RETROFITTING TECHNIQUES INTRODUCTION: Retrofitting is the process of modifying the existing building with the addition of new technologies.

Due to the increase in economic and environmental constraints, the current trend is to upgrade deteriorated and obsolete structures rather than replacing them with new buildings. It increases the performance of the structure and reduces the vulnerability of damage.

RETROFITTING TECHNIQUES: Jacketing External bonding External reinforcement Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) Externally Bonded Simcon Laminates Section enlargement External post-tensioning systems

JACKETING: Jacketing is the most popularly used method for strengthening of building columns. The most common types of jackets are steel jacket, reinforced concrete jacket, fiber reinforced polymer composite jacket, jacket with high tension materials like carbon fiber, glass fiber etc. The main purposes of jacketing are: 1. To increase concrete confinement by transverse fiber reinforcement, especially for circular cross-sectional columns, 2. To increase shear strength by transverse fiber reinforcement, 3. To increase flexural strength by longitudinal fiber reinforcement provided. Rectangular jackets typically lack the flexural stiffness needed to fully confine the concrete. However, circular and oval jackets may be less desirable due to: (i) Need of large space in the building potential difficulties of fitting in the jackets with existing partition walls, exterior cladding, and non-structural elements and (ii) Where an oval or elliptical jacket has sufficient stiffness to confine the concrete along the long dimension of the cross-section is open to question.

 While jacketing a beam, its flexural resistance must be carefully computed to avoid the creation of a strong beam-weak column system. In the retrofitted structure, there is a strong possibility of change of mode of failure and redistribution of forces as a result of jacketing of column, which may consequently causes beam hinging. The location of the beam critical section and the participation of the existing reinforcement should be taken into consideration.1 Jacketing of beam may be carried out under different ways; the most common are one-sided jackets or 3- and 4-sided jackets. At several occasions, the slab has been perforated to allow the ties to go through and to enable the casting of concrete.

The beam should be jacketed through its whole length. The reinforcement has also been added to increase beam flexural capacity moderately and to produce high joint shear stresses. Top bars crossing the orthogonal beams are put through holes and the bottom bars have been placed under the soffit of the existing beams, at each side of the existing column. Beam transverse steel consists of sets of U-shaped ties fixed to the top jacket bars and of inverted U-shaped ties placed through perforations in the slab, closely spaced ties have been placed near the joint region where beam hinging is expected to occur.1

EXTERNAL BONDING TECHNIQUE: This method consists of bonding steel plates or steel flat bars to the structural elements and it is widely used in strengthening of bridge structures. The bonding of the steel plates or steel flat bars to the concrete members is ensured by the use of epoxy adhesives and in some cases, additional fastening is provided by means of dowels or bolts glued to the holes drilled in the concrete members. In the case of RC slabs strengthening this method is used to augment the members bending resistance. Therefore, the steel plates or steel flat bars can be applied to the bottom or upper faces of the reinforced concrete slab to ensure the bending resistance (positive or negative bending moments zones).3 One of the disadvantages of this method is that it can be applied only to the relatively sound structures. In case of severe concrete deterioration and major cracks of the RC member other methods should be considered.3

