'EPEUVO 'flO EVOMOK"ClKEC; 1i1liOK"ClKEC; TTPOOEyyiOEIC; em IillioOKOhio rev M09nllotlKWV

'EPEUVO Yl0 EvoMoK"[lKE<; 51l;OK"[lKE<; npooEyyioEl<; em 51500KOAio "[(a)V M09nIJO"[lKcdV

n£piAm,,"

H EpEUVa E~ELO~El tn 010aoKai\ia '[WV Ma8nllOL1KWV ornv 9xpovn urtoxpaernxn exrrnioeuon. onwe:; nutn 01allOPCPWVELOl usoc ana to AVaAUTlKO npOypollllam, to OXOAIKO B1BAia, uc aVL1Arll/lEle:; KOl nc npaKL1KEe:; '[WV EKnOlOEUTlKWV KOl a~lOAOYEi'[Ol ana TIe:; lla8nllaTlKEe; YVWOEle:; '[WV lla8mwv. L'[OXOe; me; epeuvoc eivm n 01EpEuvnon me; ouva'[omme:; Ecpaplloyne:; EvaMaKTIKWV 010aKL1KWV npooewiosov otnv EMnV1Kn OXOA1Kn '[o~n.'

Ta cnuovnko npoBArlllam rrou Ellcpavi~El n lla8nlla,[IKn EKnaioEUon otnv EMooa npoBoMoVLOl OUOLnllaTlKO OLa E8vlKO OUVEOPlO, OLIe:; ouvovmoeic ETIlOLnllOVWv KOl OLn OXETlKn ap8poypQ(pia. ME LOV tporro auto yiVELOl cpavEpn n avoYKn onucvnxov aMaywv '[000 OLO nepiexouevo 000 KOl OLn oloaoKaAia rev lla8nllaTlKwv.

K08E ETIlKEillEVn 0IlWe:; aMayn OLn lla8nllaTlKn sxnoiosuon npenei va OLnpi~ELOl OE OEoollEva (unotsseouotu) ouotnucuxric speuvoc, 01E8vne:; KOl E8VlKne:;. To EMnvlKo EKnOlOEUTlKO ouomuo OE 0108E,[El 101Oi,[EPOUe:; cpopEie:; KOl 8EOIlOUe:; ylO rnv rrpovuctorroinon ouotnuuuxric spsuvoc OE 8EIlam lla8nllaTlKne:; EKnaioEUone;, IlE ano,[EAEOlla 0 LOIlEae:; outoc va UOLEPEi OLn xopo ucc, OE oUYKplOn IlE OMEe:; EUpwnai"KEe; XWPEe:;, ,[OUAaX1OLOV Ka'[o Ilia 10ELia.

To OUYKEKP11lEVO EPYO EVLOOOELOl OLa epeuvrrnxc npovpouuoro nou ETIlXE1POUV va IlEAELnOOUV OUOLnllaTlKO tnv EMnvlKn npnvpcnxomto me lla8nlla,[IKne:; EKnaioEUone:; KOl va olallOPCPwoouv Eva nEoio rrerpcucnouov OE VEEe:; npaKTIKEe:; 010aoKaAiae:; KOl 1l08none:; oUIlCPwva IlE nc oUYXpOVEe; ,[OOEle:; nou ETIlKpaLOUV OLO xopo me lla8nllaTlKne:; EKnaioEUone:;.

Ta cnotssscpoto me epsuvoc unopouv va a~lOnOln80uv uueco '[000 vro m ouvtofn flpovpnuuctrov Lnouowv KOl tn ouyypacpn LXOA1KWV B1Bi\iwv, 000 ylO m OLnpl~n LOU EKnOlOEUTlKOU EPYOU LOU oaoKaAou KOl LOU Ka8nymn '[WV lla8n ucnxov.

9

-1- KEcp6AOlO 1

A~lOA6ynon 1:WV Mo6nllO"OKWV rVWOEWV 1:WV Mo6mwv 1:1:' llnllO"OKOU KOI r lupvnmou

A~loAovnan ",[WV Jl09nJlO",[lK6lV VV6lO[WV Jlo9n",[6lv I"'[' AnJlO",[lKOU KOI r' rUJlVOOiou.

