Chapter 1: Transport

The important of having a transport system

- transport system is needed for
a. the distribution of ____________ and ____________________
b. the removal of _________________ such as ____________, ______________
Transport system in unicellular organisms
Eg- Amoeba sp.
- transportation is done through _______________________; simple diffusion is
______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
- this is because Amoeba sp. have a very big __________________________________ (TSA/V)

Dimension
Total surface area

Cube of 1 cm

Cube of 2 cm

Cube of 3 cm

Volume
Ratio of TSA/V
Conclusion
Note
Other than the ___________, the ___________also affects the TSA/V

Transport system in multicellular organisms

- simple diffusion cannot supply all _____________ and ______________ needed as well as the removal of
_______________________ in multicellular organisms due to their ____________
- multicellular organisms have the _____________________________ to transport and remove substances
throughout the body
The circulatory system
- the functions:
a. transports _____________ to cells
b. transports _____________ to cells
c. removes _________________________
d. protects the body against __________________
e. blood _____________
f. transports _________________
- three major components of the circulatory system are the ________________, the ________________ and
the _______________________
The blood
- blood is a ________________ tissue made up of _____________, suspended in a matrix called ________ .
- in arthropods, the medium is __________________that fills the entire body cavity called
___________________
- in other animals, blood flows through blood vessels ( ________________, ______________,
__________________ ) and is pump by the ______________

Blood
Transports ______________, ____________
and _________________

Haemolymph
Transports ________________,
___________________, ________________
but does not transport
__________________________

The composition of human blood

The composition of plasma

The cellular components

- consists of the red blood cells (______________________), the white blood cells
(______________________) and the _________________
Erythrocytes
- ____________________________ shaped to increase the ______________.
- do not have a ________________ to carry more _________________.
- Do not have mitochondria to _________________ .
- about _____________ in diameter, which is small and thus increase ______________ and just able to
move through the blood ______________
- lifespan about ____________ days, after which they are destroyed in the __________ and the
_______________
- manufactured in the ___________________

Leucocytes
- larger than the _______________
- forms less than _________ of the blood volume
- can squeezes through pores in capillaries
Platelets
- cell fragments from ___________________
- no _______________
- important in _______________________ mechanism
Human blood vessels
- three types of blood vessels; the ________________, the ______________ and the _________________
artery
-

arteriole

capillary

venule

vein

HEART

artery

capillaries are the site where exchange of substances, such as ____________, ____________ and
____________ occurs
capillaries

arteries
Transport blood ___________ from
the heart

Plasma fluid and interstitial fluid

____________________

Transport __________________
blood except ________________
Thick walls consists of _________
__________ and connective tissue

Transport blood ___________ from

the heart
Transport __________________
blood except ________________

_________________ wall

Transport blood under ________

pressure
Lumen ____________

veins

Thinner walls and _________

muscular compared to arteries
Transport blood under ________
Pressure

___________________

Lumen _________

Pulsation can be felt in _________

arteries

Pulsation __________

Semi lunar valves ____________

Semi lunar valves ____________

Nerve supply ______________

Nerve supply ______________

The human heart

Structure and function
- size of ones closed __________
- contains ____________ chambers

___________________ blood from the body enters the ____________________ via _______________;
___________________ blood from the lungs enter the _____________________ via _______________
As the blood fills the ___________, the artria _____________ and push the blood into the two
___________________ through ______________ at te left chambers and ______________ at the right
chambers
When the ventricles are filled, they begin to _____________. The ________________ and _____________
valves are closed and the blood is pushed out through the ____________________ valves.
Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the __________ through ____________; oxygenated blood is pumped to
the rest of the body through the _______________
Left ventricle have thicker wall because it has to pump blood to _______________________________
except ____________
The closing of ____________________ and __________________ valves produce lubb sound and the
closing of the ____________________ valves produce dubb sound
The _________________ stage of ventricles to pump blood out of the heart is called ______________
stage and the ______________________ stage of ventricles to allow blood flow back to the chambers is
called _______________ stage
In a complete circulation, the blood flow through _______ separate __________________; this is called
___________ ____________________ system and the blood flows through the heart _____________ in a
complete circulation

The pumping of the heart

- the heart is made up of _____________ muscle which are interconnected and _____________ (contracts
and relaxes without _______________ from __________________ system).

the contraction of the heart is __________________ and __________________ by ______________.

