Not desirjunipers are forms of this one, the latter being
for full sun in the North.
LAUREL,
for
MOUNTAIN (Kalmia latifolia). 10 feet. Valuable native mass planting and for hedges (see p. 189). Flowers in large clusters. Pink, rose, and white. May, June. With the rhododendron
NARROW-LEAVED the most valuable flowering evergreen. , Smaller leaves and rosy purple flowers. June, (K. an gustifolia.)
,
is
July; 3 feet.
GREAT.
(See Rhododendron
maximum.)
lily-of-the-
LEUCOTHOE
cover in
(Leucothoe Catesbai).
Trailing plant.
Flowers
valley like;
creamy white, fragrant. May. Should be used as ground groups. Long arching sprays of dark glossy foliage becoming
claret-coloured
when exposed
to sun.
MAHONIA
Yellow flowers and bluish-gray fruit. CREEPING (Ber(See ASHBERRY, in HEDGE PLANTS, p. 187). beris re pens), i foot. Leaflets pale glaucous green and dull. Flow(Berberis Aquifolium).
,
ers
yellow.
carpeting.
May. Hardy
Fruit
an
blue
,
berry.
Useful
for
JAPAN
(B.
Japonic a).
Trees
5 to
10 feet.
159
Leaves
in
holly-like,
more than
shelter.
Fruit black.
is
Hardy
New
York with
not so
tall,
B. Nepalensis,
MYRTLE, TRAILING, or PERIWINKLE (Vinca minor). See VINES, p. PINE, AUSTRIAN (Pinus Laricio, var. Austriaca). Rapid grower,
125 ceeding on a variety of soils. aspect, hence called black pine.
needles.
feet.
335.
suc-
Hardy.
Of dark, sombre
stiff,
long
salt spray.
Keeps
its
colour
all
winter.
Begins to deteriorate when about twenty-five years old. Used as a , DWARF MOUNTAIN (P. montana, var. temporary windbreak.
Mughus).
The best dwarf pine, eventually becoming 10 feet high. Invaluable for roadbanks, terraces, massing at entrances, also Makes an almost globular bush with characas lawn specimens.
teristic
Leaves bright green. Does well on variety pine growth. of soils if well drained. PITCH (P. rigida). Horizontal ,
spreading branches, making an open, irregular pyramid. 80 feet; leaves 2 to 5 inches long. Very hardy and of rapid growth when
young.
soils.
,
sterile
RED
Sprouts readily from stumps. Very picturesque when old. One of the best of the hardy conifers, (P. resinosa).
up to the far north. 100 feet. Medium green, long leaves, grows upon any drained soil. Particularly picturesque when aged. A good tree for garden use, as it stands cutting and trimming. One of the best for screens, hedges, and windbreaks. SCOTCH
thriving
,
(P. sylvestris).
Similar to Austrian
pine in
all
,
respects
except
(Scia-
shorter.
UMBRELLA
character,
leaves of a lustrous green, in whorls. 100 feet. rather slow pyramid; growth. Hardy to Maine.
erately moist loam and also clay. Most useful conifer for general planting,
,
narrow compact
Thrives in modStrobus).
WHITE (Pinus
and
tallest
evergreen tree
of Eastern
America.
150
feet.
on
Needles long, and brighter green than most conifers. Very picturesque and rugged with age. Makes annual of Horizontal branches in whorls. Easily injured 2 feet. growth by winds until 10 or 12 feet high. Often attacked by mealy bug
subsoil.
wet clay
160
RETINISPORA,
to 6 feet.
Usually
The most
decorative of
all
the conifers.
The mature
different habit
Slow growth. Usually used in ornaBeautiful feathery foliage. mental groups or as lawn specimens. Var. filifera has long drooping branches and thread-like branchlets; foliage, light green. Var. plumosa has short branches with feathery effect. Var. plumosa
aurea
is
similar,
is
Much
Var. squarrosa
in
(C. obtusa).
from the
having dark green arborvitae-like branches. Var. preceding nana is much trained in dwarf forms by the Japanese. All the
retinisporas
want very
rich soil to
do
well.
evergreen for massing. Planted by the carload. Very hardy through the coldest winters. Leaves whitish beneath, 4 to 10
inches long.
June, July. Shows a distinct dislike of lime, but can be grown in limestone soils in beds excavated for several feet and filled in with fresh compost,
largely peat
Flowers white or pale pink with greenish spots inside. Demands open soil, well drained, but not over dry.
and leaf-mould. Hardy into Canada. Transplant by CATAWBA (R. Catawbiense). preference from a turfy soil.
,
Less hardy than maximum. Leaves, glaucous beneath, 3 to 5 inches long. Flowers lilac-purple. June. An important shrub for massing south of New England.
Shrub.
feet.
HYBRIDS
(R.
cies). Among the most beautiful conspicuously flowered evergreens. There are numerous varieties offered. Large globe-like trusses of
flowers appearing in
ties are:
lilac
May, June.
Some
rosy
Delicatissimum, blush white, tinted pink; Everestianum, spotted and fringed, the most popular of all the hybrids;
Caractacus, purple crimson; C. S. Sargent, bright scarlet; Roseum superbum, light rose; Charles Dickens, dark scarlet; Gloriosa, bluish
white;
Album
elegans, white;
pclifolia).
Narrow,
leaves, if inches
Flowers nodding.
Trees
White and pink.
terminant umbels.
azaleas.
161
feet.
June; 6 inches to 2
Very
variable.
In
Peaty or sandy
soil,
SAVIN (Juniperus Sabina). A prostrate shrub, with long, stiff, straggling dark green branches, but free method of growth. 3 to 5 feet.
SPRUCE, BLUE (Picea pungens, var. glauca).
ferous evergreen.
The
Beautiful steel-blue.
Most imposing
at
summer.
forms of
Koster's.
feet.
becoming ragged
Many
The
known as DOUGLAS
fast
Rapid
grower,
almost
too
for
from California. Transplants readily. Rich dark green foliage with faint blue sheen beneath. , ENGELMANN'S (Picea Engelmanni). Somewhat resembling the blue spruce in tone of colour
but
less
brilliant.
Perfectly
hardy.
Needles not so long but softer and flexible. 80 to 100 feet. NORWAY (P. ex eels a). ,
conifer.
The
in
fastest
growing
100
feet.
and withstanding strong winds. Sombre, dark green. Does best rich soil with Otherwise loses its moderately good feeding.
beauty early, before the white pine.
for full
ORIENTAL
refined of all spruces. (P. orientalis). Ascending branches with pendulous branchlets. Rich, dark foliage. Makes a beautiful
Most
The
staminate
on a Christfrosts,
mas
tree.
hardiest native spruce, is hardy. WHITE (P. alba). , and ranking next to the white pine in rapidity of growth. Usually
The
70
feet,
Dense
tree,
feet.
grow
right
down
SPURGE, MOUNTAIN (Pachysandra terminalis). Excellent cover plant thriving in the sun or shade in any ordinary soil, making a carpet
about 6 inches thick.
winter.
Leaves
lightish green
and
thick.
162
Var. Lalandi
suitable for
more vigorous, with slender branches, and hardier; covering walls, and probably is the more commonly
is
grown.
Canadensis).
Invaluable for carwith pretty red berries. Extremely hardy. Easily transplanted when young and peting in the colder regions.
The cuspidata). Perbest substitute for the English yew, 15 feet high, 21 feet wide. is too the as delicate, needing English (T. baccata) fectly hardy, where
may
JAPANESE (T.
winter protection.
DWARF JAPAN
SHRUBS
"
That
is best
which
lieth nearest;
Shape from
that thy
work
oj art."
LONGFELLOW.
art to office oj
We
are
EMERSON.
CHAPTER X
SHRUBS
grow above the height of one's eyes; flowering plants below it; but shrubs that are on the eye level,
pictures,
TREES well-hung
like
in the
garden
gallery.
Do
the United
one
that
was
bought
that
a generation ago;
all
but then,
of
it
should
be considered
increased
our interest in
kinds
planting
has
by
leaps
and bounds.
Many
any appreciation of
Lilacs,
its
in
landscape gardening.
mock
orange,
and not
landscape composition.
present generation
is
The
for
many
purposes.
is
People
for only a
who
few
on small suburban
places,
where there
as a
room
belt
shrubs planted
boundary
make an
effectual screen
estates
passers-by;
for the
boundary
an undergrowth of shrubbery is usually planted where low-branched everWhoever has walked through woods from
which
all
away by an
charm.
over-tidy
owner
have
gap
66
group of them
Artists talk
improved by more or
less
shrubbery about
its
base.
much about
at least as important,
and adorns
it
how
Her woodland
borders," which
draw the eye gradually from the earth to where the tall tree-tops seem to rest against the sky, are fringed with viburnums, cornels, alder, chokeberry, shad bush, elder, sumac, wild roses and a host
of other shrubs that not only
fill
What beauty
springs
is left
free to plant
them
for
would take years for trees unaided by them to make a new place homelike. No one cares to wait half a lifetime to screen his grounds, shut off the service end of his house and
conceal the drying ground and outbuildings,
when
a hundred hardy
blossoming shrubs, that are good enough for mass planting and
that can be bought for twenty dollars, will quickly hide unsightly
places.
in price,
While
it
many
a lovely shrub
it
can be
charms,
spent
Where only a
small
sum can be
preponderance
more
lasting beauty
low cost than from plants of any other class. Trees cannot well be planted next a house without robbing it of light and air, but tall shrubs as a background for lower ones
at a
Shrubs
167
grouped around them take off the sharpness from corners, and let Banked in front of foundation sunshine stream in at the windows.
walls, they relieve the hardness of the line
meet.
For
steps
its
and
side
extending
that
end
such
as
high
retaining
walls
and
buttresses,
curse off
making entrances inviting and taking the wire fences and red brick enclosing walls, what should
for
we do without shrubs ?
Technically, the difference between a tree and a shrub
is
many stems from the root, but some species do very much as they please, to the confusion of
the dogwood, the starry magnolia and
may be either bushes or trees. Much top-shearing of the boxwood may cause several stems to spring from
its
it
by the mere
act
top-pruned
own
becomes
tall
and
leggy.
Sheared of
its
ill-scented
blossoms would
form
in a natural state,
devotes
all its
splendid energies to
making
stems and foliage near the ground until a green wall, apparently
formed by a hedge of it. For most purposes there is a bewildering array of shrubs to choose from, but what should we do for formal hedges without the ubiquitous privet and box ? Yet the last place to find monotony
solid, is
68
should be in a garden.
long-felt
ilex filling
time,
and
is still
expensive.
Italian
much
we cannot
evergreen
It is true
we have no
trees
make
on
this side
all
pruning shears.
Among
bushes that
of spring or
summer bloom,
effective
one of which
is
The
and
make good
defensive hedges.
If hedges of
sort ever
come
to be as
as they
are in England,
disfigure
we may make
now
happen that a people, with all their gardening and other traditions derived from the Old World, could have so far
did
How
little
to plant a
bank with
hill
sometimes be
filled in
and
Shrubs
prevent
it
169
Many
be
a house set on a
less in
danger of falling
edge
if
it
How
were
anywhere
will necessarily
depend
soil,
the situation
the selection
and the personal preference of the owner governing of them, it might go without saying. However one
camellias, hibiscus
may admire
and oleanders
in
Southern and
may
stiff
clay soil
for
any of the
laurel
for
fine,
and
able to prepare
is
them the
loam,
made
cool
their necessity.
bleak,
windy
may
he
is
if
he cannot
afford to
employ an expert landscape gardener to direct his choice, likely to learn far more from studying what nature uses most
garden that
lies
effectively in her
about him.
Let him
select the
shrubs native to his region as a basis for other planting, not only
because they are most likely to thrive, but because they, like the
indigenous trees, will prevent his place from looking like an island
in
its
natural environment.
worth nothing,
it
is
actually cheaper to
buy
native
stock,
by
cultivation
in a nursery, rather
may
easily cost
you
less
70
neighbour's
Every town
in
It
For Canada,
New
states,
East and
West, the main body of shrubs chosen will not be wild cornels,
laurel, azalea,
button bush,
clethra,
white
thorn,
whatever grows
naturally round about one's county, for the sufficient reason that
there are not
enough species
in
any given
locality to
fit
every place
After
trusty,
and purpose on the cultivated grounds about one's home. exhausting their possibilities, reliance must be placed on the
time-tried favourites that need
lilacs
and
is
fleecy-
plumed white
phus)
;
thorny stems are laden in winter with bright red berries, making
it
a joy to the eye the year around; the weigelas, the best and worst
shrubs
we
the snowberry and the white or pink Japanese roses (R. rugosa),
Shrubs
However
reliable all these
171
as general purpose shrubs,
First of these in public
may be
estimation
is
by every one who owns a twenty-foot lot. Severely pruned, well enriched, and copiously watered at flowering
it
time,
snowy bloom
itself.
in late
summer, when
How may
?
so conspicuous a shrub
be
artistically
it
Certainly the
it
way not
to plant
to dot
around a lawn
good rule
to follow is
to plant nothing
anywhere that
is
lot
bad
The
great hydrangea,
far distant
may hang
by
if
in the foreground of
its
position.
leaved shrub,
isolated
on a
fair
the
more
common.
Such
special purpose
shrubs
fulfill
They add
be the chief
it
Colour
may
charm or the
In
apt to be overdone.
The dwarf
horse
up great
above
172
filling in
For massing
in the foreground of
groups of shrub-
bery
its
makes
it
strongly decorative
when
The
forsythia,
whose growth
its
in
summer
fellows to
be
Most shrubs
The ungrammatical
sometimes well to follow.
advice,
becomes
lost
in the
mass,
or the cultural
need
conflict
It is
each
ality
all
the
room
it
Its individu-
in
the shrubs
become
so
crowded
the sake
is
lost, for
of the general
lest
effect.
number of unrelated
The
little difficulty
may
bloom than
care
personality
to shear
away.
back when they are received from the nursery, or if they grow too tall and spindling, but the reprehensible habit of trimming off all
Shrubs
shrubs every winter until they are as flat-topped as a hedge
173
is
so
common a
be spoken
is
comes around.
And when
that
Shrubs that
set
buds
be trimmed immediately
fication for
If for
no other purpose, one wishes an abundance of shrubs to supply A jar filled with the home with its most decorative cut flowers.
forsythia sprays, although set in a north room, brightens
it
like
sunshine.
almond give an
florist's
no
Happily
florists
themselves are
offer in
now
midether,
winter branches of
lilacs
bloom with
summer
in winter.
should be pruned
all
One keen
gardener,
who
is
pruning between December and March, for the reason that her
bushes, which are benefited by the surgery, supply her at that lean
The
best of the
and cherry blossoms, which most quickly repay her, apple, peach and quince blossoms, deutzia, dogwood, almond and scarlet maple.
Whoever spends
shrubs
many
174
fruit.
because the broad-leaved evergreens, the majestic rhododendron and the lovely laurel delight one after every other
shrub
is
People with
deep purses buy them by the freight car load to mass along drives, under trees where other shrubs would be unhappy, around ponds
is
as fatal to
them
prevent
the catastrophe,
much
they are
their
them
cool
and moist
in
most danger of their drying out, and from the alternate freezing and thawing in winter or very early spring
there
is
summer when
perish.
light
as
and the Japanese learned from her long ago the warmth of many layers of light material, which ward off scorching
heat as well as cold.
many
do,
we
rob our gardens of their warmest blankets and the compost heap
of a contribution for which the costly laurel, rhododendron and
azalea often pine to death.
fatally tidy.
are apt to be
mer
as well as in winter,
almost
mulching.
Among them
all
range of colour from purest white and pink to buff, yellow, salmon,
Many
like a stroll
a beautiful
Shrubs
picture at each step.
spring hat for the enduring joy of a clump of the great rhododendron under her
new
window had
May, June.
2 to 8 feet,
which are pea-like in large Hairy clusters. Suckers freely from the roots and may become a nuisance. A valuable screen. Useful on banks. Increased by division.
in all parts except the flowers,
Spreading. The commonest of old almond Flowers rose coloured. flowering gardens. May, feet. the double form is in cultivation. Good Only June. 5
like flowering
plum.
Flower dentatuni). Upright, but bushy. inches across. feet. Fruit White. bluish May, June. 15 cymes 3 black. Excellent for moist soil. Leaves lobed.
,LEA,
These are among the earliest largeflowering shrubs, the majority blooming before the leaves appear. GHENT (A. Gandavensis). The most showy early flowering shrub, April. 2 to 4 feet. Largest orange and salmon coloured flowers of spring. JAPAN (A. Sinensis or mollis). Flame coloured and yellow. , CAROLINA Every shade like a sunset. I inches across. feet. , PINXTER (A. Vaseyi), purest pink, J 4 FLOWER (A. nudiflord). Pink veined with crimson lake. For wild
ETC.
, ,
PINXTER FLOWER,
Plant 2 to 4 feet. , WHITE (A. viscosa). garden. 3 to 5 feet. near water. Also some evergreen species. All the azaleas demand See also Preferably with humus. open, loose soil, well drained.
6 feet. Bright scarlet berries, half inch long, last till spring. Var. atropurpureus has dark plumPercoloured foliage, valuable as foil to brighter-leaved plants. , fectly hardy. JAPAN (B. Thunbergi). Best low ornamental
shrubbery plant.
Red
Quick
grower on
feet.
Invaluable for
shrubbery or specimens.
Propagate by
seeds.
76
BLADDER NUT
6 to 15
feet.
(S. Colchica).
12 feet.
leaflets.
inflated in
flowers.
BLADDER SENNA
September.
(Colutea
15 feet.
arborescens).
To
Rapid
July to Valuable
for lightening the shrubbery with its pale green foliage. Large Not quite hardy North. Any soil, inflated pods in late summer.
Propagate by seeds
in
mature wood
cuttings in fall.
BLUE SPIREA
Conical flower spikes with (Caryopteris Mastacanthus). lavender-blue flowers. August, September. The only blue-flowered
fall.
flour-
Cut down to the ground annually by but makes a good growth and blooms every season. Blue
cathartic a). Sturdy shrub with spring branches. May. 10 feet. Fruit a black berry,
BUCKTHORN (Rhamnus
Oval
large.
Very
hardy.
Garden
fruit red,
,
soil,
(R. Frangula).
12 feet.
Has
soil.
Moist
Best
grayish-green foliage for seaside and Also grows well in garden soils.
low as two
feet.
Staminate plants more upright than pistillate. Berries orange-yellow. September; 10 feet, sometimes a tree 20
feet.
June, July; 3 to 6 feet. Racemes of purplish violet flowers 6 inches long. Not quite hardy in the North, but flowers on new growth from the root. Worth growing
for
Propagate Light, well-drained soil, sunny position. hardwood in fall kept or in cuttings by greenwood cuttings spring,
its
colour.
Small pea-like flowers in rosy pink clusters in September; up to 6 or 8 feet, but usually much smaller from winter-killing. Hardy in central New England. Valuable
Sieloldi).
for
its
late season.
Any
soil.
Propagate by division.
Shrubs
CHASTE TREE, MONK'S PEPPER TREE (Vitex Agnus-castus).
pinnate
leaves,
177
Narrow,
July,
its
grayish
beneath.
Flowers
bluish
lilac.
feet.
Valuable for
quite hardy in the North, where the less showy V. incisa survives. Any rather dry, sunny situation preferred.
arbutifolia).
Not
CHOKEBERRY (Aronia
White or tinged
feet.
red.
Numerous pear-shaped
across, bright or dull red, September. Both Similar, but with black berries.
BLACK
(A. nigra).
the most
and among
CLETHRA.
See
having smaller and purplish or reddish berries, persisting all winter. Foliage turns red in autumn. Native to the Middle States, 5 feet.
but escaped from cultivation in the East.
CORNEL, BUSH
DOGWOOD (Cornus candidissima). One of the best white of June, followed by white berries on coral stems. shrubs blooming SILKY (C. Amomuni). Dark green leaves, whitish Any soil.
,
White flowers in June; 3 to 10 feet. Particularly valuable for its blue and bluish white fruit persisting in winter. Vigorous growing. Moist or dry soils. The cornels and dogwoods are among
beneath.
the most valuable of
for late
all
summer and
in
growing well
the species
seeds.
and bright-coloured barks in winter, shade or exposed and in any soil. Flowers white in
fall effects,
named
here.
CORNELIAN CHERRY (Cornus Mas). Flowers yellow before the leaves. March to April in umbels; 20 feet, sometimes a small tree. Oblong,
edible fruit, f inch
long, bright scarlet.
and
fall.
and cornel.
See SNOWBALL.
Flowers yellow, spicy fragrant. A favourite in old gardens. May; 4 feet. Bright green foliage, adapted to any good soil. Very effective among dark foliaged plants.
Reddish lilac, fragrant. April; 3 feet. Thick clusters of red berries in the summer. The earliest warm-
178
(D. Gwenka).
to blue
The
best lavender
among
the
shrubs flowering before the leaves. Not hardy North. Well-drained shade for both kinds. Propagate by seeds, light soil, with partial See also GARLAND which germinate slowly, or layers in the spring.
FLOWER.
DEUTZIA (D. Lemoinei).
June; 3 feet. A new hybrid with larger flowers than the popular Pride of Rochester, which is taller growing and has the handsomest habit; double flowers, but pink.
(D. gracilis). Slightly arching branches making a low-spreading bush; flowers single, white. May. All are hardy and thrive in any well-drained soil, and are among the best of the white-flowered shrubs.
DOCKMACKIE
(Viburnum
acerifolium).
Slender,
Flowers yellowish white. May, June; Fruit black. Foliage pinkish in autumn, becoming dark purple. Thrives in dryish soils under trees. Very valuable shrub. Propagate by seeds.
stolonifera).
Better than the European Red Osier dogwood For best (C. sanguined) with purple or dark blood-red branches. cut back two or to three induce new effect, , every years growth.
ROUND LEAVED
CORNEL.)
Useful for pond borders and wild
The 12 feet. nigra, var. aurea). for wet soils. Makes largest-leaved yellow shrub, especially growth annually 10 feet. For lightening dense masses of green shrubbery.
Better coloured
if
Grows
ELEAGNUS.
See GOUMI.
White. June; sometimes a Virginica). slender tree to 30 feet; usually a large shrub. Slender thread-like flowers in June, after most other trees have flowered. Pretty blue
Prefers a moist soil and
must be sheltered
fall,
in
New
England.
Propagate by seeds in
6
feet.
also layers.
early
Shrubs
flowering shrub of its colour. borders and on banks.
179
for foreground of shrubbery
Good
(/*\
viridissima).
Somewhat
similar,
with more flowers, but rather greenish colour and smaller, but holds Plant against dark background. Any its foliage later in the fall.
garden
soil.
GOUMI (Eleagnus
but fragrant.
Whole
May; 6
Very showy
scales.
f inch
soil
long on long stalks and covered with and progagation see OLEASTER.)
Acid; edible.
(For
GROUNDSEL BUSH
long.
(Baccharis
halimifolia).
to
12
of the best seashore plants. Most effective in late summer when the silvery silken pappus on pistillate shrubs only is very conspicuous. Grows in any well-drained soil in sunny position.
One
glass.
HONEYSUCKLE, FRAGRANT (Lonicera fragrantissima). Creamy white. March to May; 8 feet. Foliage half evergreen. Most fragrant of the very early shrubs. JAPAN BUSH (L. Morrowi). White, to May, June; 6 feet. Bright red, sometimes yellow. changing
,
till
late fall.
TARTARIAN , White, changing to yellow; 8 to 12 feet. tiana). atari c a). (L. May; 8 to 10 feet. Not changing to yellow. Most
Flowers fragrant of all the early summer shrubs, especially at dusk. Plant in shrubbery where its pink; several varieties red or white.
presence
seaside.
is
made known by
the odour.
Propagate seeds in
or ripe
cuttings.
soil
w ith
T
sun.
Prune
in winter.
Flowers like a (JEsculus macrostachya). diminutive slender horse chestnut. July, August; 4 to 20 feet.
of the handsomest for distant lawn clumps; flowers being borne erect on the top of the dome-like mass of foliage. Moist, loamy soil. Can be increased by root cuttings, layers, seeds.
One
HYDRANGEA (H.
September; 8 feet as paniculata, var. grandiflora). Immense conical flower heads of white bracts generally grown. into and becoming pink, then greenish, but white winter lasting
all
through September.
in the fall
for
Give
rich soil
and feed
well.
The type or species sometimes attains Propagate summer cuttings. heads of flower. ,WiLD (H. ar30 feet. More feathery, lighter white. head. flower Flat Creamy June, July; 8 feet. borescens). HORTENSIA of Snow. (H. hortensis). 8 Sterile form is Hills
,
feet.
Few, or all, sterile. The greenhouse hydrangea; also for planting out in favoured situations. Will not usually stand much frost. An enormous number of varieties of this are offered in the trade, (a) JAPONICA Group:
Cymes
flat, sterile
and
fertile.
(6)
HORTENSIA Group:
Cymes globose. Practically sterile; includes variety Thomas Hogg, the hardiest and best for outdoors. (V) STELLATA Group: Flowers
with narrow sepals.
The
depends upon
soil conditions,
in the
following year by watering with a solution of alum (one ounce to three gallons) all the preceding summer while growth is being made.
INDIGO,
Fine feathery foliage and fruticosa). Dark feet. to habit. 20 violet-purple flowers in racemes 5 spreading Adapted to small shrubberies, dry sunny situa3 to 6 inches long.
BASTARD (Amorpha
tions.
May;
8 feet.
Earliest,
bright
Subject to San Jose scale. Stands rative fruit trees or orchards unless systematically sprayed. and white varieties. close pruning. Pink, salmon-pink, dark red,
Slow growing.
Flowers yellow,
May,
Slender, graceful yellow-flowered and effective all remain which branches, green bright pendulous
feet.
Best
shrub.
winter.
Any garden
Double form and variegated form and branches. Good as a specimen. Sometimes
soil.
Propagate
WHITE
later.
and
winter.
LILAC,
COMMON (Syringa vulgaris). May; 20 feet. Very fragrant lilac, Grows anywhere, even in partial shade. white, or purple flowers.
Spray with potassium sulphide for mildew in August, September. Do not permit suckers to develop. Prune for form only. Most
Shrubs
popular old-fashioned
181
shrub.
autumn.
flowering
Josikata).
Transplant in
12 feet.
More compact
blooms.
,
panicle.
CHINESE
some
,
Young
PERSIAN
10 feet.
(S. Persica).
May, June;
white.
,
5 to
May; Arching branches; purple, white. of the Persian and common. Many lilac, red, Hybrid named modern varieties of lilacs are offered in the catalogues:
(S. Chinensis).
ROUEN
Ludwig Spaeth, dark purple; Belle de Nancy, pink with white centre, double. The named varieties are
usually grafted on common privet, which has a tendency to sucker unless planted very deeply. Deep planting may result in the lilac
ultimately getting on
its
own
roots.
[AGNOLIA, HALL'S (Magnolia stellata). Most fragrant and showiest white-flowered shrub blooming before the leaves. April; 10 feet. Very
Differing from the other magnolias by having star-like fragrant. Blooms from 2 feet high. Rich instead of cup-shaped flowers.
soil,
moderately moist.
Difficult to transplant.
in
many
varieties).
4 to 12
feet.
Most
important variously coloured and as variously cut deciduous small trees, but used as shrubs. Many named varieties in catalogues, as
atropurpureum, sanguineum, aureum, dissectum, also describe them. (See page 151).
etc.,
which names
IOCK ORANGE, SYRINGA (Philadelphia* coronartus). May, June; 10 feet. The most fragrant summer-flowering white shrub. Flowers ij
inches across.
Several
named
This
is
the
most fragrant
as
species, but
somewhat
some
others.
The crushed
cucum-
bers.
(P. Lemoinei). Very graceful with arching branches covered with flowers. Many varieties of this, differing in size of
(P. Gcrdonianus).
,
flowers.
feet.
feet.
scentless.
12
GOLDEN
The most
whole season.
house, or on
Bright yellow. popular golden-leaved shrub, keeping its colour the Compact habit. Effective as an accent close to the of a
10
the "points"
shrubbery border.
(P.
June; 8 feet. Arching, oblong, pointed petals. of I to Flowers in clusters 3. May, June. Less (P. inodorus). floriferous than others and is sometimes not quite hardy North.
in in
MULBERRY, FRENCH (Callicarpa purpurea). Flowers pink, Grown for lilac- violet fruits which persist 3 to 4 feet.
clusters all along the
July;
dense
more handsome violet-coloured fruits. species, C. Americana, having same season. Prefers Springs up from the roots and flowers the
sandy loam and heat.
or
fall;
Full sun.
var.
Tatarica
pendula).
Grafted at 4 feet. A small tree with severely pendulous branches with fairly deep-lobed leaves. Spreads a few feet only. For small Good for gardens where some special character tree is wanted.
Best small weeping tree for lawns. covering steep banks. NANNY BERRY. See SHEEP BERRY.
NEW
One
and
JERSEY TEA (Ceanothus Americanus). July to September; 3 feet. White. of the freest flowering and latest blooming shrubs.
etc.
wood
cuttings in spring,
mature wood
NINEBARK (Physocarpus
Flowers in
Spreading, arching branches. corymbs, greenish white, followed by bright red fruit; One of the best hardy 8 to 10 feet. very effective in late summer. native shrubs. Any garden soil and situation. Propagate by seeds
opulifolius).
or cuttings.
OLEASTER, RUSSIAN OLIVE (Eleagnus an gustifolia). 20 feet. Handsome foliage with silvery under sides. Inconspicuous flowers, followed
by ornamental
fruit.
June.
Fragrant.
Berries
yellow.
Also
coated with silvery scales. Branches sometimes spiny. Any welldrained soil, including limestone. Propagates by seeds and cuttings
very easily;
and
layers.
May;
8 feet.
White flowers 2
Like a giant-flowered spirea, inches across, with large green disc. but blooming a trifle later. Very useful in shrubbery, best massed with other shrubs; especially effective with Forsythia suspensa in
foreground.
Grows
in
any good
soil.
See AZALEA.
Shrubs
PLUM, FLOWERING (Prunus
before the leaves.
triloba).
183
by layering.
lived.
Pink flowers, double, appearing just May, June; 4 to 5 feet. Own root plants best Often grafted on plum as a standard, but then short
hairy.
,
Much like flowering almond, but Grown for its purple foliage. Pissardi).
PURPLE
(P.
PRIVET, REGEL'S (Ligustrum Ibota, var. Regelianum). June, July; 8 The only privet worth feet, but usually a much smaller plant.
growing for
(var.
its
flowers.
Borne
feet.
variegatum).
Green
and
yellow.
The
quickest
growing variegated shrub that can be sheared with impunity. small edgings or borders to walks and for formal effects.
judiciously in all cases.
For
Use
Not
3 to 5 feet. Strong growing with shreddy bark. Leaves like a large maple. Flowers rose-purple, i inch across. Good for semi-wild effects. Isolate from other
colours.
RHODORA
to
(Azalea Canadensis).
seven.
A common
April,
native
i
America.
azalea.
May;
to 3 feet.
soil.
The
earliest flowering
hardy
ROSE OF SHARON, ALTHEA (Hibiscus Syriacus). The best (or maybe the worst) August and late summer flowering tall shrub. 12 feet.
Starts to leaf very late in the spring. Valuable for screens. very early in the fall, but best in spring. Flowers on old
Plant
wood.
Variegated form. Many varieties with single and double flowers ranging from white through pink to magenta and purple; also variegated foliage; 18 feet. The single white, pure pink and lavenderblue varieties are very lovely, but some harsh hued altheas and weigelas are the ugliest shrubs in common cultivation.
var. fl.-pl.foliis variegatis). 15 feet, leaves green, edged Sturdiest light yellow. late-flowering variegated shrub. Quite hardy, The purple flowers are double and not showy. stands shearing.
(H. Syriacus
ROSE, RUGOSA (Rosa rugosa). 3 feet. The only rose that makes an ornamental shrub. Dense mass of dark green foliage with large
flowers produced at intervals all summer; fragrant. Magenta to white. Fruits ornamental like small pure very apples, orange-yellow.
184
SHEEP BERRY, NANNY BERRY (Viburnum Lentago). White flowers. May, June, 30 feet. In cymes followed by clusters of oval bluish
black fruit with bloom, which endure
till
spring.
Sometimes a
tree.
SENNA.
See
BLADDER SENNA.
SIBERIAN PEA (Caragana arborescens). Pale or bright yellow pear-like flowers. May and June; up to 20 feet. Sometimes a tree. Variety
pendular with weeping branches
is
very beautiful.