EXTERNAL REINFORCEMENT: The use of external unbonded reinforcement retains many of the merits of unbonded post tensioning but dispenses with the need for specialist stressing operations and expensive tendons and fittings. Less clearance would be required for the end anchorage systemsince access for jacks is not needed. The installed system is easily inspected and poor workmanship or corrosion of external reinforcement can be easily checked and monitored. Corrosion protection systems similar to those used for external prestressing may be used and the system has the advantage of using a larger cross sectional area of a relatively low strengthmaterial and is therefore less vulnerable to corrosion, accidental damage and vandalism. It is also compatible with principles of conservation which require that a structure be returned to its original condition after any interventions. It avoids the potential problems of workmanship, weather sensitivity and chloride contamination that are associated with epoxybonding. The potential of retrofitting using external bars anchored only at the ends of simplysupported flexural elements, Figure 1, has been demonstrated for flexural modes of failure (Cairns & Rafeeqi, 2003). Strength enhancements of the order of 100% have been shown to be feasible.2 External unbonded reinforcement remains a viable retro-fitting technique for strengthening of reinforced concrete beams when installation is carried out with the beam under load. External unbonded reinforcement alters the pattern of strain in a beam, and changes structural action from purely flexural to that of a flexure/tied arch hybrid. The compressive stresses related to the arch action enhance the shear strength of the existing beam. The amount of external reinforcement should beaccurately designed in order to have a ductile behavior with the flexural strength slightly lower than theshear strength. Either analytical tools or numerical FE programs can be utilized for a proper design ofexternal reinforcement, even though it is possibleto conclude that, if the existing member is properlydesigned for shear, adding a percentage of externalreinforcement approximately equal to the one of thebonded (existing) reinforcement, the failure modedoes not change.2

CASE STUDY: FLEXURE AND SHEAR BEHAVIOR OF RC BEAMS STRENGTHENED BY EXTERNAL REINFORCEMENT F. Minelli & G.A. Plizzari University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy J. Cairns Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK

1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND There is a significant and growing need for the strengthening of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Structural deterioration may have taken place, a change in use could result in more onerous loading, or design requirements in building codes may change. There is a need for techniques that can provide cost effective solutions to both the design and implementation of strengthening measures. The technique is illustrated diagrammatically in Figure 1. High yield threaded bars are applied to both sides of a RC beam, close to the soffit level of the beam. The bars pass through yokes at the ends of the beam, where they are anchored by locknuts. On all but short spans there are benefits from use of deflectors to avoid a reduction in effective depth as the beam deflects. Figure 1. Description of the technique herein investigated

No significant prestress is required and only sufficient force to avoid appreciable sagging of the bars is applied. External bars can thus easily be installed by hand. The use of external unbonded reinforcement offers the potential of providing a more cost effective and less disruptive solution to the problem of strengthening simply supported RC beams in comparison with existing methods such as: Epoxy bonded steel or composite plates; An additional concrete layer either as an overslab or to the beam soffit; provision of additional load paths e.g. an auxiliary support; post tensioningeither with bonded or unbounded tendons.

. The use of the system is, however, limited to strengthening of simply supported beams and slabs at this time, even though recent studies were conducted for extending this novel technique to multi-support beams (Cairns & Coakley, 2008). The concept of retro-fitting unbonded external reinforcement developed from observations made in a study of reinforced concrete beams when concrete around bars is broken out during repair actions. It showed that quite substantial exposure and unbonding of the main bars might cause little reduction in strength (Cairns & Zhao, 1993) or even an enhancement in ultimate strength of beams deficient in shear (Cairns, 1995). Shear strength is generally considered to be a function of aggregate interlock, dowel action of longitudinal bars, strength of concrete in the compressive region, and the contribution of any links present. In accordance with this concept, the addition of unbonded external bars may be considered to impart a longitudinal force in the beam which enhances the contribution of both aggregate interlock (by reducing crack widths) and the concrete compression zone (by increasing neutral surface depth). Several design codes allow enhancements to shear capacity in the presence of axial forces. The consequences of a change from bonded to unbonded reinforcement can alternatively be thought of as a change in the way a member carries load. Without bond, the force in reinforcement must be constant along the length of the beam and the lever arm of the beam varies with bending moment. The neutral axis therefore takes the form of an arch, with concrete resisting shear/flexure predominantly by compression rather than shear stresses. It might be expected that this change from a purely flexural mode of failure towards a tied arch/flexure hybrid would be accompanied by an increase in shear capacity. A comprehensive study by Grant (2002) developed an approach consistent with conventional code rules, in which a numerical model was used to predict longitudinal force in external bars, and this force was then used to estimate upper and lower bounds to shear/ flexure strength enhancement using expressions in design codes. In a previous contribution by the Authors (Cairns et al., 2005) some experimental tests carried out by Grant (2002) were numerically studied using the Vec-Tor finite element software, which is based on the Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) (Vecchio & Collins, 1986). Figure 2 shows the details of the two beams analyzed numerically, which represent two limit situations as far as link reinforcement is concerned. Figure 3 describes the experimental and numerical load-displacement curves for the two beams: the VecTor program proved to give quite accurate and reliable modeling of the strength, ductility, stiffness and post-cracking strength of the members (Cairns