1. EloaY(a)Y"

H a~lOMynon me yvwone; rrou Ka-raKIOUV 01 IJaSmEe; om OxOAEio anOl:EAEi 1 . .I1a ana TIe; BaOlKOl:EpEe; AElmupyiEe; me; EKnOlowuKne; 01001 Kaoiae;. H a~lOMynon a-rOXEUEl omv napaKoAouSnon me; rrpoofiou KOI tnv avoOE1~n l:WV llaSnOlaKwv OUOKOA1WV KOI rrcpovorioaov l:WV llaSmwv, a-rnpi~EtOl om Epya roue KOI ETIlXE1PEi va avamu~El EpyaAEia nou Sa ETIll:pEIJIOUV tnv napaywyn TIla-rOl:EPWV cvcrrcpcotcoeov me; yvwone; rrou Kal:EXOUV Ol llaSmEe;.

Ta l:EAw-raia XPOVlO, to SElla l:WV IlESOOWV a~lOMynone; l:WV OXOA1KWV YVWOEWV l:WV llaSmwv anOl:EAEi aVl:1KEiIlEVO EVl:OVWV ou~mnoEwv KOl uvnncpoaeoeov oto xopo me EKnaiowone;. hn llaSnllaTIKn EKnaiowon 101Oil:Epa, 0 npoBAnllauollOe; rrou EXEl uvorrruxdsi KOI n speuvc rrou E'XEl npcvpctonomesi K1VEil:0l OE ouo BaOlKOUe; O~OVEe;. 0 rrportoc, 0 orroioc urropei va xapaKInplOSEi we; «IJIUXOAO'{lKOe;», Eauo~nOl om EpyaAEia uetpnonc me; Eniooone; l:WV llaSmwv etc llaSnllaTIKo. 0 OEU-rEpOe;, 0 orroioc cvcoeixmxe oro nAaiolO l:WV npoorrceerev vio IlnappUS1l10n l:WV avaAuuKwv npovpnuunuov l:WV OXOA1KWV llaSnllauKwv, eivm onotessouo me; KplTIKne; rrou aOKnSnKE one rrcpcfioomxec IlESOOOUe; a~lOMynone; OXETIKO IlE mv EYKupOml:O roue KOI nporeiva VEEe; IlESOOOUe; a~lOMynone;, nEplOOOl:EPO OUIlBal:Ee; IlE roue otoxouc l:WV aVaAUTIKWV npovpouputov. rl:O olESvn xepo, 01 EpEUVEe; nou ceopouv tnv a~lOMynon l:WV llaSnllaTIKWV YVWOEWV l:WV llaSmwv EXOUV avaoEi~El onuovnxc otoixeio OXETIKO IlE to EninEoo cutric tnc yvwone; OE OlOcpOpEe; nA1KiEe;. AKOAouSEi um ouvtoun ovoosonnon me; B18AlOYPQ(piae; nou ETIlKEVl:pWVnOl one ETIlOOOEle; llaSmwv nA1Kiae; 11 - 16 xpovov OE tpeic BaOlKEe; nepioxsc tou rtpovpnpuoroc orroucov; mv aplSllnTIKn l:WV CPUOlKWV aplSllwv (cpUOlKOi, KAa oil etc , OEKaolKoi), tnv aAYE8pa KOI tn YEwllnpia.

21

nopouoioon rou 'Epyou: Epsuvo YIO €VaMOKIlKE!; /iJliOKIlKE!; npooEY0oEI!; OLn OIOOOKaAio tov MOen~OTIKWV

r

2. 9£6lpn't1l(O nhoiolO

LE Ot1 o<popo mv ap1SIJntlKn tov CPUOlKWV ap1SlJwV, 01 oXEt1KEe; EpEUVEe; OUYKAivouv oro YEyovoe; Ot1 n xntovoncn tWV -rEOOOpWV npo~Ewv E~EAiooEtOl IJE npvouc puSlJoue; KOI vm noMa nOl01o ETIllUYXOVEtOl KatO m oottnori roue om OEUtEpoBoSlJlO EKnaioEUon. 01 lJaSntEe; ouvcvrouv OUOKoAiEe; otnv EKlEAEOn tWV npO~Ewv, Kupiwe; E~Oltiae; me; aouvalJiae; roue va «nnvorioouv onuovuxec EW01Ee; nou uoopouv mv a~ia tWV qmcpiwv (Shuard, 1986).