There are two pacemakers
a. _____________________ (SA) node

_________________ pacemaker
Located at the wall of the _____________ artrium
Generates ________________ impulses

b. _____________________ (AV) node

located at the ______________ of the ___________ artrium
connected to the _______________________________, ________________________ and
___________________________

SA node generates _________________ impulses, send it to ________ node, then to

_____________________________, ______________________________ and _____________________
and finally apes of the heart and walls of ____________________
The pacemaker is regulated by
a. __________________________________ - to ___________________ or ____________________
b. __________________________________ - to ___________________
c. __________________________________ - to ___________________ the pacemaker
the blood in the arteries is propelled forward by the pressure from the ________________ of the
__________________________but in veins, the blood flows forward with the help of
a. ________________ lumen hence ____________ resistance
b. ____________________ valves to prevent ________________
c. ____________________ of the ________________ muscles
the heart rate is refers to the _______________ per minute.

Regulation of blood pressure

- blood exerts pressure against the walls of the blood vessel and the pressure is called
__________________; this force that drives blood through the _____________ and the ______________.
- blood pressure is the ___________ in the aorta and large arteries, during the contraction of _____________
when blood is pumped out of the aorta and pulmonary artery.
- a healthy adult will have a blood pressure of ______________ mm Hg at _______. The upper figure, 120
refers to the _____________ (________________) pressure while the lower figure, 80 refers to the
_________________ (_______________) pressure.
- blood pressure is regulated by a _______________________ mechanism.
- __________________ or ______________ receptors located in the __________________ and arteries in
the neck that supply blood to the brain called ________________ arteries, detect blood pressure flowing
through them. They send ____________ continuously to the ______________________ in the
______________________ to help regulate blood pressure.

Normal blood pressure

Normal blood pressure

Negative feedback mechanism

when blood pressure of an individual ______________, _______________ is stimulated and send impulses
to the ____________________ at a faster rate. In response, the cardiovascular centre sends nerve
impulses to the heart that results in a ____________ cardiac muscle contraction, and at the same time, the
smooth muscles of the arteries will _____________ and this ________________ the blood vessels and
____________the resistance of blood flow. The widening of blood vessels is known as
____________________. The weaker cardiac muscle contraction and lower resistance of blood flow in the
blood vessels ___________________________________.
On the other hand, when blood pressure of an individual ______________, baroreceptors is less stimulated
and send ____________ to the ____________________ at a _________ rate. In response, the
cardiovascular centre sends nerve impulses to the heart that results in a ____________ cardiac muscle
contraction, and at the same time, the smooth muscles of the arteries will _____________ and this
________________ the blood vessels and ____________the resistance of blood flow. The narrowing of
blood vessels is known as ____________________. The weaker cardiac muscle contraction and lower
resistance of blood flow in the blood vessels ___________________________________.
The mechanism involved is called ________________________________.

The circulatory system in humans, fish and amphibians

The circulatory system in humans
-

have _________________ circulatory system; blood

confined in the _____________________
_________________ circulatory system,; blood flows in two
separate circulation, the __________________ and the
_______________________ circulation; in a complete
circulation, blood flows through the heart ___________
The _____________________ blood is completely separated
from the ___________________ blood by _____________
Have a _______ chambered heart with ______ atria and
___________ ventricles.

The circulatory system in amphibians

-

have ______________ chambered heart that consist of

_____________________ and _________________________
they have ___________________ septum
have _________________ circulatory system; blood
confined in the _____________________
_________________ circulatory system,; blood flows in two
separate circulation, the __________________ and the
_______________________ circulation; the exchange of
respiratory gases occurs in the ____________ and the
_____________
The ___________________blood is mixed with the
___________________blood due to _____________ septum

The circulatory system in fish

-

Have ______________ chambered heart; _________ atrium

and __________ ventricle.
blood leaving the ________________ will travel to the
___________ capillaries where _________________ occurs
in a complete circulation, blood flows through the heart
_________ and that is known as _____________ circulatory
system
have _________________ circulatory system; blood
confined in the _____________________