Any
fall
soil,
but
or spring, sandy preferred. Sunny position. Propagate by seeds, root cuttings and layers. Best yellow flowered shrub of its season.
Cotinus).
profusely plumose
in June, July;
Very
effective as
lawn specimens.
teristic
shrub,
common
Leaves nearly round, dark green. A very characin old gardens. Attacked by borers.
SNOWBALL, COMMON (Viburnum Opulus, var. sterile). Large balls of white flowers. May, June; 9 feet. Old-time favourite. Ragged habit and subject to plant louse. Deep moist soil. The fertile form
of this shrub
till
the Highland cranberry, having scarlet fruit in July , JAPAN (V. tomentosum). Is a much following spring.
is
Flower especially for specimens. and crinkled leaves rounded, cleaner, deeper green,
better
shrub,
reverse.
Blooms a
shrub.
little
later.
The
best white
summer
May
be trained on walls.
racemosus).
Propagate by cuttings.
SNOWBERRY (Symphoricarpos
ite.
Grows anywhere.
feet.
May,
after frost.
Spreads
tetraptera).
White.
May.
Bewildering cloud of white flowers before the leaves. most conspicuous of the early white flowering trees. Any good
The
soil.
One
6 to 15 feet. Leaves oblong, finely Flowers yellow, before the leaves, in rosettes.
Fruit
Shrubs
crimson, spicy.
soils.
185
fall.
Peaty and sandy under Propagate by greenwood cuttings glass or by seeds. See also STRAWBERRY SHRUB.
Foliage bright yellow in
SPIRE A (Various species of Spirtea). White or pink. May, June; 4 to 6 feet. The most generally popular flowering shrubs of light,
graceful habit for early
shrubbery.
summer, as lawn specimens, hedges, or in BRIDAL WREATH (S. Thunbergii). Perhaps the
hedge.
VAN HOUTTE'S
(S. Van Houttei). June; 6 feet. flowers in umbels two inches across.
ANTHONY WATERER (S. Bumalda, var. Anthony The only shrub of its period. Flowers July; 3 feet.
Used
if
magenta-red produced successively for six weeks. Prune off old flower head as soon as withered
wanted.
slightly hairy.
,
for edging.
PLUM-LEAVED
(S. prunifolid).
Pure white,
J inch across.
May;
feet.
with
little
white buttons, particularly showy and most commonly grown. (S. argutd). Foliage not shining. Bright orange in fall. The most free flowering and showiest White. May; 6 feet.
of the early kinds. The other parent otherwise similar.
in
hybrid from Thunberg's and quite hardy. (. multi-fiord) blooms a little later, but
,
STEEPLE BUSH
Pink.
(S. tomentosa).
Flowers
July, September;
feet.
Does
MEADOWSWEET
June, August.
shade.
Moderately moist, well-drained porous soil, in partial Avoid limestone and heavy clay. Plant with rhododendrons.
in heat.
1 86
tree. Flowers white, J inch across over the young growths. Hardy to
One
summer
shrubs.
June,
up
to 30 feet.
soils.
Ob as si a).
Light porous
showing pink
Flowers incon-
June;
8 feet.
Grows anywhere.
Easily propagated.
STRAWBERRY SHRUB (Calycanthus floridus). An upright shrub with somewhat coarse leaves. Deep red-brown flowers with pungent, May; 6 to 10 feet. Propagate by division or layers. spicy odour. Any garden soil. An old favourite.
SUMACH, STAG HORN (Rhus
in
typhina).
Flowers
dense panicle, followed by red fruit masses. July, August; usually 10 to 12 feet, sometimes 30. One of the best for fall colour. Adapted
Var. lacintata has
SMOOTH
cut-leaved variety (va'r. laciniata). POISON (R. venenata). , 10 to 20 feet. Usually a tree. Very effective with red petiole and midrib with pinnate leaves. Shiny leaves, fruit white. Moist
Very beautiful, but poisonous. SWEET PEPPER BUSH (Clethra alnifolia). July, September;
ground.
Fleecy spires, white flowers with spicy fragrance;
bees; excellent for late
3 to 10 feet.
visited
much
by
shrubberies.
Best
soil.
MOCK ORANGE.
Gallica).
fine
TAMARIX (Tamarix
feet.
Delicate pink plumes. May, July; 15 and for salty and also. Unexcelled Foliage very plumy alkaline soils. Grows right on the sea side. Can be cut back Flowers severely. produced on old wood but in the variety Narbonnensis on the new wood. The best hardy shrubs for feathery
effect in
wind-swept places.
(See p. 191.)
May, June; 3
to 6 feet.
I
foot
An immense number
of varieties are
Shrubs
offered;
187
stock
soil.
common magenta
Give
rich
which
Easily
garden
from seed.
VIBURNUM.
See SNOWBALL, DOCKMACKIE, ARROWWOOD, NANNY WAYFARING BERRY, TREE, HIGH BUSH CRANBERRY. WAX MYRTLE (Myrica cerifera). 3 to 6 feet. Dark green leaves, berries bluish white, coated with wax, with aromatic odour, and much sought by birds. Good for semi-wild effects.
inches across with seven
Flowers white in cymes 3 white showy rays on the margin. May, sometimes a tree. Excellent for dry situation
Fruit bright red, changing to black.
and limestone
soils.
WEiGELA(Diervillaflorida). June; 6 feet. Showiest shrub of midsummer. Following the lilacs. Flowers pink, white, red, claret-crimson to magenta. Best flowering shrubs under big trees. Can be where other shrubs fail. Free from insects and disease. planted
to the ground. Many varieties, as: Abel Carriere and Rosea, carmine changing to red; Alba, changing to pink; Eva Rathke, dark wine red; Candida, pure white; Nana variegata,
Flowers yellow and brown. Firginiana). September, October, followed by conspicuous fruits which, brought indoors in winter, will explode and scatter seed; 25 feet.
Flowers February to April. Foliage bright yellow, or Most Moist, peaty and sandy soil. orange, purple in fall. valuable shrub of early winter.
apiifolia).
In drooping racemes. Any good moist and shady places. Suckers freely in spring.
to 20 feet.
in
Golden yellow
autumn.
are included only such plants as will stand shearing, for obviously
any moderate growing shrub of low stature can be utilised for hedge purposes. Such be selected from the list of Deciduous Shrubs, p. 175, and Evergreens, p. i$5$
may
ASHBERRY, HOLLY-LEAVED (Berberis or Mahonia Aquifolium). Evergreen and hardy, but foliage sometimes burns in winter. Tassels
88
berries
BARBERRY, JAPAN
(Herberts
Thunbergii).
The
Foliage brilliant scarlet in fall; graceful with red berries, persistent through winter; arching twigs strung , COMMON 3 to 3i feet ' quick grower; thrives North and South.
(B. vulgaris).
Taller, not so neat, but hardy
and decorative.
BEECH (Fagus
lived, carrying all winter. Excellent screen. Plant nearly foliage very early. Valuable as a windbreak where evergreens are not suitable. Pre-
sylvatica).
fers dry,
soil.
BOXWOOD (Buxus
grower.
The
habit.
ideal
Dense
Evergreen.
Can be sheared
freely.
There are
page 156); the tree box attains a height of 30 feet; dwarf box, 3 to 4 feet; others differ in size and form of leaf. Needs winter mulch at the North.
BUCKTHORN (Rhamnus
and
tight as
ragged,
The best strong hedge, as dense but not so high; 6 feet. Thorny, never honey locust, moderate grower. Spray with kerosene emulsion for
cathartica).
hop louse. Old hedges that are out of condition are easily recovered by cutting back. CONIFEROUS EVERGREEN. In the North the coniferous evergreens are by far the most satisfactory hedge plants for all purposes. Of these the native hemlock is best, thriving everywhere. Young growth extremely feathery and whole plant lively green all the winter. Norway spruce, somewhat similar but stifFer and blacker. White pine, long needles of light gray green. Arborvitae is best
small-foliaged dense-growing plant, making very compact hedge up to 20 feet. Stands shearing. Excellent for low soils and swamps. Plants from dry soils transplant badly. Siberian arborvitae is
greener in winter.
is
Yew:
and
wind
sunshine.
For hedge
descriptions see
purposes
the
hemlock
is its
substitute.
(For
full
EVERGREENS,
HOLLY
native American holly, an excellent slowwhich stands moderate shearing. Will grow growing evergreen
(Ilex
opaca).
The
Shrubs
189
throughout the Atlantic Coast. Best hedge plant for sandy soil. In the South Ilex Cassine,vrith small arbutus-like leaves and brilliant
red berries
all
winter,
is
better.
Best
summer.
August, September.
to 10 feet.
(See p. 179.)
latifolia).
Must not be
sheared.
May,
LOCUST,
Well-drained
Evergreen.
succeeding
New
England.
For a strong, high defence. (Gleditschia triacanthos). The thorniest of all. "Bull strong, horse high, and pig tight." Plant thickly Perfectly hardy, fast and vigorous grower; suckers.
and prune severely. be burned. Needs
girdle in winter. strict control.
HONEY
Mice
MAGNOLIA (Magnolia
Excellent south of New York. Large glaucd). leaves glaucous becoming evergreen in the real South. One of the best for windbreaks. Beautiful in flower. M. conspicua and
MAHONIA.
See ASHBERRY.
pomiferuni).
Grows
in
any
soil.
Makes a
dense defensive high hedge as far north as Massachusetts. Unless Will exhaust regularly trimmed, the top branches will spread. soil on each side for some feet.
ORANGE, TRIFOLIATE
trable
(Citrus trifoliata).
Best
medium
hedge
where
it is
evergreen.
North.
phia.
it
Foliage yellow in
White flowers
also.
in
Not reliably hardy north of Philadelfollowed May, by small yellow fruits, make
fall.
ornamental
AMOOR
(Ligustrum Amurense).
cold situations;
Evergreen except in extreme more spreading habit than California privet, and
darker green. A valuable hedge plant, especially in the South, enduring both heat and cold and on any soil not an actual swamp.
give good hedge in two years. For shelter. Fastest growing. (L. ovalifolium).
In rich
soil will
CALIFORNIA
salt spray.
Stands
go
or low.
Stands severest pruning and can be trained high Most popular hedge plant in modern gardens. Free from
binder.
Foliage bright green in summer, becoming bronze in winter. Set 6 inches sionally winter kills to the ground in the North.
than
in the
less.
,
apart, or up to 2 feet in very rich ground. Low growing, denser var. Regelianum).
REGEL'S
spreading, clothed with white branches tassels in 8 feet. Useful drooping June; as a border hedge to plantations and along roadways. Should not be planted as a protection. The best of the flowering privets.
habit with
close.
making strong low defence, growing six feet high. Do not prune too Best defensive hedge for flower Subject to San Jose scale.
gardens.
ROSE, RUGOSA (Rosa rugosd). Best rose for hedge purposes growing Much used in Newport, R. I. Flowers right on the seaside.
magenta to pure white, slightly fragrant, produced all summer. Large apple-like fruits. Grows three feet high and does not need (See p. 183.) Other roses for effect are Marie Pavie shearing. and other polyanthas. (See ROSES, p. 309.) The native rose, R. lucida is excellent for low border hedge, carrying fruits till winter. Should be cut back entirely every few years.
y
Syriacus).
spring.
Leafs
late
in
Blooms
August,
September.
good pink or white varieties. Prune in winter for profusion of flowers. Do not permit the plants to run up, leaving the base bare.
Set 3 feet apart.
SPINDLE TREE (Euonymus Japonicus). South of Washington one of the best hedge plants, and does well in the North with shelter. The A climbing bright pink and orange fruits recall the bittersweet.
variety (var. radicans)
is
is
hardy
in
New England.
SPIREA,
hedge.
in the foliage.
VAN HOUTTE'S
Handsome
Van
Houttei).
Best white-flowered
summer.
Good
Shrubs
also especially suitable for formal gardens, as
it
191
does not run
riot.
in
summer immediately
after flowering.
(For
TAMARIX (Tamarix
growing on the
Gallica).
soils,
edge where nothing else will. feathery, pink, on old wood in the type; but on new wood Narbonnensis. Foliage fine and feathery. (See p. 186.)
salt water's
Flowers
in variety
GARDEN
"/.
Whatever
Study
is
worth growing at
all is
worth growing
well.
"II.
soil
cultivate
"III.
weeds.
Plant thickly;
it is
easier
and more
than
"IV.
Avoid
stiffness
"
V.
and demands
its smiles.
"
VI.
of colour.
"
VII.
In studying colour
effects,
foil;
white
is
" VIII.
Think
twice
and then
still
tree,
shrub, or
plant in position.
Think
thrice before
removing a specimen
"
IX.
Grow an abundance
and
butterflies are
"
X.
Keep on good terms with your neighbour; you may wish a large garden
"
XI.
year.
" XII.
genial home."
GEORGE H. ELLwANGER.
CHAPTER
XI
perpetuate themselves
from year
to
year,
giving
as their
commend
themselves to
to
our
grandmothers'
day,
the
very
basis
of
good
garden.
We may
who were
their
own
them
gardeners
and
all
who had
to
with
home-made
medicines,
make
quilts,
the
pampered modern woman, learned which plants rewarded minimum amount of care with a maximum amount of
flowers.
frost,
and
it
is
little
wonder
still
We
love
peonies,
Some
fraxinella in
an
old
England garden has outlived great-grandmother, grandOne plants perennials for beauty mother, mother and daughter.
that
is
New
permanent.
They
Compared with tender annuals, whose seeds must be sown every spring, many of them indoors or under glass, their seedlings transplanted to the
open ground
garden year,
how
196
After
all
frost;
more
glorious
resurrection
is
in
the
spring.
is
lovely with
snowdrops and
and white
lily-of-theiris,
sweet
rocket,
bleeding
heart,
and
some
We
welcome them
ful
It is
an eventthrough
way back
to sight
and no seed
rose finally
succumb
to inexorable winter.
Annuals are seemingly cheap because the seeds come in fivecent packages, and few consider that they have to be annually
renewed or calculate the value of the time consumed
in trans-
They
autumn
as bare as
it
was
in spring, the
entire investment of
disappeared.
But
first frost
some perennials bloom and others conwinter, whenever the temperature rises;
by virtue of their own hardy constitutions, or of creeping roots that will send forth new crowns in spring, or of self-sown
and
either
and
increase.
more a dozen
197
and one who has taken the pains to count the surprising number of plants in even a modest little garden might well be appalled at the price of a new one composed entirely of nursery stock.
But when
it is
remembered
that the
first
cost of a perennial
is its
new beds
or borders
may
be
filled in
have
sufficiently
many
money,
is
favor
of permanent
plants.
to
Otherwise,
how
could
every
cottager in
Europe contrive
have his
little
dooryard bright
with them
They
ways from large estates supplying the workmen on them with gleanings from which their neighbours profit in time. When the
old-fashioned garden gave place to geometric patterns of tender
fair
many
had they not been treasured by the humble, who were propagate plants from their old stock and restore them
when
came
into
vogue again
Winter
is
make
is
What
visions
What
bliss
of solitude comes
fire
after
the winter crop of catalogues has been gathered into his library!
all joys,
but no
difficulties.
There
will
198
be flowers
flowers to give
away by the armful, larkspurs evening tea-table when the old Nankin china is
fill
Sunday
used, gaillardias
to
bine to attract
humming
June
him add
Madonna
lilies
for the
church
abundance that
his
garden
may
not
May
to October,
London
pride that grew in his mother's garden on the old farm, and a
miscellaneous
beguilingly
assortment
or
of
other
flowers
because
they
are
described
in the
temptingly
cheap
no
Chinaman's
opium dream
scopic.
After an orgie
is
among
way
most pop-
dreamer must
perennials are to be
grown needs
to be
of the place,
and planned even more carefully than other parts for there colour, the most subtle and perplexing of
The
border,
prob-
lematical plants are to be set out, will be charted and divided into
by a number corresponding to the number assigned each flower on the dreamer's list. This planting list should indicate not only
199
the colour of the flowers, but their season of bloom, the height
its
preferences for
soil
and
situation.
Three charts
show the
summer
and autumn.
If a
section that
later,
glorious in
May
should be
If the
were rooted
in the earth.
Eighteen
six.
may be
Five
may
permanent plants
if
needed
no
may be had
list
to
results.
preferable to excess.
first,
to the indispensables at
is
and
moments
to suit
and exposure,
may be
foreign
inferred,
an
intricate scientific
and
artistic feat.
The
firm
who make
a
for continuous
effects for
English
by the inexperienced on our side of the sea. All the plants needed to fill a border one hundred and twenty-five feet long by eighteen feet wide, as indicated on a spaced and carefully marked chart, are supplied for about four hundred
gardens,
fill
and
sixty dollars.
Few Americans
ously.
Nor
are
many
along through
many
mistakes,
it
rises
2OO
has a dark past to look back upon, and realises that his task
active evolution.
in
Lapham bought
it
to
match
ready-grown stock
is
to
is
be ordered, be sure
not colour blind.
comes from
best plants
it
a reliable nurseryman
who
The
are cheapest in the end; indeed, they are the only ones that
pays to buy.
and
most
cases,
no
redress.
"no warranty,
any other matter of any " in any seeds, bulbs or plants" they send out, and they will not be way responsible for the crop." What other class of merchants
description, quality, productiveness, or
could hope to
sell
how much
will not
more exasperating
is
it
to
flower for two years and then to find that few, perhaps not any,
The
and pastel
tints
produce stalks
apparently.
artists
The
old-fashioned
listed
hollyhock,
beloved
by
but rarely
much
for
at the
hands of
petals
the
multiplying
is
almost
Out of
the
fifty
Japanese
that you
irises
snow"
201
be purple or mauve.
magenta.
tial light
Larkspurs described
blue
known by
washed by rain/'
Plants not
without reference
New
him
fruits
meet
you did not order for those you did, express charges paid. The time lost cannot be refunded, it is true, but you are mollified
until the next
likely that the
it
is
quite
to
efforts to get
my
careless or colour-blind
and
lilac
Hoboken
to
be
up and consigned
compost heap
to save the
garden
all
when
the plants
desired are in
ently
bloom and
the
labelling
there.
Apparleading
there
is
among
202
in the catalogues,
scale
as a guide.
in the trade.
The
standardising of colours
is
What
Dutchman
may
French dealers,
apparently,
The lament-
that, as yet,
Americans take a
to insist that they
sufficiently
reflect their
their
gardens
own
majority of people
the
who have
washy pink-purples of old stock that is trying to revert to the type and the brilliant orange scarlet of the Coquelicot, the finest
red yet known, the great white snowballs of the
later
Queen
soft
that blows
chamois rose
and salmon
of
new
hybrids.
Indeed,
Yet an indiscriminate
eye shockers.
The
cheapest
and usually the surest method of getting only those you want, One of the is to grow them from seed collected from friends.
most beautiful hardy gardens
I
ever
saw was
in
England, and
the hundreds of vigorous plants had actually cost the owner, the
rector of a village church, less than ten shillings.
at the outset
Specialising
on a
until,
after
203
little
owned
garden of his
own
see.
Two
it,
yet
was
in faultless order,
for every
visitor to carry
little
house.
room
in his
charming
his
lived in
sister
trived to
Charles Kingsley's
still
which he raised
in the
Seed that
vitality,
is
much
of
its
which
ripens.
it
is
why
it
is
well to plant
it
as soon as possible
after
it
It is
to
soak
over night.
Long
after
to the
demands made upon it. Perhaps no gardener ever thought he had land enough for his vegetables, intense cultivation and
scientific
rotation
of crops
average
man
possible grudge,
if
and cabbages,
as
useful"?
their
Few
perennials or biennials
bloom the
first
year,
and
in the seclu-
again and
it
soil.
204
enough
bed
to the
Tender
young
rootlets
way through clay or heavy soil expected to do. The seeds, previously
little
earth to separate
sifted soil at a
depth proportionate
Then
al
must be pressed down firmly with a board or the palm of the hand to bring the earth in contact with the first hair-like roots
that will reach out in search of food.
to
fai
air spaces
is lest
other cause.
The danger
is
seeds,
may
why some
frequently
them
in a seed
they
may
be forgotten.
rain, the
bed shoulc
wash away
the
roots.
As
nightly watering
may be
drought,
if
Many weeds
pulled
by hand, and
no work
many
room
it
needs
(Helleborus niger)
205
and
it
is
some work
to transplant
it.
After frost,
litter,
autumn
off
by
criss-crossed
over them.
The
upon the
manure
its
heat be used
and none other should be spread see that it does not cover the crowns of foxgloves, hollyhocks, sweet Williams
or other plants that hold their leaves all winter, for
it
will cause
them
to decay.
Crown
rot
is
successfully weathered
their
second
summer need no
covering
south of Washington.
If
so
to start seedlings in at
midsummer,
much
Young
to
the
season, which
is
why
people
who
in
Canada and
neither
and perennials in the open ground as soon as the earth dries out
and becomes
to
warm
in the spring,
is
apt
seedlings' simple
when
must be endured.
in a
Some growers
or
March, but
few
as very
will
bloom the
summer
in
any
case.
2o6
Thinning out and transplanting seedlings should be done in the late afternoon or on a cloudy day. Always water them before
and
after
moving.
Baby
plants
est concern.
is
They
When
new garden
to be filled
in the border
need beautify-
some coveted
joyfully
new
seize
how
you
a trowel and
lift
th<
"a
young amateur grew over two hundred lusty plants of exquis ite tall white columbine from seed stalks that had been cut to b
thrown away
in a neighbour's border.
if
The same
quantity of
les
would be cheap at fifteen dollars. For the best effects in peren nial planting one needs a quantity of each kind of choice plant
rather than a sample of
many
inferior kinds.
if
the
Degeneracy and
There
is
new border
owner
is
By
ol
that
207
grow
in
in the
spring, there
lifting
little
bells
some of the self-sown seedlings of foxgloves, Canterbury two indispensable biennials that give a charm to any
of gaillardia, hollyhocks, anemones, Oriental poppies,
garden
coreopsis,
benefit
immeasurably a well-
established
another.
lifted
with fresh
made
The
show
pit
garden.
away
what are
left
their relief
Some
gardeners advocate
away
the
exhausted
and replacing
it
So
quite unnecessary
if
and
if
one
will
be
the
available
food
within
their
area.
Phloxes
and
peonies, especially,
must be
The
practice
all
manure
responsible
Never be
guilty of
to
it.
Some
new
2o8
heart
insignificant
seedlings to be sacrificed.
cover from
flat
Most of
away
until
is
quite con-
cealed.
The
light
mulch
is
In June, after
may
about them,
weak
liquid
manure
just before
litter
blooming
or leaves
When
which supply no food, it is well to lightly fork in some very old short manure about the roots, where they will not come immediately in contact with
it,
into sections
and
It is
week
all
every night.
Sprinkling encourages
likely to bake.
become drought
irises,
larkspurs, chrysanthemums,
Canterbury
lilies
meadow
all
rue,
gardens.
Feeding
Everywhere! Imitate nature and "paint the meadows with delight " if you have no garden.
shall they
Where
be planted?
Parkinson
needed
in
209
garden,
The
old-fashioned
now happily
in
vogue again,
Its
hardy perennials.
larkspurs,
Canterbury
and
lilies,
whose
tall,
and bloom
in
it
usually
too apparent.
in character,
to naturalistic
golden
among
the
effective.
Their flowers, which appear after the shrubs have finished blooming,
frost.
nials,
deteriorate.
Shrubs
and
blooming
earlier or later
make
when used
Do
dense and light groups, some of the lower kinds running out to
the front of the irregular edge of the border
and
flush with
it,
some receding almost to the fence, and so giving variety of setting and exposure to the perennial flowers in the graceful, sinuous outlines of the tall and low shrubbery. The green wall of a
210
But from the cultural view-point the planting of perennials next shrubs and hedges is not desirable unless the roots of the stronger can be prevented from trespassing
enclosed by such a border.
upon the weaker's preserves. English gardeners, to mixed border is indispensable, sink planks in the earth
tion; yet, in a land
whom
the
as a partifilled
where lumber
is
is
costly, a
narrow trench
If
no obstruction be put
way
left to
in a meaningless
The border
is
charms
either
between or
in
front of the
no
and colour of
surroundings,
in
mixed
Whoever thinks
it
artistic,
hardy
at
any time, no
effects,
no confusion of dissimilar
their
it is
surroundings,
garden
feats attempted,
we
The border
W fa > o
co
H &
a: sg 33 <
co
O s g
W M 53 M H
H-l
W [7 W ~ d Q u w O
**
4y
j W W
4
^ri
Will
-So
"
0c
si"
Q ^ " >H
^ W
<
rt eg 53
d < w o
<fN%MJf^
fBd
fc5|
M S
P^
M
!>
s
<;
IS :^
gig H
S w
HJ
CO
eJ
fTl
*.*.
IH "Is ^3 o
^%*i
co
"
o
S5
4iA
w 53 H U S5 2
211
with
little
A woman
daubs of colour
in her parlour
would go
distracted.
when one
The
most
lovely effects
may
a
When
little
line,
and
the front until the fringed pinks, creeping phlox, candytuft, arabis,
saxifrage, Russian violets
irregular
flowing edge.
Occasionally
a phalanx of
irises
or other taller
its flatness.
Use billowy masses of one kind of plant or colour to give dignity to the planting, but be careful not to have them so large
as to be wearisome.
is
and the
effect
of
many
scarcely as reposeful as
When
In any
Groups with
harmonious flowers
tion.
may have
grasses
212
look well with hardy bamboos and poker plants, but out of place next low-growing, broad-leaved day
lilies.
Try
to
or, at the
Many
may be
Harmony
same section
and
its
and
and white
irises,
day
and orange
day-lilies,
meadow
rue,
and so
on through the rudbeckias, sunflowers, boltonia and golden glow of late summer to the chrysanthemums and Japanese anemones
of autumn.
The
scarlet, red
and
may be
if
omitted, and
paler yellows only retained with the cold whites that lead by easy
transition to blue, lilac
or red ones blooming in any part of the border at the same time.
From
tree
and herbaceous peonies of May, the damask roses, pink poppies and pyrethrums of June, the mallows, hollyhocks, and phloxes
is
a lovely
213
down
to the
warm
meadow
sweet, fraxinella
and immortelle.
may have
month or
but this
six
weeks, as
to
is difficult
manage because of
prolong
The
larkspurs
unexpectedly
bloom because of
cool weather
and frequent
rains, perhaps,
may
linger long
enough
to
swear
successor.
However, cutting
off the
fall;
phloxes that
may
when they are wanted. Companion crops have undeniable fascinations. Each gardener has some pet comfrom the
lateral shoots
bination.
One
will
plant
blue
spirea
to
conceal
the
rusty
fall;
Canterbury
bells
lately
were
in another garden.
Chrysan-
themums conceal
Another way
certain spaces in
and monkshood.
is
harmony
in a
garden
to devote
to certain seasons
grounds for spring bulbs and plants, one for early summer
one that shall be bright during the drought and dog-days of mid-
for
autumn.
to be the only
way
214
much
of colour
among
the foliage.
The
plan has
who
live
in the
months, when a garden might be planned to put forth concentrated loveliness then.
It certainly is
unreasonable to expect a
more than
as
down
with
synchronous
plants.
For
example, a long mass of flowers that run the gamut from deep
purples to pale blues had around
its
common
made an
easy transition to
true,
but isolation
is
precisely
colours
rendered inoffensive by
it
is
sometimes
tints
of the same colour until they gradually merge into the neutral
ground of green or white. White is the great peacemaker among warring flowers. Blue lengthens distance and adds depth to shadows, just as yellow,
on the contrary, foreshortens the garden picture. Bright red is always an exclamation point; it punctuates space and defines
its
own
secondary
about
it
to bring
it
down
its
neighbours
reveal
its
Usually
needs isolation to
splendour.
is
The
for instance,
June roses
War
rages
215
should be peace.
But planted
in the
foreground of a
in
copse, a
bloom,
how
who
are!
Another
special-
purpose plant
dealer
now tamed by
seed.
the commercial
sells
easily
grown
Pitifully
is
out of place
best displayed
among
it
its
vivid beauty
in nature's garden,
like a mirror.
where
it
it
rises beside
Here
Fox-
gloves are charming garden flowers, yet the best effect produced with
them
that I ever
Some
stumps had been grubbed out, and the owner of the place had sprinkled foxglove seeds from the garden, which he promptly
forgot.
Two
What he
"a happy
acci-
the picture had flashed on his inner eye before he dropped a seed
into
the
earth.
effective
when massed
Indeed,
many
lovely
perennials
that
through naturalising,
may
be cultivated in a naturalistic
way
where
their effect
is
by him as colours are on a palette to make a picture. We have been wont to mistake the daubs on the palette a lot of unassorted
colours set out in a meaningless
way
for
the picture
itself.
Flowers
may be
left to
"It seems
we owe
to our
gardens
2i 6
and
our
own
is
they shall form beautiful pictures; and that, while delighting our
eyes, they should be always training those eyes to a
criticism; to a state of
more exalted
mind and
artistic
tolerate
bad or
careless combination or
it
any
sort of
misuse of
plants, but in
which
to be always
lies
It is just in the
way
it is
done that
the
whole difference between commonplace gardening and gardening that may rightly claim to rank as a fine art."
Plants
marked
NOTE.
The
ACONITE, AUTUMN (Aconitum autumnale). Blue, lilac, whitish. September to November; 3 to 5 feet. Valuable as a successor to the Flowers not so open. aconite or monkshood, which flowers earlier.
Of easiest
cultivation, thriving
March;
foot.
grown
ALUM ROOT.
See
CORAL BELLS.
ANEMONE, JAPANESE (Anemone Japonicd). Rose, white. September to October; 2 to 4 feet. More and larger flowers in late September
than
any other perennial. Blooms until hard freeze. Flowers Best in partial shade, in cool, loose, moist and 2 to 3 inches across. rich soil. Cover in winter. Generally dies if transplanted in fall.
Single, double
varieties.
BABY'S BREATH (Gypsophila paniculata). White. June, July; 2 to 3 feet. Very numerous minute flowers borne on a gracefully branched feathery stalk. Excellent for cutting and for giving lightness to other
cut flowers, and for giving mist-like effects in borders.
Fairly dry,
Cut
stalks
may
be dried and
winter.
217
Blue, purple, white. grandifloruni). July to October; I to 3 feet. Largest bell-flower that can be easily Flowers across. inches Stake early, and don't cut stems 3 grown.
in fall.
starts.
:
BALM, BEE. OSWEGO TEA, INDIAN PLUMES (Monarda didyma). Scarlet August; ^\ feet. More red flowers than any other herb. As easy Grand for massing in woods, or on sunny to multiply as mint.
streams' sides.
Attracts humming-birds.
Fragrant
foliage.
BALM,
August, Labiate flowers in whorls at intervals in long Do not plant in dry soils fully exposed to sunshine; racemes. in does best moderately rich, sandy loam, moist and shaded. Flowers
Blue.
September; 2
'BEARD TONGUE
(Pentstemon barbatus). Light pink to carmine. I inch feet. Flowers to long, borne in a loose, August; 3 June slender, foxglove-like inflorescence. Very beautiful in mass effect,
but
trivial otherwise.
soil.
,
any garden
tion.
One of the best native perennials, growing in BLUE (P. diffusus). June, July; 2 feet. Similar,
Several other^species also in cultiva(P. Cobaa.)
Has pale yellow flowers. (P. deustus). to of numerous garden forms in white. Parent Purple
many colours.
BEGONIA,
(Begonia Evansiana). Rose pink. June to August; 2 feet. Showy red stems and under side of leaf, which is green above. Flowers very freely, and multiplies by bulblets or tubers.
HARDY
Hardy on Long Island, in light, well-drained soil with humus, and Worth more easily grown anywhere with light winter protection.
general cultivation.
Blue. ELLFLOWER, CARPATHIAN (Campanula Carpatica). June, to and I to ij feet. Easiest and later on; grow, July, scattering most permanent low-growing member of the bellflower family. Only bellflower that gives bloom ail the autumn. Sow in spring in winter. in , good, rich soil and give protection HAIRY (C. Trac helium). Purple or blue flowers less than one
inch long. Lingers about deserted homesteads. Rough of leaf and unrefined in colour. Blue form is the best. , PEACH-
LEAVED
1
(C. persic&folia).
Blue or white.
Mid- June;
2 to 3
2i8
See also
BALLOON FLOWER.
