This document summarizes key concepts from several chemistry chapters:
1. It introduces atomic theory and the three states of matter. It also defines density and discusses significant figures.
2. It covers the laws of definite and multiple proportions regarding chemical composition. It also summarizes some classic experiments in atomic theory.
3. It discusses ionic and covalent bonding, distinguishing between their properties and bond formations. It also covers determining chemical formulas.
This document summarizes key concepts from several chemistry chapters:
1. It introduces atomic theory and the three states of matter. It also defines density and discusses significant figures.
2. It covers the laws of definite and multiple proportions regarding chemical composition. It also summarizes some classic experiments in atomic theory.
3. It discusses ionic and covalent bonding, distinguishing between their properties and bond formations. It also covers determining chemical formulas.
Original Description:
Basic formulas and equations for a chemistry student.
This document summarizes key concepts from several chemistry chapters:
1. It introduces atomic theory and the three states of matter. It also defines density and discusses significant figures.
2. It covers the laws of definite and multiple proportions regarding chemical composition. It also summarizes some classic experiments in atomic theory.
3. It discusses ionic and covalent bonding, distinguishing between their properties and bond formations. It also covers determining chemical formulas.
This document summarizes key concepts from several chemistry chapters:
1. It introduces atomic theory and the three states of matter. It also defines density and discusses significant figures.
2. It covers the laws of definite and multiple proportions regarding chemical composition. It also summarizes some classic experiments in atomic theory.
3. It discusses ionic and covalent bonding, distinguishing between their properties and bond formations. It also covers determining chemical formulas.
composed of small, scientic particles Classications of Matter -Solids-Denite shape, compressed molecules -Crystalline-Arranged in a pattern -Amorphous-No unique, long term pattern -Liquids-No denite shape, compressed molecules -Takes shape of container -Gas- No denite shape, spaced out molecules -Takes shape of container Density D=M/V Accuracy-Near Expected Range Precision-Near Other Figures Sig Fig Rules -All Non-Zeros are sig. -Interior Zeros (between 2 non-zeros) are sig. -Trailing Zeros (after decimal) are sig. -Zeros before Decimal need to go into Scientic Notation Addition/Sub.- Smallest Decimal Spot Multiplication/Div.- Smallest # sig gs. Chapter Two Law of Denite Proportions: All samples of a given compound, regardless of preparation, have the same properties and ratios of the same compound (i.e. HO=18g=16g H/2g O= 8.0:1 ratio) Law of Multiple Proportions: When their are two elements (i.e. A+B) the masses of element B combine with 1 g of element A can be expressed as a ratio of small #s (i.e. CO= 1g C to 2.67g of O) Experiments -Cathode Ray Tube-Led to discovery of electrons by sending them through a ray tube. This help determine the mass per g of electrons -Done by JJ Thompson -Oil Drop Experiment- Calculated charge per electron -Done by Robert Milken -Gold Foil Experiment- Determined structure of atoms because alpha particles reected back, disproving plum pudding model -Done by Rutherford Properties of Matter Metals: Usually shiny, malleability, ductility, good conductors of heat and electricity. Non-Metals: Poor Conductors, typically gain electrons Metalloids: Mixed properties Avagadros #= 6.022 X 10!" Chapter Three Ionic Bonds-Donates !e, between metal and non- metal Covalent Bonds-occurs between 2 non-metals, involves the sharing of electrons Differences: Matter properties, creation of lattices, bonding type. 1 PPM= 1g per 10#g Determining chemical formula based off weight 1. convert g to moles 2. divide by lowest # of moles 3. round out or multiply Chapter Four Molarity of solutions= amount of solute (in mol)/ volume of solution (per L) Dilution Equation= MV= MV Electrolytes=Solutions that conduct electricity well, generally ions are the best. Strength of acids= Ability to dissociate completely Dissolved acids make