Olympic Hills Elementary

Olympic Hills Elementary School
1954
13018 20th Avenue NE 212604-9041 See attached page
Seattle School District No. 1 MS 22-336, PO Box 34165, Seattle, WA 98124-1165 Seattle School District No. 1 Elementary School John Graham & Co. unknown
Elementary School
Joseph A. Wolf, K-12 Planning Coordinator, Seattle Public Schools MS 22-336, PO Box 34165, Seattle, WA 98124-1165 (206) 252-0657 August 15, 2013
Olympic Hills Elementary School Landmark Nomination

Legal Description
Parcel 1 The S.W. Quarter of the N.E. Quarter of the S.W. Quarter of Section 21, Township 26 N., Range 4, E.W.M., except the E. 165 and the S. 150 of the E. half thereof; and except the E. half of the S. 1/5th of the W. half thereof; and except the W. 30 and the S. 30 deeded to King County for roads. Parcel 2 The N. 160 of E. 165 of the S.W. Quarter of the N.E. Quarter of the S.W. Quarter of Section 21, Township 26N., Range 4, E.W.M., except the E. 30 for road. Parcel 3 The S. 150 of the E. half of the S.W. Quarter of N.E. Quarter of the S.W. Quarter of Section 21, Township 26 N., Range 4, E.W.M., except the E. 170 thereof, and except the S. 30 deeded to King County for road. (Subject to easement for existing sewer along East line thereof). Together with the E. 10 of the W. 10 of the E. of the following described tract. The S. 1/5 of the W. of the S.W. of the N.E. of the S.W. of Section 21, Township 26 N., Range 4, E.W.M., except the W. 10 of the E. of the described tract. The N. of the S. 2/5 of the W. of the S.W. of the N.E. of the S.W. of Section 21. Township 26, N., Range 4, E.W.M., except the W. 30.
Olympic Hills Elementary School
Landmark Nomination Report 13018 20th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA August 2013
Prepared by:
The Johnson Partnership

1212 NE 65th Street Seattle, WA 98115-6724 206-523-1618, www.tjp.us
Olympic Hills Elementary School Landmark Nomination Report August 2013, page 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................1 1.2 Methodology...............................................................................................................1 PROPERTY D ATA .....................................................................................................................2 ARCHITECTURAL D ESCRIPTION ...............................................................................................6 3.1 Location......................................................................................................................6 3.2 Neighborhood Character..............................................................................................6 3.3 Site.............................................................................................................................6 3.4 Building Organization, Structure, and Exterior Features..................................................7 3.5 Building Interior Features ............................................................................................8 3.5 Documented Building Alterations.................................................................................9 SIGNIFICANCE.........................................................................................................................9 4.1 Historic Site Context: Olympic Hills Neighborhood ......................................................9 4.2 Olympic Hills Elementary School ...............................................................................13 4.3 Historic Architectural Context: Mid Century Modern School Typology .........................14 4.4 Building Owners ......................................................................................................17 4.4.1 Original Building Owner: Shoreline School District.....................................................17 4.4.2 Building Owner: Seattle Public Schools .......................................................................19 4.5 Building Architect: John Graham & Co. .....................................................................21 4.6 Building Contractors: unknown .................................................................................25
2. 3.
4.
5.
B IBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................................26
APPENDIX 1FIGURES................................................................................................................. A -1 APPENDIX 2ARCHITECTURAL D RAWINGS .................................................................................. A -2 APPENDIX 3SEATTLE SCHOOL D ISTRICT N UMBER 1 HISTORY, GENERAL HISTORICAL AND B UILDING C ONTEXT............................................................................................... A -3
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Location Map......................................................................................................... !1 Figure 2. Olympic Hills Neighborhood map, City of Seattle, City Clerk .................................. !2 Figure 3. Neighborhood Aerial.............................................................................................. !3 Figure 4. View AViewing northeast from 20th Avenue NE and NE 130th St......................... !4 Figure 5. View BViewing northwest from NE 130th Street................................................... !4 Figure 6. View CViewing west from 23rd Avenue NE ......................................................... !5 Figure 7. View DViewing south from NE 133rd Street and 22nd Avenue NE....................... !5 Figure 8. View EViewing south along 20th Avenue NE........................................................ !6 Figure 9. View FViewing southeast from NE 133rd Street and 20th Avenue NE.................... !6 Figure 10. Site Plan .............................................................................................................. !7 Figure 11. Olympic Hills Elementary, western faade, classroom wing ..................................... !8 Figure 12. Olympic Hills Elementary, western faade, administrative section and classroom wing !8 Figure 13. Olympic Hills Elementary, western faade, administrative section ............................. !9 Figure 14. Olympic Hills Elementary School, main entry ........................................................ !9 Figure 15. Olympic Hills Elementary School, loading dock ................................................... !10 Figure 16. Olympic Hills Elementary School, southern faade, storage/janitorial/mechanical ..... !10 Figure 17. Olympic Hills Elementary, eastern faade, covered outdoor play area....................... !11 Figure 18. Olympic Hills Elementary, eastern faade, covered outdoor play area....................... !11 Figure 19. Olympic Hills Elementary, eastern faade, classrooms and gymnasium in the distance !12 Figure 20. Olympic Hills Elementary, eastern faade............................................................. !12 Figure 21. Olympic Hills Elementary, northern faade, kindergarten ...................................... !13 Figure 22. Olympic Hills Elementary, northern faade.......................................................... !13 Figure 23. Olympic Hills Elementary, main entry ................................................................ !14 Figure 24. Olympic Hills Elementary, administrative office ................................................... !14 Figure 25. Olympic Hills Elementary, auditorium................................................................ !15 Figure 26. Olympic Hills Elementary, auditorium................................................................ !15 Figure 27. Olympic Hills Elementary, kitchen...................................................................... !16 Figure 28. Olympic Hills Elementary, gymnasium ............................................................... !16 Figure 29. Olympic Hills Elementary, gymnasium ............................................................... !17 Figure 30. Olympic Hills Elementary, gymnasium ............................................................... !17 Figure 31. Olympic Hills Elementary, hallway ..................................................................... !18 Figure 32. Olympic Hills Elementary, typical classroom........................................................ !18 Figure 33. Olympic Hills Elementary, typical classroom........................................................ !19 Figure 34. Olympic Hills Elementary, typical classroom ...................................................... !19 Figure 35. Oak Lake School, 1894....................................................................................... !20 Figure 36. Bothell Road, later Lake City Way, 1901 ............................................................. !20 Figure 37. Certificate Map, 1862-1901 .............................................................................. !21 Figure 38. Kroll Map, 1926 .............................................................................................. !21
Figure 39. Polo Field, May 1927 ....................................................................................... !22 Figure 40. Jackson Park Golf Course, ca. 1930 .................................................................... !22 Figure 41. Advertisement for Olympic Hills subdivision, 1928 ............................................ !23 Figure 42. Aerial view 1936................................................................................................ !23 Figure 43. Lake City Way NE and NE 125th St, ca. 1942 .................................................... !24 Figure 44. Northgate Mall under construction, 1949 ........................................................... !24 Figure 45. Olympic Hills Elementary School, 1954.............................................................. !25 Figure 46. Olympic Hills Elementary School interior, 1954 .................................................. !25 Figure 47. Seattle Times article on the new Olympic Hills Elementary School, 1954 ................ !26 Figure 48. Olympic Hills Elementary in the news, front page, Seattle Times, October 31, 1970 !27 Figure 49. Crow Island School (1940, Eliel Saarinen) ........................................................... !28 Figure 50. Crow Island School plan (1940, Eliel Saarinen) .................................................. !28 Figure 51. Portola Jr. High School, El Cerrito, California (1951, John Carl Warneke) ............ !29 Figure 52. UW Faculty Club (1960, Victor Steinbrueck and Paul Hayden Kirk)..................... !30 Figure 53. Smith Clinic (1956, Paul Hayden Kirk) .............................................................. !30 Figure 54. LaFayette Elementary (1950, John Graham & Co.)............................................... !31 Figure 55. Cedar Park Elementary, City of Seattle Landmark (1959, Paul Thiry)..................... !31 Figure 56. Asa Mercer Junior High (1957, Maloney) ........................................................... !32 Figure 57. Chief Sealth High School (1957, NBBJ) ............................................................. !32 Figure 58. Ronald School, ca. 1913 .................................................................................... !33 Figure 59. Lake Forest Park School, 1941 ............................................................................ !33 Figure 60. Lake Forest Park School, 1921 ............................................................................ !34 Figure 61. Richmond Beach School .................................................................................... !34 Figure 62. View Ridge Elementary (1948, William Mallis) ................................................... !35 Figure 63. Van Asselt School (1950, Jones & Biden) ............................................................ !35 Figure 64. Graham Hill Elementary School (1961, Theo Damm) ........................................ !36 Figure 65. Catherine Blaine Junior High School, Seattle (1952, J. Lister Holmes) ................... !36 Figure 66. Nathan Eckstein Middle School (1950, William Mallis) ....................................... !37 Figure 67. Nathan Hale High School (1963, Mallis & DeHart) ............................................ !37 Figure 68. Edgewater Apts, John Graham & Associates 1939................................................. !38 Figure 69. Northgate J.C. Penny Store 1950 John Graham & Co., artist Earle Duff................ !38 Figure 70. Wedgwood Elementary School (1955, John Graham & Co.) ................................. !39 Figure 71. Roxhill Elementary (1958, John Graham & Co.) ................................................. !39 Figure 72. Washington Jr. High (1963, John Graham & Co.).............................................. !40 Figure 73. Space Needle (1962, John Graham & Co.) .......................................................... !40 Figure 74. Rendering of Tacoma Mall interior (1964, John Graham & Co. artist Earle Duff).. !41 Figure 75. Washington Plaza Hotel, now the south tower of the Westin (1969, John Graham & Co.) ............................................................................................................. !41
Olympic Hills Elementary School Landmark Nomination Report