BLANKET FLOWER (Gaillardia aristata). Red, yellow. July to October; The very gay, daisy-like flowers last throughout summer 3 to 5 feet. The only double-flowered variety is splendidissima if no seed forms.
plena.
Kelway's King, even the disc being yellow. More flowers for cutting than any other hardy perennial. Drought
Best yellow
is
and
with
frost resister.
litter after
Cut flowers
is
Cover plants
ground
frozen.
Pink; i| feet. Early May. spectabilis). on flowers Heart-shaped long, gracefully arching sprays; long-lived. Often catalogued as Dielytra or Diclytra. Rich, moist soil preferred.
Fragile looking, but quite hardy.
BOLTONIA.
NATIVE PLANTS,
p. 89.
BUGLE (Ajuga
,
Creeper, with blue flowers in May. One of reptans). Mint family. Dark-leaved forms best. the best carpeting plants.
May. Cheapest and showiest (A. Genevensis). Fine for dry spring-blooming, blue-flowered plant for. carpeting. will not for where and grass grow. shady situations, places,
GENEVA
CAMPANULA.
CANDYTUFT.
Viscarid). Red, white. May, June; 6 to of the best hardy perennials, growing in all soils. Profuse bloomer in sunny places. The small flowers are massed
One
from the sticky patches below which often catch ants and crawling insects.
See also
Yellow.
Name comes
Many varieties
in various shades.
LONDON
PRIDE,
p. 64.
CHAMOMILE (Anthemis
tmctoria).
has strong,
,
Good for cutting, but Grows well in poorest soil. pungent odour of wormwood.
(Matricaria
indora,
var. plenissimd).
DOUBLE SCENTLESS
219
June to September; ij feet. White buttons in loosely branched panicles. Very pretty growing or cut. Best free-flowering white
flower
of summer.
p. 89.
See
NATIVE PLANTS,
White, fading pinkish. DecemThe only permanent border plant with everber, January; I foot. in winter that flowers blooming even under the green foliage
niger).
snow.
lished
settled,
it
can be seen.
Get
old, estab-
September. Often takes some time to become not flowering well till the second or third year. Moist
Cut flowers make well-drained, rather open soil, in partial shade. if taken table decorations excellent young; they become speckled
with age. Var.
Individual flowers 2 inches across.
is
altifolius
CHRYSANTHEMUM, HARDY
all
(C. Indicum and morifolium). Practically to colours except blue and scarlet. November; 2 to 3 September feet. Unquestionably the most important late-blooming plants of
till frost. Always plant in spring; shoots all the from growing year. (See OLDcuttings can be made FASHIONED FLOWERS, p. 57.) Great diversity of form, but ranging
(a) Single,
Anderson
of
Mary
rosette
Double
quilled,
(c)
with
Example,
Little
Bob.
Double,
with
Example, Sceur Melaine. (d) Anemone-flowered. expanded rays. Like the single, but with tubular disc florets, much enlarged, forming a distinct cushion. Not offered by name in the American trade. Double, with flat rays distinctly arched back toward (e) Reflexed. the stalk. Example, Jules Lagravere. The large-flowered chrysan-
in
most popular types being: (a) Incurved. Long petals regularly curved toward the centre. Example, Colonel D. Appleton. (b) Japanese. Long petals, variously formed. Loosely and irregularly
twisted
more or less. The most popular decorative kinds. ExamGolden ples, Wedding, Glory of the Pacific, Madam Carnot. Example, Cullingfordi. (</) Large (r) Reflexed. Very rarely grown. anemone. Well-developed tubular disc florets, surrounded by expanded ray
florets.
Example, Garza.
220
violet-blue.
BLUE BUSH
((
Blue, purple, or white. June to August; 2 ft integrifolia). flowers inch blue Vai J long, covering bush 2 feet high. Solitary and has with flowers Durandi taller, recurved sepals. longer
var. Davidiana). Pale blue. but needs Flowers in clustered support. August, September; 4 feet, heads 6 to 15, and also singly. Larger leaves than any other cul,
DAVID'S
(C.
heraclece folia,
tivated clematis.
to
WHITE BUSH
August. Fragrant flowers I Plant 2 to 3 feet long, not climbing. The common bush clematis of Southern Europe. There is also a double form. Give deep,
loamy soil, fairly rich. They are susceptible to injury by drought, and need water in summer. A little lime in the soil is an advantage. On dry, hot soils use cow manure, but on heavy soils use leaf-mould. Spray overhead in early summer.
*COLUMBINE
2 feet.
(Aquilegia
vulgaris).
Violet,
blue,
white,
red.
May;
Heavier,
less graceful,
spurred kinds;
feet.
less
but more permanent than the longparticular about shade and drainage; excellent
,
WILD
(A. Canadensis).
,
Red and
yellow; 2
Attracts
humming birds.
ij feet.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN
Keep seed-bed
(A. carulea).
Light,
Two
sandy
soil,
moist.
May
to August.
to 3 feet.
Yellow. June to Septei columnaris). composite, 2 to 3 inches across, the dark disc
formed into an elongated thimble-like cone, 2 inches or more long, and borne on long, wiry stalks. Excellent for massing, and good for cut flowers. Sow early indoors and transplant outside for
succession
the
first
season.
CORAL BELLS, ALUM ROOT (Heucbera sanguined). Coral red. July, August; I to 2j feet. Long lily-of-the-valley-like spikes of dainty,
coral-red flowers appearing intermittently
all
summer.
soil.
Wiry
stems.
Propagat
X*2
BOLTONIA
ONE OF THE BEST OF THE ASTER-LIKE PLANTS, ESPECIALLY THE TALL, WHITE VARIETY. THE FRINGY FLOWERS LAST A WEEK IN WATER
221
DART
Blue. (Catananche ccerulea). June to August; 2 to 3 Like a blue daisy, 2 inches across. Excellent in light soils,
Named
Used
as everlastings
when
cut.
EVENING
PRIMROSE
to
((Enothera
biennis,
feet.
September; 5 yellow. June across open suddenly at nightfall. for bold effects. Easily naturalised.
The
Almost
fruticosa, the Day Primrose, is described Native Plants for the Wild Garden, p. 95.
(E.
in
July, August; I to 2 feet. Expanded flowers 1 1 inches across, lasting a short time, but borne in rapid
Sky
blue.
Will flower
first
is
Full sun, in open place. Increase by seeds or division. much like this, but has smaller flowers.
''FoRGET-ME-NoT
6 inches to
i
(Myosotis
feet.
palustris).
Bright
blue.
May, June;
The
best all-purpose
feathery and foreground effects. but will do in open sun if soil be not dry. Deep sky-blue. April to July; I foot.
hardy plant of its colour for Best in moist, half shady places,
,
EARLY (M
dissitiflora).
and
is
generally the
more
useful.
"FOXGLOVE
(Digitalis purpurea).
Early June.
Foxgloves and larkspurs and hollyhocks are the best flowers with Common old magenta form strongest for naturalspire-like clusters.
ising.
Most
refined
form
is
Var. gloxinioides.
and coolness
at roots.
Biennial.
Red.
August, Sep-
Pea-like flowers in crowded axillary clusters, Light, open, well-drained soil in sunny place. Easily
grown.
SAILLARDIA.
IJAS
BLANKET FLOWER.
PLANT (Dictamnus albus.) See OLD-FASHIONED FLOWERS, p. 59. 3LOBE FLOWER (Trollius Eur opens). Yellow. May, June; I to \\ feet.
Globular flowers borne singly or in twos, like gigantic buttercups, 2 inches across on foot-long stems. Moist, heavy loam. Var. Loddigesii
is
deep yellow.
(T.
A siaticus)
Orange yellow; ij
to 2
222
feet.
April to October. Good for cutting. Give partial exposure to Increase by division in September, or seeds. Seedlings
grow slowly. FALSE (Astilbe decandra). GOAT'S BEARD, TRUE (Aruncus Sylvester). White. July, August; 4 feet. These two so closely resemble each other that they are commonly confused. Either one is worth grow,
ing for bold, massive, half-wild effects, especially for connecting the The plume-like clusters of flowers flower border with shrubbery. are 6 inches or more long. Foliage boldly three-lobed, and having
Either one may be planted. Very quite a shrubby appearance. in any soil or situation. Propagate by division any easily grown
time.
GOLDEN GLOW
(Rudbeckia laciniata, var. Golden Glow). Clear yellow. August; 6 to 8 feet. Multiplies faster than any other desirable
hardy plant. To kill red plant lice, dissolve any common soap in Cut back after flowering, to induce water, and spray on the insects.
second crop.
GOUT WEED,
BISHOP'S
WEED (Mgopodium
foliage.
Keeps its colour under persistent of old-time variegated plants. all conditions, and thrives on all kinds of soil, also under shade or
in the
open sun.
One
Pale yellow.
times white, with large purple eye. Not hardy in the North, and Raise from seeds; and roots must be lifted to warm, dry cellar. See also MALLOWS. started indoors early will bloom first year.
HOLLYHOCK.
p. 60.
May, June;
in the
J to 7^ feet.
Purple to grayish purple. rediviva). Flowers smaller and lighter coloured than
it,
but with
septum of the seed pod, elliptical pod. which is silvery, and makes a pretty winter decoration. Easily grown in any soil. Increase by seeds or division.
for the persistent
Grown
luteurri).
Orange, yellow.
July to Septem-
Flowers poppy-like, 2 to 3 inches across, and in but Blooms till frost if seed pods are do not last long. profusion,
223
Give Foliage glaucous blue, and striking. and best treated as Short-lived, biennial,
Hardy.
Rosy purple.
June, July;
to 2
Tube
flowers, 2 to 3 inches long and wide. Finest herbaceous yellow. hardy, perennial in the family. I bold foot Protect in winter. foliage, Large, long, pinnate.
light,
Deep,
sandy loam,
in sheltered,
warm
place.
Propagate by
division or seed.
*!RIS,
(Iris biflora).
Violet-purple.
April; 10 inches.
airis).
Also white and yellow varieties. (/. ChamLate April; 6 inches. Also white and violet
pumila).
Lilac-blue.
varieties.
(7.
for
tube
permanent edgings. Told from the two There being two inches or more long.
brown and
Earliest large-flowered iris for general use. Flowers yellow form. to inches across. Increases The best blue 4 3 quickly. variety is
ccerulea.
The
(7. cristatd).
best yellow, luteo-maculata. CRESTED DWARF Pale blue. April, May; less than I foot. Earliest
hardy
2
(7.
iris for general use. Exquisite for edging. Plant when growth starts. inches across.
Flowers about
,
FLORENTINE
Florentine?).
The
orris
root
of commerce.
2
to
Flowers with
feet.
the
German
white tinged
albicans,
Flowers, Quite hardy. 2^ lavender, veined purple at the base. Early Var. , pure white. Most common and easily grown.
Iris.
GERMAN
(7.
Germanica).
The
great, purple-bearded
iris.
Perhaps
is
the most generally cultivated. 7. Germanica alba, so-called, companion to the white Florentine, both flowering in May.
so-called
The
of gardens are not varieties of 7. Germanica, but a mixture of many species, and, consequently,
irises
"German"
great range of habit. Among the best of these are Madam and bordered blue; Aurea, golden yellow; Chereau, white feathered
show
Eugene Sue, creamy white with purple spots and stripes; Liabaud, yellow and maroon; Sappho, clear blue and indigo; Celeste, light ENGLISH. See p. 60. lavender-blue. , JAPAN (7. lavgiata, or Kcempferi). Many varieties from silvery white through lavender and magenta to purple, pure and in combination. July; 3 to 4
,
feet.
Grows
224
water
blooming
season.
Most
decorative.
Flowers
inches across.
Too
stand shipment.
as hardly
short-lived for a perfect cut flower, and will not It is useless to recommend named varieties here,
lists offer
any two
the same.
,
The names
are Japanese,
descriptive.
SIBERIAN
(7. Sibirica).
May,
June; 2 to 3 feet. Makes large, compact clumps of linear leaves from the centre of which rise tall stems of lilac-blue, beardless
flowers.
JACOB'S
July;
LADDER
I
(Polemonium caruleum).
Grayish
blue.
I
May
to
to 3 feet.
in every
Expanded
any
bell-shaped flowers,
its
inch across.
Should be
border because of
rare colour in
midsummer.
Easily adapted to
places.
Raised from
deep, rich loam, partly shaded, not very dry seed in the fall, also increased by division.
leaflets,
LARKSPUR (Delphinium formosurri). Blue in all shades, to white. June; 4 to 6 feet. The best of all the tall-growing blue perennials. Should be in every border. (See OLD-FASHIONED FLOWERS,
p. 60).
Deeply prepared,
LEADWORT
for
Cobalt blue.
September,
perennial
October.
Showiest low-growing,
effects in
hardy,
blue-flowered
Blooms naturally then. Somewhat resembles phlox. Stems red. Any garden soil. Needs winter One of our most valuable plants. Propprotection in the North. agated by cuttings. Frequently catalogued as Plumbago Larpenta.
mass
autumn.
1
Flowers
Rose, white. July to September; moschata). ij inches across, well expanded, and borne
easily
singly.
grown of
:
in
any
Good
NATIVE PLANTS,
p.
93.
HYBRIDS.
all
from the native mallows of the North combined with some of the tropical species. These promise to be valuable for more or
less
wild
effects.
Not
Slender,
arching stems several feet long. Flowers in various colours, chiefly shades of pink and madder; 6 inches across; produced all summer.
White.
May
to September; 2 to 12 feet. Flowers like a morning-glory, with deep throat. of One the purple very hardiest tuberous vines. Useful
225
covering
soil.
unsightly
objects,
tree
stumps,
etc.
Root weighs
10 to 12 Ibs.
Sometimes known
as
Any
*MEADOW RUE. See NATIVE PLANTS, p. 93. MEADOW SWEET. See NATIVE PLANTS, p. 93. *MONKEY FLOWER (Mimulus luteus). Yellow.
All
summer;
to 3 feet.
Flowers two-lipped, but expanded, with open throat, mottled brown. Usually treated as an annual because it is not hardy North. Selfsows, and grows anywhere; but especially with plenty of water. RED (M. cardinalis). Red and yellow; i to 2 feet. Is ,
hardy in Massachusetts with slight protection. soils and shaded places, or northern exposure.
Blue.
(M. ringens).
native plant.
MONKSHOOD
(Aconitum Napellus). Deep blue to white. July to of most One the beautiful of all blue flowers, having August; 3 the general habit of the larkspur, but not commonly planted because
feet.
poisonous character. Dangerous to children and pets. Grows in either sun or shade, and any sort of soil. The flower is curiously hence the name. hooded,
of
its
[OUSE-EARED
White. All sum(Cerastium tomentosum). Invaluable for edging and foreground, and as foil to other colours in the mixed border. Individual flowers very
CmcKWEED
mer; 6 inches.
small.
Hardy.
Purple-
[ETTLE,
var. variegatum).
red to white.
May
to July; 6 to 8 inches.
A valuable,
low carpeting
on the midrib.
ornamental foliage, green blotched with white Grows everywhere. Flowers i inch long in clusters
and
tiers.
Old
This is the dead nettle of the Increases by division. World. Several varieties, varying in colour of flower. The
Runs wild
in places.
PANSY
of
mediate shades.
Blue, yellow, white, reddish brown, and inter(Viola tricolor). All summer; 6 inches. Probably the most popular
all dwarf hardy herbaceous plants, but usually treated as a tender annual for bedding. Does best in cool, deep loam, with partial
shade.
TUFTED
OR BEDDING
(V. cornuta
and
varieties).
Blue, yellow, white, etc., in variety. June, July. Flowers smaller than pansies, but plant is better habited and more hardy
blooming
226
and they
in
will
make
After July, cut back, manure heavily, water a fine show in September. All pansies
For early bloom sow seeds in atmosphere. or frames outdoors, giving light protection over winter. August Spring sowings give late bloom. Usually treated as annuals.
like a cool, moist
lattfolius).
to 8
sprawling, rampant growing vine, with many flowers in a Thrives anywhere, even in poorest soils, and improves cluster. from year to year. Root a tuber, and dislikes removal. White,
dark purple, and striped varieties offered. ilar, but with larger flowers, two together;
(L. grandiflorus).
less vigorous;
Sim-
to 6 feet.
PEONY (Paonia officinalis and albi flora). White, rose to deep crimson. May, June; 2\ feet. Probably the most useful hardy, herbaceous Immense flowers like glorified roses, single and double, and plant.
handsome
varieties.)
foliage.
The
(See p. 62 for best-named old kinds real have been lost to cultivation under
great im-
Old-time favourite.
name,
as
provements.
May, June. Best carpeting plant for shady places. Grows where nothing else will. Leaves oval, I inch long, very deep, lustrous Flowers hidden under the leaves, i inch or more across. green.
Often found escaped near old gardens.
paniculate!).
Deep
blue,
pink, white.
and
real
yellow. August, September. Largest flower clusters of any hardy Wide range of colours. Attracts more butterflies than perennial.
any other garden flowers. White phlox, fragrant in evening. To prevent mildew divide every third year. Spray under sides of leaves with ammoniacal copper carbonate. Miss Lingard, white;
flame; Belvedere, salmon-pink; Richard Wallace, Coquelicot, white with violet centre; Mahdi, deep violet-blue; La Vague,
silvery
large; Crepuscule, gray-blue, flat head, are very distinct varieties at this writing, but with new introductions the standards are likely to change every year. WILD BLUE (P. ,
rose,
divaricata).
,
soil.
CREEPING.
See
Moss PINK.
227
SIMKINS (Diantbus byb. Miss Simkins). White. May, June; 4 to 6 inches. This is by far the best and most popular of all the hardy pinks. Large, double flowers, and grows in any soil.
Good
for
cutting;
all
Excellent for edging, the glaucous fragrant. the season. There are numerous other pinks
(See
OLD-FASHIONED FLOWERS,
p. 63).
SCOTCH, GARDEN, GRASSY (D. plumariui). Purple, magenta, white, pink, rose. May, June; i foot. Most fragrant of all hardy and has most double varieties. Clove odour. Needs perfect pinks,
drainage.
,
Best grown as
edging for
Lilac.
raised
beds
i
or
borders.
Natural (D. superbus). July; of until autumn if not allowed complement garden pink, blooming to seed. Mix plenty of sand and grit in soil for drainage.
foot.
FRINGED
PLUMBAGO.
See LEADWORT.
cor data).
Pinkish
white.
July.
Flowers
Leaves shaped like a fig's, but glaucous. Spreads Sometimes becomes rapidly by suckers, and makes glorious masses.
a
weed
Yellow
to orange red
and white.
Better than April to June, and August, September; 15 inches. the Alpine poppy for borders, growing well in moderately rich and
light
of the prettiest, low-growing perennials with the characteristic crinkled petals of the poppies. Sow seeds in fall where plants are to remain. Often treated as an
full
loam.
Give
sun.
One
annual.
ORIENTAL
(P. orientale).
feet.
Scarlet, orange-red to
deep
The most gorgeous redJune, July; 3 flowered hardy perennial, and should be planted sparingly against Flowers 6 to more inches across, with black green surroundings.
pink and white.
centre.
The
thistle-like foliage
Alto-
gether one of the most effective and boldest of plants. Transplant in August. Small pieces of root an inch long can be handled like seeds, and will produce new plants. Usually slow to establish, and
Several
named
varieties,
PRICKLY
PEAR
(Opuntia
10 inches.
The
Curiously jointed,
228
ROCKET
(Hesperis matronalis). White to purple and magenta. June to August; 2 to 3 feet or more in rich soils. Flowers borne in dense stock. of like One old the favourites, and very effective in spikes,
Easily grown in any
soil.
the border.
ST.
Forms
large clumps.
JOHN'S
2
feet.
WORT
(Hypericum Moserianum). July, August; Great Very showy, largest of all the St. John's worts.
Flowers 2 inches
in diameter.
soil,
Yellow.
Any garden
SUN DROPS.
Propagate by seeds,
suckers, cuttings.
p. 95.
White.
May, June;
2 to 4 feet.
The
real value of this plant lies in its pretty white woolly foliage. The tallest hardy biennial or perennial of that character. The inflor-
escence
is
July to
September;
2 to 5 feet. Thistle-like plant with large flower heads in cones, with Whole plant takes on a metallic blue sheen, finely cut bracts.
especially in sandy soils, as the season advances.
spectabile).
Rose to crimson.
August to
fleshy foliage
Best hardy succulent for the border. Bold, and flower heads, 3 or 4 inches across. Attracts
soil,
Any
Propagate by division.
hybrid).
i
Very
closely
common
parent, but larger and ox-eye daisy, Flowers all season, but does not succeed everyits
SIDALCEA (Sidalcea malva flora). Purple. August, September; I to 6 feet. Flowers up to 2 inches across when expanded, and pink with One of the most satiny texture in Var. Listen, "Pink Beauty." from seed. Quite hardy. Propagate by easily grown plants
seeds or division.
SNAPDRAGON (Antirrhinum
yellow.
I
majus).
to
white and
July, August; spikes blooming from the bottom over several weeks; curiously Excellent formed like a rabbit's mouth, opening when pinched.
to 3 feet.
229
of the very best almost hardy plants. Give in winter. Sow outdoors in or for bloom May, spring light protection Can be forced and propagated from cuttings in frames in February.
at all seasons.
One
*SNEEZEWEED.
p. 94.
SNEEZEWORT
loose
(Acbillea Ptarmica^
all
fl.-pl.).
i
in
corymbs
summer;
hardy.
to 2 feet.
like
One
Much
Perfectly
(Tucca filamentosa).
Creamy
Best desert plant June, July; ultimate height, 6 feet. for garden use. Bold, rigid foliage, 2 to ^\ feet, in dense rosettes. Flowers borne in towering spike, after which the old plant makes
offsets.
Good
for
effects.
Blue, violet.
All
summer;
season.
Carpeting plant with rich green foliage that endures all the Invaluable for shaded and poor, wet soils, and for foreAlso grows in dry
White.
finely
soils.
ground to shrubbery.
varieties in cultivation.
Various colour
June,
July;
ij
feet.
Feathery
spirea,
cut
foliage.
The
florist's
August to October;
inches
across.
Large,
flat,
thistle-like
Well-
The
Propagate by
SUNFLOWER, MAXIMILIAN'S (Helianthus Maximiliani). Deep yellow. October, November; 8 feet. Leaves deeply grooved. Flowers ij
inches.
frosts; feet
feet.
Latest of
all
the
,
tall
perennials,
and
will
endure severe
any
,
soil.
September; 4
12
var.
long.
plenus).
August; 4 feet. Flowers 4 inches across, symmetrical. Best large, double flower of any perennial. Rich soil. Divide every four
years.
barbatus).
Maroon,
red,
;
pink,
white.
230
five
One
TANSY.
p. 95.
Yellow.
August
till
frost;
to 2 feet.
One of the very Daisy-like flower, 2 inches across; brown centre. For border and for cutting. best of its colour, and easily grown.
Best to stake the plants, and when setting out from seed bed allow one foot distance. All soils, but repays good
Perfectly hardy.
waterings in summer. Rich, damp soil in open places and near Best long season yellow flower. streams.
VERONICA
var. subsessilis). Purple. August, of autumn flower; any long season of September. Longest spikes bloom. Spikes about a foot long. Responds to deep, rich soil and
(Veronica
longi folia,
sunny position. Very striking for distant mass effects. *ViRGiNiA COWSLIP (Mertensia Virginica, or M. pulmonarioides). Blue.
The bell-like blossoms turn reddish with April to June; i J to 2 feet. Sheltered position, but full sun and rich loam. Resents disage.
turbance at the roots.
Best increased by seeds.
WALLFLOWER
grant.
Red-brown
to deep yellow
feet.
and
fra-
May;
to 2j
Very
Easily grown August for wintering in frames; biennial. Not quite hardy. Some early flowering forms like C. annuus are grown as annuals.
Best
sown
in
the Japanese anemone, and The bright yellow centre is very striking.
Cream white, tinged sylvestris). to ij feet. The spring counterpart of the largest flower of its kind in spring.
Grow
in
masses against
shrubbery.
Well-drained
soil.
There
is
a double variety.
Alkekengi). Showy inch across, enclosing an edible fruit. Creeps under ground, and becomes troublesome. The modern P. Francheti is twice as big and brighter. The cut stalks furnish a welcome
red for Christmas decorations.
NOTE.
Many
list
of Wilhelm Miller
in
T. Withers
and R. Cameron.
ANNUALS
is insignificant
it
in
if
you
upon
it
becomes
gigantic.
case,
Do we
any
time-honoured laws?
Do we
not exceed
Do
And
to
we not directly intrude our ephemeral will on that of the eternal forces?
the most modest victory gained in the matter oj a flower
may
MAETERLINCK.
"As
the
own
planting)
remain
JOHN EVELYN.
CHAPTER
ANNUALS
several reasons, every one
XII
who
FOR may
of flowers
grow
at least a
few annuals.
Others
lover
Not every
it is
owns
and where
rented for a
may
be had
The
come only
when
supreme
to
death in as
until early
many more. True, the garden of annuals only is bare summer unless seedlings have been started indoors or
and the
first frost
under glass and transplanted to the open when spring nights can be
trusted not to pinch them;
all
of autumn obliterates
hardy ones
that
like
Drummond's phlox
Light hoar
frost
eke
can be
frost finishes
them
forever: they
and branch.
Only
among
the host
summer would be
a poor
233
234
which
it.
Never-
theless, for
one season, or
whose home
great
show of flowers
wanted
at
midsummer
only,
when,
it
at their best;
when only a small initial outlay can be spared for when there are gaps in the herbaceous border to be
some
special
a garden, or
filled in
with
applicable to
many
annuals
If wilted
would seem
to be
no
limit to the
One must grow some of them, if only in for cutting alone. The garden and house,
None, perhaps, displays
is
may
so
use-
by the
iris,
the peony for superb size and style, the creeping phlox
and the
for
chrysanthemum
for
earliness
very
many of them
It is their
possess,
and
difficult
to
manage
in a
Modnew
forms and
the plants.
tints.
More
on many of
Annuals
they are apt to look like so
or so
235
many
many
picture complete in
Many
pigments for the painting, and lay on crude, plain colours with a
broad brush.
However
garden
is
not
it
affords
art,
One need
or
be able to talk a
lot
of nonsense about
tint.
Some people
it is
are gifted
it
who
may
by patient
effects
striving;
but until
garden
may
not be had.
"The
study in
Colour/'
says
the author of
"System
The study
effects
In
they meet on
common
ground.
The same
By grouping
plants,
on a
way
we
by half
dozens or by hundreds.
Flower gardening
for colour
is
almost a
new study
in gardens,
and
it
is
of warring colours
patchwork
quilt.
236
Needless to say, perhaps, seeds should be bought only from a reliable firm; but, even so, one must be prepared for some dis-
Never buy them of a second-rate house merely because they seem cheap. Quality, size and cleanliness count A small quantity of for more than a penny or two per packet.
appointments.
inferior seeds, not half of
which
will germinate,
ought
to
be sold
from which a high percentage of vigorous stock may be raised. Beguiled by the descriptions and glowing pictures of cleverly
advertised
novelties,
entranced
by the
possibility
of growing
in
in the
more expensive sorts, it is observed, are said to bear the largest, handsomest flowers, so you do not hesitate to try them. Although
the "extra large white trumpets of a
new petunia
of surpassing
may
prove to
may
fat
packets of nasturtiums
still,
the proportion
Some
of your dreams materialise; some results even exceed your brightest visions.
all.
Gardening
is
against
us;
sometimes
its
we
for the
to earth
we must come
HOLLYHOCKS ARE ESPECIALLY EFFECTIVE IN THE FORMAL GARDEN BECAUSE THEY REPEAT THE VERTICAL LINES OF PERGOLA PILLARS, STANDARD BAY TREES, AND OTHER ACCESSORIES. LARKSPURS, LILIES AND FOXGLOVES ARE LIKEWISE EFFECTIVE THERE
Annuals
237
from the rosy clouds, hurry off our list to the seedsman, buy fertiliser and attend to other practical All annuals preliminaries.
be sown in the open ground, even the tenderest of them, if one wait till settled weather to plant them, but in that case one must
may
much
earlier
before
midsummer.
If a
hotbed,
in
which to
to begin to
bloom
if
sown
in the
open
may
be
filled
with very
fine,
in the
in
is
The
first
of April
Sods that
sifted until
make
the ideal
box
nurseries.
Soil
may
be substituted
if
need be.
their
An
way about
kills
more
readily.
A bath
of boiling
water poured over the boxes a day or two before the flower seeds
are
sown
whatever insect
life
in
them.
Boxes
>nly.
set in
More
may be
placed in a greenhouse
Failure, if
Sooner or
gardener
If
it
feels the
need of a hotbed,
full
southern
of a
back
238
will shield
it
much
the better.
Concrete,
in the ratio of
regarded as the cheapest and cleanest permanent wall for the bed.
Any
day-labourer can
fill
many
people use
Dig out the pit at that uniform depth and make it as long as required. Hotbed sashes, as generally sold in the trade,
feet deep.
are three
divisible
by
by
be a number of
Sashes
glazed
feet
three, inside
less
measurement.
and
par-
painted cost
It is desirable to
but
to
separate
plants
that
require
much
heat
from
those
that require a
little.
On
brick, or plank
walls
any reinforcement place a wooden frame eighteen inches high at the back and a foot high in front, which will give sufficient slope
to the sashes placed
upon
it
to shed the
rain
and
to catch the
sunlight.
to
open and
Fresh
on top of the
stables,
added
to one-third
its
bulk of
compact mass by tramping in order that fermentation may begin. In a few days the escape of steam from the
in a
packed down
it is
time to turn
it
The
in the
manure
is
now ready
tramped down
feet.
bottom of the
top of
it
depth
about two
On
eight
inches of well-rotted
and
sifted
sand and
Annuals
fertiliser as
239
Now
put a thermometer
in the
Not
falls to
seventy degrees,
plants,
safe
sow
seeds.
One sometimes
to transplant.
sees
hotbed
that
have
become well
roots,
come suddenly
manure when
the precau-
decomposed
between
it
and the
soil
To
Fine
seed, like
loosely
with a smooth,
flat
inches long and half as wide, having a handle like a stove brush
on
its
upper surface.
this little tool,
It is
the
to
make
too,
which
will
to plant poppies
which
will not
pointed stick
for
in
making
is
furrows to drop
all
another helpful
trifle.
the
hotbed or out of doors, at ten-day intervals, will insure a prolonged succession of bloom.
planting seeds:
first,
it
five
mistakes in
soil
in not
long
enough
in
to pulverise
about them
so that the
feeble roots
may come
The
in
allowing the
finest seeds
should be scat-
240
need to be planted
like
at a
depth
medium-sized seeds
soil
the zinnia's
and balsam's
find
an inch of
sown
in the
spring as
it
from the
sides
if
drawn
the vines
air spaces
Leave no
Newspapers
hotbed
where the seeds have been planted prevent them from drying out
for the first
week and encourage them to sprout. When a number of varieties of one kind of plant different are sown in the hotbed, strips shades of asters, for example
make good
divisions.
sure to arise.
the lower ones in front from the sun and burn their
off
own heads
is
it
Not
safe
Baby
soil
At
first,
partly
submerge the
whisk
broom dipped
at evening or
when
there
no sun on the
glass.
So long as the
bed
quilts should
in.
the cosiness
Young
human
of fresh
air
the
temperature
hotbed
rises
above seventy-five
in the
middle
Annuals
of the day, or
the sun
is
241
if
When
wind blows, lay a strip of carpet along the open sash on the windward side. Vigorous growth depends upon each plant having room enough to develop and plenty of air
bright, but a cold
and
the
light.
if
young plants are not to choke one another to death, and with the usual wasteful method of too thick sowing this should be done
I
early.
Many
As
of the
this is
crowded seedlings may be transplanted laborious, and labour is what makes gardenis
some
Now
remove the
glass sashes
when
the sun
is
bright,
screens
made
of laths
and replace them during the day with which are nailed an inch and a half apart and each screen
across strips of
wood
bed.
well braced
it
will last
many
seasons.
Or
to
a coat of whitewash
on the
glass
may
i
finally,
it
It will
be observed that
something of a nuisance to
start
More
and more we depend upon the hardier ones and perennials that
may be grown
fulness
in
it
in the
open
air.
lost its
its
use-
by any means.
may
be sown
at
midsummer
Canterbury
pansy
and are
violets
started
in
August
to
make
all
the
may
heliotrope,
242
root
roses
all
winter; tulips,
if
narcissus, hyacinths
and
freesias will
the
A
it
coldframe
differs
from an
old, spent
soil
"hotbed"
in that
to supply heat.
fitted.