The circulatory system in insects

-

they have ______________ circulatory system because

_________________ does not confined in
_______________but fills up the entire body called
___________________________________ flows out from the hearts into the
______________ when the hearts ___________ and
____________ back into the hearts when the hearts
______________

Draw figure 1.18 pgs 16 text book

The Mechanism of Blood Clotting

- blood clotting is necessary for
a. prevent serious __________________
b. prevent entry of ______________________ and ____________________
c. maintain _____________________________
d. maintain closed ____________________________
- when the damage of the blood vessel is small; the ___________________ in the vessel wall is
exposed to blood. Platelets stick rapidly to the ______________________ in the connective tissue
and release chemicals that make nearby ______________ sticky. The _____________ of platelets
forms a __________ called a __________________. A platelet plug can stop blood loss completely.
- when the damage of the blood vessel is severe; the _________________, the _______________ and
_______________________ in the plasma form ________________ called __________________. These
thromboplastins or thrombokinase , together with the help of _____________ and_____________,
convert ____________, an inactive plasma protein to _______________, an active plasma protein.
Thrombin in turn catalyses soluble protein ____________________ into the insoluble _____________.
Fibrin forms a ____________ over the wound trapping red blood cells and sealing the wound. The
resulting clot hardens on exposure to air to form a ____________.

blood has ________________ such as ___________ circulating in the bloodstream to prevent blood
clotting in an intact blood vessels.
if the blood clotting mechanism is impaired in a person, there are few consequences:
a. ____________________ - an inherited disease where blood __________to clot even from minor cuts
and bruises; may experience ___________ bleeding and spontaneous ______________ bleeding.
b. _____________________ - due to _________ in the vessel walls or blood that flows too
____________, clotting factors initiate a ________ inside an unbroken blood vessel. The clot is
called _____________. If the clot ____________ and travel in the blood stream, is now called an
_____________. If the embolus blocks an blood vessel in the heart, it causes ______________ or
_________________. If the embolus blocks an blood vessel in the brain, it causes _____________
because of an inadequate supply of __________to that area.

The Lymphatic system

Formation and composition of interstitial fluid
-

blood that enters the arterial end is under high _______________ pressure. The pressure drives blood
____________ to leak continuously from the __________ into the spaces between the body cells.
This fluid is now known as __________________,which is important as the medium for the
exchange of _____________, __________ and __________________ between blood
capillaries and cells occurs.

bigger substances such as _____________, _____________, ________________ such as

________________, ______________ and _______________are unable to pass through the wall
of blood capillaries. However, leucocytes can __________ through the openings between capillary cells.

Blood plasma at the venous end has high _______________ pressure. It is ______________ as
compared to the surrounding interstitial fluid. As a result, __________, ________________ and
_______________ flow back into the capillary.

____________ of the fluid that leaves the blood at the arterial end of the capillary re-enters at the venous end.

____________ of the fluid that still remains in the interstitial fluid returns to the blood through a network of
vessels known as ___________________.

The structure of the lymphatic system

- The lymphatic system collects __________ interstitial fluid from ___________ between body cells and
returns it to the __________________________.
- The lymphatic system consists of __________________, __________________, ____________________,
the thymus and spleen
- The _______________ are blind-ended tubes located in the spaces between _______________.
- Excess ___________________ drains into these _____________ capillaries. The collected fluid is known
as ______________, a transparent yellowish fluid.
- Located at intervals along the lymphatic ___________ are _____________________ that produce and store
__________________.
- From the lymphatic vessels, lymph eventually passes into
a. ___________________ - from the left of the _________, _________ and ____________, the left
________________ and the entire body below the _________.
b. ___________________ - from the _________ arm, ______________ area and the ________ side of
the head and neck.
- the thoracic duct empties its lymph into the _______________________ and the right lymphatic duct
empties its lymph into the ______________________. Hence, lymph drains back into the blood circulatory
system.
- the lymph around through the lymphatic vessels with the help of
a. _________________________ in the lymphatic vessels
b. __________________ contraction
c. __________________ movements
d. Pressure changes during _______________ and _______________.
The role of the lymphatic system in transport
- water, nutrients and other molecules continuously leak out of blood capillaries into the surrounding body
tissues and that allow ___________________.
a. The lymphatic system helps to maintain the ____________ of ____________ in the body.
b. if excess fluid is not return to the ___________________________ system, the body tissues will
become ________________, result in a condition called _______________. ____________ may be
caused by a blocked lymphatic vessel.
c. The lymph from ______________ carries ___________ and ____________________ to the blood
stream.
d. Lymphatic system also help in the body _________________
Comparing the composition of blood, interstitial fluid and the lymph
Similarity
Differences
Blood