et al., 2005). Moreover, an extensive parametric study was undertaken to assess the influence of the amount of external reinforcement on the collapse mechanism and on ductility. It was primarily evidenced that flexural strength of the beams should not be higher than its shear strength to avoid a brittle failure. In order to avoid a shear collapse, the external rebars should be accurately designed to sufficiently increase the load capacity and assure a flexure failure. A greater percentage of external reinforcement could determine a slight increase in ultimate load but could bring the member to an undesirable shear failure. Figure 4 exhibits a comparison between the numerical plots of two beams having the same transverse reinforcement but different external reinforcement (one having a double the area of the other): when the flexural strength of the beam is less than the shear strength, a ductile behavior can be observed; this requires the area of external reinforcement to be limited in order to allow bars to yield just before shear failure. In doing so, a small decrease of bearing capacity is observed but the overall ductility (due to a flexural collapse), that can be achieved is considerably higher. Results available into the literature evidence the enhanced shear behavior of beams with unbounded rebars (Cairns, 1995). FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP): Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites consist of high strength fibres embedded in a matrix of polymer resin. Fibres typically used in FRP are glass, carbon and aramid. The mechanical properties of composites are dependent on the fibre properties, matrix properties, fibre-matrix bond properties, and fibre amount and orientation.6

A composite with all fibres in one direction is designated as unidirectional. Since it is mainly the fibres that provide stiffness and strength composites are often anisotropic with high stiffness in the fibredirection(s). In strengthening applications, unidirectional composites are predominantly used. For structural applications, FRP is mainly used in two areas.

 Use of FRP bars instead of steel reinforcing bars or pre-stressing strands in concrete structures. Strengthening of structurally deficient structural members with external application of FRP. FRP plates can be bonded to reinforced concrete structural elements using various techniques such as external bonding, wrapping and near surface mounting. FRP plates or sheets may be glued to the tension side of a structural member to provide flexural strength or glued to the web side of a beam to provide shear strength. FRP sheets can also be wrapped around a beam to provide shear strength and be wrapped around a column to provide confinement and thus increase the strength and ductility.8 Adhesives are used to attach the composites to other surfaces such as concrete. The most common adhesives are acrylics, epoxies and urethanes.6 FRP systems, commonly used for structural applications, come in many forms including wet lay-up (fibre sheets or fabrics saturated at site), pre-preg (preimpregnated fibre sheets of fabrics off site) and pre-cured (composite sheets and shapes manufactured off-site). The properties of an FRP system shall be characterized as a composite, recognizing not just the material properties of the individual fibres, but also the efficiency of the fibre-resin system and fabric architecture.7 Unlike steel plates, FRP systems possess high strength to self-weight ratio and do not corrode. But, it is imperative to be aware of the performance characteristics of various FRP systems under different circumstances to select a durable and suitable system for a particular application.6 It should be ensured that the FRP system selected for structural strengthening has undergone durability testing consistent with the application environment and structural testing in accordance with the anticipated service conditions. Suitably designed protective coatings may also be applied on an FRP system to protect it from exposure to adverse environmental conditions (acids, saltwater, UV exposure, impact, temperature, fire etc.). 5 Careful surface preparation such as removing the cement paste, grinding the surface by using a disc sander, removing the dust generated by surface grinding using an air blower and carful curing are critical to bond performance.5