LxEtlKO IJE tnv EniAuon npOBAnIJOtWV, EXOUV KatoypacpEi onpnvnxe; OUOKOAiEe; tov lJaSntwv va avayvwpioouv tie; npo~E1e; nou crronouvrm VIa tnv EniAuon EVOe; npoBMlJatOe;, 01 onoiec orrofiioovtm ouxvn OE YAWOOlKOUe;, EW010AOY1KOUe; KOI onlJaOloAoY1KOUe; rrcpcvovtec. Lt1e; neptccotspec ana nc EpEUVEe; nou EXOUV oonvrioe: ore nopormvo oupnepuoputn, to rrooooto emtuxicc otic OXEt1KEe; Epw-rnOE1e; OEV ~EnEpvouv to 30% vrc to 11xpova nOl01o KOI orrovio ayyi~ouv to 80% vm to 15xpova n 16xpova nOl01o (Dickson, et aL., 1984).

01 101Oi-rEpa xalJnMe; ETIlOOOE1e; nou Evtoni~E1 n epsuvo omv evotrrto tWV KAaOIJOtWv anooiOOvtOl Kupiwe; otnv EME1ljJn «nnvoncnc me; EW01ae; tOU KAoolJatOe;, tnc rooouvouioc KAaOlJo-rwv KOI me; onunoioc tWV npo~Ewv IJE KMolJato. H napouoiaon tou KMolJatOe; we; uno-neptoxric, nou xupropxsi oro OXOA1KO EYXE1piolO KOI one 010aKtlKEe; npaKl1KEe;, av KOI OEV napouOlo~E1 1010itEpa npoBMlJata xutovononc, onIJ10upYEi oofinpo ElJnOOlO oro XE1P101J0 tOU KAoolJatOe; ana roue lJaSntEe; we; onuciou me ap1SlJoypalJlJne;, we; anOtEAEOlJa olOipEOne; n we; tponou OUYKp10ne; IJEYESWV n IJEtpnOEWV ana roue lJaSntEe;. Doov acpopo tie; npo~E1e; IJE KMolJata, 01 xalJnMe; ETIlOOOE1e; tWV nOl01wv otnv npooSEOn KOI tnv acpaipEon KAaolJo-rwv spunveuovtm we; anOtEAEOlJa me; ouoKoAiae; roue va xrrrovorioouv mv EW01a me; 1000uvalJiae; KAaolJotwv aMo KOI tn OKOTIlIJOtntO tnc, n onoio EvSappuvE1 tn IJnXaVlKn EKlEAEon me; oxenxnc 01001 Kaoiae;. 01 ETIl060E1e; nou xotuvpceovcn one OXEtlKEe; EpEUVEe; «uucivovrm ouvnSwe; IJEto~U tOU 30% KOI 50% vro to 11xpova nOl01o, EVW OEV au~OVOvtOl 1010itEpa Y1a to 15xpova KOI 16xpova nOl01o. LtOV noManAaOlaolJo KOI tn olOipEOn KAaOIJOtWv, 01 ETIlOOOE1e; eivrn

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22

r

-1- KEcpaAOIO 1

A~lOA6ynon TWV Mo8nl.l0UKWV rVWOEWV TWV Mo8nTWV LT' lInl.l0uKOu KOI r rUI.lVaOlOU

aKOlm xa~.mM",[EpE<; I.IE to OX£1:1KO noooorn va xuuofvovun Vupw 010 30% KaJ OE AiVE<; I.I0VO nEplTIlWOE1<; va avvi~ouv LO 50% V10 LOU<; 14xpovou<; KaJ 15xpovou<; l.IaSmE<; (Hart, 1981, APU, 1981).