Interstitial fluid

Lymph

Erythrocytes
Leucocytes
Platelets

Lipids/fat globules
Plasma protein

The role of the circulatory system in the bodys defence mechanism

- Pathogens are microorganisms that cause _________________. Examples of microorganisms are
_____________, ________________, ________________ and _________________
- The body have several lines of defence against pathogens, they are:
a. the _________________ line of defence
b. the _________________ line of defence
c. the _________________ line of defence
The first line of defence
- consists of ______________ and ______________ barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the
body including:
a. the skin; the __________ layer is tough and __________________, the ________is a type
of ___________ barrier that form a protective film over skin, the ______________ contain
______________that can break down the cell walls of certain bacteria. The ____________
layer is formed by ___________ membrane that lines the _______________, the
_________________ and __________________ tracts. The mucus contains __________.
b. The ____________; trap and filter ______________, ___________ and ________________
c. ________________; contain _____________
d. ________________; contain _____________
e. ____________________ in the stomach destroys most microorganisms that come with the
food.
The second line of defence
- pathogens that are still able to gain entry into our body will face our __________ line of defence. The
second line of defence is to prevent or ____________ any invasion by pathogens. They are the
phagocytotic white blood cells or ______________ that perform ______________. For examples
the ______________ in the blood and the _________________ (developed ____________) in the
interstitial fluid.
- Pgs 26; engulf, ingest, digest and egest

The third line of defence

- if the pathogens manage to overcome the second line of defence, the ___________ line of defence will be
activated.
- The third line of defence is the __________________ system. The immune system is a __________
or ________________ defence. It recognises _______________ _______________ and defends the body
against them.
- Antigens are ______________ ________________ that enter our body. Antigens are normally found on the
___________ surface of an ____________ microorganism.
- The antigens induce the _______________ to release ______________ into the bloodstream to destroy a
particular antigen.
- Antibodies are ______________ found on the surface of _____________, or ____________ released by
_________________ into the blood plasma.
- They are few mechanisms used by _____________ in an immune response:
a. ______________________ - by _________________. Agglutinins are antibodies that can clump
________________/ ________________ together

b. ______________________ -by _____________. The antitoxins _______________ the toxins

produced by bacteria by binding to the toxin. This prevents the toxin from attaching to cells and causing
damage.
c. ______________________ - by _____________. Opsonins are antibodies that bind with ___________
to act as _____________ so that ______________ can recognise the antigens and destroy them.
d. ______________ - by ______________. Lysins are antibodies that bind to antigens and cause the
antigens to ________ or __________________.
When a person has an infection, pathogens and white blood cells collect in great numbers in the
_______________. The lymph nodes contain _________________ that destroy bacteria, dead tissue, and
other foreign substances. They also contain _________________ that produce
________________.

The various types of immunity

- There are two types of immunity: ____________ immunity and _______________ immunity
- Active immunity means the body ______________________________ in response to
stimulation by an antigen.
- Passive immunity means the body _____________________ from an outside source.
- Both types of immunity may develop either _________________ or ___________________.

W hen a person is exposed to ____________, the immune system will produce _____________
in response to the antigens. Once the person recovers from the infection, he will be immune if
exposed to the _____________ again.
diseases such as measles are can cause serious illness or death when the person is exposed to
the ______________ for the first time. In order to protect a person from getting this disease,
the person can be ________________ against the disease through ________________. The
process is called ______________________.
A vaccine is a preparation of ____________, __________ or _____________ forms of a
pathogen.
When the vaccine is inje cted in to the bod y, it will act ivat e the bod y to produ ce
____________. Since the pathogen is modified or weakened, an individual gets mild or no
symptoms of the disease. The body acquires ______________by vaccination.
for certain diseases, ________________ doses of the vaccine are to be given periodically. The first
dose usually results in the production of a ______ level of antibody concentration which is not