Frost
is
This
is
necessary
over
is
rises
ground.
Tender annuals
like
may
not
open garden
until
the
ground
is
thoroughly warmed.
Half-
all
danger from
frost
is
ovei
May
in the vicinity of
New York
feverfew,
whei
the
may
hardier
annuals,
among which
included
stocl
Indeed, man;
th<
seeds of hardy annuals you will find have lived out through
if
the garden
is
Wet
moving them
a cloudy day,
Annuals
flowerpots, newspapers, umbrellas, or
243
and
name
sometimes, alas!
weeds.
and come up where they are not wanted that they must be treated with the discourtesy shown
to grow, but
The
is
garden
things.
not
how
how
charming
amateur gardener can think of no better way to grow annuals than to cut up a lawn into geometric beds, planting circles
If the
coleus, cigar
it
would be
grew a flower
it
up
into
apparent
size,
but spots
it
over with
taste
and
hard work.
disposed in
in front
artistically displayed
when
much
the
planted
high colours.
was
The two
classes of plants
used together.
Or, they
may
required,
one
its
lot of
beauty departs.
in the
work
not attempt.
244
except the
From
may
be started
in the naturalistic
shimmering sheets of poppies are especially charming. Cornflowers may be naturalised in a pasture if sown in early
spring with rye and timothy.
among
pond or brook. Now that the lovely wild-fringed gentian has been tamed, and the secret of growing it from seed has been disclosed, it may adorn
Alpine garden or in the
damp
it
loves to see
its
it
vivid beauty
looks out of
Some annuals
will
Nankin china on
upon
and calendula
pensable
lously
nasturtiums
improved zinnias, some of whose lambent, glowing flowers look especially well in burnished copper bowls every one has
his or her favourites.
If there
is
no better place
to
grow sweet
be fluttering over the pea brush or wire netting that supports the
vines, let
it
in
would
is
home.
When
regiment of
tall
Russian sunflowers
drawn up
as if in battle
ARE NOT SINGLE WHITE PETUNIAS IN THE FOREGROUND OF SHRUBBERY PREFERABLE TO MAGENTA ONES IN IRON URNS NEXT SCARLET GERANIUMS ? THEY AFFORD FRAGRANT AND LASTING FLOWERS FOR CUTTING
THE TOBACCO PLANT, WHICH LOOKS LIKE A FADED BALL-ROOM BEAUTY BY DAY, SHOULD BE VIEWED FROM A LITTLE DISTANCE THEN; BUT AT EVENING, WHEN THE FLOWERS OPEN AND BECOME BEAUTIFUL AND DELICIOUSLY FRAGRANT TOO, ONE WISHES THEM NEAR THE HOUSE. THEY ARE FLOWERS FOR THE COMMUTER
Annuals
array along the fence,
the seed
is
it
245
screen,
makes a decorative
and
after
enough to drop, the chickens are quite happy and Even the new asters, with petals almost as presently wax fat.
ripe
cut
from
daily.
little
may
and
like
no one cares
gaillardia, for
musk, godetia, pansies and nemophila for shady ones, where so few really fine flowers feel at home; some drought resisters,
such as nasturtiums and zinnias, for dry places; others than the
heavy
soil
to offer
them;
still
annual
marigold,
cornflower,
will
snapdragon, sweet
after
frost.
These
bloom
Many
its
windows
as
may
The tobacco
white trumpets
but,
like the
by day, opens
at night
broad daylight,
it
is
best relegated to
the
background of the
Their fragrance
placed.
the air.
beautiful
246
and,
if it
is
town,
after
let
all
darkness.
commuter should be
the whole day at
his wife,
who
has
home
Probably the
flourished
when
flowers for
stiff
pyramidal bouit
had much
see
in
common
the
still
geranium
lawns,
little
name of
its
entrance where
But public
taste
is
marked thus
is
and useful
for
screens, etc.
date given
that of
New
York,
it is
most
sections.
AGERATUM (Ageratum
Purplish blue; conyzoides). blue hardy annual for edging; blooms 3 months. March for early flowers, or in the open in May.
inches.
Best
Start in heat in
Average back or by sucFragrant. by cutting July cessional sowings. Grows in cold regions and in heavy soils also.
frost
White.
8 inches.
Sow
Scarlet to
yellow.
Warm, sunny
gaudy
June; 3 to 5 feet.
,
The
best of the
PRINCE OF WALES'S
FEATHER
foliage.
(A. hypochondriacui).
Annuals
AMETHYST (Brow alii a demissa
I
247
Blue, violet, white.
All
or data).
sum-
Treat as half-hardy annual, although it may be sown mer; \ in open border. Grows in poorer soil than most others of a tender
feet.
nature.
May
15 from heat.
Will bloom
till
frost.
White to purple and red, not hortensis). to feet. 2 Best August; yellow. large flowered plant of the daisy Sow in open for strongest plants; type, with most colours and types.
but for early bloom in frames and transplant.
disease.
Subject to a subtle
Use
rich soil
BABY'S BREATH (Gypsophila elegans). White, sometimes rosy. I J feet. Loose, much-branched panicles. Open, rather dry
May;
places.
an
Flowers
freely
incon-
produced.
Tender.
10 feet.
BALSAM
I
Red, white, yellow. July to October; (Irnpatiens balsamina). Flowers borne in the axils of the leaves all along the to 2 feet.
stalk.
Give
rich,
sandy loam
Sow
outdoors in May.
of old gardens.
Yellow.
Fragrant in evening.
Pale purple, macrostyla). solitary flowers, i\ inches across, hairy within. Long, protruding which is brown and spindle shaped before opening. Plant pistil,
I
to 2 feet.
BLANKET FLOWER
Summer;
all
i
to 2 feet.
soil.
well-drained
tubular.
Flower on globose head. Give light, open, The form known as Lorenziana has disc flowers
pinnatus).
Violet, lilac
and yellow
July;
feet.
Very
striking,
in pots indoors.
Good garden
Many named
One
Yellow. June; I foot Californica). Glaucous, finely cut foliage. Really a perennial; can
well.
Sow
in succession
248
in the
for
early
spring.
Most
soils,
including sandy.
CALLIOPSIS.
p.
CANDYTUFT (Iberis amara). Red, white. June to September; 6 inches. Sow outdoors April to July every two weeks for succession, and in
fall for
early spring.
Blooms
after frost,
Resists drought.
foliage effect; The large palmate leaves are 3 to 8 feet, enduring till frost comes. the boldest among all the annuals. Plant seed where to grow, and
For subtropical
CATCHFLY
I
foot.
(Silene Armeria, S. pendula). Red, white. July to October; Prefers sandy loam in full sun. The inflated calyx is quite
for rocky places.
a showy part of the flower. Good for edging and Sow in May. CHRYSANTHEMUM (Chrysanthemum coronarium and
C.
carinatum).
Former is white and yellow, purple disc; latter all pale yellow and dwarfer. Heavy soil. Good for cutting. Double forms. Good also for pot culture and bedding.
July to August; 2 to 3
feet.
CLARKIA (Clarkiaelegans).
I
to 2 feet.
Light
soil
Purple and rose to white. June to October; in sun or half shade. Good for edging and
massing.
Blooms
8 weeks.
frost.
Sow
*CoBOEA
One
Flowers greenish (Coboea scandens). Vine, 10 to 20 feet. but tender treated as an annual. purple. perennial, usually Sow seeds in heat or outdoors in moist, rich earth and edgewise.
Grown
for
its
var. Japonicus).
tudinal stripes.
Sow
CORNFLOWER
feet.
(Centaurea cyanus).
Blue.
colour.
Grows with
the
COSMOS
(C. bipinnatus). White, pink, red, crimson. August to October; The best tall late annual, with daisy-like flowers. 7 to 10 feet. Sow as early as possible after frost, in not too rich, sandy soil. ,
YELLOW
Less tall, and smaller flowers. (C. sulphureus). Stake early. are particularly valuable for late flowers.
These
Annuals
COTTON (Gossypium
herbaceuni).
249
Warm situations.
Pale yellow with dark eye. July; 3 feet. Will not grow North. Rich soil.
Flowers
scarlet,
white.
June,
July; vine 10 to 20 feet. A dark green, very feathery foliage, making dense mass. Scald seeds before sowing. Outdoors May; indoors
March and
white.
April.
Water
freely.
EVERLASTING (Helichrysum
Yellow to dull crimson and bracteatum). to feet. The semi-double 2 3 daisy-like flowers August; when and dried. This is the cut endure indefinitely largest flowered Others are Helipterum roseum, bright pink, flat; everlasting.
purple.
any
July;
soil.
I
FLAX (Linum
across.
Red.
is
to 2 feet.
Colour varies,
I
very attractive.
Flowers
to
J inches
Only good
frost.
by
first
(L.
usitatissimum).
Sow
in
globosa). Pink. July; ous colour varieties in the trade, also dwarf and
feet.
Numer-*
compact forms.
Everlasting.
GODETIA
(CEnothera amcena
i
(E.
October;
places.
to 2 feet.
i
Most
Red, white. July to Whitneyi). showy large flowered annuals for shaded
Flowers
to \\ inches across
lustre,
June HARE'S TAIL (Lagurus ovatus). Tuft of leaves 8 inches high, covered with soft whitish down, and bending downward. Ideal edging plant. Flower head borne several inches above the foliage, in silvery white egg-like tufts an inch and a half long.
Does
also in sun.
flowers.
Any
soil.
Sow
in
HEMP
to
Greenish flowers.
in heat
August;
10
feet.
Best
sow where wanted, but may be started Rich moderately moist soil.
and transplanted.
August, a vine 10 to 20 feet. Foliage variously streaked and splashed with white and deeply cut. Sow seeds outdoors in May. One of the quickest growing annual vines. Self-sows freely.
var. variegatus).
250
fruits.
ICE
PLANT (Mesembryanthemum
September. Trailing. Grown covered with glistening glands.
JOB'S TEARS (Coix Lachryma-Jobi). 3 to 4 necklaces for children to cut their teeth on.
a poor corn-plant
"Seeds" make
plant looks like
The
when growing.
Only
curious.
COCKSCOMB
I foot. The flower heads are (Celosia cristata). grown into a monstrosity something like a rooster's crest 8 inches to i foot across. Used in floral beds as borders. Sow indoors and
Crimson.
plant out in
May.
Coarse,
common
plant.
LARKSPUR, ANNUAL (Delphinium Ajacis). Eight colours from white through pink and turquoise to purest blue. August to September;
ij
feet.
Sow
Any good
LAV ATE RA
Most (Lavatera trimestris). Rose. July; 3 to 6 feet. refined annual of the mallow family. Flowers 4 inches across. Its tender rose colour as fine as that of best pink hollyhocks.
All summer; 6 to 12 inches. Blue. One (Lobelia Erinus). "CRYSTAL PALACE" of the most popular plants for edging. , var. of Erinus Best the 9 (L. species for edging. Good compactd).
LOBELIA
garden
2
soil.
LOVE-IN-A-MIST
feet.
(Nigella Damascena). White, blue. All summer; Flowers i inch across nestling in finely cut fennel-like foliage.
Do
March and
August to frost; 2 feet. Solid globes up to 2^ inches in diameter, on a freely branching shrub-like bush. Very pungent odour. , FRENCH (7". patula). Yellowish to red-brown. I foot. Darker
foliage.
Good bedder;
useful
to 2 feet.
Annuals
251
a long period. Used for flavouring soups. Grows anywhere, but in warm, rich soil. Sow in May. Self-sows usually. delights
MIGNONETTE (Reseda odorata). Greenish. July to October; i foot. Grown for its fragrance. Flowers in spikes. Does not transplant Should be sown in permanent place. Sow in succession from well.
April to August, outdoors.
flower.
MOCK CYPRESS
(Kochia scoparia). Grown for foliage. A dense, muchbranched, neat bush 2 to 2^ feet high, with linear branches, turning
scarlet in late
summer.
Sow
in
open
in
May
for
or indoors in April.
soil.
Good
temporary hedges.
*MOONFLOWER
feet.
Most rapid growing annual vine. Flowers open at night; 30 Sow outdoors May; indoors January to March. 6 inches across.
2 inches deep.
10
till
to
20
Yellow, mottled and dotted, splashed brown. July, August; J to i foot. A perennial creeper, but treated as an annual. Give cool, moist situation and shade, when it is one of
Sow
in
May, on the
DWARF
i
to 5 feet.
Good
rough
to ij
NEMOPHILA (Nemophila insignis). Pure blue; July, August; The best blue-flowered annual, blooming over a long feet.
and having bell-shaped flowers an inch across. shade. Said not to succeed around Boston.
season,
PANSY
(Viola
i
tricolor).
\ to
tion.
foot.
May to October; Purple, blue, white, yellow. and winter with protecin For early flowers sow August
indoors January and
Sow
February.
to 2 feet.
PETUNIA (Petunia
I
Magenta, claret, white. July to September; The most profuse bloomer and sweet scented, but the
252
type
is
May.
PHLOX, ANNUAL
rose.
(Phlox Drummondi). Red, crimson, white, and primJuly to October; i foot. Makes a spreading bushy tuft with
a profusion of flowers f inch across. Sow thinly in back after first flowers if in dry soil and water freely.
succession.
May
and cut
Self-sows for
PINK, CHINESE (Dianthus Chinensis, var. Heddewigi). White, rose, maroon. August; I foot. Flowers i inch across, fringed and
variously
variegated.
Warm,
well-drained
soil.
Sow
outdoors
March, April; indoors February for May bloom. POPPY, CORN (Papaver Rhceas). Pink, scarlet, white.
August, Septem-
More refined varieties are the "Shirley Poppies." ber; J to 2 feet. Sow thinly on cool soil; often self-sows, and then blooms early.
,
OPIUM
See
(P. somniferuni).
3 feet.
PORTULACA.
ROSE Moss.
ROSE Moss
White, red, magenta. July to (Portulaca grandiflora). October; 6 to 9 inches. Very brilliant flowers I inch across, flourishing on dry
earlier
Leaves succulent, rounded. Single varieties bloom than doubles. Scatter seeds on the surface when weather is
soils.
plants for very dry places. SALPIGLOSSIS (S. sinuata). Shades of purple and blue through reds and yellows to creamy white, and variously veined and mottled. Sum-
warm.
Most gaudy
mer;
to 2 feet.
Tubular
efFective
flowers, with large, flat expansion. Very Treat as half hardy, sowing in heat.
Any good
splendens).
Scarlet.
August; 2
feet.
A tender
perennial, but very commonly grown as a hardy annual. The spikes of scarlet, a foot long, are the hottest flowers of the hot season.
SENSITIVE PLANT (Mimosa pudica). i foot. Grown as a curiosity. IntroLeaflets fold up and stalks drop when touched or shaken.
duced from tropical America in 1638, but is easily grown from seed sown outdoors in May. Flowers a small ball of pink filaments.
SHELL FLOWER
lavis).
Fragrant.
Shell-like calyx in
flowers.
Gaping
Any
soil.
Annuals
CK,
253
annua).
White, pink, i Has strong clove fragrance. Flowers foot. July; purple. and double last well. forms; latter particularly useSingle for June or in heat in March Sow outdoors in May, ful.
flowers.
TEN WEEKS
Yellow. August; 3 to 12 feet. Individual flowers from 6 to 14 inches across, like huge daisies. Plant seeds valuable quick-growing screen plant, good on any soil.
6 inches to
foot.
Good
for cutting.
SWEET SCABIOUS
cutting.
Dark purple, rose, white. (Scabiosa airo purpure a). July to October; 2 feet. Like large double daisies. Good for
Any
feet.
soil.
moschata).
Musk-scented.
C. Margarita, pure white, is a famous modern strain. Does not Lasts 10 days. Sow outdoors in May. transplant easily.
Various colours; July to October; Most popular fragrant annuals for cutting. Modern 3 to 6 feet. improved forms greatly superior. Deeply trenched, heavy soil.
odoratus).
three sowings for succession, Sow in September for the last between the other two for shade.
Make
early flowers.
TARWEED (Madia
July to October; I to 2 feet. Flowers open morning and Best yellow annual for shaded places. Sow in May. habit. Plant has graceful open evening.
elegans).
Yellow.
tinctoria).
later;
I
to 3 feet.
One
of the best
Any
soil.
Red, white.
alata).
Showy
white flowers, fragrant, opening at night. (N. Sanderce). Is effective similar, but in various colours, against dark background.
Sow on
surface in
May.
254
WALLFLOWER
as annuals.
Fourniert).
July
6 inches.
bedding
in
March
inter-
Red,
best
scarlet, yellow,
feet.
magenta and
showy annual for very late bloom. Thrives in any deep, rich soil. Very effective for distant masses. Endures drought and some frost. Get well-selected strains for pure colours, avoiding magenta and greenish tinges. Sow outside in May; or indoors in March. Transplants easily.
as annuals bloomfrom seed sown in March: year annually Snapdragon, Mouse-eared Perennial Dart, Chickweed, Tickseed, Cupid's Larkspur, Sweet William, Scotch Pink, Moldavian Balm, Blanket Flower, Horned
November; 2
Individual flowers 2 to
NOTE.
ing the
first
Sunset
Hibiscus,
Man-of-the
Flower,
BULBS,
ORNAMENTAL GRASSES
"
is
Nature
She
is
supreme, absolute as
dispels our illusions.
her Author.
Work with
her and she responds, aids, and rewards us in proportion to the worth of
our endeavours', but if we would outwit her, coerce or restrain her action, and
falsify her teaching, at once she gives us the lie by the sterility, destruction,
and
death of everything
we have sought to
LAMARTINE: "Address
to
Gardeners"
CHAPTER
BULBS, TUBEROUS
XIII
GRASSES
beauty
and purpose
HERE
ideals
for
rockery, the
especially for
control.
The
name
up of a series of fleshy scales." He will tell you that the gladiolus grows from a corm, the canna from a tuber, and the iris from a
rhizome, and has pity in his eye for you
these as a root.
if
you
refer to
any one of
But
up
in
are a class
them well through the next season of bloom, by themselves, sufficiently distinct, in his mind at least,
is
to last
much
when we
first,
dealer,
and are so
dependent, at
Some
some
indulgences of specialists;
plants in the trade.
some are among the most costly others are more popular than any other
be a feverish craze for tulips
;
Probably there
certainly
Americans
wont
to
weigh gold
Semper Augustus
258
much
by
in
our public
if
tulips
we
the rarest.
Not having to forage for food early their larders having been can bloom
previous year
blossoming the
many
most wanted.
flower
may be
it
appear when trees are bare and winds are raw, when the earth
slushy and the
is
we
prize
it!
muddy roads are fluid and bottomless, how much The fragile little white snowdrop "with heart-shaped
nodding from
it is
seal of green,"
its
meadow,
is
not impressive,
cultivated
temporary
is
There
is
so-called giant
is
snowdrop (with
than
more
effective
blooms
no
earlier
first
flower.
snowdrops succeed best in partially shady places, being one of the few bulbs that will bloom under trees.
After the snowdrop comes the reign of blue and purple. the
like
In
new
an intense blue,
first
of pleasure the
air.
day
that there
Glory-of-the-snow
(Chinodoxa) makes spots of beauty on the earth where snowdrifts lately lay,
colour, too, as he
259
and yellow crocuses, everyone who has spring flowers at all must At three dollars a thousand, who would not spangle his have. lawn with them and "paint the meadows with delight" ? "Bulbs
have a mission in
life,"
says
Wilhelm
Miller.
Where
be planted
Flowers that
erect themselves
on
off,
ciate shelter.
Too
inconspicuous and
by dozens, but happily cheap enough to be used by the hundred or even by the thousand on large estates, snowdrops, scillas, crocuses, grape hyacinths, and the lovely little
singly or even
star of
Bethlehem, a
late
when
They seem
Seen against bare earth in the flower border they Their narrow, pointed leaves, shaped lose half their charm.
background.
like knife blades to cut the
wind as
it
Later in the
have stored up potential energy and beauty for another year and prepared for a long rest, the leaves
summer,
if
a mowing-
machine cuts
working!
Whodefer
March must
for a
month.
Even
so,
years
grass,
in
garden.
On
out the grass from a lawn and should never be planted in one.
It
spreads prodigiously.
bank or
260
a patch of
its
whitestars.
wood hyacinths
Nature
enough
to
More
squills,
"Heavenly Blue," makes patches of charming colour on a shady bank near a stream. and they In October, when bulbs come from the dealer
hyacinth,
deteriorate
if left
and crocuses.
The grape
known
them from
all directions,
fall.
far,
The
smallest bulbs
may
lie
them
in,
or a
is
dibber,
made from an
often used.
with good
soil.
A spud
is
convenient
necessary
is
happy possessor of an English bulb-planting tool. Some gardeners turn back a bit of sod on the corner of their spade, drop the bulb in the opening and replace the sod, leaving no trace of
their operations
through in spring.
How
spring bulbs!
their brightness
will
fill
its
some
in sheltered
under the
lee
of a sombre stone
IN
EARLY SPRING
EMPEROR DAFFODILS ALONG AN ENTRANCE DRIVE WHERE THE POET'S NARCISSUS WILL SPEEDILY FOLLOW AND REPLACE THEM. BULBS DISCARDED FROM A HOTHOUSE WERE USED
261
earliest flowering
may
be planted
between rows of tulips and hyacinths in a formal bed, for they have acted their little part and modestly withdrawn from the stage
among
the daffodils
and
not
March, do
harm
the bulbs, but soon spread and carpet the bare earth
about them.
Wherever there
is
room
for a
weed
to
grow we may
hope
It
first
to
who
innocent heads:
"Continuous as the
stars that shine
And
Way,
They
I at
a glance
heads
in sprightly
dance."
How
less,
having
this inspiring
picture ever in
mind
daffodil
and the fragrant white narcissus quickly colonise from comparaA thousand poet's narcissus may be tively small beginnings.
bought
think
if
it
even
less.
worth while
to sacrifice a
box of
hat
There are
many ways
science.
few and
Mohamone of
med
said:
"He
him
sell
262
them
bread
is
is
?
we cannot do
less
But
if,
after
we have
we have
in our purse to
buy a quantity of
florist
what then
Approach a
who
forces
them under
glass
on
He
is
it
bloom
is
and probably
ever after.
There
field in
New
Three
hardy yellow
daffodils,
both the
many
campernelle and jonquil belong; and third, the Tazetta type, with
many
flowers
many
The
class last
named has
Now, both
narcissus
as Boston.
true polyanthus
may be safely grown in the open ground so far North The name narcissus, though the botanical title of
is
include
the
members of
medium
trumpets.
263
meadows, along woodland borders, old stone walls and entrance drives would seem to be the ideal way of planting them, but in no situation, perhaps, could they be less than
beside
little
lakes, in
lovely.
When
left
against
encroachment, even of quack grass, and steadily increase in quanDo not lift and divide the tity, sometimes even in quality, of bloom.
bulbs until the flowers show by deterioration that they are over-
crowded.
of daffodils at
ing, the
edge
is
now and
then to
apt to
off,
a fork be used
among the plants. Moreover, they them. Some gardeners sow sweet alyssum,
during the summer and autumn.
in
formal garden.
filled
always
with them!
in
Shakespeare delighted in
collectors in
new
The hardy
264
will.
bloom
to cut for
house decoration.
their season
If skilfully selected
and
situated, daffodils
may have
soil
pleases
them
made
humus
over a pervious
subsoil
where dampness
remain
and
where they have partial shade. If there be as much of a tree below ground as above it, so there is as much of a plant that we never
see as there
in
is
In
average
its
circum-
ference, which
daffodil
would bring a poet's narcissus or a trumpet about four inches below the surface. See that the soil is
least twice that
good to at
soils six
In
light,
It is
sandy
wise to
exposed situations.
shallow-bedded ones,
a stouter substance.
later
true,
made
They some
and the
ably lovely.
delicious;
in the
up a lawn
on
in
gaudy colours
is
For high-grade
265
them
costly.
lifted after
they have
autumn
in a cool cellar.
amazing
with
oilcloth.
Similar
in the catalogues
Let
it
be remembered that
was the
Among
by the hybridiser, find little favour. They have no authority from Nature for their abnormalities, whereas every line of the single,
long-stemmed, pointed-petalled kinds
is
full
of exquisite grace.
They
can ever be
pointed petals,
naturalised
tulips
Gesnerianas
of that
may be had
a thousand.
The
effect
number of
simply superb
and,
when
naturalised
among
the lush
May
grass,
cannot
be
by the gorgeous Oriental poppies which sulk under such treatment. For naturalising in open woods and half-shaded
rivalled even
Early
flowering
tulips
commend
themselves
not
only
set the
because they come at the most ecstatic season of the year, and
fires
are
still
comfortable
it is
show when
time
to the garden.
The
bulbs
266
may
and replanted
when
their place in
like asters
and heliotrope.
implies
to
be kept
up
in the
same beds of a
large garden
from
frost to frost.
Many
alternate rows.
Masses of
little
below.
late
it
was a happy day for gardeners when, in 1559, the showy tulip was brought from Persia to Constantinople, from whence
It
was introduced throughout Europe. Innumerable beautiful varieties have arisen from the original form. Tulip seed produces
only self-coloured flowers
or,
;
rarely,
may be
solid,
or
Now
The
petal to
However much we may admire the delicate shadings and and each rectified one is a traceries of an individual flower
so far.
special
study
the
self-coloured
ones are
more
effective
for
massing.
Large
May
small early ones, not only because they are more effective, but
because they
five
may be
left
And
and
strong.
267
irises,
When
gladioli,
arranging the
stiff,
upright tulips,
daffodils,
Secure a
flat
ribbon
than two inches wide from the plumber, cut it into teninch lengths, lay one on its edge in the bottom of a bowl and pinch
the pliable lead around the stems of the flowers with a few leaves
about them.
Or, pebbles
may be used
to hold
Darwins,
many
tall,
are an
and with a
"tender bloom
duing them. Bizarres have variegated colours, the markings generally brown or
red on a yellow ground.
gravy" overspreading and gently subThey, too, may be left undisturbed for years.
like cold
Bybloemen
tulips
have
violet or rose
marking on a white ground. Parrots are wonderfully marked and fringed late tulips, with more or less green among their yellow
or red streaks, and so large that the
flowers erect.
the
This
is
their lamentable
give far
In every old-fashioned garden one used to see the fritillary or crown imperial erect its tall stem, bearing near the top a graceful
umbel of
its
"stately
"the
first
Why
do we
see
it
now
so rarely?
any
good
light soil
for years.
It is quite
268
hardy;
it
cheap;
it
blooms
in
early,
in April
summer;
it
wears an
it
air of distinction;
it
what
doth
lack?
no longer!
The
perennial border
blooms
early.
Bulb
the
culmination in them.
Only
and
large,
heavy bulbs
of,
perhaps, the
them
all
(L.
candidum)
may
be had for
less
hundred
to plant in parallel
It
makes a delightful companion crop for lightthe evening air with fragrance
blue larkspurs.
lily's in
Its
the hot-house,
and lend
our gardens!
Each
tall,
hung with
of huge
is
size,
the centre,
whose ivory petals have a golden stripe through surprising; and where dozens rear their heads from
among
demands strong
lilies
superlatives
to express
splendour.
Many
other
may
be grown among
suit
them
perfectly
but well-drained
lily
soil in
partial shade.
when we
weak
them
after.
Dip them
in a
solution of for-
and
sift
DOUBLE BORDER OF GERMAN IRISES ALONG A GRASSY PATH. THE BARE EARTH ON IS AN ARTISTIC DEFECT WHICH COULD BE EASILY OVERCOME EITHER BY ALLOWING THE IRISES TO GROW OUT TO MEET THE GRASS OR BY USING ALYSSUM, PINKS OR OTHER LOW-GROWING EDGING PLANTS
EITHER SIDE
269
that they
come
frcm Japan too late to become established before killing frost. Many bulbs do not reach us until December. If kept long out
of the ground, they deteriorate or die.
packed
in
Never buy gold-banded or speciosum lilies that have been weakened by long exposure in a seedsman's shop.
planted out in spring.
Indeed, no time should be lost in getting any bulbs into the ground
after they leave the grower.
lily
the
little
name
of dog-tooth "violet"
trilliums, white,
pink and
claret, a lovely
has already passed before our eyes are dazzled by the midsummer
splendour of the glowing red
wood
lily
and the
tall
stems of super-
brighten
the
marshes.
Nature never
fails to
give the
flowers in her garden the setting that best displays their charms.
So must we
learn of her.
by everyone, will carpet warm their sunny and cold northern spots for early and late bloom season can thus be prolonged seven weeks in the open; fragrant
Lilies-of-the-valley, beloved
lemon-yellow day
lilies
will
will rise
among
if
plants that cannot be killed are wanted, the novice will surely
lilies.
will
gladly
270
give
With no
thrive prodigiously
and
will readily
choke to death every choice But planted along an old stone wall,
meadow, the
lilies,
on slender stems above the grasses with splendidly decorative effect. After the pansies and early tulips have finished blooming, and
lovely masses of colour are
wanted
to
fill
their
Exquisite large
waxy
flowers
them out
in rich, moist,
noonday sun.
Not
a breath
first lifted.
What
who
shall
They
colour effects which are at once their glory and the despair of anyone
tries to reconcile
in a northern garden.
accompany them,
Shall they intrude
in the centre of a
among
is
the perennials
The
effect
of their big,
quite as bad.
if it
decorative grasses
are
wanted.
by humming-
271
lighting
up.
which
wont
weary
midsummer, before
its
autumnal
revivification begins.
Large-flowered
new
tion to
sorts.
Since they
may
be had
nent plants.
autumn and
stored
They
which
if
housewife.
Dahlias
for they
may be
tall,
grow
and so ought not to be given a conBut spicuous foreground position anywhere on the grounds. they require deep rich soil, being gross feeders, and will not bear
crowding or pilfering from surrounding plants.
The
single kinds
Wonderful
if
he have
no other
spot, will plant their tubers along the fence of his vegetable
He must be warned,
to
handsome heads
tall,
mass of
leaves.
Only
the single-
272
Among
of colour
full
value of
glory.
Yellow,
orange, scarlet
lambent
fire
and coral flame flowers or torch flowers glow with in late summer and early autumn as if they would
garden ablaze.
is
One
the ability to
grow
its
and
sedges
about
edge.
eulalia,
reeds,
from the flower garden, where they invariably look out of place, and naturalised on the banks with the choicer native grasses, reeds and sedges for congenial comerianthus,
phalaris, taken
and
pany, not only hold their own, but their increased vigour
aging.
is
encour-
The
become a
Wild
rice,
which should
be sown as soon as
many
birds to feast
bobolinks, red-winged
throng.
blackbirds
We
the hardy
bamboos
in
pampas
grasses
and other
class
which no "head gardener for a firstToo long have we gentleman" seems to be truly happy.
exotics without
all
regarded
climes.
the
bamboo
warmer
them the
places,
the best of
Whoever
gated phalaris, and the striped or barred eulalias from Japan, but
273
so difficult
Freakish foliage
is
manage
it
in the
making of garden
ever use
aright.
foliage, or for
however,
it
running up the colour scale to a high accenting note, has too great value to the artistic gardener to be ignored.
After the flowering grasses and sedges have been cut for winter
bloom by Thanksgiving,
as
if
that of
New York
ACONITE, WINTER (Eranthis hyemalis). Yellow; March; 6 inches. Flowers before the leaves, one bloom to a stem. Quite hardy.
in border.
ANEMONE
etc.,
(Various species of
pp. 96, 216, 230.)
A nemone).
See
ANEMONE, WINDFLOWER,
Centaurea
BACHELOR'S
flowers.)
BUTTON (Ranunculus
See page 57.
Asiaticus,
and
other
BEGONIA (Begonia tuberosa). Red, pink, white, yellow and mixed. Invaluable for summer bedding in All summer; 6 to 8 inches.
shaded places.
strains
The
soil
different
vary
greatly in
Peaty
preferred.
and keep
from
frost,
planting in
May, June.
BLEEDING HEART (Dicentra spectabilis*). Pink; May, June; 2 feet. (See HERBACEOUS PLANTS, page 218.) BLOODROOT (Sanguinaria Canadensis). White, tinged pink. April; 8 inches high. Appearing first before the leaves. Whole plant densely covered with white powder. Transplant late summer or
spring.
BUTTERFLY
WEED
(Asclepias tuberosa).
June,
September.
CANNA (Canna
white.
spikes,
Indica hybrids).