AUGUST 2013 1. INTRODUCTION
This landmark nomination report provides information regarding the architectural design and historical significance of Olympic Hills Elementary School. The building is located at 13018 20 th Avenue NE, in Seattle, Washington. The Johnson Partnership prepared this report at the request of the owner of the property, Seattle Public Schools. 1.1 Background The City of Seattles Department of Planning and Development (DPD), through a 1995 agreement with the Department of Neighborhoods, requires a review of potentially eligible landmarks for commercial projects over 4,000 square feet in area. As any proposed alterations or demolition of the subject building described within this report will require a permit from DPD, the owner of this building is providing the following report to the staff of the Seattle Landmarks Preservation Board to resolve the propertys eligibility as a City of Seattle Landmark. To be eligible for nomination as a City of Seattle Landmark, a building, object, or structure must be at least 25 years old, have significant character, interest, or value, the integrity or ability to convey its significance, and it must meet one or more of the following six criteria (SMC 25.12.350): A. It is the location of or is associated in a significant way with an historic event with a significant effect upon the community, city, state, or nation. B. It is associated in a significant way with the life of a person important in the history of the city, state, or nation. C. It is associated in a significant way with a significant aspect of the cultural, political, or economic heritage of the community, city, state, or nation. D. It embodies the distinctive visible characteristics of an architectural style, period, or method of construction. E. It is an outstanding work of a designer or builder. F. Because of its prominence of spatial location, contrast of siting, age, or scale, it is an easily identifiable feature of its neighborhood or the city and contributes to the distinctive quality or identity of such neighborhood or city. 1.2 Methodology Larry E. Johnson, AIA, Principal, and Ellen Mirro of The Johnson Partnership, 1212 NE 65th Street, Seattle, WA, completed research and development of this report in July and August of 2013. Research included review of Seattle Public Schools Archives and Records Center with the assistance of staff archivist Aaren Purcell. Other research was undertaken at the Seattle Public Library, the Museum of History and Industry, and the University of Washingtons Library Special Collections. Research also included review of Internet websites, including HistoryLink.com. The buildings and site were inspected and photographed on June 25, 2013, to document the existing conditions.
2. PROPERTY DATA
Building Name: Olympic Hills Elementary School Address: 13018 20 th Avenue NE Location: Olympic Hills Neighborhood, Lake City Neighborhood Assessors File Number: 212604-9041 Legal Description: Parcel 1 The S.W. Quarter of the N.E. Quarter of the S.W. Quarter of Section 21, Township 26 N., Range 4, E.W.M., except the E. 165 and the S. 150 of the E. half thereof; and except the E. half of the S. !th of the W. half thereof; and except the W. 30 and the S. 30 deeded to King County for roads. The N. 160 of E. 165 of the S.W. Quarter of the N.E. Quarter of the S.W. Quarter of Section 21, Township 26N., Range 4, E.W.M., except the E. 30 for road. The S. 150 of the E. half of the S.W. Quarter of N.E. Quarter of the S.W. Quarter of Section 21, Township 26 N., Range 4, E.W.M., except the E. 170 thereof, and except the S. 30 deeded to King County for road. (Subject to easement for existing sewer along East line thereof).
Parcel 2 Parcel 3
Together with the E. 10 of the W. 10 of the E. of the following described tract. The S. ! of the W. of the S.W. of the N.E. of the S.W. of Section 21, Township 26 N., Range 4, E.W.M., except the W. 10 of the E. of the described tract. The N. of the S. " of the W. of the S.W. of the N.E. of the S.W. of Section 21. Township 26, N., Range 4, E.W.M., except the W. 30 . Date of Construction: 1954 Original/Present Use: Elementary School/ K-5 Original/Present Owner: Seattle School District Number 1 Original Designer: John Graham & Co. Building Contractors: Unknown Zoning: SF 7200 Property Size: 6.49 acres Building Size: 37,400 square feet
3. ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION
3.1 Location Olympic Hills Elementary School is located in the Olympic Hills Neighborhood, generally included in the Greater Lake City Neighborhood. The City of Seattle considers Olympic Hills as bounded by NE 145 th Street on the north, Lake City Way on the east, NE 125 th Street on the south, and 15 th Place NE on the west, with Olympic Hills Elementary School nearly centrally located.1 See figures 1&2. 3.2 Neighborhood Character The Olympic Hills Neighborhood is comprised primarily of single-family residences, with a population of approximately 9,400. The nearest commercial districts are the Lake City commercial corridor located eight blocks to the east, and a small commercial cluster at the intersection of NE 145 th Street and 15 th Avenue NE. The Jackson Park Golf Course is located on the western side of 15 th Avenue NE between NE 130 th Street and NE 145 th Street. The Lake City Public Library is located at the southeastern corner of the neighborhood at NE 125 th Street and 28 th Avenue NE. Thornton Creek, originating at the southern end of the Jackson Park Golf Course, runs in a southeastern direction south of the Olympic Hills Elementary School to its drainage at Lake Washington. Olympic Hills Elementary School is situated in a residential neighborhood of single-family residences dating primarily from the 1940s, to the 1960s. Although some streets have paved sidewalks, including NE 130 th Street on the southern side of the school property and 20 th Avenue NE on the western side of the school property, the majority of the roads in the immediate vicinity of the school are suburban in character and lack sidewalks. See figures 3-10. 3.3 Site Olympic Hills Elementary School and its adjacent eastern playfield are located on one 6.49-acre tax parcel (21604-9041) taking up most of a two-block square area bordered by NE 133 rd Street on the north, 23 rd Avenue NE on the east, NE 130 th Street on the south, and 20 th Avenue NE on the west. Seven single family residential properties extending northward from NE 130 th Street and along the western side of 23 rd Avenue NE, and two-single family residential properties located near mid-block on the northern side of NE 130 th Street, comprise the remainder of the two-block square area. The western property line along 20 th Avenue NE, measures 630.25 feet and the northern property line running along NE 133 rd Street, measures 602.57 feet. The eastern portion of NE 133 rd Street adjacent to the school property is undeveloped. The northern, eastern, and southern property lines are fenced with chain-link fencing. See figures 3-9. The entire school building is located on the western portion of the greater nearly flat site, with paved play areas located adjacent to, and to the east of the school building. The grass playfields are located east of the paved play area. Two portable classrooms, and a duplex portable classroom building, are located adjacent to the NE 133rd Street right-of-way and north of the main school building, and two additional portable classrooms are located near the northeastern corner of the main school building on the northern side of the paved play area. A small playground area with swings and other play/climbing equipment is located at the northwestern corner of the playfield adjacent and to the east of the cluster of portable classrooms. There is a small parking lot and truck loading area
1
City of Seattle, Seattle City Clerks Neighborhood Atlas, http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN1041S.htm, accessed July 8, 2013.
accessed from 20 th Avenue NE located at the school sites southwestern corner. Some additional, but not significant deciduous trees are located east of the southern parking lot adjacent to the residential properties located near mid-block along NE 130 th Street. The school grounds are sparsely landscaped with some bushes and trees spaced along the main school buildings western side running along and near 20 th Avenue NE. There is one large Atlantic cedar tree located at the sites southwestern-most corner, adjacent to the parking lot. 3.4 Building Organization, Structure, & Exterior Features The subject school building is a Modern style building designed by the architectural firm John Graham & Co. and constructed in 1954. The building measures overall approximately 393 feet north-south and 110 feet east-west. The building consists of two components, a southern wing containing a one-story administrative, nurse/health, janitorial/mechanical, and kitchen section, as well as a two-story cafeteria/auditorium section, and a northern wing containing 17 classrooms organized around a linear double-loaded corridor. The northeastern corner of the classroom wing was originally notched, but has been filled in to add restroom facilities. A covered play area is attached to the eastern side of the gymnasium and cafeteria/auditorium. The building is constructed with reinforced cast-in-place concrete perimeter walls resting on a perimeter reinforced concrete foundation. Roof framing is conventional wood joists in the one-story sections and large glu-lam beams and heavy timber purlins in the two-story gymnasium and cafeteria/auditorium section. Concrete utility tunnels run along the east and west perimeter of the northern classroom wing. Exterior walls generally have a Roman brick masonry veneer. Exterior parapets have a concrete copestone, and roofs with overhangs have a non-original heavy wood fascia with overlapping painted galvanized metal flashing. The northern classroom wing has vertical concrete flat pilasters delineating the classroom walls, flanked on each side by masonry veneer. Each classroom has a six-section horizontal ribbon window with concrete sill. All glazing in the classrooms, with the exception of the northernmost kindergarten classroom, consists of two-light non-original aluminum-sash windows. These classroom windows were originally shaded by canted wood louveres supported by cantilevered aluminum frames, which have been removed. The roofs of the southern administrative, mechanical, cafeteria/auditorium, and gymnasium wing are flat, while the northern classroom wing has flat roofs alternating with a series of canted clerestory roof monitors creating a saw-tooth roof profile. The clerestories are held back from the perimeter parapet approximately 6 feet 6 inches creating a perimeter drainage trough. The covered play area has a flat roof supported by steel beams on pipe columns and heavy-timber purlins. All roofs have hot-mop asphaltic roofing. The western faade is primary and consists of the northern kindergarten and classroom wing, and the buildings administrative, main entry, and mechanical section. The northernmost portion consists of the one-story blank masonry wall of the kindergarten, followed to the south by nine identical classrooms (the original library is the second room from the south) with one-and-a halfstory faade sections, each with mid-level ribbon windows and lower and upper masonry veneer walls separated by flat concrete pilasters. To the south of the classrooms is the one-story administration section, with a short northern wall with a mid-level non-original aluminum-sash window. The western faade of the administrative section is a 47-foot wall set at a 4 degree angle to the rest of the building, angling eastward from north to south and with its northern side battered outward from its base to the roof. This faade is nearly blank masonry veneer except for the name of the school spelled out in aluminum Modern letters mounted at its upper northern corner, and a pair of non-original two-light aluminum-sash windows. The veneer brick is accented by 13 rows of slightly protruding brick extending from a vertical line at the northern end of the window and running southward and returning around the corner. The southern wall of the administrative section is sheathed with rough-sawn plywood with closely spaced battens. There is a ribbon window of seven wood-cased (one window has an aluminum-sash retrofit window) vertical windows with
upper transoms lights running from mid-faade to the faades intersection with the main entry faade. The faade has a wide upper wooden fascia.2 The main entry faade is recessed under a cantilevered entry roof and has two pairs of three-panel glazed doors separated by a fixed wood-cased vertical window and flanked by fixed wood-cased vertical windows. The windows and doors have upper transom windows. The lower parts of the wall have a wainscot of rough-sawn plywood with closely spaced battens. The western faade of the two-story cafeteria/assembly area and gymnasium is placed behind the entry and is a blank painted concrete section separated by six flat structural pilasters. To the south of the recessed entry is a nurse/health section. The western faade of this section is blank masonry veneer. The southern wall of the nurse/health section has two pairs of twolight non-original aluminum-sash windows, with the remaining wall of blank brick veneer. To the south of the nurse/health section is a small recessed loading dock and a blank concrete wall of the storage/janitorial section. See figures 11-15. The southern faade wall of the storage/janitorial/mechanical area is utilitarian and is a nearly blank masonry wall with two centrally placed two-light windows. The southern faade of the cafeteria/assembly room is recessed from the storage/janitorial/mechanical areas faade, and consists of a large upper clerestory window of thirteen three-light vertical windows. A double door provides egress from the southeastern corner of the cafeteria/assembly room. A three-story high square chimney placed near the center of this section dominates this portion of the building. See figure 16. The schools eastern faade is utilitarian or secondary and consists of the one-story janitorial and kitchen section on the south, the two-story high cafeteria/assembly area and gymnasium with a projecting covered play area, with the classroom wing on the north. The one-story mechanical and kitchen section faade is utilitarian consisting of painted concrete walls interspersed with access doorways and windows. The eastern faade of the two-story cafeteria/assembly area and gymnasium is a blank painted concrete section separated by six flat structural pilasters. The covered play court extends eastward from the cafeteria/assembly area and gymnasium beginning at the second pilaster from the south and overlapping a one-story nearly blank painted concrete wall section in-line with the eastern wall of the cafeteria/assembly area. This nearly blank section has one pair of three-panel glazed entry doors providing access to an east-west corridor and restrooms. A short painted concrete wall returns westward to the classroom wing, which consist of seven identical classrooms (the original library is the second room from the south) with one-and-a half-story faade sections, each with mid-level ribbon windows and lower and upper masonry veneer walls separated by flat concrete pilasters. At the northern end of the classroom wing is a nearly blank veneer masonry wall with two spaced horizontal windows. See figures 17-12. The northern faade is secondary and consists of a blank veneer masonry wall on the east, a pair of three-panel glazed entry doors providing access to the long east-west double-loaded corridor, and the northern faade of the kindergarten. The kindergarten has a blank veneer masonry wall section on the east followed by seven vertical wood-cased vertical windows with operable upper transoms lights. The windows have a brick veneer masonry wainscot. A doorway with an upper transom light is located on the western side providing direct access to a play area. The northern faade of the cafeteria/assembly room is greatly recessed from the northern end of the building and consists of a large upper clerestory window of thirteen three-light vertical windows. See figures 21-22. 3.5 Building Interior Features The building consists of two components, a southern wing containing a one-story administrative, nurse/health, janitorial/mechanical, and kitchen section, as well as a two-story cafeteria/auditorium section, and a northern wing containing 17 classrooms organized around a linear double-loaded corridor. Most of the building has plaster or gypsum board walls, with floors of vinyl-asbestos tiles or non-original solid vinyl tiles, and ceilings of glued-on acoustical tile. Casing is a mixture of painted hardwood or maple with a clear finish. Doors are generally maple with a clear finish, and casework and cabinets generally maple with a clear finish. Lighting consists of non-original