rLOU<; oEKaolKou<; aplSI.I0u<;, LOU<; orroiouc noMoi l.IaSmE<; SEWPOUV W<; 1.110 lO1OlLEpn xumvopio aplSI.IWV, 01 nEplOOO",[EPE<; EPWVE<; KamvPOcpouv Xal.lnAE<; ETI1000El<; KaJ EVloni~ouv I.IEVOAE<; OUOKOAiE<; omv xotnvonon KaJ 010 XE1PlOI.I0 tov opxov nou OlEnouv tnv a~ia rev qmcpiwv 010 OEKa01KO ouomun. rm OloaOKaAia "'[WV OEKa01KWV aplSI.IWv 010 OXOAEio, OiVHaJ 1010lLEpn El.lcpaon om ouvoeon LOU OUI.IBOAlOl.I0U LOU<; I.IE nutov "'[WV KAaOI.lO"'[wv, n OloaOKaAia "'[WV orroiov EXEl rrponvnfisi (n.x., 0 aplSl.lo<; 3,25 EPl.lnVEU£1:al w<; 3Xl0, 2/10 xm 5/100). 00l000, noMoi l.IaSmE<; OUOKOAEUOVlaJ va «uetnepcoouv» LOU<; oEKaolKou<; aplSI.I0u<; OE KAOOl.lam. rla napOOE1Vl.la, n APU (1980) BpnKE 0"'[1 I.I0VO 10% nov 10xpovwv l.IaSmwv orrcvtnoov oootn ornv epotnon «Na oUl.lnAnpWoHE tnv npotncn 6,28=6xl+2x ... +8x1jl00». H Brown (1981) avacpEpEl nooootn srnruxfuc ana 50% w<; 65% nspirrou V10 l.IaSmE<; 12 - 15 xpovov OE Epw"'[noEl<; nou ~mouoav tnv nvnvvtopton me a~ia<; rev qmcpiwv 1.1£1:0 tnv UnOO1OOloAri KaJ ETI1000El<; ana 25% - 85% nepinou OE epotnoerc nou oeopouoov mv uvovvopton LOU oEKaolKou aplSI.I0U nou oivoVlav uno 1.I0pcpn OK100I.lEvn<; neproxnc n cnueiou me aplSI.I0vpal.ll.ln<;, aVOAova I.IE tnv nA1Kia. TEAO<;, ooov acpopo "'[1<; npO~El<; I.IE OEKa01KOU<; aplSI.I0U<;, 01 OX£1:1KE<; EPWVE<; oEixvouv 0"'[1 ouxvn 01 l.IaSmE<; XElpi~OVlaJ LOU<; OEKa01Kou<; aplSI.I0u<; w<; CPUOlKOU<;, ovvoovrcc rnv napouoia me unoolaOloAri<;. Ta nooootc ETI1LUXia<; nou KamVPocpOVlaJ OE noxnoeu; rtpooflsonc KaJ ceoipeonc OEKa01Kwv aplSI.IWv KUl.laivoVlaJ vupw 010 80-90% V10 LOU<; 15xpovou<; l.IaSmE<; KaJ 50-60% V10 LOU<; t ixpovouc l.IaSmE<;, avoAova I.IE tov aplSI.IO KaJ LO Eioo<; tov oEKaolKwv qmcpiwv (APU, 1980, 1981). 00l000, OlOV noManAaOlaol.lO KaJ 1010lLEpa om olaipmn, to rtooootn nEcp"'[ouv Opal.la",[lKo (APU, 1981).