CASE STUDY STRUCTURAL RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS USING CARBON FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER BY YASMEEN TALEB OBAIDAT Experimental Work Investigation of the behaviour of FRP retrofitted reinforced concrete structures has in the last decade become a very important research field. In terms of experimental application several studies were performed to study the behaviour of retrofitted beams and how various parameters influence the behaviour. The effect of number of layers of CFRP on the behaviour of a strengthened RC beam was investigated by Toutanji et al. [3]. They tested simply supported beams with different numbers of CFRP layers. The specimens were subjected to a four-point bending test. The results showed that the load carrying capacity increases with an increased number of layers of carbon fibre sheets. Investigation of the effect of internal reinforcement ratio on the behaviour of strengthened beams has been performed by Esfahani et al. [4]. Specimens with different internal steel ratio were strengthened in flexure by CFRP sheets. The authors reported that the flexural strength and stiffness of the strengthened beams increased compared to the control specimens. With a large reinforcing ratio, they also found that failure of the strengthened beams occurred in either interfacial debonding induced by a flexural shear crack or interfacial debonding induced by a flexural crack. A test programme on retrofitted beams with shear deficiencies was done by Khalifa et al. [5]. The experimental results indicated that the contribution of externally bonded CFRP to the shear capacity of continuous RC beams is significant. There are three main categories of failure in concrete structures retrofitted with FRP that have been observed experimentally, Esfahani et al. [4], Ashour et al. [6], Garden and Hollaway, [7], Smith and Teng, [8]. The first and second type consist of failure modes where the composite action between concrete and FRP is maintained. Typically, in the first failure mode, the steel reinforcement yields, followed by rupture of CFRP as shown in Figure 3(a). In the second type there is failure in the concrete. This type occurs either due to crushing of concrete before or after yielding of tensile steel without any damage to the FRP laminate, Figure 3(b), or due to an inclined shear crack at the end of the plate, Figure 3(c). In the third type, the failure modes involving loss of composite action are included. The most recognized failure modes within this group are debonding modes. In such a case, the external

reinforcement plates no longer contribute to the beam strength, leading to a brittle failure if no stress redistribution from the laminate to the interior steel reinforcement occurs. Figures 3(d)- (g) show failure modes of the third type for RC beams retrofitted with FRP. In Figure 3(d), the failure starts at the end of the plate due to the stress concentration and ends up with debonding propagation inwards. Stresses at this location are essentially shear stress but due to small but non-zero bending stiffness of the laminate, normal stress can arise. For the case in 8 Figure 3(e) the entire concrete cover is separated. This failure mode usually results from the formation of a crack at or near the end of the plate, due to the interfacial shear and normal stress concentrations. Once a crack occurs in the concrete near the plate end, the crack will propagate to the level of tensile reinforcement and extend horizontally along the bottom of the tension steel reinforcement. With increasing external load, the horizontal crack may propagate to cause the concrete cover to separate with the FRP plate. In Figures 3(f) and (g) the failure is caused by crack propagation in the concrete parallel to the bonded plate and adjacent to the adhesive to concrete interface, starting from the critically stressed portions towards one of the ends of the plate. It is believed to be the result of high interfacial shear and normal stresses concentrated at a crack along the beam. Also mid span debonding may take concrete cover with it.