2
The fascia height has been raised by approximately 8 inches resulting from a roof insulation upgrade.
fluorescent tube lighting. A lobby accessed by the main entry doors provides access to the nurse/health and janitorial/kitchen/mechanical areas on the south, the cafeteria/assembly room and gymnasium to the east, the long double-loaded corridor on the north, and administrative areas to the west. See figures 23-24. The two-story auditorium/lunchroom measures internally approximately 32 feet north-south and 52 feet east-west. Wall surfaces are painted concrete. Glued-on acoustical panels are positioned on the rooms ceiling. A large clerestory window on the rooms southern side appears to retain its original steel-sash glazing and provides the interior with natural light. Floors are white and blue solid-vinyl tiles. A recessed stage is placed on the rooms northern side. The one-story kitchen serving the lunchroom is located on the southern side of the large auditorium/lunchroom with indirect access to the southern parking/loading area. See figures 25-27. The two-story high gymnasium measures internally approximately 32 feet north-south and 52 feet east-west. A large clerestory window on the rooms northern side appears to retain its original operable steel-sash glazing and provides the interior with natural light. Wall surfaces are painted concrete. Glued-on acoustical panels are positioned on the rooms ceiling, and floors are sheet vinyl. Lighting is surface-mounted shielded fluorescent fixtures. See figures 28-30. The classroom wing has an approximately 10-foot wide double-loaded corridor with a series of upper clerestories. The corridors have a grey linoleum wainscot and non-original solid-vinyl tiles. See figure 31. A typical classroom measures internal approximately 26 feet north-south and 33 feet 4 inches eastwest. The typical classroom has a series of cabinets on the corridor wall and a large cabinet and sink on either the northern or southern interior wall. Each typical classroom receives daylight from a wall of glazing on either its western or eastern exterior walls, and two north-oriented roof monitors. See figures 32-34. The northern kindergarten is slightly smaller than the typical classroom, and has northern wall glazing. The kindergarten also has its own toilet and interior storage. Large student murals painted on plywood panels are mounted in the auditorium/lunchroom. 3.6 Documented Building Alterations The school building has been modified since its original construction in 1954. Two additional lavatories were constructed on the eastern side of the building in 1957, and another two lavatories were added on the northeastern corner in 1962.3 The northeastern corner of the classroom wing was originally notched, but has been filled in to add the restrooms. Other changes include the removal of louvered screens above the classroom wings ribbon windows, finish upgrades including new solid-vinyl flooring. A roof insulation/replacement project increased the fascia height in several areas. Some structural seismic upgrades were installed in 1985. Several wood-framed portables have been placed on the site over time. See figure10.
Thompson and Marr, Building for Learning, p.240, and Seattle School district drawings # 261-0027 & 261-0026
Significant Recorded Building Permits (Note that city permits for this school are not recorded prior to annexation of the neighborhood)
Date 1954 1955 1955 1957 1958 1958 1960 1962 1965 1985 1992 1994 2009 2010 2010
Designer John Graham & Co.
Description Build Retaining walls & fence Install portable classrooms Install portable classroom 18-8x24 addition & alterations Install 3 portable classrooms Install 3 portable classrooms 22x31 addition & alterations Install portable classroom Alter per plans Roofing replacement Install portable classroom Install portable classroom Install portable classroom Energy conservation improvements, inc. windows
Permit King County 434778 437404 456821 466166 466571 BN3827 BN11464 BN22x18 8501682 9201372 9402976 6233511 6248309 6237813
4. SIGNIFICANCE
4.1 Historic Site Context Establishment of Olympic Hills neighborhood and Early Years The subject building is located in Seattles Olympic Hills neighborhood a residential area situated inthe northeasternmost section of the City of Seattle. The Olympic Hills neighborhood is also considered by the City of Seattles Department of Neighborhoods to be within the North District Neighborhoods area, which includes the Lake City, Northgate, Meadowbrook, Pinehurst, Maple Leaf, Cedar Park, Victory Heights, Jackson Park, and North Matthews Beach neighborhoods. Olympic Hills is adjacent to Cedar Park on the east, Victory Heights to the south, and Pinehurst to the west. The smaller Northgate/Lake City Planning Area is generally defined on the north by NE 145 th Street, on the east by Lake Washington, on the south by NE 85 th Street, and on the west by I5. See Figure 1. The first people to inhabit the Lake City and Cedar Park Areas were the members of the Duwamish tribe, which included the hah-choo-AHBSH or People of the Large Lake. During the period of native inhabitation, the use of the area surrounding the subject site was seasonal or migratory, with the major village located to the south at the entry to Union Bay called hehs-KWEE-kweel where the Duwamish Chief, Cheslahud, lived. 4 Chief Si'ahl (also known as Chief Seattle or Sealth) was the first of the Duwamish chiefs to sign the treaty of Point Elliot in 1855. The treaty ceded 54,000 acres in King County to the United States Government, and was ratified by the Senate in 1859.5 Between 1885 and 1892, the Seattle Lakeshore and Eastern Railway built routes from downtown Seattle up along the northwestern shore of Lake Washington to the Bothell Depot completed in 1888, where it branched to three routes: one leading north toward Canada, another east along the North Cascades, and a third leading southeast to Snoqualmie Pass. 6 The Port Gamble based Puget Mill Company, founded by Andrew Jackson Pope and Frederic Talbot, filed and obtained title to most of the land in the Lake City, Lake Forest Park, and Kenmore area after 1855.7 The Puget Mill Company had previously granted the railroad a right-of-way deed in 1887, after which they actively began logging off the first-growth timber of their portions of the northern shores of Lake Washington and inland areas. The company used the railway to transport logs to downtown Seattle where they were transferred by tugs to Port Gamble or Port Ludlow where the major sawmills of the Puget Mill Company were located.8 Early settlers in the area included the D.M. Little family who were instrumental in logging much of this area, and had a sawmill on Victory Creek. Further to the southwest, George F. Meyfarth owned and developed a large farm at Oak Lake in the area north of Licton Springs, and Abbie and Edward Lindsley had a homestead between Oak Lake and Haller Lake. The areas first school, the Oak Lake School, was located in that general area, near N 100 th Street adjacent to the North Trunk road.9 See figure 35.
4
Duwamish Tribe, Cheslahud and Family on Lake Union, Circa 1885, http://www.duwamishtribe.org/lakejohn.html, accessed May 10, 2012, pp. 1-4. 5 Duwamish Tribe, The Point Elliott Treaty of 1855, http://www.duwamishtribe.org/elliottreaty.html, accessed May 10, 2012, p. 1. 6 Heather M. MacIntosh, Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern Railroad Company, November 18, 1999, http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=1736, accessed May 10, 2012. Map of Seattle Lakeshore and Eastern Railway, King County Museum Collections, UW Digital Collections, http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/kccollects&CISOPTR=419&CISOBOX=1& REC=9, accessed May 10, 2012. 7 Kroll Map Company, Certificate Map, 1862-1901, T. 26N, R. 4E. 8 Superior Court of Washington for King County, Affidavit of Richard Welsh, http://trailofshame.com/DOC-SLSLAW-Welsh-Affidavit.pdf, accessed May 10, 2012. pp. 66-71. 9 Vicki Stiles, Director of the Shoreline Historical Museum, e-mail to Larry E. Johnson, December 26, 2012.
The wagon road between Seattle and Bothell, eventually developing as the paved Pacific Highway, allowed for development of the upland areas of what would become Maple Leaf, Victory Heights, Olympic Hills, Lake City, Cedar Park, and other neighborhoods along the road. In the early 1900s, this road meandered between what is now 15 th Avenue NE and 25 th Avenue NE, running through a logged off landscape of small truck farms, berry farms and orchards.10 See figure 36. In 1903, Gerhart Erickson, a Bothell businessman and state legislator, sponsored Good Roads legislation that provided funds to create the Bothell-to-Seattle portion of the Pacific Highway, or State Highway Number 2. By 1907, the road extended from Seattle to Lake Forest Park, to Bothell by 1914, and to Everett by 1916. At that time the road was called Gerhart Ericksen Way and was paved with Warrenite, a form of asphaltic paving. Between 1924 and 1930, the road was called the Victory Highway in honor of World War I. After 1930 it was called the Bothell Highway, and eventually after the completion of Interstate 5 in the 1960s, the road was called Lake City Way. It is now part of State Route 522.11 The general Lake City area gets its the name from the 1907 Lake City Plat filed by D.H. Lee on the northern side of what is now 115 th and the Lake train stop that was located at its foot along the shoreline railroad track.12 See figures 37-38. The entire population of the Lake Forest census tract area, which included all lands along Lake Washington between Lake City proper and the King County line, was 543 in 1920.13 In 1927, the City of Seattle purchased approximately 150 acres west of 15 th Avenue NE and south of NE 145 th Street to build the Jackson Park Municipal Golf Course.14 Several riding academies and polo grounds were located along 15 th Avenue NE, including the Olympic Riding and Driving Club where humorist Will Rogers played a game of polo just prior to his flight with Wiley Post which crashed near Point Barrow, Alaska, killing both men in 1935. See figures 39-40. Possibly because of these facilities, and the development of the stylish Highlands residential community to the west overlooking Puget Sound, Lakeside School relocated from Seattle to a large parcel just west of Jackson Park in 1930, commissioning architect Carl Gould to design the campus and its core buildings.15 A subdivision named Olympic Hills was developed in 1928, and this is where the neighborhood got its name. The lots were advertized as having Wise and reasonable restrictions as to ownership of home sites.Olympic Hills will always remain a charming residential community for gentle folk16 See figure 41. The lots actually had the following language on the titles: Said lot or lots shall not be sold, conveyed, rented nor leased, in whole or in part, to any person not of the White race; nor shall any person not of the White race be permitted to occupy any portion of said lot or lots or of any building thereon, except a domestic servant
10
Donald N. Sherwood, Pinehurst Playground, Seattle Parks Department, http://www.seattle.gov/parks/history/PinehurstPG.pdf, p. 1. 11 Dianne Brooks, Loggers to latte stands: Route spans history, May 24, 2006, http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20060524&slug=highway24n, accessed May 10, 2012, pp. 1-3. Viki Stiles, Lake City History Round-Up, http://shorelinehistoricalmuseum.org/research/history-roundups/lake-city-history-round-up, accessed May 11, 2012, pp. 1-2. Phil Dougherty, Interstate 5 is completed from Everett to Seattle on February 3, 1965, HistoryLink.org Essay 8548, March 24, 2008, http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=8548, accessed May 10, 2012, p. 1. 12 Viki Stiles, The Lake in Little Ol Lake City, http://blog.seattlepi.com/lakecity/2010/06/18/blast-from-the-past2/, accessed August 16, 2012, p. 1. 13 United States Department of Commerce, Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920, Number and Distribution, Table 2, King County, Lake Forest Precinct, p. 15. 14 Donald N. Sherwood, Jackson Park, Seattle Parks Department, http://www.seattle.gov/parks/history/JacksonPk.pdf, accessed December 20, 2012, p. 1. 15 Lakeside School, about us, Archives, School History, http://www.lakesideschool.org/podium/default.aspx?t=122170, accessed December 20, 2012, p. 1. 16 The Seattle Times, Olympic Hills advertisement, April 22, 1928, p.29