H speuvn EXEl oEi~El OD Eva<;- I.IEVOAO<; aplSl.lo<; l.IaSmwv uouvctei va «otovoriosi Ba01KE<; aAVEBplKE<; EW01E<; VIa OUO Kupiw<; Mvou<;: (a) m OXEOOV anoKAE10llKn napouoiaon tnc 'AAVEBpa<; w<; VEviKwon<; me aplSl.lnDKn<;, n onoia prropei va ano",[EAEoEl El.lnOOlO otnv onoxtnon

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23

nopouoioon LOU 'Epyou: Ipwvo YIO EvoMoKrlKEC; 616oKrlKEC; rrpooEyyiosc; otn 616oOKoAio rev Mo9nllOTIKWV

nutovounc aAYEBpIKrl~ oKEqm~ KOI (B) tnv ETTlKpOmOn rev olOolKaODKwv (proceduraL) xcpusmptcnxcv me I\AYEBpa~ (KUpiw~ LOU aAYEBplKOU OU~BOAIO~OU) OE Bopo~ tov OO~IKWV me (structuraL) xopcsrnpionxov (Sfard, 1991, Kieran, 1992, Bednarz, et al., 1996). 01 nEplOo6l:EPE~ ouoKoME~ rev ~aemwv otnv I\AYEBpa neopouv tnv «rtovonon KOI olOxEiplOn rou Eyypo~~aLOu OU~BOAIO~OU, mv EnE~Epyaoia nov aAYEBplKWV napa01:00EWV, m eniAuon E~IOWOEWV KOI npoBAn~o"[wv KOI tn ~EMm ouvoptnoaov. 'Ooov acpopo LO npoto, noME~ EPEUVE~ -~E TT10 YVW01:rl nutri tou Kuchemann (1981)- avacpEpouv OU uovo Eva noM ~IKPO nooooto ~aemwv EivOI OE eEon va avuAncpeOUV 1:0 vpcuucto W~ YEVlKW~EVOU~ aple~ou~ rl, aKo~n ~IKpO"[EPO rrooooto, W~ ~E1:OBAmE~. hnv enE~Epyaoia rev aAYEBplKWV napa01:00EWV KOI mv eniAuon E~IOWOEWV, noMo ana 1:0 Men rev ~aemwv OUVOEOVl:OI ~E tnv Ka1:OVOnOn LOU Eyypo~~aLOu OU~BOAIO~OU, LOU OU~BOAOU me 100m1:O~, rov xuvovov xm OU~BOOEWV nou olEnouv LOV aAYEBplKO OU~BOAIO~O KOI tou aAYOple~ou eniAuon~ (Kieran, 1992). Ta OXEUKO nooootn smruxioc E~ap"[WVl:OI uno mv nAIKia rev ~aemwv, m ~oPCPrl me aAYEBpIKrl~ np01:00n~ KOI 1:0 ou~cppa~o~Eva.

TEAO~, OE OU acpopo tnv EWOIa me ouvdpmonc KOI tn ypacplKrl me rmpcotcon, 01 OXEUKE~ EPWVE~ avacpEpouv xa~nM emrreoo srmuxioc, Ep~nVEUOVl:O~ 1:0 w~ crrotsseouo tnc neptopropevnc E~cpaon~ nou oivEl:OI Ka"[o tn oloaoKaAia 01:0 BaOlKo"[EpO otoixeio LOU OplO~OU ~Ia~ ouvcptnonc: tnv aMnAoE~opmon rov ~E1:OBAmWV KOI otnv neproprouevn E~nElpia nou napEXEl:OI 01:0U~ ~aemE~ OXETIKO ~E mv cvovvopion OIOCPOpWV turrov ypacplKwv napa01:00EWV avD01:OIXa (01 ETTlOOOEI~ nou Ka1:OYPocp0Vl:0I OEV ~EnEpvouv LO 25%, aKo~n KOI VIa nOlolo nAIKia~ 16 xpovov) (KersLake, 1981, APU, 1980).