July; 2 to 6 feet.
Red, pinkish, pale yellow, and nearly August till frost. Flowers in branching
leaves.
The most
tropical looking
274
CROCUS, AUTUMN (Colchicum autumnale). Purple, pink, white. Individual flower 4 inches across. September; 3 to 4 inches high. Plant in August. Divide in July, and do not disturb until crowded.
(C. Parkinsoni.)
effect.
,
SCOTCH
(C.
White striped
blue.
,
lilac.
IMPERATI (C.
,
Imperati).
Purplish
DUTCH
(C. Masiacus).
COMMON
Varieties, white, lilac, purple; All 3 to 5 The largest individual flowers and most effective of the inches. dwarf spring bulbs. Of equally easy culture. Perfectly hardy. If planted in lawn, foliage must be allowed to mature before grass is
(C. vernus).
cut.
March.
Best
named
varieties of the
common
crocus are
Snow
(See
GROWN
Brownish
red.
April.
OLD-FASHIONED FLOWERS,
DAFFODIL.
DAHLIA (Dahlia
first
August, October; 2 to 6
year.
Tops
cut by
first
Easily raised from seed, flowering Most important tuberous rooted frost.
plant and most effective of all the tall growing kinds for late flowers. Has most brilliant flowers and a greater variety of them, combined with greater diversity and form, than any other one group of plants. Plant All the varieties in cultivation are forms of the one species. the tubers in any good garden soil after danger of frost is past and
give cultivation
same
as potatoes.
Lift roots in
November
after
tops have been cut off by first frost and store in sand or ashes in It is best to divide old roots when replanting. frost-proof cellar.
Cactus, petals and all colours. twisted Decorative, a modern revolute, variously intermediate group with broad and flat petals, but generally useful
for cutting.
and an
formed
Very
large.
The
275
Century, very large single flowers with rich Collerette, single or semi-double, with broad outer ray
New
of
florets and a row of tubular inner florets surrounding the disc. Not much esteemed. Examples in each case are: Frank Smith, maroon tipped white, fancy. Stanley, golden yellow, show.
scarlet,
decorative.
William Agnew,
twisted, cactus.
Aegir, cardinal-red,
much
Mary Service, apricot shaded orange, cactus. Strahlen Krone, deep cardinal-red, cactus. Perle de la Tete d'Or, white, cactus. Twentieth Century
and
its
among
the
Darkness, tipped velvety maroon; Snowsingles. clad, the finest white; Little Bessy, creamy white, quilled, are typical.
Of the Pompons:
DOG'S TOOTH VIOLET (Erythronium Americanuni). May; 10 inches. (See NATIVE PLANTS, p. 90.)
Yellow.
April,
DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES (Di centra cucullaria). rose; 8 inches. (See NATIVE PLANTS, p.
1\
feet long.
Corm
is
summer
bedding.
Any
FLAME FLOWER.
GLADIOLUS
Nanceianus,
See
RED-HOT POKER.
and other hybrids, as
Childsii, Lemoinei,
(G. Gandavensis
Groff, etc.).
Pink, red, white, yellow and mixtures. In one-sided spikes. Extremely varied.
Lift after frost
GLORY-OF-THE-SNOW (Chionodoxa
inches.
cilia,
Lucilia).
Sky-blue.
March; 6
(C.
to 9
White
eye.
(C. Sardensis).
Dark
blue.
Lu-
var. grandiflora).
Larger
and
later.
of early spring.
Give sun.
tuberosa).
GROUND NUT
4 to 8 feet.
soil in
(Apios
Chocolate
brown.
July,
August;
Climbing.
Any light
sun.
Becomes a weed
GUINEA HEN FLOWER. See LILY, CHECKERED. HYACINTH, BEDDING (Hyacinthus orientalts). Blue, red, white, primBuy new bulbs each year rose, single and double in various shades.
for best results.
12 to 18 inches.
After
276
flowering
Many named
varieties.
Among
Gertrude, single,
a Merveille,
pale, blush-white, single; of the Blues, single, dark blue; Peyrouse, single, light blue; King King of the Yellows, single, yellow. Of the doubles: Lord Welling-
Grandeur
La
Roman
CAPE
like flowers in
WOOD
(Scilla festalis).
foot.
much
like
it.
Naturalise
See
HERBACEOUS PLANTS,
p. 223.
sparaxis.
White, yellow, purple, ruby, Usually with black eye. Similar to Numerous named varieties. Give protection over winter,
off.
uncovering in April. Plant November. Lift in July, and dry The greatest range of colour of any bulb.
JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT.
round,
rush-like.
p. Q2.
Rich yellow.
One
flowered.
umbellatus).
June; 2 to 3 feet.
Dormant
flowering.
Apt
to
Pink, red, white. August; 2 to 3 feet. For permanent planting. Best in warm, sheltered shrubbery or beds. The favourite, L. rubrum, is a form of this.
Flatly expanded.
Perfectly hardy.
277
Deep
chalice form.
Rose
and red; 2
protection in winter,
Tender,
BLACKBERRY (Belemcanda Chinensis). Orange, spotted red. June; 2 to 3 feet. (See OLD-FASHIONED FLOWERS, p. 61.)
CANADA
(Lilium Canadense).
to yellowish red.
Yellow
meadow
CORAL (Lilium
tenuifolium). Scarlet, turban-like flower; inch across; Grow from seed. 12 to 1 8 inches high; with slender foliage.
DAY
(Tigridia Pavonia). Bright scarlet, to yellow, to 6 inches across. Flowers last one
Plant in early day, but are produced for two or three months. bulbs after frost and the storing in dry cellar. spring, lifting
Foliage ribbed, narrow.
,
DWARF ORANGE
I
(Hemerocallis
Purer colour, earlier and Dumortieri). Orange. June; more refined than the common orange day lily which is excellent Plant spring or fall. for naturalising. Hardy in extreme North.
foot.
robustus). Light pinkish lilac. May, Individual flowers one inch across, in dense
long spike. Very distinct. Large roots must not be moved. Mulch over winter. Several other species, differing but slightly.
GOLD BANDED
(Lilium auratum).
lilies.
largest
feet.
August; 4
Pale yellow with golden centre band and crimson spots. Hardy, but appears to fail after a few years. Plant fall and spring.
increases rapidly.
Strong flower.
JACOBAEAN
Red. I to 2 feet high. (Sprekelia formosissima). like an amaryllis, which Grown inches flower 6 long. solitary Half hardy. it resembles.
Yellow, orange, red. July; I to 2 feet. elegans) Cup-shaped flower 5 to 6 inches across. Plant in full sunshine,
6 to 8 inches deep.
JAPAN (Lilium
The
lilies.
278
Plant
in
NEAPOLITAN (Alii urn Neapolitanurri). White. July; 3 to 1 8 inches. Needs protection. The most ornamental of the onions. Not
pungent.
Good
for cutting.
September; 3 to 4
at
feet.
Largest-flowered autumn-blooming Hardy well covered in winter. Plant 8 inches deep. RED (Lilium Phil adelphi cum). Red-orange, dark spotted with brownpurple. June, July; I to 2 feet. Any well-drained shade. Flower cup-shaped, erect.
soil,
bulb.
New York
sun or
SCARLET MARTAGON (Lilium Chalcedonicum). 3 to 4 feet. Nodding bright red flowers, unspotted. Sometimes yellow. One of the Should become quite popular. prettiest of small flowered lilies.
TIGER (Lilium
Pale brick-red, dark spotted; August ; tigrinum). Individual flower 6 inches. Easiest to grow of all 2 to 5 feet. lilies. Somewhat stiff and coarse looking, but a favourite in
old-time gardens.
4 to 8
feet.
This
is
the best
lily
Flowers turban-like,
LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY (Convallaria
inches.
majalis).
White.
rich,
May, June;
stalk.
6 to 8
Under shade of
trees
and along
partially shaded
borders.
bells
borne along a
Fragrant.
i
(Bessera elegans).
effective
to 2
flowering bulb, someVery times throwing 6 to 10 scapes with 20 pendulous flowers in an umbel, cup-shaped. Plant in spring and lift when ripe.
Late summer.
summer
MILLA (Milla
biflora).
White, waxy; 6 to 18 inches high. Fragrant; Plant in early spring. Lift September and OctoFlat star-like flower.
MONTBRETIA.
NARCISSUS:
See TRITONIA.
The
poeticus,
the large trumpet daffodil are varieties of different species in the one botancial genus Narcissus. The family is divided into three big
279
groups, called respectively, (<?) Magni-coronati or large trumpet; or cup daffodil; (Y) Parvi-coronatt or saucer daffo(7>) Medii-coronati
dil.
The varieties
of groups a and
b are
commonly known as
daffodils,
while those of group c are commonly known as narcissus, including of course the poet's and polyanthus groups. Group b, the Incomparabilis section,
is
composed
essentially,
and perhaps
entirely,
of
hybrids between different species and varieties of groups a and c, and embraces every degree of difference between the two extremes.
The large trumpet daffodils are varieties of N. Pseudo-Narcissus. The polyanthus narcissi (including the Paper White, Double Roman, etc.) are varieties of N. Tazetta. The Poet's Narcissus includes all the varieties of the species N. poeticus; the jonquil is a species known as N. Jonquilla, and differs from the recognised
daffodils in having cluster flowers, and from the polyanthus narcissus in having rushlike leaves instead of flat; it is very fragrant and the
ALL-YELLOW TRUMPETS.
partial shade;
Early: Ard Righ, large, does best in Early Bird, has been had in flower in the open
free,
April
2th;
Golden Spur,
good for
cutting.
Midseason:
of much substance: Maximus, shy bloomer Emperor, Late: Glory of Leiden, the biggest and but of superb colour.
fine flower
most lasting
flower.
Midseason: Empress, large and fine, rich yellow trumpet; Horsfieldi, earlier than Empress; very handsome but is becoming diseased. Late: Madame Plemp; bold flower; Grandee, for succession, dwarf, but free a
large,
flowering.
ALL-WHITE TRUMPETS. Early: Cernuus albicans; a very graceful "Swan's Neck"; Mrs. Thompson, strong, free flowering and
Princess Ida, small, but curiously edged with yellow at Midseason: William Goldring, with perianth overthe mouth. most beautihanging the trumpet. Late: Madame de Graaff,
large;
ful
and
largest.
Cyclamineus,
little
yellow
280
work.
with
daffodils), small
The overhanging perianth dog's ears. tridymus group, a series of few hardy cluster flowered daffodils. INCOMPARABILIS VARIETIES. Early: Sir Watkin, large and handtrumpet,
Midseason: Autocrat, every yellow. flower as perfectly formed as if cut with a die; full yellow;
some, very
free,
full
and yellow cup; handsome as cut flower. Late: Beauty, large, handsome, yellow star-like crown flowers, edged orange-red; Gloria Mundi, large flower,
Stella Superba, white perianth
the Barrii group, having with scarlet as: Conspicuus, large yellow flower, trumpet edged red edged crown; Flora Wilson, white perianth, yellow crown edged white; Sensation, white perianth, canary crown edged red.
Especially suitable for naturalising and cutting are the varieties of the Leedsii group, all having white petals, etc. Duchess of
:
Westminster, large and beautiful; Katherine Spurrel, hooded, white perianth, cup canary yellow; Mary Magdalen De Graaff, broad, spreading, white perianth, cream crown, suffused terra cotta; Mrs. Langtry, pale creamy yellow, remarkably free flowering,
and excellent
for cutting.
Midseason: Burbidgei Baroness Heath, yellow, orange-red cup; Crown Princess, creamLate: Sequin, glistening white, light yellow cup edged orange.
white,
Ornatus (midseason) and King golden cup; Edward VII. are the two best varieties of fragrant, white poet's
flat
narcissus.
Telamonius plenus, popuare: Cernuus plenus, double form of white Swan's Neck; Capax plenus, "Queen Ann's double daffodil"; Sulphur Phoenix, popularly known as "codis
lins
and cream,"
and golden yellow; Double Campernelle, grows 2 feet high, two up two to six stems.
Deep golden yellow, fragrant. PEONY, EARLY (P&onia officinalis). May, June; 3 feet. Crimson. Best planted in September. (See OLD-FASHIONED FLOWERS, p. 62.)
281
QUAMASH (Camassia
esculent a). Blue, purple, whitish. May; 2 feet. In loose spike. Flowers star-like, 10 to 40. Bulb Perfectly hardy. used as food by the Indians.
Scarlet, orange. (Kniphofia Pfitzeri). Early This is probably the most October; 3 to 4 feet. of all the varieties. Foot-long cones of bright
RED-HOT POKER
August
gorgeous
to
flowers, one hundred or more each, suran erect stalk 4 to 5 feet. mounting Hardy south of New needs in protection Jersey, Philadelphia, but must be lifted in the North. Give warm, well-drained place with dark back-
orange-scarlet tubular
ground
for
Other named
varieties
range from
yellow to brick-red.
One of
Leaves three
as Tritoma.
feet long,
narrow and
Often catalogued
SNAKE'S HEAD.
White.
Earliest
reliable
open.
GIANT
(G.
Elwesii).
astivum).
White;
foot.
Like
snowdrops; vernum
flowers in
March; cestivum
in April
and
May.
SQUILL,
Good border
later
plants.
(Sdlla bifolia). Purplish blue. 4 to 6 inches. than Siberian Squill but more reliable; Var. Taurica has 10 to 20 flowers Best , SIBERIAN (S. Sibirtca), dark blue.
TWO-LEAVED
week
March;
3 to 6 inches.
STAR OF BETHLEHEM (Ornithogalum umbellatum). White with green veins and black centre. May; I foot. Escaped from old gardens.
Flowers in loose panicles.
Excellent for naturalising.
TRILLIUM
See
Wooo-LiLY
or
WAKEROBIN
spikes,
in
NATIVE PLANTS,
flowers.
p.
96.
TRITONIA, MONTBRETIA
flora,
(T. Pottsi).
T. crocosma-
orange-crimson;
i
Lax
August,
soil.
to 2 feet.
Hardy
in well-drained
but moist
RED-HOT POKER
(above).
TUBEROSE
stalk.
September; 2^ to 3 feet.
Very fragrant, August, In foot long spike carried on end of erect Arching grass-like foliage. Plant in warm soil in early
(Polianthes
tuberosa).
White.
summer.
Double variety
preferred.
282
Buy new
lifted
and planted
These are the most gorgeous of the spring bulbs. Young tulips from raised seed are called "seedlings" until they have
bloomed.
When
they
first
called
"breeders."
These flowers are invariably of one colour throughout, although the seed may have been saved from variegated blossoms. After some
years the petals of these hitherto self flowers they are then said to "break," or "rectify."
become
striped,
and
clearly marked and of good pure colours, the flowers are spoken of as having a "good strain." A "rectified tulip" is synonymous with a These rectified flowers are divided into tulip having a good strain. three classes: bizarres, bybloemens, and roses. The "bizarre" tulip has a yellow ground with shades of orange, brown, scarlet and crimson. The "bybloemen" has a white ground, marked with black,
has a white ground, variegated with shades of crimson, pink, scarlet, cerise. The various classes of rectified tulips have the petals either feathered or flamed. A
brown,
lilac,
lavender, etc.
The "rose"
"feathered" tulip has a dark coloured edge, gradually becoming A "flamed" flower has a lighter toward the centre of the petal.
beam of colour running up the centre of the petal. EARLY SINGLES IN SCARLET AND CRIMSON: Brutus,
the earliest,
very bright, with a very slight yellow feather on the edges; grows 8 inches high. Artus, brilliant dark scarlet, a few days later
than Brutus.
8 to 10 inches high. Belle Alliance, the Grows about best bright scarlet in the early flowering section. well. flower lasts Couleur IO inches high. The Cardinal,
rich,
Grows
little
later
than the
Grows
12 to 15 inches high; sweet-scented. Keiserskroon, Grows 15 inches vivid red, with a broad deep yellow margin.
An
PINK FLOWERED EARLY SINGLES: Rose Grisdelin, the dwarfest and Grows only 6 inches high. best bright pink bedding tulip.
Chrysolora, the best early yellow bedder. Grows 10 inches high. Canary large and beautiful flower. Potteinches high; very early. 10 Grows clear Bird, yellow.
283
Grows
Yellow Prince,
Grows 12 inches high; very early. 10 to 12 inches high, large flower. grows
Mon Tresor
Most (T. Gesneriana type). for the average garden, coming into flower from one to popular two weeks later than the early varieties. As cut flowers they are
Free and graceful superior, lasting a week or more in water. habit, 1 8 to 24 inches high, bearing flowers of brilliant colourings on long, strong stems. They can be used with great effect in both borders and beds, either in solid colours or in combinations. Among the best of this section are: Giant Gesneriana, dazzling
crimson-scarlet,
feet high.
tulips.
Grows
2
all
The
and
largest flowered of
Golden Eagle, deep yellow, similar, except in colour, to Giant Gesneriana. Bouton d'Or, deep, rich golden yellow,
considered
Nigrette (the black by many to be the finest yellow tulip. tulip), jet-black in colour, resembling in form Bouton d'Or.
flowers are a delicate primrose flushed with pink, changing as they age to rosy carmine. Maiden Blush, or Picotee, beautiful white flower, the edges
Bells,
Shandon
changing to clear pink. Very dainty in effect, and long lasting. Florentina, a very small bulb that bears one or two large,
handsome yellow flowers on each stalk. WHITE SINGLE EARLY: Pottebakker White, the best early white bedding tulip. Grows 10 to 12 inches high. White Hawk, a Grows 10 to 12 inches high. La beautiful large pure white.
Reine, white, slightly tinted pink; 10 to 12 inches high. Excellent form; lasts well. L/Immaculee, one of the dwarfest and
earliest of
Grows
6 inches high.
MIXED COLOURS:
Grows
8 inches high.
Tournesol, red, with narrow edge of yellow. Titian, red bordered yellow, similar to
Tournesol, but with larger yellow margin. Mariage de ma flaked and Grows and crimson white, Fille, finely striped.
12 inches high.
Late.
DOUBLE FLOWERING: Equal to most of the singles in brilliancy, but The later flowering varieties are very effective are more lasting.
284
in
Couronne d'Or;
later
Tournesol Yellow,
shaded with orange. Grows 8 inches high. Rex Rubrorum, similar in height and colour to Imperator Rubrorum, but The best double scarlet. La Candeur, the best flowers earlier.
pure white double tulip. Grows 8 inches high, and when planted in combination with Imperator Rubrorum is very effective. Rose Blanche, pure white. Grows 8 inches high. Excellent for bedding. Earlier than La Candeur. Salvator Rose, deep rosy
pink.
Grows
7 inches high.
Grows only
etc.,
DARWIN
(7*.
Gesneriana,
in garden
Breeder
tulips,
of vigorous growth, usually reaching more than two feet high. The many varieties cover a great range of self or solid coloured, finely formed flowers in the following shades: slate,
They are especially heliotrope, mahogany, claret, cherry. Sold desirable for the hardy border, and bloom late in May.
in mixtures.
Naturalised in borders.
The
varieties of this
in
They come
and white.
They are grown yellow, crimson, because they are among the earliest to flower: the different
rose
colours
to
come into bloom simultaneously, and the plants grow There are also double the same height, 7 to 8 inches only.
Sold by colour.
DRAGON OR PARROT
Late flower(T. Gesneriana, var. dracontia). ing; petals irregularly cut, and fringed in a variety of colours. They have a striking and showy effect in borders, where they
propagate freely
if left to
come up year
after year.
Constanti-
Lutea, clear nople, red, striped orange, with black markings. Rubra yellow, feathered with red and green; very large.
Major, bright crimson, large flower, very rich in effect. Markgrave of Baden, yellow, framed with scarlet; very showy flower. Carmoise Brilliant, brilliant carmine.
The
285
orange-
LATE (Varieties of Tulipa Gesneriand). MARIPOSA (Calochortus luteus, venustus, Nuttalii, etc). Three large The Mariposas have upright petals and three smaller ones. flowers like tulips. The star tulips, C. albus and others, have
drooping flowers. All require partial shade. Will stand cold but not alternating freezing and thawing. Plant in fall in light loam with light drainage material added.
WAKEROBIN.
p. 96.
WAND FLOWERS
variable;
i
(Spar axis
foot.
Very
graceful.
tricolor). Purplish, with yellow throat, flowered lax spikes. August, September. Rarely seen. Treat like Tritonia.
Few
WATSONIA (W.
iridifolia).
Pinkish.
tember; 3 to 4 feet.
var. Q'Brienii.
W.
W.
iridifolia
WOOD SORREL
inches.
(Oxalis Acetoselld). White, veined rosy. Summer; 8 Flowers and leaves close at night. Rich, well-drained loam.
is
YELLOW STAR-FLOWER
inches.
(Sternbergia luted).
Plant four inches deep in stiff* Give dry mulch over winter.
soil
bulb
strikes in
summer.
marked
(*)
are also
recommended
near to or
*BAMBOO
(Various species of Bambusa, Arundinana and Pbyllostachys, but generally called bamboos in the trade.) There are seven bamboos worth growing, and that are hardy in the North. They
are
among
,
require
the most beautiful and dignified of the grasses. careful nursing and protection for the first few
They
years.
B. Metake). Best of all; (A. Japonica, or of the tall kinds; 6 to 10 feet. The largest and broadest leaved stem. BLACK, (P. nigrd). , large leaf sheaths almost cover the This 10 to feet high. 20 Stems become black in the second year;
BROAD-LEAVED
plant
is
bamboo
furniture
is
made.
Var.
286
GOLDEN STEMMED
, RIVIERE'S (P. vindi(P. aurea). 10 to 15 feet. glance scens), 10 to 1 8 feet. the most ; Very hardy commonly grown. Peculiar zig-zag habit of growth. - - SIMON'S (A. Simoni). Tallest; 10 to 20 feet in
the North.
shoots.
,
Starts growth late in the season. Thin out the weaker Leaves an inch wide, i foot long, tapering to a fine point. PIGMY (B.pygmaa). Valuable for rockery, but spreads rapidly and
, FORTUNE'S (A. Fortunei). old favorite; 3 to 4 feet high.
may become a nuisance in a border. The only hardy variegated kind, and an
Give deep, rich, well-drained situation, Foliage striped with white. with plenty of moisture, with protection from prevailing winter winds. Mulch for the first few years.
*BLUE FESCUE
(Festuca glaucd). Deep, silvery blue, in tufts. Flourishes in moderate shade. 6 to 12 inches. Worth growing for its colour.
*CANARY GRASS,
whitish
RIBBON
GRASS
(Pbalaris
arundinacea).
With
drooping spike-like panicles. 5 to 6 For wild effects, spreading very freely by underground feet. shoots. The variegated form (var. variegata) is the common ribbon
grass.
Leaves narrow.
Grow in
a sunken
drain
to prevent spreading.
*EULALIA (Miscantkus Sinensis). The prettiest lawn specimen 4 to 9 feet. Long, narrow leaves, drooping most gracefully.
clumps may
be 5 or 6 feet through.
,
grass;
Old
(var. variegatus).
(var. Zebrinus).
Longi-
ZEBRA GRASS
,
Banded
JAPANESE RUSH
(var. gracillimus).
inch.
Exceedingly
argented).
The most
Not hardy
tiful
extreme North, but may be wintered with slight covering. Beauwhite silken plumes in the fall, but in some varieties varying to
soil,
moisture.
Give light, rich carmine, violet and purple. Will flower in two years from seed.
villosurri).
with moderate
*PENNISETUM (Pennisetum
Valuable for
Not hardy, edging; I to 2 feet. Leaves long, narrow, drooping. but may be raised annually from seed sown February or March. Old plants may be dug and stored away from frost. Flowers in
feathery, brownish spikes, 2 to 4 inches long.
,
(P. Ruppellii)
More
287
reed
*RAVENNA GRASS
in
(Eriatbus Ravenna).
Ranks next
specimens.
to the great
beauty.
4 to 7 feet.
For
single
Narrow
leaves,
Plumes resemble pampas grass, but smaller. gracefully arching. Prefers sunny situation, and is excellent for aquatic effects. Plumes
first
*REED, GREAT (Arundo Donax). 8 to 15 feet. Somewhat resembling Broad leaves. Light green. Makes a huge a glorified corn plant. Var. vanegatus, with yellow variegations, when established. clump Has glaucous blue foliage, 4^ feet. Var. macrophylla, less hardy. and the tallest These are most stately of all the effective. very
grasses.
ZEBRA GRASS.
See EULALIA.
"A
garden
is
Rose
plot,
Fringed pool,
Fern'd grot
The
veriest school
Not God!
Nay,
in gardens!
when
CHAPTER XIV
THE ROSE GARDEN
every one
who
loves roses
and
fain
NOT
at
all.
Happily, some roses will grow almost anywhere, and one need not
put trust in riches to secure them,
for,
beyond
all
other flowers,
than
love
"must
he must woo, as Jacob wooed Laban's daughter, though drought and frost consume. He must have not only the
glowing admiration, the enthusiasm, and the passion, but the
thoughtfulness, the reverence, the watchfulness of love.
To win
With no
ephemeral caprice,
who
and
rides
away when
his
young knight's who loves and sudden fire is gone from the cold white
Semper
fidelis
upon
his crest
Which
easily
is
a pretty
way
cottager
may
millionaire.
at the
Indeed,
many
shows
grown by workingmen.
The
head-waiter in a famous
London
many
ability relegates
It is
the principal
292
by a more
may have
roses of
surpassing loveliness.
Ideals change from generation to generation, even in rose
culture.
We
all
know some
old-fashioned rosarian
who
cuts for
bud be
sacrificed
surfeited,
which he conscientiously distributes among embarrassed neighbours, and sends to the nearest hospital
where the patients risk an epidemic of rose cold every June. Then If we were now the meteoric shower of his roses ends for a year.
obliged to
grow bushes for eleven months to secure roses in the twelfth only, and then to have a surfeit of riches that would enslave
us until their prodigality suddenly ceased, rose culture would
have
little
ultra-enthusiasts
Comparatively few
devotees are
now
their energies
upon
the
Looking
Europe
satisfied
with nothing
open sky
south of
May until November under the New York, and for a longer season
the Wichuraiana rose
Since 1893,
when
was
intro-
duced from Japan by Mr. Jackson Dawson, of the Arnold Arboretum, since the Japanese rugosa rose came to bless us, and vigorous constitutions and floriferous character were supplied to the
crosses with perpetual
tea stock, our gardens have been
and
won-
drously enriched.
for roses, as
Too
long
we looked
to
Europe exclusively
we
much
293
is
The
present ideal
to girdle the
may
be, to cut
from vines on
trellises,
from the wild garden or the formal one, from any nook or corner that one may adorn
drives,
and
with a rose.
Before the
May
tulips
have extinguished
the air
No
taint of the
florist's
are single
perfume of these open-air flowers. There white rugosas and half-double ones which, like lovely
too,
and
admit
it
must
own
seed
lost
her colour
sense.
No
and
Even
close
by the
sea, rugosas
on banks, and along drives, where hybrids of the half-upright R. setigera make a most lovely effect in July,
for naturalising for longish plantations in the foreground of
boundary
belts of trees
place,
and
make
294
too
many suckers for admission within the trimly kept rose garden. Some people reject the flowers for indoor decoration. Although
fall after
own
and
disease,
is
These Japanese roses, wild and hybrid, have scarcely reached their high tide of bloom when the yellow briers bring us their one
meagre but precious offering of the year. Except in old-fashioned gardens, one rarely sees Persian yellow, Austrian copper and
Scotch roses now; nevertheless,
if
modern garden
charming
little
roses beloved
by our grandmothers. After a warm, gentle rain, what delicious incense arises from another favourite of theirs, the sweetbrier!
The
day has benefited by many modern improvements at the hands of the hybridiser, and of the sixteen varieties of Penzance sweetbriers all are good.
Some
None responds
in rich,
Once planted
ask
is
heavy
trellis
soil,
about ten
the support of a
pillars or arches
or fence, and to be
alone.
Tied upon
in
revellers, they
when
will.
own
sweet
June is and probably ever will be with us the month of roses, however much we may hasten and prolong their season. Then,
and only then, are the hybrid "perpetuals" in their glory on American soil but in spite of their limitations, ignored in their
name, they bid
fair to
remain
rose
ALONG ISLAND GARDEN WHERE ROSES ARE GATHERED EVERY DAY FROM MAY UNTIL THANKSGIVING, WITH A TIDAL WAVE OF BLOOM IN JUNE
295
strip of
land to spare
would forego the superlative white, pink, and deep velvety crimson beauty of Frau Karl Drusehki, Baroness Rothschild and Prince
Camille de
Rohan?
Soft-petalled, pink
damask
roses that
fill
and no
Mme.
Plantier,
bushes and
liness in
trailers, intoxicate
God
In the South and in California tea roses abound in every favoured garden for many months, to the envy of rose lovers in
colder
climes,
who
are
except in hothouses.
winter,
coddles
to
find
many
of his
a wonderful
new
hardiness of the hybrid perpetuals, the chaste form and the delicate,
refined fragrance of teas, and, above
freely
all,
their habit of
blooming
Now,
indeed, are
Now is
made
Of
the
hundred and
fifty varieties
many an amateur
fills
his
Killarney's long-pointed,
last for
perfect pink
expand and
mahogany
296
of bluer pink and more rounded form, but a charmer none the
less;
and La France,
perfume,
if
no other
pink ones, he must have; Kaiserin Augusta Victoria, a superlaAlice Grahame; Bessie tively lovely, large, robust white rose;
the vivid Liberty red; and the bushy Gruss an Teplitz, whose
all
others
rose-
the
little list
may be amended
or increased
by every
From May
till
killing frost
he
may
his
in
Midsummer
their
and drought, it is true, somewhat diminish numbers, but never more should there be famine in the
be made, and
its
And where
shall that
how tended
A
where
all
tree
may
be said to spread
roots as
many
feet
from the
trunk as
it is
tempt greedy
thieves.
But
roses, like
frame; and trees at a safe distance, encircling the rose plot or acting as a shelter on
its
coldest,
most windy
side
especially ever-
add greatly
rambler roses
to its beauty
and comfort.
Into
air
some of the
trees
may
But the
be so dense
297
shade their wards.
enough
to the roses to
Red
would
better take
back
shaded places,
if
there be any
such.
An
and makes a
far
more
of concrete,
boards or
ashes,
as
explained
in
the
perennial chapter.
a
its
rose
entwined and
and books
and shade,
What
delicious
place to rest!
After centuries
home
comforts,
we not
return to the
Roman's idea of
living in a
garden
The shape
able for
it,
of
its
by arches,
as artistic merits.
maintain.
around
its
boxwood
may be
its
central feature,
298
and around that the remaining space should be divided off into beds that can be easily reached at every point from a box-edged
path.
The
favourite
its
parallelogram
south
Semi-circular
all
or crescent beds at
and
the
central
Or
the parallelogram
may have
to
hedge.
when
talked about
or drawn on paper, but a well-balanced and thought-out rose garden, so fully planted that
its
lost in the
its
paths
arches
its
To come upon
hidden within,
like
If a rose
garden be forbidding,
it is
because there
too
much
No
a house
little
water: perfect
is
drainage
is
essential to
its
health.
Yet, where
perched on a bleak
happier a
distance below.
lovelier sights
lee of a hill.
from a terrace
But roses
will
tile
feet.
five
299
if it
and best
soil
below
it,
be
poor, to the depth of three feet, and loosening the floor of the bed
with a pick.
Mix about
soil
is
and thoroughly
spread over the
bottom of the bed, then the sod well broken, the top soil and more old manufe thoroughly intermixed, and finally a top dressing of
good garden
soil,
unenriched.
soil in
No
rose,
newly
set out,
should have
it
may
be.
new home
it
priates
draws the rich moisture from below and approBeds that are piled readily enough as the need arises.
it
little
are
made have
about
heavy loam containing some clay and the humus furnished by wellrotted sod; hybrid teas, noisettes, Bourbons and ramblers a
lighter,
warmer
soil,
added
to the original
compost
in the proportion of
aesthetic reasons
itself
it
one to four.
best to
is
grow
plot of
own.
For hybrid
row of
opposite one another, two and a half feet apart, where they will
Almost
hybrid teas
may be grown
in
beds three
feet
boxwood
or sod borders, the plants set out eight inches from the
300
the Gruss
example, which quickly attains the size of a bush on a more generous scale. Kaiserin Augusta requiring a bed made Victoria, lovely creature, is a buxom beauty, vigorous and free.
She, too, needs plenty of
room
to display her
immaculate charms.