10

sufficient to protect a person against the disease. The booster dose is necessary to increase antibody
production to a level of ________________ that _____________the person against the disease.
when a foetus is still in the uterus, maternal antibodies cross the ______________ to the foetal bloodstream.
They protect the baby during the first few months after birth. The immunity is naturally acquired, it is
called _________________________________ immunity. Babies can also acquire passive immunity from
antibodies found in the mother's ______________ or _______________ during breastfeeding.
serum which contains _________________, also known as _________________, obtained from
donors, can be injected into a person who needs antibodies before he travels to a country in which a
disease is widespread. These antibodies ______________ protect the person in the event of exposure to the
______________ that causes the disease. This type of immunity is known as
_____________________ immunity.
Artificially acquired passive immunity offers ______________ but ______________protection. In
contrast, active immunity does not offer ______________ immunity against a disease. There is a time lag
between infection and a full immune response because the body needs time to make its own
_____________________ against a particular antigen, but it is usually _________________

Figure above shows a comparison of the concentration

of antibodies produced during the first and second
vaccinations.

Figure above shows a comparison of the concentration

of antibodies between active and passive immunity.

AIDS (_____________________________)
- caused by ____________________________ (HIV) that attacks the __________ system. The progressive
destruction of the immune system cells. The virus reproduces inside the ________________ and kills them
in the process. Eventually, the immune system ______________ and the victim usually dies of
_____________ infections.
- HIV enters the body through the transfer of body fluids such as ___________ and _____________, or across
the placenta. Examples
a. sharing of _______________________ needle
b. transfusion of __________________ blood
c. unprotected ________________ activities that cause exchange of ___________
d. from ___________ mothers during child birth.
- to date, there is no ______________ against HIV although certain drugs may stop the disease from
progressing.
Appreciating a healthy Cardiovascular System
- Cold _____________ as well as __________________ are examples of circulatory problems, more severe
problems or diseases that are linked to cardiovascular system are __________________, ______________
________________ and ____________.
a. arteriosclerosis disorders that cause _____________ and loss of ______________of artery walls
b. atherosclerosis - _________ deposits build up in the inner walls of the artery walls causing
___________ of the __________ of the blood vessels; most common type of arteriosclerosis.
c. Thrombosis when a blood clot or ____________ forms in an __________ blood vessel, causing
_______________ or even ____________ to the blood flow.
d. Embolism - _____________ of an artery by a _____________ of blood clot ____________ in the
bloodstream.
- cardiovascular disease can be attributed to _______ factors, diet, that is a diet high in __________
and low in ____________, lack of ____________, ______________, ________, _________, high

11

___________ level, deficiencies in ________________ vitamins and minerals.

The transport of substances in plants
The vascular tissue in stem, root and leaf
- Transport in plants is provided by the ______________ tissues. There are two types of vascular
tissues:
a. ________ - transports _________ and ______________________ absorbed in the _______,
up the _________ and to the ____________ as well as provide _____________ support to the
plant.
b. _________ - transports _________________ from the leaves to the ___________ organs and
the __________ regions such as the buds.
- In dicotyledenous (dicot) plants;
a. the stem - the vascular tissues in the stem are grouped together to form
________________arranged in a ring around the _________. In each bundle, the xylem is found
towards the ________ of the stem, while the phloem is found towards the ___________. A tissue
called the _______________ is found between them and the cambium cells divide ____________
resulting in an _____________ in the radius of the stem.
b. the root the outermost layer is the ______________. Specialised epidermal cells grow
outwards to form _____________ to increase the _______________ for ____________
absorption. The region next to the epidermis is called the ___________ that is made up of
__________________ cells. Located immediately after the cortex is a single layer of cells
called the _____________. Inside the endodermis is the ____________. The pericycle consists of
__________________ tissue which provides _________________ for the root. In the roots, the
vascular tissues are located in the vascular _______________. The vascular cylinder consists of the
__________________ and the _________________. The vascular tissues of roots are continuous
with the vascular tissues of stems. The xylem radiates from the ____________ of the vascular
cylinder, forming a ________shape, while the phloem fills the area _____________the xylem.
- In monocotyledonous (monocot) plants;
a. the stem - the vascular bundles are _____________ throughout the stem
b. the root - the vascular ___________ has a central core called the ________. The pith contains
_________________ cells. The vascular tissues form a ring around the pith, with the ____________
alternate with the __________ tissue.
- the leaf consists of a broad portion called the _________ which is held by the ____________. Inside the
petiole are the ____________ tissues. The leaf blade contains leaf ___________. ___________ tissues are
found in the leaf veins. The _____________ forms the upper part while the __________ forms the lower
part of the vascular bundle.
The structure of xylem in relation to transport
- contains four types of cells;
a. the _____________
c. the _____________
b. the _____________
d. the _____________
- Elongated cells are arranged end to end. The end walls break down in _______ that allow water to
pass from cell to cell.
- The end walls of xylem vessels are _________ so t h a t t h e c e l l s j o i n e n d t o e n d t o f o r m a
con tinuous _________ tube. The cell walls are thickened with __________ for ___________
support.
- Tracheids are __________, ___________ at the ends and have a smaller _____________ compared to
xylem vessels.
- During development, the walls of xylem vessels and tracheids are thickened with ____________
deposits, making them _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a n d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . M a t u re xyl e m ve ss e l s a n d
tracheids are ____________ and ___________. The walls of xylem vessels and tracheids are
perforated by a series of holes called ________ which allow __________and ____________ to pass
sideways between the cells.
- ______________ and ___________ are water- conducting cells. They are ____________ cells
- The function of the parenchyma is to store _________ substances while the function of the
___________ is to provide support.
The structure of phloem in relation to transport