actually employed by a White occupant of such building.17 During the 1930s, areas along the Bothell Highway were commercially developed, with most clustering between NE 123 rd Street and NE 125 th Street. Early development included a small grocery, a caf, a bank, some service stations, some taverns, and a Masonic Hall located just north of NE 135 th Street. As the Seattle city limits were then located at NE 85 th Street, some businesses developed along the highway that took advantage of less restrictive police enforcement, including the notorious Jolly Roger Club just north of the city limits. See figures 42-43. Post World War II development brought suburban tract home development to the north Seattle areas, and a large influx of families. The Shoreline School District built the Pinehurst School in 1950, and began to develop plans for the Olympic Hills school in 1952. The general Lake City area was annexed into the city of Seattle in 1953, after a three-year process resulting in the Washington State Supreme Court overturning the voter-approved annexation of 1951. The area lying between 1 st Avenue NE and 15 th Avenue NE, and from NE 115 th Street and NE 125 th Street, voted to approve annexation in January of 1953, becoming one of several northend communities to merge into the City of Seattle.18 The north-end annexations increased Seattle population by approximately 18,000 people. A large portion of the controversy surrounding the annexation focused on the school district, and whether the existing Shoreline School District would be merged into the Seattle School District, or kept separate, particularly as the annexation affected Jane Addams Junior High School, where approximately half the student population remained in the Shoreline School District service area.19 The transition period took longer than initially anticipated, with several years passing before transportation and utility services were brought up to City standards. The Shoreline School District continued to provide school bus service to the area until the end of the 1957 school year.20 Also in 1950, Allied Stores and the Simon Property Group opened the Northgate Center at the intersection of 1 st Avenue NE and NE 110 th Street, one of the first shopping malls in the United States, radically changing the retail shopping dynamics of the area. Northgate Mall significantly affected the businesses along the Bothell Highway, pulling business and customers away from Lake City Way. As housing development pressure increased after the war, much of Thornton Creek was filled and developed. As early as 1970, the residents of Lake City were working to protect the natural areas and water quality. In 1965, the Lake City Library, was built, expanding the Seattle Public Library system. The Lake City Development Association also worked to make Lake City Way more pedestrian friendly. Between 1976 and 1979, sidewalks were improved, trees planted and the Gateway sculpture was installed.21 See figure 44.
4.2 Olympic Hills School The Shoreline School District acquired the land for Olympic Hills School, planned, and constructed the building. Because the neighborhood was annexed to the city of Seattle in 1954, the Seattle School District opened the school. The enrollment the first year was 585 pupils. In 1955, the school grounds were landscaped with a grass playfield and two blacktop outdoor basketball courts. By the 196263 school year 800 pupils were enrolled and nine portables added to the site for additional classroom space. In 1962, A.R. Payne gifted an adjacent 80 foot by 45 foot lot to the school.22 See
17
Catherine Silva, Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project, Racial Restrictive Covenants, Universtiy of Washington 2005. http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/covenants.htm, accessed July 2013. 18 The Seattle Times, Sound Leadership, November 23, 1952, p. 6. 19 Dianne Brooks, Loggers to latte stands: Route spans history, May 24, 2006, p. 10. The Seattle Times, Langlie Signs Bill on School Organization, March 5, 1953, p. 21. 20 The Seattle Times, North End Parents Seek to Arrange School-Bus Service, April 30, 1957, p. 24. 21 David Wilma,. Seattle Neighborhoods: Lake CityThumbnail History. HistoryLink.org Essay 3449. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=3449, accessed May 10, 2012).
22
The Seattle Times, School at Bitter Lake to Cost $1,935,398 March 22, 1962, p. 19.
figures 45-47. By 1957, the school library had its own room and 4,000 volumes. Librarian Lorena Slover was instrumental in developing the library and resource room. In 1970, the learning resource center for reading and other programs was expanded. The Career Education Program began in 1971 and the Outdoor-Education Program was introduced in 197273 and became a hallmark of the school. The Outdoor Education Program involved community members and promoted ideas of the Outdoor Education Association of Washington State, which began in 1970 as a section of the National Association. The concept was to break down the four walls of the traditional classroom and extend learning out into the community to encompass the total environment. 23 The Olympic Hills community was discussing busing as a desegregation option as early as 1970. Coincidentally, The Seattle Times featured the opinions of children from Olympic Hills and Madrona regarding proposed busing plans on the front page in October of that year. However, due to District-wide parent protests and calls for voluntary busing and desegregation instead of mandatory busing, it wasnt until 1978, and the Seattle School Boards Seattle Plan, that Olympic Hills formed a triad with Rogers and Madrona for mandatory busing. With this triad, Olympic Hills and Rogers housed the 1 st through 3 rd grades, while Madrona housed the 4 th though 6 th grades, and each school retained its own kindergarten.24 Busing triads were not unique to Olympic Hills and Madrona, all Central District schools were paired with Northeast schools in Region 1 of the District for the Districts Program Bridging.25 The last of the portables from that time had been removed from the grounds by 1976, as enrollment has declined to around 360 pupils. See figure 48. Busing continued between the schools for 10 years from 1979-1989, although Olympic Hills returned to a K6 configuration in September 1981, and K5 in 1988. In 1980, Olympic Hills had a low enrollment number of 133, and was discussed as an option for closure, although it remained open. In 2012, Olympic Hills enrollment had risen to 270, and was fully integrated, with almost equal percentages of Black, Hispanic and White students.26 Olympic Hills uses a project-based experiential learning curriculum, called an Advanced Lab School, with choices between single grade level classes or mixed grade levels and is an Advanced Learning Opportunity School.27
4.3 Historic Architectural Context: Mid-Century Modern Style School Typology (19451965)28 After World War II, school buildings throughout North America changed in form to reflect the rational and functionalist principles of Modernism. Modernism, or the Modern Movement in design and architecture, had its origins in Europe after World War I, with an underlying belief that advances in science and technology would generate a new form of architecture, free from the pervasive eclecticism based on revival forms. The possibilities
23
Association for Environmental and Outdoor Education History, http://aeoe.org/about/history (accessed July 23, 2013) 24 Stephen H. Dunphy, The Seattle Times, Pupils talk about school-bussing plan, October 31, 1970, p.1. Cassandra Tate, History Link Busing in Seattle: A well Intentioned Failure, September 7, 2002 http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=3939 25 telephone interview with Aaren Purcell, Seattle School District Archivist, July 23, 2013. 26 Great Schools http://www.greatschools.org/washington/seattle/1596-Olympic-Hills-Elementary-School/ (accessed July 19, 2013) 27 Olympic Hills Elementary, Academics, http://olympichillses.seattleschools.org/modules/cms/pages.phtml?pageid=213929&sessionid=7e1697c5e089dd8c906 121277a26fe08&sessionid=7e1697c5e089dd8c906121277a26fe08 (accessed August 6, 2013) 28 Prepared by Larry E. Johnson, A.I.A., The Johnson Partnership, May 2013. Additional input was received from Susan Boyle, A.I.A., of BOLA Architecture + Planning.
of curtain wall construction utilizing steel frames and the freeform massing using ferro-concrete were explored by Continental architects, as well as American Modernist pioneers including Frank Lloyd Wright. By the 1920s, these experimentations produced distinct branches of Modern architecture: the International Style of the Bauhaus architects Walter Gropius and Mies van der Rohe, and the bton brut style of Charles Edouard Jeanneret (Le Corbusier), or the New Brutalism.29 Modern construction, technologies, and ideas for the health, welfare, and educational ideals for children also impacted school design. Because of the nationwide population boom after World War II, many new schools were needed, and the new designs focused on one-story flat-roof buildings, using modern lightweight building technologies with ribbon windows. These schools were less expensive to build than their two-story classical, colonial, or gothic predecessors, and they also had a shorter life expectancy. Many of the plans included classrooms that opened directly to the exterior and were air-conditioned. The Crow Island School in Winnetka Illinois designed in 1940, by Eliel Saarinen, was instrumental in influencing the new school type, called the finger plan. Saarinan may have been influenced by ideas of what was beginning to be called the California plan, where each room had direct access to the exterior and were connected by breezeways. These California plan schools, developed by the firm of Frankin & Kump, such as the Acalanes Union High School in Lafayette California, could be easily expanded for growing student populations. 30 New research on tolerable levels of light, temperature, and ventilation, combined with technological advances in lighting and environmental controls, enabled the new architectural forms to be successful and prolific. As artificial lighting and mechanical ventilation were relied upon more in the designs, architects during the later part of the post-war era also began to focus on the acoustical design principles for school classrooms, affecting roof and ceiling forms.31 Some school designs did focus on bringing natural light into the buildings, such as John Carl Warnekes Portola Junior High School (1951) in El Cerrito, California and Mira Vista Elementary (1951) in East Richmond Heights, California.32 See figures 49-51. During this period, new school designs accommodated new functions and frequently separated structures for auditorium/lunchroom, gymnasium, and covered outdoor play areas. In some schools, specialized classrooms for music, art and science were built, while portables were retained often for art and music.33 As concerns arose in the Cold War era of the 1950s and early 1960s, there was an increased focus on exit routes and shelter areas within enclosed restrooms and locker rooms, guided by instructional publications such as the 1953 Safety for Survival, A Civil Defense Guide for Schools in Washington State34 Seattle Post-War School Buildings and Their Designers In Seattle, as World War II ended, the School District had shifted from a centralized system of school design overseen by an official school architect, to a system of individually-designed school buildings in the Modern style by selected architectural firms led by individual architects embracing Modernism. In the Pacific Northwest, a new generation of architects emerged from architectural schools,
29
R. Furneaux Jordan, A Concise History of Western Architecture (Norwich, G.B.: Jarrold and Sons, 1969), p. 320. Architecture Week, Crow Island School, http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Crow_Island_School.html, accessed February 18, 2012, pp. 1-2. 31 Architecture Week, Crow Island School, http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Crow_Island_School.html, accessed February 18, 2012, pp. 1-2. 32 Charles Burress Workers Gearing Up for Tearing Down Portola Middle School ElCerrito Patch, May 23, 2012 http://elcerrito.patch.com/groups/schools/p/portola-middle-school-replacement-moves-closer-to-reality 33 Baker, Lindsay. A History of School Design and its Indoor Environmental Standards, 1900 to today. (Washington, D.C.: National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities, January 2012), pp. 10-16. 34 Amanda Hebeler, Curriculum Since the 30s, Washington Education, April 1957, p. 29-31.
30
including the University of Washington, where early Modernist adaptors challenged traditionalist professors. These new practitioners including Victor Steinbrueck (1911-1985), Paul Hayden Kirk (1914-1995), Omer Mithun (1918-1983), and Roland Terry (1917-2006), emerged from their apprenticeships immediately embracing a new Northwest Modernism. Steinbruecks and Kirks University of Washington Faculty Center was widely admired and published at the time as an example of a Northwest interpretation of the work of Mies van der Rohe. Kirk would expand his practice designing several clinics throughout the Northwest including the Group Health Cooperative Northgate Clinic completed in 1958, and the Goiney/Roedel Clinic in Lake City completed in 1952, both studies of Miesian principles interpreted into Northwest Modernism. See figures 52-53. Seattle architect John Morse cited the origins and formal principles of Modern school designs in a 1957 publication: After the doldrums of the Depression, the Second World War waked architect and public alike: new designs for one-story schools came out of Michigan, Texas and California plans based on groups of classroom wings and landscaped courts, together with a complete restudy of assembly and athletic rooms. The following terms became well known: single-loaded corridors, bilateral lighting, sky-lighting, radiant heating unit ventilation, the finger plan, the campus plan, multipurpose room, slab-on-grade, brightness ratios, color harmony; and still later: luminous ceilings, window walls, audio-visual techniques, resilient playground surfacing, flexible special-purpose rooms, student activity rooms. Washington State contributed to the national wakening with pioneering work in top-lighting, color design and concrete design in both pre-stressed and shell design. The principal changes in regular classrooms have been these: more floor area per pupil minimum 30 sq. ft., square rooms, sinks in all primary classrooms, daylighting from above or from two sides, lower ceilings down from 12 feet to 8 or 9 feet, mechanical ventilation, more tackboard less chalkboard, more positive colors on walls and floors, higher illumination 40 foot candles minimum, sun control outside the windows, all furniture movable.35 School design in Seattle followed the national pattern, with school districts struggling to accommodate rapid population growth resulting from the post-war baby boom. Most school architects between 1945 and 1965, designed one-story elementary schools with ribbon windows and a modern expression. Several incorporated covered exterior walkways that replaced interior corridors as circulation spaces. All were purposely residentially scaled to better fit within their neighborhoods, and to perhaps be less intimidating to younger children. Although each new school was designed separately, Mallis, Stoddard, and John Graham & Co. adopted the flat roof finger plan innovated by Saarinen, Kump, and other California architects, as a model for the first elementary school designs of this period in Seattle. In two of Graham & Co.s elementary schools, north-facing roof monitors attempted to resolve the need for additional natural light. Although Paul Thiry introduced sloped roofs to his Northgate Elementary (1956) and Cedar Park Elementary (1959) designs, the designs for elementary schools during this period were similar in their approaches. Because of the booming student population, portable school units were used at all schools to ease overcrowding. See figures 54-55. Jeffrey Oschner, an architectural historian at the University of Washington, has cited Seattles Modern-style school buildings as derived from Bauhaus and International Style precedents, with some exemplifying a distinct regional style: Most of [Seattles] elementary schools were rectilinear designs with flat roofs, often with individual functional components expressed as distinct boxy volumes