Many
to carpet the
in
buying roses, the general rule holds good it is economy the end to get only the best quality of stock from the most
:
When
reliable dealer.
The market
is
cheap, but in reality they are very small, weak, inferior plants, not
really
is
not furnish the real joy contained in one large, healthy, superlatively fine plant that
ally
it is
best to
Manetti stock.
The
England,
roses
is
not so
Only a few
Caro-
do so well on
for
soil
Always plant the rose deep enough the point where the bud was inserted to be well covered with
roots.
own
it
may
once by the
on the stem.
it
Remove
down
where
off close
may be made
When
with
as severe frost
soil for
entirely
a day or two
301
that leisurely
plant,
to set
Examine each
all
and cut
off
broken roots,
bruised stalks,
the wind,
that
may
be whipped by
and any eyes that can be detected below the bud on the Manetti stock, lest they develop later. Take from the hole where and
the roses have been heeled in, or from their protecting cover, only
one plant
at a time,
set
it
out immediately,
pairs of
dry
Two
when
it
comes
to planting roses
one
is
in position while the other pair spreads out the roots horizontally, in
such a
way
which should be firmly pressed down Stamping will pack it none too firmly, for air spaces
fatal.
late planting
must
out just as their cramped roots leave the terra cotta prisons:
life.
If
many
so quickly as in
no other way can they be a trench of the proper depth and width.
rose bed spread
set
out
enough light stable litter, short hay, leaves, or grass cuttings from the lawn to screen the sun from the soil and prevent it from baking. In every
newly planted garden
It is
this
mulch should be
lift
left
on
all
summer.
not pretty;
it is
rather troublesome to
off
the surface of the soil needs stirring with a hoe once a the
mulch increases the vigour if it does not save the life of every rose
set out;
you
teas
moreover,
it
keeps
down weeds.
it
are
especially
dependent upon
if
midsummer.
do without
it
Only
during drought.
prevents
much
loss
of moisture.
302
However,
also
keeps
and healthy.
growth, coarse, medium, or fine
To
stimulate
bone-meal
in
about roses
is
excellent,
Frequent wettings a pailful of of weak manure water after buds begin to form
old rotten
weak tea
"Weak
and often"
is
A
it
week.
Do
foliage with
it,
but apply
about the
roots.
top dressing of
if it
wood ashes
potash to the
soil
Light refreshments
during the summer, and the feeding that results from a threeinch covering of rough
duce splendid roses; but no roses will be splendid unless they are
liberally fed
and watered.
enemies.
What
are they?
In sandy
it is
soil
is
the
rose-beetle; elsewhere
less
damask and
Mme.
it
Plantier are
its
goes straight to
them
discouraging
On
tender
new
shoots the
aphides or green
flies,
in
countless
303
as they, like
Inasmuch
the poor, are likely to be always with us, the rosarian will prepare
half a barrelful of whale-oil-soap solution before their
ance, and spray the pests regularly
fight
first
appearIf the
is
easily
won which,
indeed,
may be
said of
for roses.
use
powdered
white hellebore.
and
it
on the under
side
To
get at
over the top of the plant until the hiding-place of the slugs
exposed.
One
them
scale,
which
is
best
make a wash
old canes.
Brush
it
over the
woody
So much
and the
lesser evils of a
hot season.
The more
plant and the setting for the roses, contributes very greatly to
their health
and charm.
The
results of
our
efforts are
cumulative:
kind
is
laid
304
the wind
whip them and thereby loosen the roots, of roses until early spring, and then
pruning
of them, the hybrid perpetuals.
cut out
all
it
is
to begin
on the hardiest
weak growth,
which require shortening in proportion to the plant's development. If the bush be big and strong, leave eight or ten inches of cane;
if it
roots to support.
Cut
little
and choose
for, if a
one a bud
bud
be
left at
shuts out air and light from the centre of the bush, the very part
that should be kept open.
grow inward.
If
wanted
But be
it
who
the one
who
is
finest
their
strength allows
them
to develop well.
Whenever
in doubt, cut.
"
but as early in the morning as possible, before the sun softens the
stems and petals.
refreshed,
should be able to half fill a bathtub every morning during the season.
305
its
injures
to cut
blossoms, there
some
roses
which
Bourbon
Rugosas and
As
on
need encourage-
ment
to spread
laterals will
by shortening the top leaders, while on posts the be cut back to an eye or two as an inducement for and twine.
pruning.
Teas and hybrid teas resent hard Unless the shoots are very weak, do not remove them,
little
and the
dormant buds
to be cut away.
There are
whom
some
roses
require seems too great for the reward, but such captious critics
can never have known the ineffable joy that comes to the amateur
who grows
to perfection the
queen of flowers.
THE
The following
neighbourhood of
ROSARIAN'S CALENDAR
based
dates,
on
an
average season
in
the
New
Allow four
Use no
March
i$th
March
rather
2$th
Plant
new hardy
roses,
more
same
already
established.
April
iyh
3 o6
and
trees,
fungoid
Uncover tender
Plant any
new
final
light, protecting
leaf,
mulch.
Give
insect pests.
Spray with potassium sulphide of water) to prevent mildew. Repeat (one-half ounce to one gallon and perhaps again in a fortnight. spraying a week later
May
loth
Leaves open.
May
20th
Buds forming.
necessary,
to
annihilate
May
June
June
quantity.
2 yh
by the
yellowbriers.
ist
Apply
manure
to hybrid perpetuals.
to
bloom.
in
jth
Damask, Mme.
Plantier,
and spray with arsenate of lead (five pounds to fifty gallons of water) if necessary, and at intervals of a week apply it again thrice. Three times apply liquid manure
Watch
to hybrid teas
and
teas.
Hybrid perpetuals and hybrid teas and tea June 2ist roses bloom in quantity. As the hybrid perpetuals diminish, rambler and July $tb
shrubbery roses, hybrid teas, and teas supply a wealth of bloom.
July
nth
Hybrid
if
teas
and
teas
in
quantity.
Spray
aphis
persist.
Rose
bugs disappear.
Commence
307
appearance of foliage
July 2Oth
date at the very
Earlier, if
this
August soth
Second bloom
of
hybrid
liquid
teas
and
as
teas
Apply
manure
buds
begin to form.
September i$th
Prepare
new beds
Remove from
November iyh
roots; tenderest roses
with
little
Thanksgiving dinner-table.
The following selection embraces the most reliable kinds NOTE. and the greatest range of colour for the region of New York, and is based on a close study of the best collections. The amateur who wants the
number of varieties to give a comprehensive survey of the family will find those marked (*) to include the best representatives of all the types and colours, and covering the longest season of bloom. They would form a perfect skeleton, as it were, for a representative rose garden, giving flowers from May to November,
smallest
rose
are indicated in parentheses after the name, thus: (7 .), tea; (H.P.), hybrid perpetual; (H. T.\ hybrid tea, a blending of the T. and H. A; (Po/.), Rosa polyantha of gardens, not of botanists; (Hyb. Wich.), a hybrid of which R. Wichuraiana is one parent, etc.
1
308
Other
The
species itself
is
SHRUBBERY ROSES
For planting in parts of the garden.
mixed borders,
for
hedges, edgings,
and
in
the
less-cared-for
rugosa).
White.
Large, double,
with large, individual petals. Perfectly hardy. not Do and country. prune.
*CATHERINE ZIEMET
habit.
(Pol.).
White, double.
Excellent companion to
Madame
Dwarf
Some-
White Baby Rambler. *CLOTHILDE SOUPERT (Pol.). Flesh pink with darker centre. For bedding and massing. Profuse and continuous bloomer. Hardy. Prune by thinning. There is a climbing form of this. Erect habit.
times called the
rugosa).
One of the
*DAMASK
(R.
Damascena).
Semi-double.
Rose pink. June. Extremely fragrant. One of the oldest and hardiest. Foliage pale green.
Very prickly. Often confused with Rosa Gallica, pale pink flowers, dark green foliage and few prickles. Var. bicolor, white and rose, The old York and Lancaster, pink flowers and white variegated.
flowers on the
same bush,
(Brier).
is
Damask
rose.
*HARISON'S
YELLOW
Golden Yellow.
Vigorous.
Double.
Summer
Flower-
blooming.
Hardy.
Do
not prune.
*LuciDA
(R. lucida).
In garden borders should bery. Foliage effective all summer. be cut down completely every year or two. Long fruits in winter.
There
is
*MADAME PLANTIER
Faint
aromatic
size, in clusters.
Profuse
early
bloomer.
One
*RucosA
and
309
large single flowers are followed by showy, large orange fruits. Grows anywhere. Do not prune. subject to disease or insect.
(R.
*SWEET BRIER
rubiginosa).
Pale
pink.
bush, hedge, or pillar. Fragrant foliage. Do not prune. Hybrids of this are the Penzance Briers, which, although excellent for hedges in half wild places, are not as valuable
as the
Very
Wichuraianas for
Wich.).
pillars.
Light pink.
Large.
Double.
In small
Nearly
always in
bloom. Excellent
for garden
and shrubbery.
AURORA
(Bengal).
Salmon yellow.
Growth
moderate.
ETOILE DE MAI
(Pol.).
Nankeen yellow
Dwarf.
in
EUGENE LAMESCH
to ten blooms.
(Po/.).
Fragrant.
(Po/.).
Dwarf.
in trusses.
FLOCON DE NIEGE
Pure white
Very
free
flowering.
(Bengal).
Bright yellow,
shaded
coppery
Semi-double.
Moderate.
Bright red, with golden centre.
LEONIE LAMESCH
fairly freely.
(Po/.).
Blooms
Semi-
Very fragrant.
(Bengal).
floriferous.
Dwarf.
MADAME
E.
RE SAL
Very
double.
Moderate.
(Po/.).
Salmon-pink,
becoming
One
Dwarf.
(Po/.).
its class,
MARIE PAVIE
largest of
White flowers with rosy centre. One of the and one of the best. Should occupy the central
varieties.
space
if
MIGNONETTE
clusters.
Flowers in small
3 io
Small and
Dwarf.
(Pol.).
Popularly
in
known
as
Baby
Prune
Profuse
flowering,
clusters.
Very dwarf.
Hardy.
Continuous bloomer.
Moderate.
very lightly.
*AGLAIA (PoL).
Yellow
bud, becoming white. Double. Slightly nearest to yellow among the ramblers. This, and
in
fFich.).
Medium
P.).
sized.
Creamy
Crimson, shaded maroon. Flowers equal to many of the regular H. P. varieties. Large. Fragrant. Blooms middle of June and early July.
setigera).
Double.
Creamy
white.
Foliage
July.
P.).
Carmine.
Three inches
across.
*CRIMSON RAMBLER
profusion.
flowers
in
For
walls, pillars,
The most
popular
this,
climbing rose. Very vigorous. Philadelphia is very but flowers earlier, and not so liable to disease.
old canes.
like
Cut
out
Double.
In many-
Closely resembling
foliage.
*FARQUHAR (Hyb.
ing.
Double.
In clusters.
Trail-
Similar
to
Dorothy Perkins
311
Bright crimson.
Single, with
showy yellow
Free
flowering in clusters.
*LEUCHTSTERN
clusters.
(Pol.).
Single in large
tive
The most
effec-
*MEMORIAL
Climbing. Small white flowers. Very For draping walls, almost Shining, evergreen foliage. vigorous. banks, rocks, etc. Do not prune. Will self sow.
(R. multiflord).
*MULTIFLORA
clusters.
Pure white.
Single, in
many-flowered
Very vigorous. The most showy white climber. Pillar, Do not prune. arch, hedge, and shrubbery. *PiNK ROAMER (Hyb. Wicb.). Bright pink. Fragrant. Single. J
inch diameter.
climber.
In large, dense clusters. Rampant, free-growing Do not prune. Excellent for naturalising.
settgera).
Dull rose.
Single.
Large.
In many-
flowered clusters.
Very Leaf is
late,
Hardy. The only late characteristic, hairy, and dull light green.
end of July.
settgera).
Rosy
Large,
light
foliage.
most other
Unsurpassed
*SiNGLE
MUSK
Pure white.
Single.
Large,
in few-flowered clusters.
For
grown around
New
York.
flesh
ANNA OLLIVIER
(T.\
is,
Rosy
and
Prune
sparingly, that
Beautiful in
bud.
MADAME JEAN DUPUY (T.). Reddish yellow, centre rosy yellow, beautiful form. An abundant autumn bloomer. Strong-growing. Vigorous.
The buds
are long
and
carried
on
single stems.
Prune sparingly.
MADAME
JULES GRAVEREAUX (T.). Chamois-yellow, with rosy centre. Disbud freely. A cross between Reve d'Or and Viscountess Folke-
3 i2
MADAME WAGRAM COMTESSE DE TOURENNE (T*.). shaded flesh pink. Of marked beauty and vigorous,
habit.
semi-climbing
Very good on a low trellis. *MAMAN COCHET (T.). Pink. Most profuse blooming, and the hardiest Growth spreading Best formed bud of any rose. of all the teas.
Blooms very
large.
and rather low. Free flowering. Excellent for cutting. Prune There is a white form which is tinged with yellow and sparingly.
pink; equally as good as the pink.
Canary yellow; external petals and borders (T.). rose. Free and continuous bloomer. Hardier with bright pencilled than most teas. Growth vigorous. Prune sparingly. NABONNAND (T.). Also known as GEORGE NABONNAND. Tender
pink, shaded yellow.
in
Blooms mostly
(T.).
singly.
autumn.
Prune
lightly.
White,
size.
distinctly
edged and
is
Medium
Growth moderate. Prune well. fully. SOUVENIR DE CATHERINE GUILLOT (T.). Orange-red, tinted carmine. One of the most striking flowers in appearance and colour. Floriferous, but thin,
in winter.
cross
between
(T.).
(See above.)
As
group they
will
ADMIRAL DEWEY (H. T.). Silvery pink. A sport from Caroline Testout. AMATEUR TEYSSIER (H. T.). Creamy white in the early season, light
313
excellent
form.
sport
vigorous
grower, and one of the very best of its class. ANTOINE RIVOIRE (H. T.). Good grower, and very fine variety, espeRosy flesh. Cross between Doctor Grill cially in the early season. and Lady Mary Fitzwilliam. Prune by moderate thinning and
shortening the remainder.
unusual shade of bright, light pink; Long bud. Moderate grower. Known in strikingly beautiful. W. Too delicate to be seen at its best in Mrs. as J. Grant. England
T.).
in the early season
An
and sometimes
in
autumn.
Unsurpassed by any rose of its colour. Prune fairly hard. The socalled Climbing Siebrecht is not a real climber, but is more vigorous, and will give better results generally than the parent.
Profuse bloomer. Pink, large, globular. T.). for Excellent Hardier than La France. bedding. Slightly fragrant. Free growing. Very thorny. Prune sparingly. One of the best
First-rate as a cut
known H. T.'s. CLARA WATSON (H. T.). Creamy white, tinted rose. Growth moderate. Prune sparingly. rose.
ELLEN WILMOT (H.
long bud.
T*.).
Flesh white, with centre of rosy white. Vigorous growth. Prune hard.
Fine
*ETOILE DE FRANCE (H. T".). Velvety crimson, centre cerise; blooms cupped in form and very large. Continuous and free flowering. Fragrant. The brightest-coloured of all the very dark roses. Cross between Mme. Abel Chatenay and Fisher Holmes. Stiff, vigorous
growth.
Prune moderately.
T.).
Pale yellow, centre deep yellow. Buds long A stems. moderate and grower single good rose.
white, shaded peach.
distinct in colour.
T.).
Creamy
Very
Especially
Growth good.
flowers.
T.).
Beautiful
bright
yellow
Very
all
moderate grower.
T.).
Prune moderately.
Deep
bright crimson.
The
best of
the
Garden, bush,
Prune by thinning.
This
is
Bengal hybrid, of a
the ordinary bushes about
growth
altogether
rose bed.
four feet
its continuous produces a telling effect with the contrast a As equally vigorous bloom of bright clusters. Frau Karl Druschki (H. P.) is fine, with its unsurpassed beauty
apart,
of white blossoms.
White, medium full and globular. Very floriferous. A good grower, and one of the best white H. Ts. Prune lightly. *KAISERIN AUGUSTA VICTORIA (H. T.). Yellowish white. Fragrant.
INNOCENCE (H.
T.).
splendid companion Prune moderately. *KILLARNEY (H. T.). Pure pink. The best rose of its colour; but thin, Long, pointed buds. Excellent for cutespecially in mid-season. Free flowering. Growth vigorous. Prune moderately. There ting. form of this rose which is in every way the counterpart white is a
Hardy.
to Killarney.
of
its
Silvery rose, upright in growth, on long, One of the very best novelties. Cross
Growth
Prune sparingly.
T.).
LA DETROITE (H.
Testout type.
Light pink, back of petals lighter. Of the distinct A very promising good constant bloomer.
vigorous variety of American origin; a cross between Caroline Testout and Bridesmaid. Prune fairly hard
Silvery pink, with paler reflex. T*.). Very fragrant. a tendency toward a bluish tinge. Excellent form. Large flower. Few thorns. Prune sparingly. This is the original
is still
holding
its
own.
centre.
T*.).
fine
Vigorous
Prune
lightly.
Salmon-shaded rose. One of the Flowers full and of good size. Prune slightly.
T.).
MADAME
lent
ExcelJ. GROLEZ (H. T.). Bright rose; very distinct colour. bloomer both early and late. One of the best. Good grower. Prune lightly.
315
tints.
SOUPERT (H.
in
T.).
Very
large.
beautiful
form.
Excellent
cutting.
Cross between
Vigorous growth.
Prune
lightly.
(H.
full;
T".).
Deep
apricot yellow.
and nearly full. A decorative rose of great merit. Prune moderately hard.
Moderate growth.
Silvery white, edges bordered with pink. T.). in the the class. Plants largest Probably very distinct rose. slow to establish, but merit extra care. Moderate grower. Prune
very lightly.
T.).
Pink,
shaded salmon.
variety.
Flowers
floriferous
and beautiful
Vigorous growth.
white, centre rose.
little.
T.).
Creamy
Flower
Bud
fine in
form.
Growth
vigorous.
*PRINCE DE BULGARIE
Rosy flesh, shaded salmon and orange. Continuous bloomer both early and late. Good foliage One of
(H
T.).
Prune
lightly.
T.).
Useful
as
"garden"
if freely
Good perfume.
An
old favourite.
disbudded.
Growth moderate.
HYBRID PERPETUALS
These embrace the great bulk of the most showy and gorgeous flowers of June, and With few exceptions, however, they are are the hardiest and the largest-flowered roses. " " not bloomers in America, flowering, as a rule, only in the early summer. perpetual The special exceptions are noted below by the (f) sign. The group is a nondescript one,
embracing many
severe pruning.
sections, but conveniently considered as
one culturally.
For the
Flowers large, full and semiBright red. P.). Blooms with centre. rather late in June. globular, high Fragrant. A first-rate rose. Good grower. Prune back hard.
3 i6
Synonym, Gloire de Paris. Beautiful Growth vigorous and shade of carmine. Very large and full. Prune hard. Perpetual flowering. Fragrant. upright. Flowers and foliage Pale pink. BARONESS ROTHSCHILD (H. P.). Growth Prune Scentless. Globular. fine. stocky.
exceptionally fairly hard.
*CABBAGE
(R. centifolia).
The hundred-leaf
or
common Provence
rose.
Vigorous growing. Very fragrant. Strong, rosy pink. An old-time favourite. Prune very hard. or shrubbery.
For bush
COUNTESS OF OXFORD (H. P.). Bright carmine. Smooth wood, and very handsome Scentless.
the largest in this class. cup-shaped, and one of ECLAIR (H. P.). Of the Jacqueminot type, but fiery
in
Bud
very
fine.
foliage.
Flower
vigorous.
distinct
Growth
red.
Very
colour.
Globular
P.).
in
form.
Fragrant.
race.
Growth
vigorous.
Jacqueminot
if
late. deeper crimson. Flowers the of finest, mildew, but is one roses for New York.
Needs watching for Fragrant. not the very finest, of the dark
Moderately full. Fragrant. This rose Very floriferous. lasts longer under our hot suns of June than the majority of its Growth medium. Prune moderately. colour.
P.).
Deep
crimson-scarlet.
Fine
imbricated
form.
*FRAU KARL DRUSCHKI (H. P.). Snow white. A cross between Merveille de Lyon and Caroline Testout, so hardly an H. P., though Growth remarkably vigorous, and for that reason unso classed. The plants should be at least suitable for ordinary rose beds.
three feet apart. They readily attain to a height of over five feet Flowers fairly full, very large, inclined to flat. Buds the first year.
often 3 to 4 inches long. Opens well, and blooms off and on throughout the season. The very finest rose of its colour in the class. Look out for a tendency to mildew in continued damp weather.
Prune moderately. GRACILIS (Moss). Pink; with characteristic mossy sepals enclosing the bud. The best of all the moss roses. Treat like any ordinary H. P.
P.).
317
Once fairly established, the deep red P.). shaded blooms, velvety deeper crimson, are unique among the dark roses. Small foliage. If the plants do not get a good start
useless to waste time over them.
it is
Very fragrant.
free
rose.
One
of the
best.
Remarkably Growth
moderate.
Prune
fairly hard.
P.).
Bright red, resembling very closely the laterColomb. Very fragrant. Reliable mid-June
Floriferous.
Flowers
well-shaped,
semi-globular.
Vigorous growth.
RiE
Prune hard.
P.). Synonym Mile. Eugenie Verdier. Bright in centre. Not very fragrant. Good autumnal. silvery pink, deeper
FINGER (H.
wood.
Smooth
lightly.
Handsome
foliage.
Growth
moderate.
Prune
in the
One
and a
reliable
autumn bloomer.
Growth moderate,
stocky.
Prune moderately.
Continuous bloomer. Silvery pink. For groups, masses and cutting. The best quite hardy pink rose. Vigorous grower. Prune hard. * fMRS. R. G. SHARMAN-CRAWFORD (H. P.). Deep rosy pink; outer
P.).
shaded pale flesh. Quite distinct from all other H. P. roses. Almost a continuous bloomer, and reliable in autumn. One of the
petals
Vigorous.
P.).
Prune hard.
Pink, with purplish tinge. Not specially pleasing in colour, but strong growing and the largest-flowered of all Effective in masses, roses; almost equals a peony in size and form.
and useful
Prune hard.
shaded bright
rose.
fPRiDE OF
WALTHAM
(H.
P.).
Delicate flesh,
Flowers opening well, and of good shape. A sport from Countess of Oxford. Very attractive. Vigorous. Prune moderately.
P.).
Synonym, La Rosiere.
Deep,
velvety crimson. Fragrant. remarkably floriferous cool- weather Grow this rose in a bed where it rose, but liable to burn in the sun.
will
have some shade during the hot afternoons. Prune moderately hard.
Growth
vigorous.
318
fSouvENiR DE LA MALMAISON (Bourbon). Clear flesh, with flushed centre. Large and double. Most beautiful in bud. Growth Fine autumn bloomer. Prune lightly rather low and spreading.
and by thinning.
SOUVENIR DE WILLIAM
(H. P.). Dark, blackish purple with reflections of red. Unsurpassed in intensity of colour. Fragrant. for mildew (which applies to nearly all dark watched Must be Growth vigorous. Prune moderately. roses).
P.).
WOOD
Cherry
red.
Vigorous grower.
Perfectly hardy.
Prune moderately.
way, except
size,
superior to
parent.
Not
subject to
disease.
P.).
It
Brilliant
crimson.
Floriferous.
cultivation.
Fragrant.
and
Vigorous.
VINES
'
When
Epicurus
to the
good
i'
His
life
he
to his doctrine
brought,
And
ABRAHAM COWLEY.
CHAPTER XV
VINES
DRAPE,
TO
soft
How
pictures be
Lacking
their grace
and mellow-
ing touch,
many
Shady pergolas, leafy flowery arches, and pendant garlands from trees and over hedgerows make pictures complete in themselves.
The
There,
its
earth
itself,
were, to the very hearts of the people on their historic ruins, their
were to be sudit
would
Only when we realise what the Mother Country might look like stripped of it, and how lavishly blessed she is with it, do we pity our
poverty with no reliably hardy indigenous evergreen vine to
its
own
take
place.
From
it is
one of
and not as
if it
were really
at
happy.
it,
it
may be
won by
While
it
seldom succumbs to
frost in the
Middle
States,
and never
abroad.
!
However,
let
us plant
it
much more
freely
than we do
Count-
less opportunities to
use
it
we do not
rightly estimate
its
its
we
limitations.
If
we cannot use
it
it
at least
somewhere about every home. But the almost universal painted wooden house in this country disBrick, stone and courages the attempt to grow ivy on its walls.
we can
stucco are
its
is
to
be made
of concrete,
these building
does not
air
make
is
under the
aerial roots
in spite of a popular
Many
a ruin in England would have tumbled to the ground years ago had
not the branching, tenacious ivy
bound together
them
or stable
when they need to be encouraged to delve for food, rich in humus, placed below them by the thoughtful gardener when he planted
them, will carry the vines triumphantly through heat and drought.
They
ivy,
clipped wherever
strays
beyond a ten-inch
makes a most
Vines
effective edging.
323
Used
grow,
it
Fallen leaves and snow afford sufficient protection to the ivy where
it
Special emphasis
is
laid
on our
only evergreen vine, except the creeping spindle, because, for people
who
live in the
is
greater
by
far than
any
other's.
And
it is
redeeming the sordid ugliness of many buildings; yet London probably contains more ivy than the whole North American continent.
So nearly evergreen that
is
it
worth growing
it is
only for
its
deliciously
climbers in cultivation.
about, which makes
houses, as the
it
It
twine
woven wire or other support may have its staples loosened at the top and be laid back on the ground when the biennial
coat of paint goes on the house.
Honeysuckle
is
cheap enough to
plant at every post in the chicken yard and afford shelter and shade
for the fowls as well as a screen for their not
is
It
and
it
blooms
all
summer
it
air.
Cold and
little
want
can endure
good
soldier,
its
but
it
well rewards a
old
wood when
It is
it
the exuberant
we have
for
slopes.
it
up
into the air long sprays of slender, tubular flowers set in pairs along
324
the night-flying moths; but after fertilisation, fragrant, to attract " Quite over-canopied with luscious the corollas turn yellow.
pale
our
five-
"
There
is
red."
Japanese akebia
and
it
retains
them
a resting time.
fragrant affairs
and
it
seldom
but
it is it
very
hardy,
it is
free
its
caterpillars,
grows
rapidly and
is
palmate
leaflets
form
them embowering
his porch.
is
know an
surpris-
of
its
akebia drapery.
Native clematis
autumn.
It
To
and pergolas with clouds of misty bloom in early autumn, no vine can outdo the variety paniculata. Flammula is choice, it is
deliciously fragrant,
its
bloom
at
midsummer
It
is
most welcome,
but
its
constitution
is
rarely robust.
sister
of the family.
effective,
The
brilliant
red-cupped coccinea
never
more
perhaps, than
Vines
kinds.
325
it,
is
called to
how common
Jackman's clematis against red-brick buildings. Yet, when it spreads its royal bloom over them, nothing in the great range of garden possibilities is more excruciatingly awful. On a grayshingled house or
among
how
really
One
remembered by
any European
who
Normandy when
wild species toss themselves from the sombre green of the pine trees
in the coniferous forests.
so high.
But
it
flings
feathery styles of
attractive than
its
pistillate
flowers.
far as I
No one need
ivy; already
it is
staples.
The
its
shining
new
The
growth conceal, in time, any surface, rough or smooth, they may grow against, but the danger is lest they become too dense. Only
is
one grateful
if
they do.
Heavy
326
those.
A
is
vine-smothered house
is
most
which
if
an
aesthetic
reason were
to be
no
a single plant
fifty feet
Because
tall
it
has lofty
trees
and leggy
are speedily
young shoots sway in the breeze from the tips of the branches. Planted on unsightly telegraph and telephone and trolley poles that
disfigure the
at least.
modern landscape,
is
it
The ampelopsis
sets
it it is
rampant,
is
ubiquitous; but
when
autumn
we have. As it loses
any possible dampness they may have dry, there can be no reasonable objection
a matter of fact the
all
anywhere.
As
wood and
paint that
summer
are found to be in a
contrary notwithstanding.
Would
down
be so easily disproved!
Instead of chopping
a dead tree on your grounds, try
draping
creeper,
it
ampelopsis or Virginia
which delights
and up into
garden.
cousin,
trees, living or
dead, wherever
it
grows wild
Of
looser, lighter,
its
Japanese
much used on
houses, nevertheless.
It
Vines
does not suffocate,
it is
327
airy,
and
its
makes
it
costs
On
beams
which
is
A
the
climbing tree in
many treasures
that have
come
Some
To
is
nothing
far
comparable to a
means
more
elapse before a
bloom,
it is
a great advantage
will
which
produce
wonderful growth
water.
if
put in rich
soil
friend
who
house to his new one was convinced that what the wistaria chiefly
suffers
from
it.
is
supplying
A bottle
soil
sunk
in the earth
water seeped
away or was absorbed by the vine, and no faster. The wistaria never knew it had been moved, although it was not brought up on the bottle until it had reached its second childhood.
it
of
when
grown
to trail
its
way
at will
among
trees, for
it
has a half-wild
328
treatment.
is
hosts
on which
it
pensions
itself,
perhaps none
better suited to
tree.
an enchanting
Later, as
bloom, but
this
own
and
As
the wistaria
tell
it is
difficult
indeed to
where the
wistaria
is
and the
tree's begins.
When
the white
similar.
on
tree
do not
set
it
from
it,
lie
under
to climb.
Lay
it
own.
it
One
among
pines, as
tosses
up the sombre
Celastrus orbiculatus,
it,
best adapted to
on
trees or
hedgerows where
all
its
generous pendant
winter.
Among woody vines none, except the wistaria, is more valuable than the trumpet creeper. One wants it if only to attract hummingbirds to sip nectar continually from
How
deep orange-red tubes. they dart and squeak among the flowers! But the seed that
its
Vines
they play an important part in fertilising should be kept cut
vine
is
329
if
the
to
Red
is
irresistibly
and orange scarcely less so, perhaps mixed with the yellow. Such flowers
wear
his favourite
not enough.
He demands
him
in tubes so
deep or inaccessible
may
may
and yellow columbine, the painted cup, the coral honeysuckle, the jewel weed, the Oswego tea and the native trumpet creeper feed
him
the honour of catering to the exacting midget before he returns to the tropics.
Such flowers as
gladioli, cannas,
whose
on buildings
as those
They are
ria, this
vine
grown over rocks. Like the wistasometimes used as a lawn specimen by attaching a
all
single leading
ing shoots
will
To make
out a long line of vines thus attached to stakes set three feet apart in
light, rich soil,
330
a dense wall of clean, handsome hedge grows increasingly beautiful, It is a heritage one is proud to flowers. foliage and gorgeous
bequeath to one's children. But not every one who wishes for the transforming results of
vines
may
and, even
when
these are
for
desirable to use
some annuals
On
may
be needed for
it
Even
in the
is
from year to year. pleasant to have variety If a vine be wanted to cover a porch or a high board fence in
the shortest possible time, try the Kudzu.
It is
wire or strings.
it
Given good
soil
will
grow
fifty feet in
a season.
is
When
a dense screen
it
is
needed
on a kitchen porch
for a lattice
that
invaluable.
if
Before
its
rather heavy-
plum colour they pass through phases. The San Salvador coboea
flat,
young vines may not be needlessly disturbed when they are lifted on a trowel and transplanted to the open ground after settled warm
weather comes.
Jack's beanstalk probably grew no faster than some of the
gourds.
All
their
astonishing
growth must
be
accomplished
between the
endure.
and autumn, as not a breath can they For covering unsightly outbuildings, fences and palings,
frosts of spring
Vines
they accomplish wonders.
331
to
have a gourd
it;
Some of the
fruit
grows to enormous
size.
Negro cabins
in the
with a side entrance cut in them, hanging from poles in the dooryard.