12

contains four types of cells;

a. the _____________
c. the _____________
b. the _____________
d. the _____________
___________ substances are transported along the _______________. The sieve tube is a
_______________ column of long cells arranged _______________.The sieve tube is a
_______ cell, which has no __________ and its cytoplasm is adapted to flow from _______ to
______ continuously. The end walls of each cell are perforated by _________ to form
______________ that allows the ___________ to pass through.
Each sieve tube cell is supported in their function by one or more ______________. A companion
cell is a normal cell with a ___________ and a large number of ______________, indicating
that it is very active _________________.
The function of the parenchyma is to store __________ substances while the function of the
fibres is to provide ______________.
_______________ can be ca r r i e d o u t o n a p l a n t t o se e t h e e f f e ct o f removing ____________
tissue from a plant.

Transport of organic substances in plants

- Transport of organic substances in plant is known as _____________________.
- In the ringing experiment, the removal of _____________ interrupts the downward movement of
______________ substances (mainly ___________, ____________, and other metabolites). The
_______________ of these ______________ substances causes ____________ to occur just above the
ring.
- The transport of dissolved organic solutes in the phloem is called _________________.
- Translocation is important because a plant's survival depends on the transport of ____________ substances
from the ______________ to the ___________ organs and the __________ region.
Transport of water in plants
Transpiration and its importance
- Transpiration is the ________ of ___________________ from a plant due to _____________.
- About 1% of water absorbed is used by plants cells for ______________ and for ____________ and 99%
evaporates from the leaves and is lost to the atmosphere through _____________.
- about 90% of transpiration takes place through the ___________ and _______________.
- Transpiration is important in the ___________ and ________________ of water and mineral ions from
the roots to the leaves, to prevent ____________ of the plant and produces a _____________ effect on
hot and sunny days.
- The continuous stream of flowing water from the roots to the leaves is called the ________________.
water is absorbed by the roots from the soil then is transported through the xylem vessels to the
_____________ cells of the leaves. ________ from the Sun causes water on the external surface of
the ______________ cells to __________, thus saturating the ___________ in the mesophyll with
___________.
- Outside the stomata, the air in the atmosphere is drier. This means the concentration of water vapour in the
atmosphere is ____________ than the concentration of water vapour in the _____________. Hence, water
vapour _____________ from the plant cells to the atmosphere through the ___________
- The loss of water from a mesophyll cell makes the cell ____________
as compared to an
____________ cell. Water from the adjacent cell ___________ into mesophyll cells by _______________.
- In the same way, water continues to diffuse into _______________ cells from _______________ cells.
- Eventually, water is drawn from the _____________ vessels in the ____________.
- A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ f o r c e i s t h u s created for pulling water up the ____________ vessels due to the
_______________ of water from the ______________ cells.
- The force is known as the ________________ _______.
The external conditions that affect the rate of transpiration
________________, ______________, ___________________ and ____________ are four external conditions
that affect the rate of transpiration.
The rate of transpiration is _____________ by an ________________in temperature, light intensity, wind speed
and a ______________ in humidity.
The movement of water from the soil to the leaves