35
John M. Morse, The Art of Building Has Changed, Washington Education, April 1957, p. 13-15.
This design approach juxtaposing individual rectilinear volumes serving different functions was used for many Seattle institutional buildings of this era. This compositional approach derives from Modern buildings such as the Bauhaus (with its rectilinear design and functional expression) and was an early post-World War II version of the International Style. In contrast to the International Style, many Seattle architects in the years after 1945 explored the approach now recognized as Northwest Regional Modernism. Typically applied to residences and smaller institutional buildings (like suburban churches), Regional Modernism is characterized by sloped overhanging roofs, strong relationships to sites (and, if available, views), use of natural materials, revealed structure (often regularly spaced post-and-beam) and selective use of transparency to link inside and outside.36 It was in the junior high and high school designs that real departures were made from the singlelevel ribbon window idea for school design, using more two story sections, concrete roof form technologies, and different plan types. Maloneys Asa Mercer Junior High School (1957) used a thin plate concrete roof technology in a barrel vault type form along with a square more monolithic plan. A variation of this roof form is also used in NBBJs Sealth High School (1957), which also had a rectangular plan punctuated with courtyards. DeHart, Lands & Halls Nathan Hale High School (1963) used a T plate roof technology with a courtyard plan. Again, several incorporated covered exterior walkways rather than interior corridors as circulation spaces. See figures 56-57. Each of these schools was a Modern-style structure with formal similarities, despite their having been the work of different Pacific Northwest architects. The buildings shared many of the same post-war materials, such as glass block, Roman-style brick masonry, and aluminum frame windows, and each clearly expresses its structural system and internal functionality. These school designs reflect a range of interests and approaches within the realm of Modernism. Adoption of interscholastic sports programs by Seattle School District in 1948, following the sharing of sports programs by the Public Schools and Seattle Parks Department during the war years, also led to changes in both school design and school site planning. This effort reflected a national interest, advanced by the National Education Association and others, to meet the needs of teenagers, as a special category of youth. Thus the post-war schools also accommodate more sports and play, with a typical emphasis on indoor/outdoor connections, and additional paved outdoor recreation and equipment areas, along with athletic fields and gyms with bleacher-type seating at junior high schools and high schools. While many schools were fenced, play areas were typically accessible for neighborhood use. School sites were also expanded for larger paved parking lots for teachers, staff, service vehicles, and visitors. Landscaping plant beds were placed typically along the primary faades and entries of classroom and administrative buildings and within courtyards.
4.4 Building Owners 4.4.1 Original Building Developer and Owner: Shoreline School District (No. 412) Prior to 1944, the unincorporated areas lying north of Seattles city limits, 85 th Street, and south of the King County and Snohomish County boundary line, and bordered by Puget Sound on the west and Lake Washington on the east, had several small separate school districts. Each corresponded to small discrete historic settlement areas including Richmond Beach (#86), Ronald (#179), Lake Forest Park #181), Lake City (#180), Maple Leaf (#184), and Oak Lake (#51). None had enough students to justify the construction of a high school, so parents often sent their children to Seattle, Edmonds, or Bothell high schools. Just prior to the end of World War II, in April 1944, these districts officially consolidated into the Shoreline School District. Ray Howard, a veteran teacher, principal, and administrator, was hired as the Districts first superintendent. Howard oversaw the
36
Jeffrey Ochsner, The Unknown Paul Thiry, Arcade, 31.1, Winter 2012, p. XX.
creation of a unified district and the construction of 15 new elementary schools, four middle schools, and one high school between 1949 and 1960.37 See figures 58-61. Post-World War II prosperity led to rapid suburban development of the areas north of Seattle augmented by the highway improvements that were completed along State Route 99 in the late 1920s and 1930s. New affordable tract houses filled in the previously autonomous communities. New schools were filled to capacity as soon as they opened. When the Districts first new school, Ridgecrest, was opened in 1949, the District was forced to run double shifts (sessions) for the first and second grades. During the 1950s, between 400 and 1,460 new students were registered in the District. Because school operation funding was provided by Washington State based upon average daily attendance of the previous school year, as well being as based upon assessed valuation of improvements within the school district, funding lagged behind for fast growing districts like Shoreline. Shoreline subsequently became the first Washington State school district dependent upon special levies for its continued operation.38 Capital funding for new school construction during the 1950s was accomplished by federal funding with state matching funds. State policy restricted the cost of construction relative to size, affecting overall construction quality. The District constructed Cromwell Park Eementary in 1955 for a little over $10.00 per square foot. Despite the rush to deliver more classrooms and limited budget, the Districts second school, Jane Addams, was considered innovative in its design and efficiency when it was completed in 1949.39 Beginning in 1951, residents in the area north of N 85 th Street, the Seattle city limits at that time, and south of 145 th Street petitioned for annexation into the City of Seattle. They felt the burden of new special school levies, and wanted the advantages of Seattle transportation services and police and fire protection. One small section after the other, the first being the area directly around the newly constructed Pinehurst Primary School, voted to approve annexation, and by 1954, the entire area south of N 145 th Street was annexed. As a result, ten schools either previous managed by or built by the Shoreline School District where transferred to the Seattle School District in the 1954 to 1955 school year. The Shoreline School District enrollment, which had grown from 4,150 in 1944, to approximately 12,000 in June of 1954, was reduced to 6,500 in September of 1954.40 Shoreline Schools Transferred to the Seattle School District between 1953 and 195441 Year School Architect Present Status 1914 Oak Lake Elementary V.W. Voorhees Demolished 1914 Broadview Elementary Demolished 1924 Haller Lake Elementary Demolished 1926 Maple Leaf Elementary William Mallis Sold 1931 Lake City Elementary Mallis & Dehart Leased 1949 Jane Addams Jr. H. School Mallis & Dehart Open 1950 Pinehurst Primary Mallis & Dehart Open 1954 Olympic Hills Elementary John Graham & Co. Open 1953 Woodrow Wilson Jr. H. Mallis & Dehart Open School (Wilson-Pacific) 1954 Viewlands Elementary Mallis & Dehart Open
37
Hawkins, Roberta ed. Shore to Shore and Line to Line, A History of The Shoreline School District. Shoreline, WA: Shoreline Historical Museum, 2007. pp. 17-24. 38 Hawkins, Roberta ed. Shore to Shore and Line to Line, A History of The Shoreline School District. Shoreline, WA: Shoreline Historical Museum, 2007. pp. 21-23. 39 Hawkins, pp. 21-23 40 Hawkins, p. 26. 41 Hawkins, p. 26.
In 1955, Shoreline High School was opened, realizing one of the main objectives of the original consolidation. Shoreline became recognized for its academic excellence and outstanding staff.42 Shoreline High School was followed by the construction of Shorecrest High School in 1961, and Shorewood High School in 1975.
4.4.2 Subsequent Building Owner: Seattle School District Number 1 Please see Appendix 3: Seattle School District Number 1 History, General Historical and Building Context for the history from 1854 to the present day of the owner of Wilson-Pacific School. Post-World War II Seattle Schools, 1946 to 1965 By the early 1960s, enrollment in the Seattle School District swelled to a peak of approximately 100,000 students. Between 1946 and 1958, six separate bond issues were approved for new school construction. Samuel Fleming, employed by the District since 1908, succeeded Worth McClure as superintendent in 1945. After Fleming retired in 1956, Ernest Campbell became superintendent.43 In 1945, the Seattle School District Board commissioned a study of population trends and future building needs. One proposal called for the modernization of all existing schools and the addition of classrooms, along with multi-use rooms for lunch and assembly purposes, covered and hardsurfaced play areas and play courts, and expanded gymnasia. Improvements in lighting, heating, plumbing systems, and acoustical treatments were sought as well. This survey occurred at a time when student enrollment in Seattle was stable, at around 50,000. By this time the School District was overseen by a five-member Board of Directors, and employed approximately 2,500 certified teachers, with an average salary of about $2,880. 44 The District completed a large stadium with reinforced concrete stands (1947, George W. Stoddard) in 1947, adjacent to the National Guard Armory at Harrison Street and 4 th Avenue N., at the former Civic Field. A War Memorial Shrine bearing the names of 762 Seattle schools graduates killed in World War II was dedicated in 1951 at Memorial Stadium. In 1949, a 6.8 Richter-scale earthquake damaged several elementary schools, resulting in their subsequent replacement by temporary portables. The 1950s brought the increased use of these structures as a way to address enrollment increases with quick, flexible responses to overcrowding. In 1958, an estimated 20% of the total Seattle student body was taught in portable classrooms. Despite their popularity, however, the occupants of the portables suffered from inadequate heating, lack of plumbing, and distance from other school facilities.45 Elementary schools included separate gymnasia and auditorium-lunchrooms. Older high schools gained additions of gymnasia and specialized classroom space. Despite all of the construction, there were still extensive needs for portable classrooms for excess enrollment.46 During this period the quality of construction gradually improved. The earliest school buildings, put up as rapidly as possible, included the three schools constructed in 1949. Designs prepared by George W. Stoddard for these schools were essentially linked portables with a fixed administrative wing. Each of the Districts 35 new school buildings was individually designed in the Modern style, with nearly all of the elementary schools constructed as one-story, or on sloping sites, each classroom having direct access to grade, conforming to changes in the building code. The 22 new elementary schools built by the District between 1948 and 1965 included:
42
Hawkins, p. 27. Paul Hoerlein, in Carolyn J. Marr, and Nile Thompson. Building for Learning Seattle Public School Histories, 18622000. Seattle, WA: School Histories Committee, Seattle School District, 2002. p. xii. 44 William Gregory Robinson, A History of Public School Architecture in Seattle, unpublished Masters thesis. (Seattle, WA: University of Washington, 1989), p. 192-193. Aaron Purcell, School enrollment figures from Seattle Public Schools archives. 45 Hoerlein, p. xiii. 46 Hoerlein, pp. xii-xiii.
43
School View Ridge School Arbor Heights School Briarcliff School Genesee Hill Lafayette School Van Asselt School Olympic Hills School Viewlands School Wedgwood School Northgate School John Rogers School North Beach School Roxhill School Sandpoint School Cedar Park School Sacajawea School Decatur School Graham Hill School Rainier View School Schmitz Park School BroadviewThomson School Fairmont Park School
Year 1948 1949 1949 1949 1950 1950 1954 1954 1955 1956 1956 1958 1958 1958 1959 1959 1961 1961 1961 1962 1963 1964
Address 7047 50 Ave. NE 3701 SW 104th St. 3901 W. Dravus St. 5012 SW Genesee St. 2645 California Ave. SW 7201 Beacon Ave. S 13018 20th Ave. NE 10523 3rd Ave. NW 2720 NE 85 St. 11725 1 Ave. NE 4030 NE109th St. 9018 24 Ave. NW 9430 30th Ave. SW 6208 60 Ave. NE 13224 37th Ave. NE 9501 20 Ave. NE 7711 43 Ave. NE 5149 S Graham St. 11650 Beacon Ave. S 5000 SW Spokane St. 13052 Greenwood Ave. N 3800 SW Findlay St.
rd th th th st th th
Designer William Mallis George W. Stoddard George W. Stoddard George W. Stoddard John Graham & Co. Jones & Biden John Graham & Co. Malis & Dehart John Graham & Co. Paul Thiry Theo Damm John Graham & Co. John Graham & Co. G.W. Stoddard w/ F. Huggard Paul Thiry Waldron & Dietz Edward Malum Theo Damm Durham, Anderson & Freed Durham, Anderson & Freed Waldron & Dietz Carlson, Eley & Grevstad
Notes
demolished closed, vacant
closed, vacant
Leased, Seattle Landmark now called Thornton Creek
See figures 62-64. One of the first priorities during this period was the building of new junior high schools. Between 1950 and 1959, ten new junior high schools were completed:
School Eckstein Jr. High School Blaine Jr. High School Aki Kurose Jr. High School David Denny Jr. High School Asa Mercer Jr. High School Year 1950 1952 1952 1952 1957 Address 3003 NE 75 St. 2550 34th Ave. W 3928 S Graham St. 8402 30th Ave. SW 1600 Columbian Way S
th
Designer William Mallis J. Lister Jones William Mallis Mallis & Dehart John W. Maloney
Notes Seattle Landmark
demolished
Whitman Jr. High School Louisa Boren Jr. High School George Washington Jr. High School Worth McClure Jr. High School
1959 1963 1963 1964
9201 15th Ave. NW 5950 Delridge Way SW 2101 S Jackson St. 1915 First Ave. W
Mallis & Dehart NBBJ John Graham & Co. Edward Malum Now K-STEM at Boren
See figure 66. During this period the District also constructed three new High Schools, including:
School Year 1957 1960 1963 Address 2600 SW Thistle 8815 Seward Park S 10750 30th Ave. NE Designer NBBJ John W. Maloney Malis & Dehart Notes altered altered altered
Chief Sealth High School

