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LIPIDS General Structure: Not Polymers
LIPIDS General Structure: Not Polymers
Energy storage
General Structure: Heat production
Not polymers o 1g of
AMPHIPHATIC – polar & non-polar ends protein = 4 cal
o 1g of fat
Very small structures
= 9 cal
Major Types: o REACTIO
FATTY ACIDS NS OF TRIGLYCERIDES
o Simplest form of lipid HYDROGENATION
o Has an acid group that serves as the • Occurs in
polar end/hydrophilic end ( -COOH) *acid head* unsaturated fat
o Has a non-polar end/ hydrophobic end (- • Unsaturated
R) *hydrocarbon tail* compound reacts with H2
o Rarely found in large amounts • Ni or Pt catalyst
o Types: • C=C bonds -> C-C
bonds
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
HYDROLYSIS
• Do not have double
bonds • Fats are being
degraded to glycerol & 3 molecules of
• Fit closely in regular
fatty acids
pattern
• Through water &
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
acid or enzyme (LIPASE)
• Has one or more
SAPONIFICATION
double bonds
o Reacting
• Double bonds in
triglycerides with an alkaline solution will
fatty acids are in Cis configuration
produce SOAP
(naturally occurring)
WAXES
• Forms a kink
o Add
NATURALLY OCCURRING FATTY
alcohol to long chain of fatty acids
ACIDS
o Heads
• Cis configuration
are less hydrophilic
• Even numbered
o Naming: o Beeswax
Common name – also includes some free alcohol and
Systematic name fatty acids
Formula o Spermac
Symbol eti – contains cetyl palmitate (from
• 8 – # of carbons
whale oil) that is useful for
pharmaceuticals (creams/ointments;
present tableting and granulation)
• 1 – # of double o Carnaub
bonds present a wax – from a palm tree from brazil
• c – Cis form that is a hard wax used on
o cars and
• 3 – carbon where boats
double bond is o simple
esters of fatty acids (usually saturated
8:1c3
with long chain monohydric alcohols)
MEMBRANE FORMING
LIPIDS
FATS (TRIGLYCERIDES/TRIACYLGLYCEROL) o Functions
o Storage form of fat in the body to form cell membrane
o Formed by combining 3 fatty acids plus o Has a
a glycerol compound (attaches close to the head) polar head and a non-polar tail
o Linked by ESTER BONDS o Lipid
(triacylglycerol) components of a cell membrane
o Liberates 3 molecules of water o Types:
o TRIACYLGLYCEROL GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS
Long Hydrocarbon chains of • a.k.a.
fatty acids PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES
Mixture of saturated & • Has a phosphate
unsaturated fat group and the form depends
Greater concentration of on the R3
unsaturated tend to be in liquid form SPHINGOLIPIDS
Greater concentration of
saturated tend to be in solid form
Cardiolipins – activate enzymes involved in oxidative
• Contains
phosphorylation
SPHINGOSINE – an amino
alcohol Membrane Transport
Types:
SPHINGOSINE + F.A. = CERAMIDE
• Passive - high pressure to
CERAMIDE + PHOSPHOCHOLINE = SPHINGOMYELIN low pressure
GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS
Simple diffusion –
high to low concentration gradient because of
• Sugar + ceramide =
random molecule
CEREBROSIDE
STEROLS/STEROIDS Osmosis – H20
high to low concentration gradient because of
o Male/fem semi-permeable membrane
ale hormones
o Bile acids
Facilitated
diffusion - high to low concentration gradient
o Vitamin D
because of protein channels
o Adrenal
Corticosteroids o rate of
o Cholester transportation - a substance is
ol transported more rapidly than it would
o Fat be by diffusion (only for that substance!
soluble vitamins: w/c cannot readily diffuse through a
VIT A membrane
VIT D2 o saturatio
VIT E n kinetics - as the concentration of the
VIT K substance initially increases on one side
of the membrane, the transport rate will
Key biological functions of LIPIDS: increase
Structural components of cell membranes o Chemical
Energy storage specificity - to be transported, the
Participate in signaling pathways substance must have a certain chemical
Form part of membranes structure
Vitamins have regulatory or coenzyme functions o Competit
Control of body’s homeostasis ion for carrier - substances of similar
structure may compete for the same
Structural components of membranes: transporter
Main component of biological membranes
Plasma membrane and intracellular membranes of • Active – low to high (against
organelles a concentration gradient) needs ATP for transport
Separates cell into compartments Primary Active
Glycerophospholipids are used Transport
Amphipathic o Low to
Contain a glycerol core linked to 2 fatty acid high w/ ATP
derived tails o Sodium
Potassium ATP pump
o is
Intracellular signaling: consumed directly by the transporting
Lipid signals may occur via activation of nuclear protein, the transporting protein has
receptors ATPase activity
Stimulates transcription/translation of proteins
Examples : Diacylglycerol (DAG),
Secondary Active
phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP), and Transport
prostaglandins (function during inflammation and o low to
immunity) high but depends on the other channel
Steroid hormones such as estrogen, testosterone o Cannot
and cortisol have effects on reproduction, metabolism directly utilize ATP
and blood pressure o Sodium
Calcium ATP pump
Fat soluble vitamins – stored in liver & fatty tissues o depends
indirectly on ATP as a source of energy,
Acyl Carnitines – transport and metabolism of fatty acids on ATP utilized by the Na/K ATPase
pump (always powered by the Na/K
Polyprenols – transports oligosaccharides across pump in the basal membrane)
membranes o depends
upon luminal sodium, is stimulated by
luminal sodium (via increased sodium
gradient), is linked to the uptake of
sodium
o 2 layers:
• Co transport – 2 molecules
same direction
• Counter transport – 2
molecules in different direction
-Rosette Go 082508