Introduction Compact quantum semigroups and groups Additional structure Examples

When a quantum space is not a group?

Piotr M. Soltan
Department of Mathematical Methods in Physics
Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University
July 23 2009 (Banach Algebras 2009)
Introduction Compact quantum semigroups and groups Additional structure Examples
Plan
Introduction
Compact quantum semigroups and groups
Additional structure
Examples
Introduction Compact quantum semigroups and groups Additional structure Examples
Any topological space X can be given a structure of an
associative topological semigroup (e.g. x y = y).
Can [0, 1] be given a structure of a topological group?
The same goes for any manifold with boundary.
A related question: let
X =
_
_
_
_
_
s
t
r
_
_
C
3
st = r
2
,
|s| + |t| = 1
_
_
_
and dene multiplication on X by
_
_
s
t
r
_
_

_
_
s

_
_
=
_
_
2(r

t sr )r

+ ss

tt

2(tr rs)r

+ ts

+ st

_
|s|
2
|t|
2
_
r

+ rs

+ r t

_
_
.
Is X a topological group?
Introduction Compact quantum semigroups and groups Additional structure Examples
We will investigate problems of existence of group structure
on compact quantum spaces.
A compact quantum space is an object of the category dual
to the category of unital C

-algebras.
A compact quantum semigroup is a pair
(A, )
unital C

-algebra
unital -homomorphism A A A
( id) = (id ).
Example: A = C(S) (S compact semigroup),
(f ) A A = C(S S), (f )(s, t) = f (st).
Introduction Compact quantum semigroups and groups Additional structure Examples
A compact quantum group is a compact quantum
semigroup (A, ) such that
span
_
(a 1)(b) a, b A
_

dense
A A,
span
_
(a)(1 b) a, b A
_

dense
A A.
In case A = C(S) density conditions correspond to
_
s t = s t

_

_
t = t

_
,
_
s t = s

t
_

_
s = s

_
.
Example:
A = C

() ( discrete group),
() = ( ).
Introduction Compact quantum semigroups and groups Additional structure Examples
Haar measure
Theorem (S.L. Woronowicz)
Let (A, ) be a compact quantum group. Then there exists a
unique state h on A such that
(id h)(a) = (h id)(a) = h(a)1
for all a A.
For A = C(G) (G compact group)
h(f ) =
_
G
f (t) dt.
For A = C

() ( discrete group)
h() =
,e
for . (This might not be faithful.)
Introduction Compact quantum semigroups and groups Additional structure Examples
Reduced quantum group
(A, ) compact quantum group, h its Haar measure.
Let J =
_
a A h(a

a) = 0
_
, A
r
= A/J, : A A
r
.
There is a unique
r
: A
r
A
r
A
r
such that
A

A A

A
r

r
A
r
A
r
(A
r
,
r
) is a compact quantum group reduced (A, ).
For A = C

() we have A
r
= C

r
().
Introduction Compact quantum semigroups and groups Additional structure Examples
Hopf algebra
(A, ) compact quantum group.
There exists a unique dense unital -subalgebra A A such
that
(A) A
alg
A
and
_
A,

A
_
is a Hopf -algebra (counit e, antipode ).
For A = C

() we have A = C[].
If A = C(G) then A is the span of matrix elements of irreps.
Introduction Compact quantum semigroups and groups Additional structure Examples
Universal quantum group
(A, ) compact quantum group, A its Hopf algebra.
The enveloping C

-algebra A
u
of A carries a unique
comultiplication
u
: A
u
A
u
A
u
such that
A
u

u
A
u
A
u

A A
where : A
u
A is the quotient map.
(A
u
,
u
) is a compact quantum group universal (A, ).
The Hopf algebra associated with (A
u
,
u
) is A.
Also the Hopf algebra associated with (A
r
,
r
) is A.
Introduction Compact quantum semigroups and groups Additional structure Examples
Universal quantum group
A
A
u

A

A

A
A
r
Introduction Compact quantum semigroups and groups Additional structure Examples
Woronowicz characters
(A, ) compact quantum group, A its Hopf algebra.
! family (f
z
)
zC
of non-zero multiplicative functionals on A
such that
for an a A the function z f
z
(a) is entire,
f
0
= e, f
z
1
f
z
2
= f
z
1
+z
2
,
_
= ( )
_
f
z
(a

) = f
z
(a) for all a A, z C,
f
z
((a)) = f
z
(a) for all a A, z C,

2
(a) = f
1
a f
1
for all a A.
_
a = (id )(a)
_
(f
it
)
tR
are -characters of A
they extend to characters of A
u
.
The family (f
z
)
zC
is related to the modular function on the
dual of (A, ).
We have f
z
= e for all z i the Haar measure is a trace.
Introduction Compact quantum semigroups and groups Additional structure Examples
Quantum two-torus
]0, 1[, A

= C

(u, v)
u

u = 1 = uu

, v

v = 1 = vv

, uv = e
2i
vu.
A

admits a faithful trace.

If there is : A

such that (A

, ) is a c.q.g.
then
the Haar measure of (A

, ) is a trace,

2
= id (i.e. (A

, ) is a Kac algebra). (P.M.S.)

A

is nuclear. Therefore
A

r
= A

u
, (This property is called co-amenability.)
the counit of A is continuous on A

. (Bedos, Murphy & Tuset)

This means that A

must admit a character, but it does not.

The quantum two-torus is not a quantum group (for = 0).
Neither is any higher dimensional quantum torus.
Introduction Compact quantum semigroups and groups Additional structure Examples
Bratteli-Elliott-Evans-Kishimoto quantum two-spheres
C

= C(S
2

) is dened as C

= A

, where Aut(A

)
(u) = u

, (v) = v

.
C

admits a faithful trace,

C

is nuclear,
C

does not admit a character.

Introduction Compact quantum semigroups and groups Additional structure Examples
Standard Podles quantum two-spheres
q [1, 1] \ {0}, C(S
2
q,0
) = K
+
.
Assume that there is : K
+
K
+
K
+
such that
(K
+
, ) is a c.q.g.
One can show that its Haar measure must be faithful.
K
+
admits a character, and so (K
+
, ) is co-amenable.
Thus
all Woronowicz characters are continuous,
but there is only one character on K
+
,
so f
it
= e for all t R,
so f
z
= e for all z C,
so Haar measure of (K
+
, ) is a trace.
There are no faithful traces on K
+
.
Introduction Compact quantum semigroups and groups Additional structure Examples
Natsume-Olsen quantum two-spheres
t
_
0,
1
2
_
, B
t
= C(S
2
t
), B
t
= C

(, z)

+ z
2
= 1 =

+ (t

+ z)
2
,
z z = t(1 z
2
).
For t = 0 we get C(S
2
) and S
2
is not a group.
We can show that if there is : B
t
B
t
B
t
such that
(B
t
, ) is a c.q.g. then
The Haar measure of G cannot be a trace,
B
t
r
possesses a character.
Thus (B
t
, ) must be co-amenable, so B
t r
= B
tu
= B
t
all Woronowicz characters are continuous on B
t
.
But B
t
has only two characters (not enough).