great electrolytes Titrations are not dilutions! Convert amounts to moles then nd ratio then nd appropriate amount of neutralization substance then convert to grams Redox- Ability to transfer electrons from one substance to another Reduction-gaining electrons Oxidation-losing elections OILRIG Oxidizing agent is, itself, reduced and vise-versa Chapter Six 1st Law of Thermodynamics- All energy in the universe is constant reactants have high E than products E`` > 0 E` < 0 reactants have lower E than products Chapter Seven Photon is a packet of light Wavelength is the length of a wave Amplitude is its height (relates to intensity) The shortest possible wavelength is a gamma ray Humans typically can see between 750 and 400 nm Photoelectric effect- Chance for a photon to be emitted when the proper frequency is shined on a metal. h= Plancks Constant= 6.626x10!34 JxS c= speed of light= 3.00x10 m/s m of an electron=9.11x10!31kg V= c/I (frequency/speed of travel/Hz) hv=1 (binding energy/energy to release a photon) KEemitted photon= hv-1 emissions spectra= same for each particular element, aids in identifying elements de Broglie relation= I= h/mv Ephoton=hc/I E=hv Quantum #s principle=n (level electrons are at) (also # of sub- levels) angular momentum=l (species which orbit)(n-1) magnetic number=ml (+,-, and 0 of l value) Photon Calculations En= -2.18x10!18(1/n) AE=Enal-Einital Chapter Five Boyles Law PV=PV Charles Law V/T=V/T Avagadros Law V/n=V/n Ideal Gas Law PV=nRT R= .08206 L x atm/mol x K DLPP=P+P+P...=Ptotal Pa=XaPtotal (X=# moles in a substance) P=Ftotal/A Fcollision= m x 2V/AT Grahms Law of Effusion rate a/rate b= vM b/ M a Common Diatomic or Polyatomic Molecules H N Cl P S SI Base Units and Prex Multipliers Length-M, Mass-Kg, Time-Sec, Temp-K,Amt.- Mol. SI Prexes Kilo (10!) Deci (10!) Centi (10!) Milli (10!) Micro (10!) Nano (10!) Pico (10!) Acid/Base Strengths Red denotes a weakness Acids Bases HCl NaOH HBr LiOh HI KOH HNO Ca(OH) HSO Ba(OH) HClO NH HCHO HF Redox Rules 1.Oxidation state of an atom in a free element is 0 2. Oxidation state of a monoatomic atom is equal to its charge (i.e Na' is +1) 3. Neutral molecules have a charge of 0 -ion is equal to charge of ion 4. Metals always have positive oxidation states Group 1A= +1 Group 2A= +2 5.In compounds - O is -2 - H is +1 - F is -1 -Group 7A is -1 Entries at top take -Group 6A is -2 precedence -Group 5A is -3 those below **Oxidation states of compounds must = 0 matter variable composition? pure substance mixture separate into simpler substances? uniform? element compound heterogeneous homogenous pure substances element compound atomic molecular molecular Ionic Chapter Ten Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion -Theory that lone pairs and bonds repel each other, resulting a maximization of separation. Electron Geometry-Lewis Structure Geometry Molecular Geometry-Actual Geometry Valance Bond Theory -Electrons reside in quantum mechanical orbitals -Hybridized orbitals are when two orbitals smosh together -This requires energy and central atoms are most likely to hybridize Sigma Only Bonds- sp3 (typically have only single bonds) Pi Bonds- sp2 (typically have a double bond) Dual Pi Bonds- sp (typically in triple bonds) Chapter Eleven IM Forces Dispersion-Temporary uctuation creating a weak attraction Dipole-Dipole- Molecules have a permanent polarity allowing two polar parts to attract -Hydrogen Bonding- With O,F,N. The H atoms are strongly attracted to the O, F, N of other molecules Ion-Dipole- Extremely strong attraction of a dipole to an ion. Surface Tension-Tendency of Liquids to minimize surface area by pushing and pulling. Stronger IM forces result in higher ST. Viscosity-Long molecules are sluggish Capillary Action-Cohesive forces pull things up tube.Only if stronger than adhesive forces. Lewis Structures -Write skeletal structure (H is terminal, more electronegative is terminal) add single bonds -Calculate # of electrons by adding valance electrons -Create Octets (or duet for H) -Add double and triple bonds -FC: # valance electrons-lone pair- [1/2#bonds]) -Check for resonance structures (different types) Energy Orbitals 1s->2s->2p->3s->3p->4s->3d->4p->4s->4d Gas Reactions Suldes (S1)=H2S Carbonates and Bicarbonates (CO3)=CO2 Sultes and Bisulte (SO2) + (SO2)2= SO2 Ammonium (NH4)=NH3