EXTERNALLY BONDED SIMCON LAMINATES One promising new development uses steel fibermats to reinforce the concrete matrix. The new approach called SIMCON (Slurry Infiltrated Mat CONcrete)produces concrete components with extremely high flexural strength [3]. Since SIMCON is manufactured using pre-made continuous fiber mats, delivered in large rolls, fiber placement is substantially simplified. Earlier, development SIFCON (Slurry Infiltrated Fiberous Concrete) was used in the field for retrofit and new construction. However, high placement cost and lack of fiber uniformity associated with manual distribution of discontinuous fibers have prevented its widespread field use. All the above limitations can be overcome using SIMCON, which exhibits the improved features similar to SIFCON at a much lower fiber volume fraction. Since it is manufactured using pre-made continuous fiber mats, delivered in large rolls, fiber placement is substantially simplified. 1.SIMCON laminates properly bonded to the tension face of RC beams can enhance the flexural strength substantially. The strengthened beams exhibit an increase in flexural strength of 45.45 percent for laminates having volume fraction 5.5 percent and aspect ratio 300 and 400, 89.09 percent for volume fraction 5.5 and aspect ratio 400, and 100 percent for volume fraction 5.5 percent and aspect ratio 300. 2. At any given load level, the deflections are reduced significantly thereby increasing the stiffness for the strengthened beams. At ultimate load level of the control specimens, the strengthened beams exhibit a decrease of deflection up to 87 percent. 3. All the beams strengthened with SIMCON laminates with optimum volume fraction 5.5 percent and aspect ratio 300, 400, and 400 and 300 experience flexural failures. None of the beams exhibit premature brittle failure. 4. A flexible epoxy system will ensure that the bond line does not break before failure and participate fully in the structural resistance of the strengthened beams. 5. Among the three different volume fraction and aspect ratio of bonded SIMCON laminates, the strengthened beam RB1 of volume fraction 5.5 percent and aspect ratio 300 exhibit 100 percent increase in flexural strength when compared to the control specimen and has close agreement with the experimental, theoretical calculations (section analysis) and numerical (ANSYS) results.

 6. The ultimate loads from the finite element analysis are lower than the ultimate loads from the experimental results by 3.10 percent to 5.80 percent. The ultimate loads from the theoretical calculations (section analysis) are lower than the ultimate loads from the experimental results by 0.50 percent to 2.90 percent.

CASE STUDY Retrofitting of RC Beams with Externally Bonded Simcon Laminates R. Balamuralikrishnan* and C. Antony Jeyasehar Preliminary experimental study was conducted to determinethe optimum volume fraction and aspect ratio of fibermat. Fourty-five laminates of size 12525500 mm werecast with different volume fraction (Vf), say 4.0 percent, 4.5percent, 5.0 percent, 5.5 percent, and 6.0 percent and differentaspect ratio (l/d) say 300, 400, and cocktail of 300 and400. Among these combination the test results is found thatVf = 5.5 percent gives better performance with regard to ultimateload (U.L) and stiffness.In this study uniform and mixed aspect ratio, say 300,400, and cocktail of 300 and 400 were used, so that thelength of the fiber is 150 and 200 mm, respectively, in such away that as per volume fraction 60 percent of fibers alignedin the longitudinal direction and the remaining 40 percent offibers aligned in the inclined direction not exceeding 50 degreeswith the horizontal. Every mat has four or five layers of fibers as per Vf and the individual fibers are bonded withlow viscosity epoxy resin that should not affect the voidsbetween the individual fibers for achieving perfect cementgrout. The final form of the fiber mat is just like filter mat.After spraying the resin the mat was held in position bycompression machine under 50 kN at 30 minutes and thenallowed for 24 hours air curing. Then the fiber mats werekept in the mould and were grouted; the cement slurry wasmixed in a mortar mixer with super plasticizer for improvingworkability with reduced water cement ratio and to haveadequate fluidity in order to facilitate construction of specimens.Hence great care has been taken in choosing the constituentmaterials based on different trial mix. Mixing ratioof the cement slurry is given below: Sand /cement - 0.50 Water/cement ratio - 0.30 Super plasticizers / Cement - 0.025 Conplast 430 is used as super plasticizer. The purposesfor which the admixture is used are as follows: water reduction, which increases strength and reduces permeability; improvement in impermeability; and air entrainment, whichincreases resistance to freezing and thawing. It is used for binding individual fiber and