The
people
rid
handsome swallows once take up their abode of innumerable mosquitoes, gnats and other insect
in
pests caught
an
ecstasy of flight.
back door may be quickly concealed under a canopy of the wild cucumber vine's pretty leaves and
at the
skips
and
jumps up
white, are
strings too,
and
its
large,
But
if
flowers are
Rich
soil is
wasted on
it,
as
it
induces
house
do not be up north rooms like sunshine afraid to cut a quarter of a yard or more of stem. Branches grow again steadily and bloom till after frost if no seed be permitted to
and they
light
form.
too
is
colour overdone
just as they
vessels
grow with stems, disk-like glaucous leaves and seed attached, no spoils brought from the garden into the house
decorative.
are
more
They
it
Let no one forego growing the perennial butterfly pea because takes some trouble to start it. Seed should be soaked overnight
in
warm
it
is
planted, three
After a good
may be
Or
attain a height of ten feet in bought from a nursery. They may and well watered during hot weather rich, moist soil, and if mulched
flowers like so many little butterthey will be covered with exquisite flies fluttering over them. Although hardy, the roots need some
protection in winter.
in the
hardy border, the peas look more sightly scrambling over brush, which they presently conceal, than over wire.
On
knows
it
soil,
anyone who
is
variously called,
little
if
its
delicate
pink flowers,
miniature
bleeding hearts that have bled themselves almost white, then for
its
It is
a bienfirst
nial,
it
sows
itself,
stooling the
summer and
which
is
it
up
string or trellis,
But
its
it
in the
best.
Of
all
the vines,
the daintiest.
of annualc.
AKEBIA (Akelia
shade
is
quinata).
not wanted.
Best deciduous shrubby vine where dense Five-partite leaves, rich deep green, with
in
clusters of
free
May, June.
from
insects
and
fungi.
Vines
ALLEGHANY VINE (Adlumia
first
cirrbosa).
Delicately cut foliage like maidenhair fern. Flowering Give cool soil. Pinkish white flowers in profusion in summer.
season.
Transplant
in fall.
AMPELOPSIS.
BITTERSWEET, FALSE (Celastrus scandens). Best for bright fruit effects in winter, succeeding in shady or sunny position. Capsule bursts,
exposing crimson seeds.
easily
Attains a height of 20
in
fall.
,
feet.
Propagates
by
seeds
sown
JAPANESE
till
(C. orbiculatus).
late.
More
Best
annual
yellow-
on dry ground.
Attaining 20 feet in hot, sunny location, and For bloom from July till frost sow indoors in March.
(Dioscorea divaricatd).
Loose
clusters of cinna-
mon-scented white flowers, borne profusely. July, August; 10 to 30 Root a huge tuber, 2 to 3 feet long. Tubers produced in the feet. leaf axils, and sown like seeds, will make root tubers in two years.
full
Visited by
Prune severely
in winter.
JACKMAN'S
(C. Jackmani).
Blooms 4 to 6 inches across. June, Best purple-flowered vine. Also numerous varieties, varying to white and red-purple. July. The best white form is C. Henryi. August, November. ,
RED
atises
(C.
Viorna^
var.
coccined).
Carmine
i
or
scarlet
June, August.
inch long.
need heavy feeding and abundant water and severe pruning. See also VIRGIN'S BOWER.
radicans).
Evergreen.
Compact growHardier
on walls,
trees, etc.
Resists smoke.
than English
colouring.
Very
Grows
to great heights.
CRIMSON GLORY
vines,
fall.
(Vitis Coignetia).
like the fox grape,
much
DUTCHMAN'S PIPE
Best very large (Aristolochia macrophylla or Sipho). leaved vine for dense shade. Use for screens or arbours. Almost
334
attains
great length.
Vigorous grower.
The
scarlet
Fruits edible, and usually of bright scarlet flowers in June, July. annual with us although in tender a as Europe. vegetable grown
normally perennial.
is
warm.
GOURDS (Various
formed
weather
species of Cucurbita, etc.). There are a great number of these grown for their brightly coloured and often fantastically
fruits.
They
are
all
frost at
rather coarse, rank-growing annuals any time. Sow in rich ground after
warm.
Give
support.
Good
and
unsightly places.
GRAPE
(Vitis vulpind).
The
river
bank or
frost grape.
Good
Fox
shoots.
(V. Labruscd). Stronger growing, with hairy almost round, dull green; thicker leaves, Larger,
young brown
underneath.
HONEYSUCKLE
all
Most fragrant (Lonicera Periclymenum, var. Belgica). for arbours deciduous vine and trellises. Flowers reddish flowering
summer. The type blooms from June to September; yellowish and less vigorous. Var. serotina blooms in the fall. HALL'S (L. Japonica, var. Halliand). Half evergreen.
,
white
Flowers white, changing to yellow. The type blooms June, August; Naturalised in some places. 15 feet. (var. aureo-reticulata). Smaller leaves, netted yellow; sometimes used for ground cover,
becoming a weed.
20
feet.
Good
when
for walls
and
fences.
Common
Herbaceous
Japonicus).
JAPANESE
(H.
HYDRANGEA, CLIMBING (Scbizophragma bydrangeoides). Flower white in large, flat clusters when fully exposed to the sun. May, June; 30 feet.
Very showy, often confused with Hydrangea
aerial rootlets.
Hardy
at
New York.
IVY,
BOSTON OR JAPANESE (Ampelopsis tricuspidata or Veitchii). Best deciduous clinging vine for buildings. Sometimes injured in winter when young. Very highly coloured in fall. Rapid growing. Leaves
B|
a >. W W
ffi
>
Vines
335
ENGLISH , normally entire, but occasionally three-partite. but Best liable to winter evergreen foliage vine, (Hedera Helix}. flourishes with in north; slight shelter. exposed places killing
Dense mass of
varieties,
foliage.
Self-sustaining.
Any
soil.
Numerous
Fragrant, large yellow Native in the Southern States. April. Not hardy North. (J. in summer. Requires protection at Philadelphia. officinale). White,
KUDZU VINE
Best very rapid growing (Pueraria Thunbergiand). with Will herbaceous vine cover enormous stretches top. foliage Makes a dense screen. Plant the tubers deeply. In in a season.
the South the top becomes woody.
12 feet. Ovate leaves, bright Chinense). Has been used as a hedge green, 3 inches long with scarlet fruits. Less vigorous, smaller, on a wire trellis. (L. halimifolturri).
MONEYWORT
Good
for
(Lysimachia nummularid). Evergreen ground banks and rocks. Sometimes a weed in lawns.
cover.
Light
foliage, half inch across, with profusion of cupin summer. flowers shaped yellow
Evergreen, with yellowish toothed. Good for undergrowth in thick leaves, slightly green, in small Flowers terminal shrubberies. white, spikes in May. Attractive to bees.
See PERIWINKLE (below.)
MYRTLE.
PARTRIDGE BERRY (Mitchella repens). The only hardy evergreen that carpets the ground and bears bright red berries all winter, and Native to the woods, but can be bought from the lasting till June.
Shady places. EVERLASTING PEA, (Lathyrus latifolius and BACEOUS PERENNIALS, p. 226.
nurserymen.
grandiflorus).
See HER-
PERIWINKLE, TRAILING MYRTLE (Finca minor). Will hold steep terraces. Ideal ground cover in dense shade, and where grass fails under trees. Purplish blue flowers in spring. Evergreen. Escaped from cultivation, and plentiful near old-time settlements. Several
varieties.
336
SCARLET RUNNER.
SILVER VINE (Actinidia arguta). Best arbour vine. Free from insects and fungi. Twining, not clinging. Leaves dark green, quite tough,
Flowers greenish white in June, followed by with reddish petioles. fruit with fig-like flavor. Easily increased by seeds, cuttings, yellow
or layers.
often
silvery,
Flowering in July. Lighter green, A pretty plant, but the middle. above variegated
(A. polygama).
attracts cats.
For arbours, trellis, and tree trunks. and retaining foliage to late in fall;
40 feet. Dark green, shining. Any well-drained soil in sun. Hardy even in Canada, on the ground, in sun, with light protection. TRUMPET CREEPER (Tecoma radicans). Best orange-red flowered vine
for arbours
in clusters.
and rough
places.
sun.
Beautiful varieties.
VIRGIN'S
BOWER
loamy
(Clematis
soil
hedgerows,
Light,
etc.
For covering old stumps, Virginiand). Fragrant, white flowers in profusion in July. and on limestone, but well drained.
VIRGINIA CREEPER (Ampelopsis quinquefolia). Most graceful deciduous vine for covering buildings, old trees and arbours. Perfectly hardy,
thriving in any
Large, five-partite leaves. Usually needs trainVar. Engelmanni clings better, and is ing, but some forms cling.
soil.
much
brighter scarlet in
fall.
Not
quite so coarse.
See
HERBACEOUS PLANTS,
p.
224.
Best early flowering permanent vine. Foot-long racemes of delicately scented mauve, pea-like flowers in May, before the leaves. Climbs and twines easily. Attains great
lengths.
For walls,
trellises,
trees,
houses.
Failure of flower
is
Second
small crop of flowers in August. Does best when left severely alone. Prefers deep, rich soil, but will grow elsewhere. Propagates by
layers.
Also a white variety. (W. multijuga). Has racemes 2 to 3 feet long, but smaller flowers. , AMERICAN (W. speciosa). Has shorter racemes and is less vigorous; attaining to 40 feet.
(Lonicera Periclymenum).
WOODBINE
See HONEYSUCKLE.
GARDEN FURNITURE
"And
all
With
And
here
and
there were
And
To
sit
and
wearie shanks."
EDMUND
SPENSER'S
CHAPTER XVI
GARDEN FURNITURE
in the
WHEN,
can until
maker.
the spring
we
open air as much of every day as we autumn storms and chilly winds drive us to our firesides
home
meal
with
all
much conversation.
part to carry
portable
these various
To have
sit
live in
or even to
its
down
enjoy
beauty in different
and atmospheres
is
(the
most
to neglect a golden
if its
and
if
the
same
interior of the
home
is
to be exercised
its
undirected,
Where
a garden lacks an
it
is
apt
Such ever
340
regarded as of interest
it is left;
chiefly to
women of
in
leisure,
and
to
whereas
England
especially,
not intelligently,
ready to discuss
man, and almost never a gentlewoman, usually actively interested in gardens, and as them at the dinner-table as to talk about the
The Europeans
in
live in their
gardens, and
Very
we
following in their
When
tree he
had
able a seat as
many
provide in their
gardens,
J
if,
Most out-of-door
quite
furniture
is
between
ought to
two
be.
garden
is
not everything
But a
little
ot;her detail,
more thought expended on a seat, a fountain, or seemingly trivial and unimportant, makes a surprising
and does much
to
lift
a country
home
above the
level of the
commonplace.
The
Garden
may
be of either
made
at
home
or manufactured to be sold.
to people of small
means.
seat,
branches
and twisted
roots,
natural excrescences
on
to
may
little
woman
simply because
is
Garden Furniture
assumes that
it
341
must be what
is
is
needed
in her garden.
Yet such
on which
St.
However, simple,
dignified rustic
whose respective merits are in the order named. Good design implies an absence of meaningless ornament. It
locust, or birch,
means
and comfort.
and garden
Rustic arbours,
trellises,
seats
and
tables for
afternoon tea or breakfast out of doors, rustic frames for wovenwire back-stops on the tennis-court,
naturalistic treatment of the
all
home
But
is
grounds.
A rustic
little
pergola next
a house that
is
of Colonial architecture
would be an anachronism.
for a simple
country cottage
may
artistic that
can be had.
use a saw and
roses on.
grow climbing
like
or monotonous there
charm than by using arches freely across the paths never an isolated one on a lawn. Quick-growing annual vines will
and give
cover them while the permanent climbers are starting.
Few
vines
They
are top-
many
cases.
They
less
rust.
But
if
No
is
arch should
be
than a yard
if
across;
greater
width
preferable, especially
342
single
broad
bowery arch
pointed finger.
An
and
its
oil,
has
its
wooden
is
arbour that
on
seats lest
this
rub
off
on one's
clothes.
The
garden around
house are
laid
built of sturdy
oak planks
weather-stain
one plank
across four log uprights forms a seat; another narrower one, joined
to
two of the
tall
less readily
tar.
oil
wooden
work
that
is
from
Not long ago a man, who was brought before a judge some petty offence, was asked his occupation.
"
Boring
for
worm
Your
may
utterly destroy
it.
The popular hickory chairs and settees for camps, piazzas and rustic summer houses, need varnish especially, for they usually
contain occupants other than
human.
If little piles of
sawdust
floor
nursery
holes
destructive
descendants
in
the
Garden Furniture
furniture, a small
343
strong carbolic
hand syringe should be filled at once with a wash to be injected into the holes before the
varnish
is
applied.
Old English gardens, and the copies of them that were made
in this
choice
new land during Colonial times, usually contained a few pieces of wooden furniture that were painted white to corpillars, cornices, railings, pilasters
Delightfully
lattice patterns
slats for
designed
like
and
comfortable
some with
seats that
circular settees to go
shade
or a fine view
all
Happily such seats are being manufactured again to-day, the exact
copies of good old models.
When
soiled, they
may
be scrubbed
and
finally repainted.
They
storms.
If they
and no
not either
its
is
being
pays to lay a
seats rest
where the
on the
in time.
Such
for a
back-
lattice at their
backs
They
and beautiful
But they
had
much
344
swing would be
in
an old-fashioned garden.
Fitness
is
a factor
in giving pleasure.
The Colonial
lattice
of maira patterns
is,
perhaps, seen at
its
^^elaborately
illustrated chapter
infinite
alone.
Where
it
is
closures,
furniture generally,
it
has a
may
gainsay.
Wood
chiefly
is
because
may be adapted
it is
to various styles;
it
can be made
up
artistically
and
which
lattices
may
be
put aside from screening off unsightly places and affording a foothold for vines.
it
at
an entrance, or used
and other
painted white
made of painted
figure of a little
the iron
urns that
Negro boy holding out a ring to tie a horse to; iron afford the scarlet geraniums and magenta petunias a
head to catch
its
Would
flower garden!
Garden Furniture
345
wrought
pots for
into
garden
trees
seats, sun-dial
and smaller jardinieres for porches and window gardens, well-heads and decorative devices for garden walls, are still manufactured from Renaissance and ancient classical models. bay
Florence, which remains the centre of this craft in terra cotta after
centuries of supremacy, exports quantities of her
to
charming wares
America.
England; and
we have an
infinite
Red
it
terra cotta
is
is
especially effective.
at a
woman's pottery in
New Jersey.
a mossy tone.
famous garden
Cape
furniture in stone
and marble
is
an indulgence for
Somehow marble
our country than in sunny Italy where, weather-worn and harmonious though
evergreen
oftener
is
it
be, a
dark background of
it;
ilex,
cypress, or other
invariably given
effectively
but
it
much
and
and more
than
it is,
especially in Southern
and
if
them might be
furnished.
single
346
catch the splash from the fountain youth upholding a bronze bowl to in Mr. Louis Tiffany's garden, has a reason for existence, and it suffices
on a large
But
to clutter a
garden
New York
essential to
auction
room
in
"good taste misplaced/' Old English formal gardens contained much lead statuary which was counted more harmonious with the sombre landscape
than white marble images.
recently revived
little
among our
has
upon because many were shipped to America as "works of art" during the Revolution and promptly melted into
to feed
bullets here
ever put.
in old
extant
England and Southern gardens. Native stone of mellow colour makes admirable garden furniture and it ages well, which cannot be said of marble in our climate.
Simple pieces in stone
New
may be made
by
slab any good mason, working by the day pergolas, sun-dial pedestals and low, broad
seats
and
tables for
steps, for
example.
and vases
will
architect
vices of
some exceptionally
with an
artistic
eye
But
Italian
more
will
be forthcoming.
See to
it
Garden Furniture
of the urns and vases,
if
347
Greek and Roman models be used, have deeper bowls than most of them possess, and holes in the bottom for drainage, otherwise the plants set out in them on terraces, walls
and balustrades
will surely wither
if
away.
smoothly rounded
the edge.
Greek vase
may well
evergreen
be given a niche to
hedge
against
relief.
revealed in bold
which
ornament of
this character is
but to cheapen
its effect.
Everyone who
may have
its
splashing waters,
pool, the
Nothing
attracts so
many
and
to
them
to bathe in
drink
Goldfish, which should live in every fountain basin to keep mosquito larvae exterminated,
eat out of one's hand.
may be tamed,
and mocking-birds,
drinkers.
and hard
No
One cannot
garden magic.
At the
Villa d'Este,
cascades, canals, rivulets and pools would seem to have reached the
the pinnacle of possibility, thanks to the abundant water supply of
river Anio, there
is
which
it
would be well
No
and
falling in
surrounding groves.
utilised over
water in motion
the
same water
now
moss-grown
upon
little
cottage
on a
hill
and a
money
wish to
his
making
that
crowd
mind
by Cardinal
Happily
for those to
whom
stone
are pro-
now made
in this
artificial
The
the central
feature of a
illustrated in the
is
made
of a con-
as practical as
five
it is
effective
and inexpen-
having weathered
A
fur-
village carpenter
made
Garden
Pompeiian
pergola
tablets,
Roman
chairs,
Greek
vases,
Italian
fountains,
columns,
balustrades,
walls, sun-
and garden
mounts, big decorative pots for flowers, clipped boxwood, bay and formal evergreen trees, may all be bought so cheaply that
Garden Furniture
349
no one who can afford the luxury of architecture in the classic style for house and garden need forego a coveted piece for their embellishment. Even the stone lantern, without whose saving
away evil sprits no Oriental man with would be content to work in a Japanese garden, is now
presence to frighten
a hoe repro-
duced
in
an
artificial
material
so
durable
as
to
almost defy
simple,
detection.
From
the
old-fashioned
garden,
however
may
less.
is
now
boasts one.
Many
inviting
no one
to rest awhile
growing no especially beautiful vines (usually the crimson rambler to the exclusion of every other one) extending
shady
seats;
;
no architectural
lines that
is
stroll
been almost wholly superseded by this recent innovation. The " Italian word pergola" itself means a certain kind of grape; but it
soon came to be applied to the rough-and-ready arbours over which
the vine
was grown
stones of
all sizes
350
on which was
temporary
laid, as
an open
roof, a trellis
pillars
of projecting poles.
lattice
between the
on
was used,
were
trained over
it
removed.
out-of-door living-
The
pergola
who adopted
Italian cities
sive
it
purely for
its aesthetic
wooden
cross-
Along the
were placed.
Much
life is still
As
the pergola
may
branches
supports of
its
roof,
it is
home
conditions here.
Only
the Italian
an adept
at utilising
We
have need
to apply his
with
columns enters into hopeless competition with the vines. Because it is adaptable to so many styles of houses and gardens, and may be made of whatever material best suits its surroundings
Garden Furniture
and the
size
351
it
is
as beauif
tiful as it is useful
and
ever,
adoption.
happier day
is
dawn-
may
be enticed out of
INDEX
INDEX
Abies, see Fir
Amorpha
fruticosa,
see
Indigo,
Asclepias, see
Milkweed
Bastard, 180
The
fl.
Pearl
Ashberry, see Mahonia Ash, European (S. Aucuparia), 152 Mountain (Sorbu s Americana),
'5'
mica
pi. ),
226, 229.
Weeping
(Fraxinus
excelsior,
autumnale),
216
China (Callistephus
56, 70, 247
hortensis),
New
England
83,
(A.
88,
Nova106;
var.
Brigid
St.
Anglice),
rosea, 106
Wood Snowdrop,
tris),
New York
88
(A.
Novi
Belgii),
Baneberry, 89
Needle,
see
106
larvis),
88
Adam's
Spanish
see
Stokes's Aster
White, 106
see
Dog*i
Anthemis
tinctoria, see
Chamomile,
Bernard's,
see
St.
Aubrietia
deltoidea,
see
Cress,
61
Antirrhinum
majus,
Snap-
dragon, 228
Apios tuberosa, see Ground Nut, *75 Apple, Crab, see Crab Apple, 147 May, see May Apple, 93
Tree, 74, 173 Aquilegia, see Columbine Arabis albida, see Cress,
Purple, 109 Azalea, 73, 82, 83, 84, 86, 103, 169, 170, 173, 174, 268, 270 Carolina (A. Vaseyi), 175
Ghent (A. Gandavensis), 175 Japan (A. mollis), 175 Pinxter Flower, Wild Azalea
(A. nudifora), 82, 85, 182
175,
Agapanthus umbettatus, see Lily Ageratum conyzoides, 243, 246 Ajuga, see Bugle, 107, 218 Akebia quinata, 324, 332
Alder, 71, 86, 114, 166, 170
White
Rock
AraJia, see Arborvite
'35>
var.
J
White Clammy
7*, 175
(A.
viscosa),
Alleghany Vine (Adlumia cirrhosa), 33 2 333 Alley, Pleached, 54, 55, 338
(Thuya
38 >
occidentalis),
'39
l88
2 97 34'
Wild, 114
A Ilium
Almond (Prunus
I73> '75
Althaea,
see of Sharon, 183 Rosea, see Hollyhock, 60 see Coral Alum Root, Bells, 220 Goldentuft (Alyssum Alyssum, saxatile), 108, 212
Rose
Arbours, 55, 338, 341 Arbutus, Trailing (Epigesa repent), 84, 95 Arisama triphyllum, see Indian
Baby's Breath (Gypsophila elegant), 247 G. paniculata, 106, 216 Baccharis halimifolia, see Ground"
sel
Bush, 179
Buttons
Bachelors'
(Ranunculus
Silvertuft
(Alyssum argenteum),
maritimum),
109
Turnip , Jack-in-the-Pulpit, 92 Aristolochia macro phylla or Sipho, see Dutchman's Pipe, 333
Asiaticus), 273
Sweet
(Alyssum
Armeria maritima,
no,
177
Buttons
Amaranthus,
Love-lies-bleeding
Globe
Amaranth (Gomphrena
Sailor, 58
'75
Amelanchier,
see
Shadbush
demissa
and
or
Service Berry
Arum, Water (Calla palustris), 129 Aruncus Sylvester, see Goat's Beard, 222 Arundinaria, see Bamboo, 285, 286 Arundo Donax, see Reed, 287
Ragged
Amethyst
(Browallia
Asarum Canadense,
96
see Snakeroot,
elata),
247
355
35 6
Brooklime
127
(Veronica Americana),
or
elata,
see
see Self-heal
Balsam
Fir, 157
Bambusa Metake,
Black
285 Broad-leaved
272, 285
nigra),
(Phyllostachys
Tansy
(Arundinaria
272,
Japanese (C. orbiculatus), 333 Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta), 84,89,207,212 Bladder Nut (Staphylea trifolia), 176 S. colchica, 176 Bladderwort (Utricularia purpurea), 127
Asclepias tuberosa, Milkweed, Butterfly, 83, 84, 89, 212, 273 Butterwort, 116
Bambusa,
see
Bamboo
198,
Button Buxus,
G.
aristata, 218
Wild Baptisia tinctoria, see Indigo, Barberry, 27, 84, 168, 173*
247
Pear
Caladium, see Elephant's Ear Calendula, 242, 244, 245. also Marigold
Calla palustris, see Arum C. albo-maculata, 128
89
L. scariosa, 89
See
Bleeding Heart
bilis),
(Dicentra specta-
Blood Root (Sanguinaria Canaden83, 85, 89, 106, 273 Bluebell, see Bellflower, 106 Blue Bells (Mertensia pulmonarioisis),
242,243,245
see
Bayberry,
Wax
Myrtle
(Myrica
des),
06
Beard Tongue, see Pentstemon Bearseares, or French Cowslips, 47 Beech, American (Fagus ferruginea), 141, 142, 146
Grass
Marigold,
Marsh
eftusus), 127
Shrub,
219
Riveras Copper (var. purpurea Riversi), 72, 144, 164 Weeping (var. pendula), 146
Begonia, 122, 241
Mauve
(B. latisquama), 89
Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)t 46, 87, 89, 114, 120 Boston Ivy, see Ivy
Bougainvillea, Bouncing Bet, 81
1 1
Candytuft
(Iberis
sempervirens),
212, 2l8,
245
57
Borwood
sempervirens), 38, 49, 52, 56, 133, 156, 167, 188, 209, 244, 263, 297, 299
(Buxus
Colored
Rocket
(Campanula Carpatica),
Dwarf
106, 217, 218, 227 Bluebell or Harebell (C.rotundifolia), 57, 59, 85, 91, 105,
156
Tar.
Oriental
(B.
Japonica
106
Cannabis sativa, see Hemp, 249 Canterbury Bells, see Beilflower Cape Hyacinth, see Hyacinth, 276 Caragana arborescens, see Pea,
Siberian,
Brachycome
iberidifolia, see
Daisy,
184
Swan
Brasenia
River.
peltata, see
Water Shield,
85, 86, 87,90, 105, 115, 120, 127, 215, 218, 244, 329 Cardiospermum Halicacabum, see
lis),
Index
Carnation, 213, 241. See alo Pink, Border (Dianthus Caryophyllus), 57 Carolina Allspice (Calycanthusflori-
357
Clematis, Continued
Virgin's
86,
177
3 2 5>
Checker Lily,
Cherry,
Strawberry Shrub
Bird
(Prunus
143
Pennsyl-
vanica),
Cornelian (Cornus Mas), 177 Flowering (Cerasus hortensis and Prunus avium), 147, 173
Clove
tree,
50
Sieboldi),
Clover,
Bush (Lespedexa
Castor
240, 248 Catalpa (Catalpa bignonioides), 147 C. speciosa, 147 Catananche cxrulea, tee Cupid's
Winter (Physalis Alkekengi),2^o Improved (P.Francheti), 230 Chestnut, Horse (JEsculus Hippo-
176
Water
I 20,
(Marsilea quadrifolia) ,
129
Dwarf
179
Cockscomb
Dart, 221, 254 Catchfly (Silent Armtria\ 248 5. pendula, 248 German (Lychnis Viscaria)t 57> 218. See also London Pride Cat Mint, 214 Cat-tail Bulrush (Typha latifolia),
114, 127
(Celosia cristata), 250 Cohosh, Black, see Snakeroot Blue (Caulophyllum thalictroides), 89 Coix Lachryma-Jobi, see Job's Tears, 250
Snow
Chionanthus Virginica t see Tree, 178
Fringe
Crocus,
Autumn
see thalictroides, Caulophyllum Cohosh, Blue, 89 Ceanothus Americanus, see New Jersey Tea, 182 Cedar, 38, 101, 139, 156 Mount Atlas (Cedrut A t Ian t tea),
Chokeberry
Coleus, 17, 69, 70, 243, 246 Columbine, 74, 85, 196, 198, 206,
107
vulgaris),
IS*
Tar. glauca, 156 of
213, 219, 234, 245 Annual (C. coronarium ^57,248 carinatum, 248
Garden
220
(Aquilegia
carulec),
Pyramidal,
ee Arborrite
Red
(Juniper us '39. *5 6
Virginiana)t
see
White (T.
Arborvite
occidentalis)t
Leucanthemum, see Daisy Parthenium, see FcTerfew, 58 praaltum, see Daisy Types of named varieties, 219 Wild, see Daisy, Ox-eye, 45, 93 Cigar-plant, 243 Cimicifuga racemosa, see Snakeroot, Black,
254
see
Colutea
arborescens,
Senna,
Bladder, 176
asplenifolia, see Fern, Sweet, 95 Coniferous Evergreens, 188 Conoclinium ccelestinum, see Mist Flower, 108 Convallaria majalis, see Lily-of-
Comptonia
89
see
Cockscomb,
Cinnamon Vine,
Cinquefoil
Yam
(Dioscorea
fruticosa),
250
Centaurea Cyanus, see Bachelors' Buttons
divaricata)y 333
(Potentitta
the- valley
86,90
Citrus trifoliata, see Orange, 189 Cladrastis tinctoria, Virgilia lutea,
see
Margarita and Moschata, see Sweet Sultan, 253 Cerastium tomentosum, see Chick-
220
Berry
Spring
weed
Ctrasus
hortensis,
set*
(Symphoricarpos
vul-
Flowering
Claytonia
garis), 177
Cherry, 147
Ctratopteris thalictroiMs, see Fern,
Beauty
Clematis, 75, 324, 342, 350
Drops,
Mexican
(Bessera
Horn, 128
Ceratostigma
plumbaginoides,
see
integrifolia),
Leadwort, Blue
Cercis Canadensis, see
and
var.
Durandi, 220
heraclafolia.
Corn,
Tar.
Japanese Variegated
(Zea
Red Bud
see
David's
(C.
Lawsoniana, Chamaccyparis Cypress, Lawson's, 157 see Cypress, Japanese pisifera, obtusa, see Cypress, Japanese Chamomile (Anthemis tinctoria), 46, 218
(Matricaria indora, var. plentssima), 218 Boltonia see False,
Double
Scentless
Purple, 10, 325, 333 Red (C. Viornoy var. cocctnta), 3*4n 333
26, 240,
358
Cotoneaster,
Dracocephalum
Moldavicum,
tee
Balm
Dusty Miller, 69, 243 Dutchman's Breeches
(Dicentra
Swan
River, 253
147
Flowering
(Pyrus foribunda),
147
Dame's Rocket, see Rocket Daphne (D. Mezereum), 177 D. Gwenka, 178 See also Garland Flower
Datura, Stramonium,
see
James-
Pyrus
loensis,
town Weed
Day Day
Sun Drops
Meadow
107
(Geranium
pratense),
Red
Eichhomia speciosa, see Hyacinth, Water Elaagnus, see Goumi, 178, 179
angustifolia, see Oleaster
Haw-
1 66,
170
Cress Purple (Aubrietia deltoidea), 109 Water (Nasturtium officinale) 129 White Rock (Arabis albida),S$, 109, 211, 212
D.
Common
Golden
D. barbatus, see Sweet William D. Caryophyllus, see Carnation DicentraCucuttaria, see Dutchman's
Breeches, 90, 275
D.
see
spectabilis,
see
Bleeding
178 Elephant's Ear (Caladium esculen*wm), 270,271,275 Elm, 17, 48, 142 American or White (Ulmut
Rambler,
Rose
Heart
Dicksonia, see Fern, 84
Americana), 148
Crocus, 72, 196, 212, 258, 259, 260 Autumn (Colchicum autumnale),
107, 273, 274
Camperdown
Bleeding
(Ulmus
scabra,
see
Empress Tree
rialis),
(Paulownia impe-
Named
varieties,
274
Heart
(Dicentra
spectabilis)
148
Crown Imperial
Cryptomeria
(Fritillaria
ImptTar.
267, 275
(C.
Japonicat
Lobbi), 156
Cucumber Tree,
'5 Vine, 331
Cucurbita, see
Cinnamon
Vine
Eranthis hyemalis, see Aconite Eremurus robustus, see Lily Eriathus Ravenna, see Grass, 120
Gourd
see
Viburnum
Eryngium amethystinum,
see
Sea
see
Dog's
Tooth Violet, Adder's Tongue (Erythronium Americanum\ 83, 90, 269, 275 Dogwood, 84, 85, 142, 143, 167,
>7
see
Poppy
Eulalia, Japanese Rush (Miscanthus Sinensis) and varieties, 286
173
Euonymus, 173
candidissima),
Bush
(Cornus
127
see
Papyrus,
Papyrus
see
Strawberry
Spindle
Tree,
Cornus
Mas,
see
Cherry
Cornelian, 177
radicans, see
Creeping Spindle,
Dwarf Cornel
(C. Canadensis),
(Cupressus
semper-
virens), 139
Eupatortum, 120
ageratoides,
see
Snake-root,
varieties,
160
White, 96
forida
(C.
var.
Pink
Cypress,
(C.
rubra)f
see
148
Weed
Japanese
Vine, 249, 332 Cypripedium, see Lady's Slipper
Daffodil, see Narcissus
Red-twigged
stolonijera),
178 Red-osier (C. son guinea), 178 Round-leaved (C. circinata), 178
Silky
Primrose
Dahlia, 27 1
(C.
amomum),
Named
115, 177
varieties 174,
275
WUd,
170
Index
Ererlasting (Helichrysum bracttatum), 249 Helipterum roseum, 249
Forsythia, Golden Bells, 170, 172,
173,
359
Garden, Continued
Individuality
21, 28
Italian, 24, 28, 36, 168
178,
H.