13

Movement of water through the roots

- Soil particles are usually covered by a thin film of ___________, known as ______ _______.
- The cytoplasm of root hair cells are ____________ as compared to the surrounding soil
water. This means that root cells have a ____________ concentration of _____________ than
the water in the surrounding soil.
- Water diffuses from the _________ to the root cell via ___________.
- The cell becomes ________________ compared to ____________ cells.
Water then ______________ into the adjacent cell via ____________.
- In this way, water moves inwards to the ____________.
- Water flows through the ______________, _____________ and ______________ of the
_____________ cells in the cortex until it reaches the _______________.
- At the endodermis, the water moves through the ______________ and ___________ of the
endodermal cells but not the ____________ due to the ____________________ which line its sides
because the _______________ is impermeable to _____________.
- The ____________ of water concentration that exists across the cortex creates a ____________ force that
results in the __________ of water into the _____________ vessels. At the same time, ________ from the
soil are _________ secreted into the xylem and this causes ____________ pressure in the
xylem to __________. Consequently, water flow ______________ into the xylem.
- This generates pressure known as _______________.
- Root pressure results in the _______________ of water and mineral ions into the xylem of
the stem.
- In small plants, root pressure can push water all the way up the stem and out of special pores called
_______________ at the edges of leaves. This process is called ____________.
- Root pressure is ______________ to overcome the force of ___________ for water to moves
upwards to the height of most trees. In addition, root pressure moves water too _____________.
Movement of water through the stem
- The continuous ____________ movement of water through the xylem vessels in the stems can be
explained by the __________ and ________________ properties of the water molecules.
- Xylem vessels are _________, ____________ and ____________tubes and p rovide a continuous
__________________ from the _________, through the ________ and to the ___________.
- The narrow __________ of the xyle m vesse ls increa se the f orce s gene ra ted b y ________ .
- Capillarity is the __________ and _______________ forces which enables the liquid to enter and
move along very narrow spaces. Capillarity is also known as ______________.
- Water molecules adhere to one another by ___________ forces. They adhere to the walls of the
xylem vessels by _____________ forces.
- The cohesion and adhesion of water molecules are due to ___________ bonding.
- Capillary action makes a small contribution to the _____________ movement of water.
Movement of water from the leaves to the atmosphere
- Due to the process of _______________ pull.
- Transpiration in the leaves is the _______ driving force for the movement of water from the
soil up the stem.
- The __________ of water molecules from the surface of ____________cells replaces the
_________________ that is lost from the leaf's _____________.
- The loss of water creates a tension or _________________ in the leaves.
The regulation of transpiration by the stomata
- In the lower epidermis of a _______________ leaf, small _________ called __________ present
and each stoma is surrounded by two ________________.
- The two guard cells regulate intake of_________________ and ____________ by opening and
closing the stoma.
- I f t h e p l a n t i s t o o b t a i n s u f f i c i e n t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ f o r photosynthesis, it is necessary
that the stomata are _________. However, when the stomata are open, _________ can be lost
through these stomata through ____________. Closing the stomata stops _____________ and but
prevents _____________ from entering the leaf.
- To balance the need for _____________ and at the same time to prevent the ___________loss
of __________, a plant usually o pe n s it s sto ma t a in re spo n se t o
a . a n in cre a se in _ __ __ __ _ __ __ __

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b. a d e c r e a s e in the levels of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in the air spaces of the leaf.

In general, stomata are open during the ________ and closed at ____________
During the day, light stimulates _____________ in the __________ cells. The guard cells start producing
______________. This makes energy available for active transport of _____________ from adjacent
cells. The guard cells become ____________ and water ____________ in by __________.
As a result, they become ______________. Since the __________ cell walls of the guard cells are
_________ than the outer walls, the guard cells bend _____________ and the stoma ___________.
During the night, when photosynthesis stops, ________________ exit the guard cells and water
__________out by _______________.
The guards cells become __________ and the stoma _____________.

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