Rainier Beach High School Nathan Hale High School
See figure 67. Between 1943 and 1954, voters in the rapidly growing unincorporated areas north of Seattle feeling the burden of new special school levies, and believing that there were advantages to Seattle transportation services and police and fire protection, approved at least 12 annexations to the City of Seattle. This pushed the city limits northward from a line near N 85 th Street, to a uniform northern border at N 145 th Street. These annexations brought an additional ten schools into the District from the struggling Shoreline School District.47
4.5 Building Architect, John Graham & Company The architect of record for Olympic Hills Elementary School is John Graham & Company, which was founded by Architect John Graham Sr. around 1910. Graham Sr. was born in 1873 in Liverpool, England. He moved to Seattle in 1901 where he first partnered with David J. Myers (1872-1936). Starting in 1910, Graham designed a series of Model T assembly plants for the Ford Motor Company. He served as Fords supervising architect from 1914 to 1918. In 1919 he designed the Seattle Yacht Club. The building is a testament to his lifelong passion for recreational sailing and boating. In 1916, Graham Sr. began a series of downtown Seattle anchor buildings such as the Frederick & Nelson Building (1916-1919, altered, now Nordstrom's), the Dexter Horton Building (19211924), and the Joshua Green Building (1913). In the late 20s and 30s Graham changed his style from Beaux Arts Eclectic to more Art deco, designing the Roosevelt Hotel (1928-29), the Exchange Building (1929-1930), the Bon Marche Building (1928-1929), which employs some deco elements, and the Streamlined Coca-Cola Bottling Plant with William Painter (1939). 48 John Graham Sr.s son, John Graham Jr., graduated from Queen Anne High School in 1925, and
47
Roberta Hawkins, ed.; Shore to Shore and Line to Line, A History of The Shoreline School District ; (Shoreline, WA: Shoreline Historical Museum, 2007), p. 26. 48 Heather M. MacIntosh, Graham, John Sr. (1873-1955) HistoryLink.org Essay 124 November 02, 1998 http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=124 and Grant Hildebrand John Grahm Sr. in Shaping Seattle Architecture ed. Jeffrey Oschner
began architectural training at the University of Washington in 1926. Graham Jr. graduated from Yale in 1931 with a fine arts degree. After graduation he began work in merchandising and retail.49 He worked for the Allied Stores Corporation in New York and Seattle.50 In 1937, Graham Jr. joined his fathers architectural practice as a partner and he opened a branch office in New York City with engineer William Painter.51 The New York office of John Graham & Associates closed in1942, at the beginning of WWII. Because Graham Jr. was ineligible for military service in World War II due to an arm injury, he designed housing developments for war workers in Paterson, N.J., and Washington, D.C., and developed several large FHA housing projects including Sunny Brook (1942), and Suburban Heights (1944) in the suburbs of Washington DC, and Edgewater Park (1939) in Seattle.52 From 1942 until 1946, Graham Sr. provided John Graham Jr. with increasing responsibility in the firm. By 1946, John Graham Jr. had taken over the firm along with principals Manson Bennett, AIA, J.L. Follett, AIA, A.B. Harrison, RA, N. Wilkinson, Jr., AIA, J.E. Jackson, RA, R.R. Kirkwood, PE, and H.W. Leuschen, PE.53 After John Graham Sr. officially retired from active practice in 1946, the firm was renamed John Graham & Company. John Graham Sr. died in 1955 in Hong Kong. See figure 68. By 1949, the firm employed thirty-two draftsmen, designers, structural, mechanical and electrical engineers. Between 1946 and 1950, John Graham Jr. collaborated with Bon March president Rex Allison, in the conception of the Northgate Shopping Center (1946-1950).54 Even though the idea of a regional shopping center was not new, Northgate was the first to be built, and it was revolutionary, becoming a prototype for shopping centers around the nation, pulling commerce away from downtown and into the suburbs. John Graham & Company became a leader within this highly lucrative niche. The firm went on to design over 70 multi-million dollar regional shopping centers, throughout the country modeled on Northgate, and altered the urban landscape around the nation and the world.55 See figure 69. John Graham & Company designed five schools for the Seattle School District: Dunlap (1924), LaFayette (1950), Wedgwood (1955), North Beach (1958), and Roxhill (1958). In addition they designed 2 schools for the Shoreline School District that are now part of the Seattle School District: Washington (1963) and Olympic Hills (1954). See figures 45, 54 & 70-72. John Graham & Company was a prolific firm, however, besides the shopping malls, the firm is most famous for the Seattle Space Needle, built for the 1962 Century 21 Exhibition. The firms experience with the first revolving restaurant, at the Ala Moana Shopping Center in Hawaii, influenced the design of the Space Needle. Although the building is attributed to John Graham & Company, it was a collaborative design process with the developer and several designers, including
49
Heather M. MacIntosh, John Graham Jr. History Link Essay 140, November 03, 1998 http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=140 50 Glenn Fowler, New York Times, Obituary, John Graham, Architect, 82, Dies; Designed Space Needle for Seattle. February 1, 1991 http://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/01/obituaries/john-graham-architect-82-dies-designed-spaceneedle-for-seattle.html 51 DAHP Architect Biographies, John Graham Jr. http://www.dahp.wa.gov/learn-and-research/architectbiographies/john-graham-jr (accessed July 23, 2013) and Glenn Fowler, New York Times, Obituary, John Graham, Architect, 82, Dies; Designed Space Needle for Seattle. February 1, 1991 http://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/01/obituaries/john-graham-architect-82-dies-designed-space-needle-forseattle.html 52 Glenn Fowler, 1991, and DAHP Architect Biographies, John Graham Jr. 53 Pacific Coast Architecture Database, https://digital.lib.washington.edu/architect/architects/3343/, accessed April 19, 2013 54 Heather M. MacIntosh, John Graham Jr. November 03, 1998 55 Ferdinand M. De Leon, John Grahams Legacy Is Everywhere Around the USArchitects creations Include The Space Needle And Northgate The Seattle Times, January 31, 1991 http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19910131&slug=1263622 and Heather M. MacIntosh, November 03, 1998 and DAHP Architect Biographies, John Graham Jr.
Victor Steinbrueck, who came up with the idea of a tripod base, and John Ridley, who added to the design of the double-decked top house crown.56 Other associates working on the design included Art Edwards, Manson Bennett, Erle Duff, Al Miller, and Nate Wilkinson.57 The Space Needle became the symbol of the Seattle World's Fair in 1962 and remains a symbol of the city today.58 See figure 73. Under Graham Jr.s leadership John Graham & Company became one of the premiere commercial architectural firms in the United States, responsible for over 1,000 large-scale, profitable commercial designs.59 Graham had a reputation for correctly assessing a project's schedule, budget and feasibility, and this earned him the title "a businessman's architect." He was licensed to practice in ten states and clients included developers, corporations, and institutions.60 See figures 74-75. John Graham Jr. was head of John Graham & Company until 1986, when Graham & Company merged with the DLR group, another national design firm becoming DLR Group / John Graham Associates. John Graham Jr. continued working until a few weeks before his death at Swedish Medical Center on January 29, 1991. In 1998, DLR Group dropped the Graham name. 61 Selected List of attributions Graham & Meyers 1901 Martin, F.J., House, Seattle, WA 1903 reconstruction of Trinity Parish Church #2 1903 Butterworth Building, 1905 The Pierre P. Ferry house ( with Alfred Bodley) 1907 the Kenney Presbyterian Home 1909 buildings for Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, including the Agriculture Building 1909 College Inn 1910 Lyon Building 1910 1st Methodist Episcopal Church #3 John Graham & Associates (John Graham Sr.) 1912 Fleischmann's Yeast Factory, 1912 Plymouth Congregational Church #3 (destroyed) 1913 Bellingham National Bank Building, with F. Stanley Piper 1913 Green, Joshua, Building, Carroll's Fine Jewelry Store 1913 Green, Joshua, Building, 1913 Park Royal Shopping Centre 1913 Rector Hotel #3,
Seattle, WA Downtown, Seattle, WA Seattle, WA West Seattle, Seattle, WA U. District, Seattle, WA U. District, Seattle, WA Seattle Downtown, Seattle, WA
Sumner, WA Seattle, WA Bellingham, WA Downtown, Seattle, WA Seattle, WA Vancouver, BC, Canada Pioneer Square, Seattle, WA
56
Walt Crowley, Space Needle (Seattle) HistoryLink.org Essay 1424 June 27, 1999 http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=1424
57 58
Walt Crowley, June 27, 1999 Ferdinand M. De Leon, January 31, 1991 59 Heather M. MacIntosh, John Graham Jr. November 03, 1998 and Meredith L. Clausen, "John Graham Jr. in Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects ed. by Jeffrey Karl Ochsner (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994), 258-263. 60 DAHP Architect Biographies, John Graham Jr. 61 Ferdinand M. De Leon, January 31, 1991 and Pacific Coast Architecture Database, Graham, John and Company, Architects and Engineers, https://digital.lib.washington.edu/architect/partners/476/ (accessed July 23, 2013)
1914 1917 1918 1919 1919 1921 1923 1924 1924 1927 1927 1927 1928 1928 1929 1929 1929 1929 1929 1929 1930 1930 1930 1930 1930 1930 1930 1932 1932 1933 1939
Ford Motor Company, Assembly Plant #1, Securities Building, Frederick and Nelson, Incorporated, Department Store #3, Seattle Yacht Club #2, Frederick & Nelson Building (now Nordstrom's, altered) Victoria Apartments Dexter Horton Building Bank of California, Office Building #1 Seattle Public Schools, Dunlap Elementary School #3 Exeter Apartment Hotel, Tower Hotel Georgia University Methodist Episcopal Church #2 Bank of California, Office Building, University of Washington Physics Building (now Mary Gates Hall) Bon Marche Department Store #3, Consolidated Dairy Products Company Building First Realty Company, Hartford Building Roosevelt Hotel University of Washington, Plant Operations Building University of Washington, Guggenheim, The Daniel, Aeronautics Hall, 3601-3609 McClellan Street Stores Exchange Building Fraser-Patteson Company, Department Store Medical Arts Building Mount Baker Center University of Washington, Johnson, Orson Bennett Hall Joseph Vance Building Office Tower Project University of Washington Oceanography Building United States Public Health Service, Marine Hospital (with Bebb and Gould) Coca-Cola Bottling Plant
Seattle, WA Seattle, WA Downtown, Seattle, WA Seattle, WA Downtown, Seattle, WA Queen Anne, Seattle, WA Seattle, WA Downtown, Seattle, WA Seattle, WA First Hill, Seattle, WA Vancouver, BC, Canada U. District, Seattle, WA Tacoma, WA Seattle, WA Downtown, Seattle, WA Seattle, WA Seattle, WA Seattle, WA Seattle, WA Seattle, WA Seattle, WA Seattle, WA Downtown, Seattle, WA Downtown, Tacoma, WA Seattle, WA Seattle, WA Downtown, Seattle, WA Seattle, WA Seattle, WA Beacon Hill, Seattle, WA Seattle, WA
John Graham & Company (John Graham Jr.) 1950 Northgate Shopping Center 1950 Seattle Public Schools, Lafayette Elementary School #2, 1954 Mason Clinic 1956 Bellevue Square Shopping Center, Frederick and Nelson Department Store 1956 Gulfgate Shopping Center 1956 Lewis and Clark Theatre and Bowl 1960 Ala Moana Shopping Center 1960 College Grove Shopping Center
Northgate, Seattle, WA West Seattle, Seattle, WA Seattle, WA Bellevue, WA Houston, TX Tukwila, WA Honolulu, HI San Diego, CA
1962 1962 1962 1963 1963 1963 1964 1966 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1973 1974 1974 1974 1975 1975 1976 1979 1980 1981 1981 1982 1986 1987 1987
Cable Car Lodge Project Seattle World's Fair, Space Needle South Sandia Retail and Hotel Development Project Judson Park at Zenith Retirement Home, Apartment Building Olympic Hotel #2, Parking Garage Project University of Washington, Van de Graaf Accelerator Building The Ilikai Hotel Wells Fargo and Company Bank, Headquarters Building #3 Westchester Plaza 44 Montgomery Street Office Building, Financial District Battery Park City Master Plan Western International Hotels Company, Washington Plaza Hotel Ala Moana Hotel Southcenter Shopping Mall Bank of California, Office Building Channing House Retirement Center United States Government, Federal Office Building #3 1 Capital Center Alaska State Office Building Calais Office Center I and II Bellevue Athletic Club 1111 3rd Avenue Office Building United States Navy (USN), Naval Regional Medical Center Lloyd Center Tower Sheraton Hotel and Towers Stimson Center Project Auburn Downs Racetrack United States Army, Fort Lewis, Madigan Army Medical Center
South Sandia Peak, NM Seattle, WA South Sandia, NM Des Moines, WA Downtown, Seattle, WA Seattle, WA Honolulu, HI San Francisco, CA New Rochelle, N.Y. San Francisco, CA New York, NY Downtown, Seattle, WA Honolulu, HI Tukwila, WA Downtown, Seattle, WA Palo Alto, CA Downtown, Seattle, WA Boise, ID Juneau, AK Anchorage, AK Bellevue, WA Seattle, WA Bremerton, WA Portland, OR Downtown, Seattle, WA Seattle, WA Auburn, WA Fort Lewis, WA
4.5 Building Contractor: unknown Prepared by: The Johnson Partnership 1212 NE 65 th Street Seattle, WA 98115 www.tjp.us
5. Bibliography
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation; Appendix 1, Memorandum of Agreement; October 1978. Association for Environmental and Outdoor Education. History. http://aeoe.org/about/history (accessed July 23, 2013) Brooks, Dianne. Loggers to latte stands: Route spans history, May 24, 2006, http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20060524&slug=highway24n, (accessed May 10, 2012) Crowley, Walt. Space Needle (Seattle). HistoryLink.org Essay 1424. June 27, 1999. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=1424 (accessed July 23, 2013) Clausen, Meredith L. "John Graham Jr. in Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Jeffrey Karl Ochsner ed. Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1994. DAHP Architect Biographies, John Graham Jr. http://www.dahp.wa.gov/learn-andresearch/architect-biographies/john-graham-jr (accessed July 23, 2013) De Leon, Ferdinand M. John Grahams Legacy Is Everywhere Around the USArchitects creations Include The Space Needle And Northgate. The Seattle Times. January 31, 1991. http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19910131&slug=1263622 Dougherty, Phil. Interstate 5 is completed from Everett to Seattle on February 3, 1965. HistoryLink.org Essay 8548, March 24, 2008, http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=8548 (accessed May 10, 2013) Dunphy, Stephen H. Pupils talk about school-bussing plan. The Seattle Times. October 31, 1970. Duwamish Tribe. Cheslahud and Family on Lake Union, Circa 1885, http://www.duwamishtribe.org/lakejohn.html (accessed May 10, 2012) The Point Elliott Treaty of 1855, http://www.duwamishtribe.org/elliottreaty.html (accessed May 10, 2012) Fowler, Glenn. John Graham, Architect, 82, Dies; Designed Space Needle for Seattle. New York Times, Obituary. February 1, 1991. http://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/01/obituaries/johngraham-architect-82-dies-designed-space-needle-for-seattle.html (accessed July 2013) Great Schools http://www.greatschools.org/washington/seattle/1596-Olympic-Hills-ElementarySchool/ (accessed July 19, 2013) Hawkins, Roberta ed. Shore to Shore and Line to Line, A History of The Shoreline School District. Shoreline, WA: Shoreline Historical Museum, 2007. Hildebrand, Grant. John Grahm Sr. in Shaping Seattle Architecture. Jeffrey Oschner ed. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA, 1994. Hoerlein, Paul. Introduction. Building for Learning Seattle Public School Histories, 1862-2000. By Carolyn J. Marr, and Nile Thompson. Seattle, WA: School Histories Committee, Seattle School District, 2002. Kroll Map Company, Certificate Map, 1862-1901, T. 26N, R. 4E.
Lakeside School, about us, Archives, School History, http://www.lakesideschool.org/podium/default.aspx?t=122170 (accessed December 20, 2012) MacIntosh, Heather M. Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern Railroad Company, November 18, 1999, http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=1736 (accessed May 10, 2012) Graham, John Sr. (1873-1955) HistoryLink.org Essay 124 November 02, 1998 http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=124 (accessed July 23, 2013) John Graham Jr. History Link Essay 140, November 03, 1998 http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=140 (accessed July 23, 2013) Morse, John M. The Art of Building Has Changed. Washington Education. April 1957. Ochsner, Jeffrey. The Unknown Paul Thiry. Arcade, 31.1, Winter 2012. Pacific Coast Architecture Database. Bennet, Manson. https://digital.lib.washington.edu/architect/architects/3343/. (accessed April 19, 2013) Purcell, Aaren, Seattle School District Archivist. Telephone interview with Ellen Mirro. July 23, 2013. Robinson, William Gregory. A History of Public School Architecture in Seattle. Unpublished Masters thesis. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, 1989.. Seattle, City of. Seattle City Clerks Neighborhood Atlas, http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/html/NN-1041S.htm (accessed July 8, 2013) Seattle School district drawings # 261-0027 & 261-0026 Seattle Lakeshore and Eastern Railway Map. King County Museum Collections, UW Digital Collections. http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/kccollects&CISOPT R=419&CISOBOX=1&REC=9 (accessed May 10, 2012) The Seattle Times Olympic Hills advertisement, April 22, 1928, p.29 For a More Healthy Growth, May 6, 1952, p. 6. Sound Leadership, November 23, 1952, p. 6. Langlie Signs Bill on School Organization, March 5, 1953, p. 21. North End Parents Seek to Arrange School-Bus Service, April 30, 1957, p. 24. School at Bitter Lake to Cost $1,935,398 March 22, 1962, p. 19. Sherwood, Donald N. Pinehurst Playground, Seattle Parks Department, http://www.seattle.gov/parks/history/PinehurstPG.pdf. (accessed December 20, 2012) Jackson Park, Seattle Parks Department, http://www.seattle.gov/parks/history/JacksonPk.pdf, (accessed December 20, 2012) Silva, Catherine. Racial Restrictive Covenants. Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project, University of Washington, 2005. http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/covenants.htm (accessed July 2013.)
Stiles, Vicki, Director of the Shoreline Historical Museum. e-mail to Larry E. Johnson, December 26, 2012. Stiles, Viki. Lake City History Round-Up, http://shorelinehistoricalmuseum.org/research/history-roundups/lake-city-history-round-up (accessed May 11, 2012) The Lake in Little Ol Lake City, http://blog.seattlepi.com/lakecity/2010/06/18/blastfrom-the-past-2/ (accessed August 16, 2012) Superior Court of Washington for King County. Affidavit of Richard Welsh, http://trailofshame.com/DOC-SLS-LAW-Welsh-Affidavit.pdf (accessed May 10, 2012) pp. 66-71. Tate, Cassandra. Busing in Seattle: A well Intentioned Failure History Link. September 7, 2002. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=3939 (accessed July 2013) Thompson, Nile and Carolyn J. Marr. Building for Learning Seattle Public School Histories, 18622000. Seattle, WA: School Histories Committee, Seattle School District, 2002. United States Department of Commerce, Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920, Number and Distribution, Table 2, King County, Lake Forest Precinct, p. 15. Wilma, David. Seattle Neighborhoods: Lake CityThumbnail History. HistoryLink.org Essay 3449. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=3449 (accessed May 10, 2012).
APPENDIX 1 FIGURES
Seattle City Limit Olympic Hills Neighborhood Project Site Northgate/ Lake City
Figure 1. Location Map
North District Neighborhoods area Olympic Hills neighborhood