(or
Rodanthe}
Mangiest,
emphasized, 2C,
Four
o'clock,
Marvel
of
Peru
Italy, 9, 134
(Xeranthemum cn-
Pea
grandiflora,
(Mirabilis Jalapa), 59 Foxglove, 48, 73, 120, 205> 207, 209,212, 215, 241
Exochorda
tee Pearl
Common
(Digitalis
pur purto),
Bush
Longfellow's, 48 Mediaeval, 35
(D. gloxini-
Maides
of
Buttons
False Acacia, see Locust
Fringe
Tree (Chionanthus
),
Fir267,
Native plants for wild, & Naturalistic, 28, 69 New England, 41 Nursery, 22 Old-fashioned, 41, 45, 349 Outdoor living rooms, 39 Partnership between Nature and
Art, 3
59,
Permanent,
15, 38
Perennials, 195
Guinea-hen
Flower,
Checker
Amaranthus, 246
Fennel, 45 Fern, 71, 84, 103, 105, 207, 108 Dicksonia, 84
Horn
128
277 Imperials see Crown Imperial Snake's Head, 59 Fumitory, 332 Funkia, see Lily, Plantain
Pompeii, 34
Pope's, 31
Gaillardia, see Blanketflower Galanthus nivalis, see Snowdrop
Principles, 7
269
Shield,
Sweet
Fescue,
84 (Comptonia
(Festuca
adianti-
folia),
95 Blue
Garden:
glauta),
Purchase, 18,21, 22
Surriage's,
Agnes
49
286
Festuca glauca, 286 Fetter Bush (Pier is foribunda), 1 S7
Land*
Feverfew (Chrysanthemum
Par-
Babylonian Hanging, 33 Bartram's John, 52 Bog, 115 Boundaries, 28, 40, 133, 165
Cactus, 28
Celia Thaxter's, 10 Central Park, New York,
Roman,
Shrubs,
Site,
346
165
15,
26
Soil, 23,
A. lasiocarpa, ijj Balsam (A. balsamea), 157 Nordmann's (A. Nordmanniana), 140, 157
ft
Mf.
Red,
see Spruce
concolor), 140, 1 57
Sunken, 50
Terrace, 40, 53, 346 Thought-out, 195 Topiary, 35, 54 Transformation of
to
objects, 21, 321
Veitch's, 140
White (A.
Fire
unsightly
Division,
31,
according
Flameflower, see
Flax, 254
Poker Plant
111
Linum
season, 213, 214 Egyptian, 33 English, 15, 27, 168 Favourites in old-time, 48 First Botanic in America, 51 Form, 8, 211
Tuberous
plants, 257
Van
George Washington's, 53 Greek, 33 Harmony, 9, 212 Household Medicines, 45, 46 Independent of flowers, 40
215 Water, 28, 113 Wild, 23, 28,81 Windbreak, 50, 101, 133 Wordsworth's, 203
et
stf.
36
101,
85
'57
D. Blagayana, 158
115, 135, 138, 140, 143, 158, 168, 188,297 Hemp (Cannabis sativa, var. gi-
Gas
Striped
Heuchera.
see
Coral
91
Geranium, 10, 17, 70, 72, 76, 241,243,246,344. See also Cranesbill, Wild
Gillyflower, 47, 50 Ginger, Wild, see Snakeroot
Barred (var. Zebrinui) included in Eulalia Fescue, Blue (Festuc* glauca), 286 Gardener's Garters, 272, 286 List of Ornamental Grasses,
285
Hepatica (H. triloba),^, 92, 258 Hercules Club (Aralia spinosa), 143 Chinese Angelica (A. Chinensis), 149 Hesperis matronalis, see Rocket Hibiscus Moscheutos, see Mallow,
Rose
(Cortaderea argentee),
Pampas
286
Sunset
(H
Syriacus, see
Hippophae rhamnoides,
thorn
see
Buck-
286
158,188 English (I.Aquifolium), 158 189 Sea, see Sea Holly, 228 Mahonia, Holly-leaved
I. Cassine,
see
Mahonia
Hollyhock, 47, 48, 75 86, 87, 195,
198, 200, 205, 207, 209, 212, 213, 222, 234, 306
179
(Chionodoxa Lucilice), 105, 258, 260, 275 Goat's Beard, False (Astilbe Japonica), 107
54
Habenaria
HaJesia
ciliaris,
see
Orckit,
Golden
Yellow-fringed, 96
tetraptera, see Silver Bell
Glow (Rudbeckia
Tree, 184
French
(Hedysarum
cortna-
Hamamelis,
see
Witch Hazel
Hawkweed, 75
Hawthorn, 143
English (Crateegus 9Xy*canth&\ 149 Heartsease, see Pansy
rium), 221, 254 Hall's (L. Japonica, Tar. Hall'*")> 3 2 9 334' Variegated (var. aureo- reticulata), 334 Honeysuckle, Bush: Fragrant (L.fragrantissima),!^^ Japanese (L. Morrowi), 179
Goldfish, 123
tr ifolio),
Gomphrena
Hedera Helix, see Ivy Hedge, 54, 135, 168 List of trees and shrubs
Roses, 293,
187
Buttons
gatus, 249
Perennial
(H
Lupulus), 334
Hornbeam
see
Goumi (Eleagnus
179
tree, 55
longipes),
178,
Sneeze-
Horse Chestnut, see Chestnut Hotbed, 237 et seq. Houstonia carulea, see Bluets, 89
Humulus,
Hyacinth,
see
podograria Tar.
p-
Hop
(Hyacinthus
Bedding
222
51, 306
Heliotrope,Garden(r/*r/a
nalis), see Valerian
3-
#C-
Grape (FWs),
Wfld Fox
Named
276
Rose
Hemerocallis, see Lily, Day
Index
Hyacinth,
361
Lagurus ovatus, see Hare's Tail, 249 Lamium maculatum, see Nettle, 225 Landscape Gardener, 18, 24 Gardening, 3, 8, 6, 17, 18
Larch, 145 Larix, see Tamarack
Continued
spectosa),
aly,
Water
Wood
Hispanica and
3*5 3 26 334
English (Hedera Helix), 335 Virginia Creeper (Ampelopsis quinquefolia), 326, 336
var.
*5>
33 2
Hydrangea,
Climbing
334
( Schixo-
phragma hydrangeoides,
alto
H.
petiolaris),
Engelmanniy 336
258
Hardy, (H.
large-flowered,
grandiflora,
var.
white
Ilia,
276
Annual (D.
ajacis),
250
pantculata), 171, 173, 179, 189 Hortensia (H. hortensis), 180 Hortensia group, 180
Jacinthes (Hyacinths), 47
Jack-in-the-Pulpit, Indian Turnip (Ariseema triphylluni), 92,
mosum, 60, 224; forum, 60 Lathyrus, see Pea Laurel, Mountain (Kalmia
D. grandi-
lati-
269, 276
St.
Jamestown Weed,
Thorn Apple
101, 103, 158, 168, 169, 170, 174, 189, 268 Great, see Rhododendron maxi-
Iberis, see
Ice
crystallinum), 250 Hei, 35, 40, 345, see Holly (7. crenata), Japanese
1
158,
68
(Datura stramonium), 92 Jasmine, Sweet (Jasminum nudiforum), 173, 335 J. officinale, 335 JenofFelins, 50 Jewel Weed, 120, 329 Job's Tears (Coix Lachryma-Jobt), 250 Joe-Pye Weed (Eupatorium pur* pureum), 87, 92, 115 Johnny-jump-up, see Pansy Jonquil, see Narcissus
mum
Narrow
leaved
(K.
angusti-
folia), 158
Laurus nobilis, see Bay, Sweet Lavatera (Lavatera trimestris), 250 Lavender, Sea, see Sea Lavender Leadwort, Blue Plumbago (Ceratostigma plumbaginoides), 106, 224, 227 Leontopodium alpinum, see
Edelweiss
Leopard Flower,
tee
Lily, Black*
Judas Tree, see Red Bud Juglans nigra, see Walnut, Black, "54 Juncus efiusus, see Bog Rush, 127 Juniper, Cedar, 38, 101, 135, 138,
140, 158
Column
Clover
Flower
Lespedeza
Sieboldit
see
Wild (Baptisia
tinctoria),
96
Common
com*
211,212,234,257,267,276
Bearded, dwarf (7. pumila), 223 Blue Flag (7. versicolor, also
7. prismatica
Kalmia, see Laurel Kerria (Kerria Japonica\ 180 White (Rhodotypos kerrioides),
180 Kniphofia Pfitzeri, 28 1 , see Poker Plant
Lilac (Syringa), 49, 75, 165, 168, 170, 173. Named Tarietiei, 180, 181
Common
and
7.
Virgi-
nica),
92
Hungarian (S. Josikaa), 181 Persian (S. Persica), 181 Rouen (S. Chinensis), 181
Lfly (Lilium), 38, 47, 83, 103, 209, 268, 269; Day Lilies, see
Crested
Dwarf
(7.
(7. cristata),
223
Kochia Scoparia,
see
Mock Cy154,
see
Dwarf
below
African Blue (Agapanthus umbellatus), 276 Annunciation, see Madonna
Thunber-
German,
60.
Named
varieties
Autumn
(L.
speciosum,
Tar.
113, 120, 128, 200, 208, 223 Siberian (7. Sibirica), 224
Laburnum
Sweet Flag (Acorus Calamus), A. gramineus and var. var itgatus, 129
rubrum), 269, 276 Belladonna (Amaryllis belladonna), 277 Flower Blackberry, Leopard (Belemcanda Chinensis, also
Pardanthus),6i,8z,277
Canada
92
Yellow Ircnweed
(7.
Pseudacorus), 128
Showy (C.
spectabile),
(Fernonia
92
Novebora-
censis),
362
Lily, Continued
Liverwort
Magnolia, Continued
Large-leaved phylla), 150 Soulange's (M. 150, 189
Starry,
(M.
macro-
Soulangeana),
re-
Hall's
(M.
stellata),
formosis-
glauca), 86,
Japan (L.
elegans), 278
Madonna
278
Honey
189
(Gleditschia triacanthoi),
Mahonia,
Martagon,
Lombardy Poplar, see Poplar London Pride, Catchfly, None-soRobin, Stpretty, Ragged Patrick's Cabbage (Saxifraga umbrosa), 61 Lonicera, see Honeysuckle
Loosestrife, Purple
Aquifolium), 74, 85, 169, 187 Creeping (Berber is refens), 158 Holly-leaved, 187 Japan (B. Japonica), 158 B. Nepaleniis, 159 Maidenhair, 84 Maidenhair Tree (Ginkgo biloba),
1
(Lythrum Sali-
S*
Moscheu-
Hybrids, 224
luted),
Day
Lily
American (N.
128
Musk (Malva
*54
moschata), 224,
Red, Wood,
St.
see Philadelphia
ago), 6 1
St.
Indian, pink (N. nucifera or speciosum), 114, 124, 128 var. rose a, 128 var. Shiroman, 128
Swamp,
see
Mallow, Rose
Chalet-
Love-entangle,
Malva moschata,
Crop,
flower
see
Mallow
see
Man-of-the-Earth,
Moon-
Madonna
no
Love-in-a-mist
Scarlet
(Nigella
Damat-
donicum), 278
Manure, 22, 23, 238, 242, 299, 301 Maple (Acer), 48, 77, 78, 141, 151,
Ell
Toad
(Trier it is
hirta,
Tooth
Violet,
Philadelphia Lily;
Wake Robin
(Trillium)
Lunaria, see Honesty Lupin (Lupinus perennis), 93, 215 Hairy (L. hirsutus), 61 Yellow (L. luteus), 62, 93 Lychnis, 212 Chalcedonica, see Maltese Cross, 62
Coeli-rosa, see
palmadisetc.),
many
varieties: atro-
Lily,
Rose
of
Heaven,
73,81,207,212,277
64
coronaria, see Mullein Pink, 61 Flos-cuculi, var. plenissima, see
Norway (A. platanoides), 151 Red (A. rubrum), 114, 151, 173 Scarlet, see Red
Silver,
Soft
(A.
saccharinum
Ragged Robin, 64
fava), 58, 269, 277
julva), 58, 73, 81,
Lemon (H.
Orange (H.
Swamp,
see
Red
nummularia,
see
63
Hemer113-123.
Lilies, Water
Madia
elegans, see Tarweed, 253 Magnolia, 38, 49, 114, 133, 142.
Wier's Cutleaved (A. saccharinum, var. Wiert), 151 Marigold, 50, 233, 242, 244, 245 African (Tagetes erecta), 250 French (T. patula), 250 Marsh (Caltha palustris), 86, 105, 115, 1 20, 128
Pot (Calendula
see
officinalis),
Limnanthemum
Named
250
species,
147,
150,
palustris),
Marsilia
see
Clover,
Cucumber
Eraser's
Tree
(Magnolia
petiolaris),
149
acuminata), 143, 147, 150 (M. Fraseri\ 150 Great see Laurel, Largeflowered
Hall's, see Starry
Water Marvel of Peru, see Four o'Clock,59 Matricaria indora, see Chamomile,
218
styraciflua, see
Gum,
Pop-
Large-flowered
fora,
or 158, 160
(M.
grandi135,
fcctida),
150,
Tulip, 153
Ten Weeks'
Index
m pehatum),
93
363
bona-nox),
Moonflower
251
(Ipomaea
Meadow Rue,
Tall
(Thalictrum
86,
93,
Ninebark
T. dioicum, 93
lius), 86,
(Physocarpus 182
opulifo-
Meadow
Mentxelia
sweet,
petala), 93.
see
London Pride
commercial in
Mo ther-of -thyme,
Mountain Ash,
America, 49
see
Thyme
151, see
Lily
230
Gum
Tupelo, Sour
154,
Mesembryanthemum
see Ice Plant,
crystallinum,
Mulberry, French (Callicarpa purpurea), 182 Native (C. Americana) C. purpurea, 182
,
182
Oak
Milkweed
Butterfly, Pleurisy
Root
(Quercus), 141, 142, 145 English (Robur or pedunculata), 152 Mossy Cup (^. macrocarpa),
*5 2
Mulch,
Mullein
Common
Pink,
Rose
Campion
Muscari
Red
(*>.
Scarlet
(.
93
252
249
biennis, see Primrose, Evening fruticosa see Sun Drops see
Mimulus,
moschatus, see
59
Wax
(Myrica Bayberry
cerifera),
see
Missouriensis, see Primrose Whitneyi, 249. See also Godetia Old-fashioned Garden, 45, 56 Oleander, 169 Oleaster, Russian Olive (Eleagnus an gusti folia), 182
Olive, 35
num), 108
Mistletoe, 116 Mitchella repens,
see
Nanny Berry,
see
Orange,
Hardy
see
Thorny (Citrus
189
Moccasin
Flower,
see
Lady's
Slipper, 86, 92
184 Narcissus, Genus, including Narcissus, Jonquil and Daffodil, groups: 262 et seq., 278 et seq. Named species and varieties, 279, 280 Chinese Sacred "lily," 262
Daffodils, 47, 58, 105, 196, 203,
trifoliata), 168,
Mock,
Mock Orange
Osage, see Osage Orange Orchid, 83, 91, 103, 116. See also Lady's Slipper
White-fringed, 86 Orchis, Yellow-fringed (Habenaria
ciliaris),
96
212, 261
et seq,
274, 279
et
seq.
Jonquilla),
262,
196,
(N.
poeticus), 72,
252
Polyanthus 279 Tazetta, 278 Nasturtium (Tropasolum), 233, 236, 244 245, 3*9> 33i, 33* Dwarf (T. minus,), 251 T. officinale, see Cress
Tall (T. majus), 251 Native Plants for the Wild Gar-
Osage Orange
(Toxylon
pomi-
see
Balm,
Monkey
Outdoor
Blue (Mimulus ringens), 225 Red (Af cardinalis), 225 Yellow (M. luteus), 225 Monkshood (Aconitum Napellus\ 213, 225 Monk's Pepper Tree, see Chaste Tree, 177 Montbretia (Tritonia), 28 1
den, 8 1, 88
Naturalistic Garden, 28, 69 Nelumbo, see Lotus Nemophila insignis, 245, 251
Nettle, Variegated (Lamium maculatum, var. variegatum), 225
New
Pachysandra, see Spurge Painted Cup, 329 Palm, 24 Pampas, see Grass
3 64
triloba),
252 Creeping
Podophyllum
peltatum,
ee
May
Papaver, see
Poppy
H3, Drummondi,
Annual
Pardanthus (Belemcanda Chinensis) see Lily, Blackberry, 277 Paradisea Liliastrum, see Lily. St. Bruno's Parrot's Feather (Myrhphyllum
proserpinacoides), 129
Named
226
varieties,
226
94,
1
divaricata),
281
Polemonium,
see
Jacob's
Ladder,
Bamboo
Winter,
08
Physalis,
see
Cherry,
Milkwort
see
Nature and
Solo-
93>335 Pasque Flower, see Anemone, 106 Passion Flower, 350 Paulownia imperialis, see Empress
Tree, 148 Pea, Perennial (Lathyrus latifolius)t 226, 335 Perennial (L. grandiflorus), 226,
Siberian (Caragana arborescens),
Pond
lily, see
Water Lily
see
Ponttderia
cordata,
Pickerel
Weed
Poplar, 141, 142 Carolina Caroli(Populus nian a), 153 Lombardy (P. nigra, var.
Italica), 38, 153
Japonica, see Rosemary, 160 Mariana, see Stagger Bush, 185 Pine (Pinus), 20, 27, 101, 138, 159,
328 Austrian
Laricio, (P. Austriaca), 159
ran
184
pi.),
120, 204, 215, 239, 242 rt *<?<?. Alpine (P. alpinum), 227 California (Eschscholzia Callfornica), 247 Celandine (Styhphorum diphyllum), 90 Corn (P. Rhceas), 63, 252 Horned (Glaucium luteum), 222, 254
Pear, Prickly, see Prickly Pear Pearl Achillea, see Achillea, 182
Umbrella
t
(S dado pitys
159
vr-
Bush (Exochorda
182
grandiflora)
ticillata),
White (lavigatus,
var. Digitalis),
Carnation, 213, 241 Chinese, Snow or Star (D. Chinensis), 63, 246, 252 Clove, Garden, Grass, Pheasant's Eye, or Scotch (D. plumarius), 63, 196, 198, 227,
2 54
Opium
252
(P.
somniferum),
63,
94 Yellow (P. deustus),2ij Peony, Herbaceous (Paonia officinalis and albiflora), 62, 195, 206 et 201, 196, seq. t
226, 234.
Grass
see 91
(Calopogon,
orchid),
Oriental (P. orientale), 10, 207, 212, 214, 227, 265 Plume (B occonia cordata), 227
Shirley, varieties of
Corn poppy,
Named
varieties,
62
Gum,
Sour,
195
Periploca Grceca, see Sflk Vine, 336 Periwinkle, see Myrtle Persica vulgaris, fl. see Peach,
pi.,
Fringed (D. superbus), 63, 211, 227 Maiden (D. deltoides), 63 Miss Simpkins (Dianthus hybrid), 227 Moss, see Phlox, Creeping Mullein, see Mullein Pink, 62 Sea, see Sea Pink Pinus, see Pine Pinxter Flower, see Azalea Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia purpurea),
116, 129
252
Water
(Limnocharis
130
Hum-
Moss
(Portulaca
Pot Marigold, see Marigold Pear Cactus Prickly (Opuntia vulgaris), 227 Primrose (Primula), 103
Day,
occi-
see
Sun Drops
Plane,
American (Platanus
Flowering Petunia, 10, 104, 236, 239, 242, 344, (P. hybrida), 251 Phalaris arundtnacea, see Grass,
dentalis),
Oriental
English (P. vulgaris), 71, 108 ((Enothera biennis, Evening var. grandiflora), 86, 87, 221,
245 Many-flowered
108
(P. polyantha),
see
Fire
Root,
see
Milkweed,
Mock Orange
Leadwort
Index
Privet (Ligustrum\ 167, 210, 197 Amoor (L. Amurense), 189 California (L. ovalifolium), 189
Regel's (L. Ibota, var. anum}, 168, 183, 190
365
Reseda odorata, see Mignonette Retinispora, 160, see Cypress, Japanese
Quotation, Continued
Herbs instead
I find
of drugs,
George
Re geltFlow-
Prunus Avium,
ering
see Cherry,
Herbert, 45 you worthy, 20 Laying out grounds, Wordsworth, 2 Modifying the appearance of a
flower, Maeterlinck, 232
mum}, 17,38,
268
Narcissus,
Mohammed, 261
Plum,
Dirk-
leaved
triloba, see
Nature, Lamartine, 256 Nature has the will but not the
Catawba
(R.
Catawbienst).
Plum
Kudzu
Thoreau,
Named
Vine
Pussy Willow, Pyracantha coccinea,
Evergreen, 162
see
Willow
see
Thorn,
coc-
Pyrethrum
(Chrysanthemum
see
Nikko, Japanese adage, 9 luscious with Overcanopied woodbine, Shakespeare, 54 Plant thou a tree, 134
Pleasant flowers, Parkinson, 47
Rhus
Cotinus, see
Pyrus foribunda,
Crab, Flower-
H7
Reply to a lady who knew what she liked, Ruskin, 7 The best gardening compositions, Edward Andre", 30
venenata, see Sumach Ribes aureum, see Currant Richardia albo-maculata, see
la,
Cal-
Spotted
to our gar-
Bean
(Camassia
esculenta),
Carrot,
Quercus, see Oak Quince, Japan (Cydonia Japonica), 168, 170, 173, 180, 190 Quotation: A dressed garden, John D. Sedding, 68
den, John D. Sedding, 44 perfect flower garden, 235 There is no such thing as a style fitted for every situation, W. Robinson, 14 The water garden, Guy Lowell, 112 The wild garden, W. Robin-
Robinia hispida, see Acacia, Rose, 175 Rock Garden, 99, 101, 332
List of plants for, 106
The
Rocket,
64, 196, 228, 254 Rosa, see Roses, Rosarian's Calendar, 305 Roses (Rosa), 10, 36, 47, 50, 75, 198,
son,
80
Miss Mitford, 206 A garden is a lovesome thing, Thos. Edw. Brown, 290 All is beauty, Robert Browning, 80
To
And
all
without,
Edmund
Spencer, 338
rockery,
Gertrude
wanger, 194 Vegetable monsters, Linnaeus, 265 What is a garden? John D. Sedding When ages grow to civility and
elegancy,
Lord Bacon,
mend
nature,
Penzance
hybrids,
294,
39
Dean Hole,
nearest,
Ragged
Robin,
London
Pride
291 Best
which
lieth
(Lychnis Flos-cucult), 64 Ever-blooming (L. Flos-cuculi yar. plenissima), 64 Sailor, see Bachelors' Buttons
Cabbage, Provence or Hundredleaved (R. cent ifolio), 64, 316 Carolina, 310
China, Mme. Plantier, 308 Climbing, for pillar and trellis, 310 Damask (R. Damascena), 48, 64, 212, 295, 306, 308 Garden, 291, 318 lucida, 94, 190, 308 Moss (R. gracilis), 316 multiflora, 311 Musk (R. Moschata), 311 Perpetual, Hybrid, 310, 314, List of 316-318 Polyantha, 295, 308, 309, 310,
Rambler, see Rose Ranunculus, see Bachelors' Buttons Raspberry, Flowering (Rubus edtratus), 183
Educate
the
of
Rattlesnake
Plantain,
(Goodytrm
(Ctrcis
pubescens), 94
Epicurus,
,320
Abraham
Cowley,
Red
Bud,
*$3
Judas
Tree
Van
der
Donck, Adrian, 50
Red-hot Poker, see Poker Plant Reed, Giant or Great (Arundt "Donax), 272 rar macrophylla, 128, 287 Tar. variegatus, 287
3"
Prairie
31, 3"
3 66
Roses, Continued
Flower
verticillata,
Sciadopitys
see Pine,
Snowberry (Symphoricarpos
ract-
Umbrella, 159
Scilla, 72, 105, 259, see Squill
bifolia, see Squill
fe stalls
mosus), 170, 173, 184 Snowdrop, Common (Galanthus nivalis), 258, 259, 281
also
Wood
281
Windflower
tris\ 230
(Anemone
sylves-
3"
Rose Acacia, see Acacia, 175 Rose Bay, see Rhododendron Rose Campion, 62
Rose, Christmas, 196, 219
Snowdrop Tree, Silver Bell Tree, (Halesia tetraptera), 184 Snowflake (Leucojum vernum and astivum), 281 Snow-in-summer (Cerastium tomentosum\ 109
Soapwort, Bouncing Bet, 8 1
Soil, 17, 23, 103, 203 et seq. Solidago, see Goldenrod Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum bi$o-
Rose of Heaven, 64 Rose Mallow, see Mallow Rose Moss, see Portulaca, 252 Rose of Sharon, 168, 170, 171, 175,
183, 190, 201
rum), 94
False (Smilacina racemosa), 85
94 True, 85
Somerset, see Balsam
Bladder (Colutea
176
Sensitive Plant
arborescens),
Sophora Japonica,
Pagoda Tree,
(Mimosa pudica),
143
252
Service Berry (Amelanchier) ,
Shadbush
Black-eyed
167
(Amelanchier
Cana-
'54
see
Wood
(Oxalis
acetosella
and
lac in i at a, see Golden Glow Rue, Meadow, see Meadow Rue Rush, 114, 120, Japanese, see Eulalia, 286 Russian Olive, see Oleaster
num
Shell
0. Boweif)y 285 Spanish Bayonet, Adam's Needle (Tucca flamentosa), 74, 88,
IS5>
laevis) ,252 Shooting Star (Dodecatheon Meadia), 85, 109 Shrubs, 17, 165 List of, 175 Shrubs and Trees for Hedges,
Flower (Moluccella
"9
Sparaxis tricolor, see Wand Flower, 285 Speedwell, Great Virginian (Veronica Virginica), 95
splendens),
243,
252, 329
Silver (S. argentea), 228
St.
187 Sidalcea
floridus),
St. Patrick's
Pride
Salix. see
Willow
252
178
Silene, see Catchfly Silk Vine (Periploca Gratca), 336 Silver Bell Tree (Halesia tetraptera),
184
Sambucus
Root
Sarracenia
nigra,
see
Elder,
see Strawberry Shrub Benzoin odoriferum, 170, 184 Spiderwort (Tradescantta Virginiana), 95, 229 Spindle, Creeping (Euonymus radicans), 333 Tree (Euonymus Japonicus) 190
103
Sky
line, 133,
166
Cotinus), 184
Blue
(Caryopteris
Mastacan-
85,
103,
Black
(Cimicifuga
London
Bridal Wreath (S. Thunbergif), 185 Goat's Beard, False, or Feathery Spirea (Astilbe Japonica), 229
Pride,
atro-
96
Meadow
Sweet (S.
salicifolia),
Scabious,
Sweet
see
86,93, 114,213,225 multi-flora, 185 Plum-leaved (S. prunifolia), 185 Hardback (S. Steeple Bush,
tomentosa), 185
Hydrangea
Index
Spirea, Continued
367
Tobacco Plant (Nicotiana Tabacum), 239, 242, 253
JV. tf/ofa, 253 2V. Sander*, 253
Sundew, 116 Sun Drops, Day Primroses (CEntthera fruticosa), 95, 228 Sunflower (Helianthus}: Annual(fl .attj)and varieties,
r
Spleenworts, 84 Sprikelia formosissima, see Lily Spring Beauty (Claytonia Virginia}, 86, 95, 115 Spruce (Picea), 135, 137, 161
Double perennial
(H.
multi-
Toxylon
pomifcrum,
see
Osage
see
Douglas
229 Maximilian's (H. Maximilian*), 95 "9 Slender (H. orgyalis), 229 Sweet Flag, see Iris
Pea, see Pea Pepper Bush, see Clethra Sultan Moschata (Centaurea and Margarita), 253 William (Dianthus barbatus),
48, 64, 205, 206, 213, 229, 245, 254 William, Wild (Phlox divaricata and maculata), 96, 1 10
Orange
Tradescantia
Virginiana, Spiderwort, 95, 229
137, 161
Norway
(P. excelsa), 137, 161, III Oriental (P. orientalis), 161 White (P. alba), 137, 161
Transplanting seedlings, 206 Trees, 140, 141 Wild Flowers, 81, 83 Trees, 17, 133 List of, 146 Trees and shrubs for hedges, List of, 187
Tricrytis hirta, see Lily Trigidia pavonia, see Lily,
Day, 277
Trillium, see
Wake Robin
Spurge,
Mountain
(Pachysandra
Symphoricarpos Snowberry
Syringa,
racemosus,
see
Two-leaved (S.
bifolia),
260
1
Orange
10
Tagetes
erecta
Tritoma, see Poker Plant, Red-hot, 281 Tritonia, Montbretia (T. crocosmceflora), 281 T. Pottsi, 281 Trollius, see Globe Flower, 221
Stagger
Bush
(Pieris
Staphylea
trifolia
Marigold
Bladder Nut Star Flower, Yellow (Sternbergia lutea), 285 Bethlehem (Ornithogalum of
umbellatum), 259, 281
Statice latifolia, see Sea Steeple Bush, see Spirea
114,
radi-
54
Gallica),
Hemlock
186,
Larender
273
Tufted Pansy, see Pansy Tulip (Tulipa), 47, 50, 70, 105,
212, 242, 257, 261, 264, 265, 266, 267, 270, 293
Yew
see
Aster (Stokesia
cyanea),
Tecoma
radicans,
Trumpet
List of
named
species
and
Meadow Rue
see
tulipi-
Thorn
Apple,
Jamestown
Weed
Evergreen (Pyracantha coccinea var. Lalandi), 162
no
Showy (5. spectabile), 228 White (5. album), no Storax (Styrax Japonica 5. Obassia), 186
canus), 186
White, 170
Gum, Sour, 154 Turk's Cap, see Lily Turtle Head, 86 Typha latifolia, see Bulrush
Tupelo, see
and
Thuya
var.
pyramidalis,
see
Cedar,
White.
Thuya, 101
foridus),
Shrub (Calycanthus
Thyme,
45, 46
Tomato,
Mother-of-(r/r^mw5 serphyllum) 1 08
Wild, 54
Tiarella cordifolia, see False Mitre-
wort
Tickseed,
(Coreopsis), 212, 220 C. lanceolata, 230 C. tinctoria, 253
206,
207,
Valerian, Garden Heliotrope (Valeriana officinalis), 48, 65, 212,
Cut-leaved (var. laciniata), 186 Poison (R. venenata), 186 Smooth (R. glabra), 1 86
Tilia, see
Linden
Toad
Varnish
pani-
Toadstools, 105
3 68
Venus' s Fly-trap, 116 Veronica:
(Cheiranthus
Chtirt),
254
Americana, see Brook Lime, 127 Long-leaved (Veronica longifoJia and spicata, and var. subsessilis), 65, 230 Firgin tea, see Speedwell, Great Virginian, 95 Viburnum, 83, 85, 115, 116, 170
niya),
trictltr),
American
(W.
.
speciosa),
Wand
336
Chinese
(W
Chinensis), 336
H.
Woodbine,
Honeysuckle, also
Virginia Creeper
Tree,
or
Lentago,
see
Sheep Berry
Poppy,
Shield
see
Poppy
Xanthorrhixa apiifolia, see Yellow
Nanny Berry, 184 Opulus, var. sterile, see Snowball, 184 tomentosum, see Japanese Snowball, 184 Victoria regia, 114, 122 Vinca minor, see Myrtle
Vines, 321
List of, 332 Viola, see Violet
Snail, 123
see Ever-
W.
and Pansy
iridifolia
Tar.
O'Britni,
tan-
Yam,
see
Cinnamon
Tine
Yarrow, 81
Achillea Millefolium, Tar. roseum, 96
folia),
96,
no
Violet (Viola odorata), 50, 65, 85, 95, 206, 241, 261 Tar. California, 65
Tar. Russian, 65, 211 Dog's Tooth, see Dog's
Weigela (Diervilla
fiorida),
168,
Tootk
Wood
Violet
Flowers, cultivation of, 87,88, Garden, 28, 87 Potato, see Moonflower Willow, 71, 141, 142
Yew (Taxus),
Canadian
162
(T.
Canadensis),
Ampehpsis
.
quinquefolia, 52,
Herb
(Epilobium
angusti-
53> 3 26
English (T. baccata) 138, 162 Irish, 138 Japanese (T. cuspidata), 138, 162
Pussy (S.
173
Rosemary (S. incana), 155 Weeping (Salix Babylonica varieties aurea and dolorosa),
144, 154, 155
Korean (Cephalotaxus
pedun-
Bayonet
nemorosa)
Windflower
(Anemone
A. Pennsylvania, 96
Snowdrop, see Snowdrop, 230
Window
boxes, 237
Wintergreen
(Gauhheria
procum-
Zta Mays, see Corn Zebra Grass (Miscanthus Sintnsis, Tar. Zebrinus), 287 Zinnia (Zinnia elegans), 240, 042,
bent), 96
NEW YORK
LOAN DEPT.
This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall.
14May'59WW
YL /5380