it posses very high mechanicaland adhesive strength properties most desirable for civil engineeringapplications. Hand compaction and gravity feedingwere used to produce thorough penetration of slurry into thepreplaced steel fibers. Curing of SIMCON laminates wasaccomplished by covering with plastic sheets for 24 hours,followed by water submersion for 28-days after the curingperiod. The completed SIMCON laminates of size 1252502950 mm has one volume fraction and three aspectratios, viz: Vf = 5.5 percent and aspect ratio 300, Vf = 5.5percent and aspect ratio 400 and Vf = 5.5 percent and cocktail aspect ratio of 300 and 400 (Fig. 2). Total of 4 beams,1252503200 mm in size, were cast and tested in the laboratoryover an effective span of 3000 mm. Of the above fourbeams, one beam was used as control specimens (CB1), andthree beams (RB1, RB2 and RB3) were strengthened withbonded SIMCON laminates (1252502950 mm) at the bottomunder virgin condition and tested until failure. The detailsof test beams are presented in Table 1. The beams are under reinforced section [8], reinforcedwith 2-12 # at bottom, 210 # at top using 6mm dia stirrups@ 150 mm c/c (Fig. 3). M 20 concrete and Fe 415 grade steel are used.The soffit of the beams were sand blasted to remove thesurface laitance and then blown free of dust using compressedair. After surface preparation, the adhesive componentswere mixed thoroughly and applied to the surface usinga trowel. The SIMCON laminates already cast wereplaced over the beam and held in position by dead weights. The strengthened beams were tested after the interval of 14-days. The coin tap was conducted to identify areas of debond, if any. Beams were tested in four point bending as shown in Fig. (4). Fig. (4). Test Set Up for Static Loading.

The test results on the strength and deformation properties of the control specimen and strengthened beams are reported in Table 2 and 3. Summary of Test Results

SECTION ENLARGEMENT

Section enlargement is one of the methods used in retrofitting concretemembers. Enlargementconsists of the placement of reinforced concrete jacketaround the existing structural member to achievethe desired section propertiesand performance. With section enlargement slabs can be enlarged toincrease their load-carrying capacity or stiffness. A typical enlargement isapproximately 58 cm forslabs.The strengthening by section enlargement can be performed in two Ways

Strengthening by adding the new reinforcement and new concretelayer to the bottom of the structural element. Strengthening by adding the new reinforcement and new concretelayer to the top face of the RC member.

The main disadvantages of such system are the increase in theconcrete member size obtained after the jacket is constructed and the need toconstruct a new formwork.

EXTERNAL POST-TENSIONING

It is very effective in increasing the flexural and shear capacity of concrete members. It can be applied to reinforced and pre stressed concrete members. The technique is applied to RC slabs to correct the excessive deflections and cracking. The repair system supplements minimal additional load to the structure thus being an effective economical strengthening technique. The post-tensioning forces are delivered by means of standard pre stressing tendons or high-strength steel rods, usually located outside the original section. The tendons are connected to the structure at anchor points, typically located at the ends of the member. End-anchors can be made of steel fixtures bolted to the structural member, or reinforced concrete blocks that are cast in situ. The desired uplift force is provided by deviation blocks, fastened at the high or low points of the structural element.9

Before the strengthening technique can be applied necessary repairs to the structural members must be performed. The existing cracks must be repaired by means of epoxy injecting or other known methods. If there are existing spalls patching must be done, because this repairs must ensure that the pre stressing forces are distributed uniformly across the section of the member.9