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City of Seattle Clerks Office
City of Shoreline
Project Site Jackson Park Golf Course
Th
orn
ton
Cr
ee
Figure 2. Olympic Hills Neighborhood map, City of Seattle, City Clerk

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King County iMap
D C Project Site
Figure 3. Neighborhood Aerial
view referenced in this document

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The Johnson Partnership, 6-25-13
Project Site
Figure 4. View AViewing northeast from 20th Avenue NE and NE 130th St

Project Site
Figure 5. View BViewing northwest from NE 130th Street

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Figure 6. View CViewing west from 23rd Avenue NE

Figure 7. View DViewing south from NE 133rd Street and 22nd Avenue NE

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Figure 8. View EViewing south along 20th Avenue NE

Figure 9. View FViewing southeast from NE 133rd Street and 20th Avenue NE

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The Johnson Partnership
NE 133rd St
portable classrooms
PL 602.57 PL 160.0 PL 60 PL 75 PL 60 PL 120.0

25 50 100
22nd Ave NE
playfield
added 1964 bus loading
paved play yard
20th Ave NE
PL 630.25
added 1958 PL 350.1
covered play yard
PL 130.79 PL 116.9 PL 117.0
PL 5.0
parking
NE 130th Pl
Figure 10. Site Plan
PL 160.89
NE 130th St
PL 171.65
Drn: SMC Chkd: LEJ Date: Rev.: Scale:
Detail:
Site 1964
N COPYRIGHT 200
Olympic Hills #Site Address1, Seattle, WA
OlympicDrn: Hills Elementary Chkd: LEJ School SMC Detail: Date: Landmark Nomination Report
Rev.:
Layout
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COPYRIGHT
Project Name
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23rd Ave NE
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Figure 11.Olympic Hills Elementary, western faade, classroom wing

Figure 12. Olympic Hills Elementary, western faade, administrative section and classroom wing

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Figure 13.Olympic Hills Elementary, western faade, administrative section

Figure 14. Olympic Hills Elementary School, main entry

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Figure 15. Olympic Hills Elementary School, loading dock

Figure 16. Olympic Hills Elementary School, southern faade, storage/janitorial/mechanical

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Figure 17.Olympic Hills Elementary, eastern faade, covered outdoor play area
Figure 18.Olympic Hills Elementary, eastern faade, covered outdoor play area

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Figure 19. Olympic Hills Elementary, eastern faade, classrooms and gymnasium in the distance
Figure 20. Olympic Hills Elementary, eastern faade

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Figure 21. Olympic Hills Elementary, northern faade, kindergarten

Figure 22. Olympic Hills Elementary, northern faade

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Figure 23. Olympic Hills Elementary, main entry

Figure 24. Olympic Hills Elementary, administrative office

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Figure 25. Olympic Hills Elementary, auditorium

Figure 26. Olympic Hills Elementary, auditorium

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Figure 27. Olympic Hills Elementary, kitchen

Figure 28. Olympic Hills Elementary, gymnasium

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Figure 31. Olympic Hills Elementary, hallway

Figure 32. Olympic Hills Elementary, typical classroom

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MOHAI 2003.12.5
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H. Ambrose Kiehl Photograph Collection

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Figure 35. Oak Lake School, 1894

UW Digital Collections KHL 212
e tographer e tion
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dit Line
Students outside Oak Lake School, 1894 Unknown 1894 The one-room Oak Lake School opened in 1886 near what is now Washelli Cemetery, north of Seattle. For many years Oak Lake was the only school in the northern part of King County. After several moves and additions, the school opened its first permanent building in 1914 at 10040 Aurora Avenue North. Handwritten on verso: First Oak Lake School Built 1886, Picture Taken 1894. Left to Right: Herman Bolt, Mr. Course & Baby, Emma Miller, Martha Denny, Tom McCombs, Clark Dye, Carl Miller, John Bower, Seth Nelson, Retta Denny, Mike Bower, Ida Denny, Paul Stewart, Joe Bower, Harvey Rothweiler, Pearl McCombs, Lawrence Dye, Lara Denny. Schools--Washington (State)--Seattle; School children--Washington (State)--Seattle; Teachers-Washington (State)--Seattle United States--Washington (State)--Seattle Northgate (Seattle, Wash.) Museum of History & Industry Photograph Collection 2003.12.5 To order a reproduction or to inquire about permissions contact photos@mohai.org or phone us at 206324-1126. Please refer to the Image Number and provide a brief description of the photograph. Museum of History & Industry, Seattle; All Rights Reserved
Figure 36. Bothell Road, later Lake City Way, 1901

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PROJECT SITE
Figure 37. Certificate Map, 1862-1901
Corresponds to present day Pinehurst neighborhood boundary
PROJECT SITE
Figure 38. Kroll Map, 1926

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Seattle Municipal Archives 29385
Future Jackson Park Golf Course
15th Ave
NE
NE 13 h 7t . St
Figure 39. Polo Field, May 1927