Concrete, precast, wood, and steel beams can be strengthened with external or encased posttensioning tendons. Each structure or strengthening scenario is different, the Engineer must use judgment when applying the information contained herein. Prior to determining the tendon force, the Engineer should establish the tendon profile (straight line or parabolic) and the required uplift loading. The Engineer should also decide whether the tendons will be external or encased. Similarly, any fire or corrosion protection requirements should be recognized. Any height limitations affecting the tendon eccentricity should be identified. The Engineer in most cases should work with an experienced contractor when formulating the construction procedures for the strengthening. Fig. 27 shows the strengthening of a beam with external tendons. An equal number of tendons are typically used on each side of the beam. Tendon force and eccentricity are adjusted until an optimum solution for the required uplift force is obtained. Generally, tendon eccentricity is established by the structures geometry, however small adjustments can be made by adjusting the vertical location of the tendon anchorage. Profiled or harped tendons are typically strands while straight tendons can either be bars or strands. Strengthening tendons encased in concrete will generally have a parabolic profile. The profile can be easily accomplished with dowels inserted into the existing beam. When new concrete and existing concrete are to act integrally, the Engineer must design the details of attaching the new concrete to the existing for proper transfer of

forces. Minimum amounts of non-prestressed reinforcement in new concrete, dowels to existing concrete, bonding agent, and roughness of the existing concrete are some items to be considered in the design of the interface between the new and existing concrete. When using external tendons, the support points and anchorages must be analyzed (4.1.2 and 4.1.3 discuss supports and anchorages respectively). For beams, support points can be made with steel pipes or brackets. Steel pipes can be placed against the beam soffit extending out on either side to support the tendon or the existing beam may be cored to insert the pipe. Pipes need to be designed to transfer the load to the structure. Brackets at the soffit of the beams offer more flexibility than pipes. Tendon geometry is easily adjusted with brackets and they can be placed at multiple locations along the beam. Fig. 28 shows an example of a beam bracket and Fig. 29 shows how multiplebeam brackets can be used to establish tendon.10

REFERENCES: 1.Bentz, E.C. Sectional Analysis Of Reinforced Concrete. Phd thesis, Department Of Civil Engineering, University Of toronto, 2000, 304 P.

2.British Standard Institution, Bs8110 Structural Use Of Concrete part 1, Bsi, London, 1985. Cairns, J. Strength In Shear Of Concrete Beams With Exposed reinforcement, Proceedings Of Ice Structures & Buildings,110, May 1995, 176185.

3. Cairns, J., Carpi, R. & Plizzari, G. Strengthening Of R.C.Beams Using External Reinforcement: Effect Of Load At installation. Proceedings 10th International Conferenceon Structural Faults & Repair, London, 2003. Engineering technics Press, Edinburgh. 2003. 13 P.

4. Cairns, J. & Coakley, E. Behavior Of Continuous Concretebeams During Repair Breakout. Proceedings Int Conf Onstructural Faults & Repair, Edinburgh, June 2008. Ecspublications, Edinburgh 2008.

5. Cairns, J. & Grant, J.F.D. External Unbonded Reinforcement:A Novel Retro-Fitting Technique. Proc First Int Conf Oninnovative Materials And Technologies For Construction And Restoration, Lecce, June 2004, 2, 256274. Isbn88-207-3678-0.

6. Piggott, M.: Load Bearing Fiber Composites, 2nd Edition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston/ Dordrecht/ London. 2002. 7. Karbhari, M.: Frp International. The Official Newsletter Of The International Institutefor Frp In Construction. 2004; 1(2). 8. Toutanji, H., Zhao, L., And Zhang, Y.: Flexural Behavior Of Reinforced Concrete Beams Externally Strengthened With Cfrp Sheets Bonded With An Inorganic Matrix.Engineering Structures. 2006; 28: 557-566. 9.External Post-Tensioning Retrofitting And Modelling Of Steel-Concrete Box-Girder Bridgesbursis.O.A, Bonellia.B, Mamminoa.C, Pucinottir.D, Tondinin.Ea,B,Edepartment Of Mechanical And Structural Engineering, University Of Trento, Italyc S.I.Ge.S.

S.A.Spovegliano (Tv), Italyd Department Of Mechanics And Materials, Mediterranean University Of Reggio Calabria, Italy 10.Repair And Retrofit Using External Post-Tensioningby Karen J. Barchas