Seattle Municipal Archives
Figure 40. Jackson Park Golf Course, ca. 1930

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Seattle TImes
Figure 41. Advertisement for Olympic Hills subdivision, 1928

King COunty IMap
Jackson Park Golf Course
Polo Field
Figure 42. Aerial view 1936

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Lake
City W ay
FUTURE PROJECT SITE
August 2013
University of Washington Speciall Collections SEA0387
Figure 43. Lake City Way NE and NE 125th St, ca. 1942
MOHAI 1986.5.6019.1
Title Photographer Date Notes Subjects (LCTGM)
Lake City Way N.E. and N.E. 125th St., ca. 1942 Unknown ca. 1942 Looking south toward the intersection of Lake City Way N.E. and N.E. 125th St. Business districts--Washington (State)--Seattle Streets--Washington (State)--Seattle Utililty poles--Washington (State)--Seattle Street lights--Washington (State)--Seattle Lake City Way (Seattle, Wash.) Automobiles--Washington (State)--Seattle Lake City (Seattle, Wash.) United States--Washington (State)--Seattle Seattle Photograph Collection SEA0387 To order a reproduction, inquire about permissions, or for information about prices see: http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/services/reproduction-info
Subjects (LCSH)
Location Depicted Digital Collection Order Number Ordering Information
Figure 44. Northgate Mall under construction, 1949

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SPS
Figure 45. Olympic Hills Elementary School, 1954
SPS
Figure 46. Olympic Hills Elementary School interior, 1954

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Seattle Times
Figure 47. Seattle Times article on the new Olympic Hills Elementary School, 1954

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Seattle Times
Figure 48. Olympic Hills Elementary in the news, front page, Seattle Times, October 31, 1970

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Figure 49. Crow Island School (1940, Eliel Saarinen)
Figure 50. Crow Island School plan (1940, Eliel Saarinen)

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Julius Shulman
Figure 51. Portola Jr. High School, El Cerrito, California (1951, John Carl Warneke)

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August 2013
King County
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Dearborn-Massar Photographs
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Figure 52.UW Faculty Club (1960, Victor Steinbrueck and Paul Hayden Kirk)
rapher ct
University of Washington Faculty Center exterior from rear, Seattle, 1960 Dearborn-Massar Steinbrueck, Victor; Kirk, Paul Hayden, 19141960 Date built: 1960.
tual Notes
Typed on verso: University of Washington Faculty Club, Seattle, Wash. - Archs.: Steinbrueck & Architects' biographical information: VICTOR STEINBRUECK, b. 12-15-1911, d. 2-14-1985. Gra from University of Washington, 1935. Joined UW faculty in 1946. Served as acting chairman of Architecture, 1962-1964. Retired as professor emeritus in 1976. PAUL HAYDEN KIRK, b. 11-18Graduated from University of Washington, 1937. Worked for Floyd Naramore prior to 1939. Par James Chiarelli, 1945-1950. Sole practitioner, 1950-1957. AIA Fellow, 1959. Kirk, Wallace, McK Associates, 1960-1979. Retired, 1979.
bject
College buildings--Washington (State)--Seattle; Universities & colleges--Washington (State)--S Windows--Washington (State)--Seattle

Figure 53.Smith Clinic (1956, Paul Hayden Kirk)
Olympic Hills Elementary School tle Smith Clinic exterior showing entrance, Seattle, 1956 Landmark Nomination Report hotographer Dearborn-Massar
Kirk, Paul Hayden, 19141956
August 2013
chitect ate
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SPS 239-15
Figure 54. LaFayette Elementary (1950, John Graham & Co.)

SPS 210-4
1954
Figure 55. Cedar Park Elementary, City of Seattle Landmark (1959, Paul Thiry)

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SPS 110-4
Figure 56. Asa Mercer Junior High (1957, Maloney)

SPS 018-8
Figure 57. Chief Sealth High School (1957, NBBJ)

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Shoreline Historical Museum
Figure 58. Ronald School, ca. 1913

Figure 59. Lake Forest Park School, 1941

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Figure 60. Lake Forest Park School, 1921

source?
Figure 61. Richmond Beach School

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SPS 277-5
V
Figure 62. View Ridge Elementary (1948, William Mallis)
t
Enrollment: Nickname: Colors: 384 Bobcats Blue and gold
SPS 275-2
n Asselt Elementary School 201 Beacon Avenue S 5
Figure 63. Van Asselt School (1950, Jones & Biden)
Olympic Hills Elementary School near the Mapel family farm (see Maple and Holgate). The town 2013that f Landmark Nomination Report Duwamish was established in early 1852. During a August brief war
Henry Van Asselt settled in the Duwamish River valley in 18
A-35 lowed the signing of several treaties, Indians burned Van Asselts bui
SPS 220-32
Figure 64. Graham Hill Elementary School (1961, Theo Damm)

SPS
Figure 65. Catherine Blaine Junior High School, Seattle (1952, J. Lister Holmes)

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SPS 104-6
Figure 66. Nathan Eckstein Middle School (1950, William Mallis)

SPS 22-6
Figure 67. Nathan Hale High School (1963, Mallis & DeHart)

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August 2013
MOHAI 1983.10.13945.1
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Figure 68. Edgewater Apts, John Graham & Associates 1939
Penney's at Northgate Mall (Seattle, Wash.), rendering

UW Digital Collections ARC0489
Title Photographer Date Caption
Notes Subjects
Edgewater Apartments in Madison Park, Seattle, 1939 Webster & Stevens 1939 The Edgewater Apartments, located along the northern shore of the Madison Park neighborhood, op January 1939. Designed by the architectural firm of John Graham, Sr., the apartments are spread throughout numerous two-story buildings with abundant green space between them. Handwritten on sleeve: Amer. Bankers. Housing developments--Washington (State)--Seattle; Real estate development--Washington (State)
Figure 69. Northgate J.C. Penny Store 1950 John Graham & Co., artist Earle Duff
Penney's at Northgate Mall (Seattle, Wash.), rendering Olympic Hills Elementary School J.C. Penney Department Store Landmark John Graham Nomination & Company Report A-38 Graham, John Jr., 1908-1991
August 2013
Figure 70. Wedgwood Elementary School (1955, John Graham & Co.)
Figure 71. Roxhill Elementary (1958, John Graham & Co.)

A-39
August 2013
SPS
Figure 72. Washington Jr High (1963, John Graham & Co.)

UW Digital Collections SEA2392
Figure 73. Space Needle (1962, John Graham & Co.)

Title Photographer Date Notes
Panoramic view of grounds, Century 21 Exposition, 1962 Unknown 1962 The Century 21 Exposition took place between April 21 and October 21, 1962 and is also known as the Seattle World's Fair.
Shows Monorail, Space Needle, Food Circus, Electric Power Pavilion, State of Alaska Pavilion, Bell System Pavilion, Hall of Industry, American Gas Association Pavilion, and Washington State Coliseum (now known as Key Arena).
August 2013
A-40
Tacoma Mall (Tacoma, Wash.), rendering of interior

UW Digital Collections ARC0706
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Figure 74. Rendering Tacoma Washington Plazaof Hotel, Seattle, Mall 1969 interior (1964, John Graham & Co. artist Earle Duff)
Tacoma Mall (Tacoma, Wash.), rendering of interior UW Graham Digital Collections HUPY69161x l Firm NameArt Hupy, John & Company Graham, John Jr., 1908-1991 Duff, Earle wing Execution 1963-1964 Architectural drawings cription Acrylic on board: 65 x 99 cm. eet Address 4502 S Steele ation United States--Washington (State)--Seattle Design drawings ion Renderings Notes Handwritten beneath drawing: [symbol for earl duff, artist] Earle Duff John Graham and Company Architects, Planners, Engineers e Modern es John Graham Jr. received international recognition for his large scale shopping complex architectural skill with business acumen, Graham helped shape Seattle's commercial en World War II. Born in Seattle to architect John Graham Sr., Graham Jr. enrolled in the Washington's architecture program in 1926. Transferring to Yale in 1928, Graham grad in fine arts four years later and initially pursued a career in merchandising rather than a Figure 75. Washington Plaza Hotel, the south tower Graham Jr. took over his father's architecture firm. W John Graham Sr. now retired in 1946, of the Westin War (1969II , John Graham & Co.) economy spurred suburban growth and expansive commercial development in K Washington Plaza Hotel, Seattle, 1969 Graham, groomed in retail management, recognized the potential for innovative design Hupy, Art 1969 initial collaboration with department store owner Rex Allison, Graham conceived the mo Olympic Hills Elementary School The Washington Plaza Hotel (now known as the south tower of the Westin Hotel) opened on June 29, 1969. The hotel is located in downtown Seattle at 1900 5th Avenue. The architect was John Graham & Associates. The south tower is 396.98 suburban shopping center. Key elements were scale, concentration of shops, abundant feet high and has 40 above-ground stories. A twin of this tower, known as the North Tower, was opened in 1982. August 2013 Landmark Nomination Report PH Coll 458.69161x highway access. When Graham decided to enclose the entire complex, the modern mal Hotels--Washington (State)--Seattle A-41 Architectural photographs TGM) Renderings; Interior design drawings Buildings--Washington (State)--Seattle
Westin Hotel (Seattle, Wash.)

Olympic Hills Elementary

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Olympic Hills Elementary

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Olympic Hills Elementary School

13018 20th Avenue NE 212604-9041 See attached page

Olympic Hills Elementary School Landmark Nomination

Olympic Hills Elementary School

The Johnson Partnership

Olympic Hills Elementary School Landmark Nomination Report

Designer John Graham & Co.

demolished closed, vacant

Leased, Seattle Landmark now called Thornton Creek

Notes Seattle Landmark

1959 1963 1963 1964

Chief Sealth High School

Figure 1. Location Map

North District Neighborhoods area Olympic Hills neighborhood

Olympic Hills Elementary School Landmark Nomination Report

City of Seattle Clerks Office

Project Site Jackson Park Golf Course

Figure 2. Olympic Hills Neighborhood map, City of Seattle, City Clerk

Olympic Hills Elementary School Landmark Nomination Report

King County iMap

Figure 3. Neighborhood Aerial

view referenced in this document

Olympic Hills Elementary School Landmark Nomination Report

The Johnson Partnership, 6-25-13

Figure 4. View AViewing northeast from 20th Avenue NE and NE 130th St

Figure 5. View BViewing northwest from NE 130th Street

Olympic Hills Elementary School Landmark Nomination Report

The Johnson Partnership, 6-25-13

Figure 6. View CViewing west from 23rd Avenue NE

Olympic Hills Elementary School Landmark Nomination Report

The Johnson Partnership, 6-25-13

Figure 8. View EViewing south along 20th Avenue NE

Olympic Hills Elementary School Landmark Nomination Report

The Johnson Partnership

PL 602.57 PL 160.0 PL 60 PL 75 PL 60 PL 120.0

added 1964 bus loading

paved play yard

added 1958 PL 350.1

covered play yard

PL 130.79 PL 116.9 PL 117.0

Drn: SMC Chkd: LEJ Date: Rev.: Scale:

Olympic Hills #Site Address1, Seattle, WA

The Johnson Partnership, 6-25-13

Figure 11.Olympic Hills Elementary, western faade, classroom wing

Olympic Hills Elementary School Landmark Nomination Report

The Johnson Partnership, 6-25-13

Figure 13.Olympic Hills Elementary, western faade, administrative section

Figure 14. Olympic Hills Elementary School, main entry

Olympic Hills Elementary School Landmark Nomination Report

The Johnson Partnership, 6-25-13

Figure 15. Olympic Hills Elementary School, loading dock

Figure 16. Olympic Hills Elementary School, southern faade, storage/janitorial/mechanical

Olympic Hills Elementary School Landmark Nomination Report

The Johnson Partnership, 6-25-13

Olympic Hills Elementary School Landmark Nomination Report

The Johnson Partnership, 6-25-13

Figure 20. Olympic Hills Elementary, eastern faade

Olympic Hills Elementary School Landmark Nomination Report

The Johnson Partnership, 6-25-13

Figure 21. Olympic Hills Elementary, northern faade, kindergarten

Figure 22. Olympic Hills Elementary, northern faade

Olympic Hills Elementary School Landmark Nomination Report

The Johnson Partnership, 6-25-13

Figure 23. Olympic Hills Elementary, main entry