L1:O rrponvouuevo EYIVE uro npoormaem oKlaypocpnon~ rev BaOlKo"[EpWV ano"[EAEo~O"[WV me OIEeVOU~ epeuvnc nou acpopo nc ETTl06oEI~ KOI nc OUOKOAiE~ ~aemwv nAIKia~ 11-16 xpovov OE Bcmxou; l:O~Ei~ tou npoypo~~aLO~ Lnouowv rev Maen~auKwv. H ETTlAOYrl rev OUYKEKPI~EVWV evotrrtev EVIVE ~E Boon 1:0 OIEeVrl OEoo~Eva, m ou~BoM LOU~ otnv cnoxmon OUOlaODKrl~ ~aen~aUKrl~ yvwon~ ana LOU~ ~aemE~ KOI tnv

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24

-1- KEq)(lAOlO 1

A~lOMynon l:WV MoOnllouKwv rVWOEWV l:WV MoOmwv 1:1:' llnllouKou KOI r rUIlVDOlOU

EI-J(paon nou OiVHOl OE aU",[E<; OLO OXOAIKO npoypalJlJa LnOUOWV tov OUO npotov Ba8lJiowv. LUVOIlJi~ovm<;, 01 EPWVE<; aU",[E<; OEixvouv OU OLO ",[EAO<; tnc npw"'[oBo8IJlO<; EKnaioEuon<;, noMoi lJa8mE<; OEV Ka"'[Q(pEpvOUV va KamKLrlOOUV BaOlKE<; lJa8nlJaUKE<; YVWOE1<; KOl n «rraotoon cutn OEV aMo~El 8EaIJaUKO otnv ",[EAEumia "'[o~n me svvrcxpovnc EKnaiowon<;. 01 OlOq>OPE<; nou KamypOlpOVLOl OLI<; EmOOOE1<; "'[WV lJa8mwv uno xpOVO OE xpOVO slvm 1J1KPE<; KOl OlOlpOpOnOlOUVLOl OE xnrroio Ba81J0 avoAoya IJE to oUlJlppa~OIJEva. MEYOAO<; ap181J0<; "'[WV OUOKOA1WV nou ouvaVLOUV 01 lJa8mE<; OLa Ma8nIJaUKO olpEiAOVLOl nEplOOO",[EPO OLI<; npaKL1KE<; 010aOKaAia<; KOl AlyO",[EPO OLn euon LOU aVUKE1IJEVOU rl U<; YVWOL1KE<; lKavom",[E<; "'[WV lJa8mwv.

Ko8E npoormdsm BEAtiwon<; me lJa8nlJa",[IKrl<; nOlOEia<; npoun08E",[El mv a~lOi\6ynon "'[WV lJa8nlJa",[IKWV YVWOEWV "'[WV lJa8mwv KOl me anO",[EAEOlJa",[IKomm<; LOU napEXOIJEVOU EKnOlOWUKOU EPYOU OLa Ma8nlJaUKO, WOLE va Ka80plOLOUV 01 aMaYE<; nou anOl",[OUVLOl. Ta ",[EAEu"'[aia xpovia KamBoMoVLOl 10lOi",[EPE<; npoono8E1E<; OE noME<; XWPE<; LOU KOOIJOU vrc tn onIJ10upyia IJE800wv a~lOi\6ynon<; "'[WV YVWOEWV "'[WV lJa8mwv 01 orroisc, EKLO<; uno "'[1<; KAaOlKE<; lJa8nlJaUKE<; YVWOE1<; KOl OE~10m",[E<;, va a~lOAOYOUV KOl mo npOW8nIJEVE<; OUVEnE1E<; me lJa8nlJaUKE<; nOlOEia<; otnv avomu~n rev lJa8mwv (Niss, 1993). L"'[nv EAi\6oa, 01 OXEUKE<; epeuvnnxec npooEyyioEl<; eivm nEplOpl0lJEVE<; KOl urtoormouunxec KOl KamypOlpouv xalJnM<; EmoooEl<; rev lJa8mwv LOU ~nIJOuKOU hOAEiou KOl LOU luuvuoicu one ap181JnUKE<; npo~El<;, OLn Mon npOBAnlJo"'[wv KOl otnv miAuon E~lOWOEWV, 01 orroisc OE OlOlpEPOUV oUOlaOL1Ko uno aU",[E<; nou ovoeepovtm otnv ~Evn B1BAlOypalpia (K086i\n, K.O., 1987, Iloropn, 1989, MOKpa<;, & LaAixo<;, 1991, <P1Ainnou, 1990, 1991, 1992, AnoOLoi\6nouAo<;, 1995, KapaYlwpy0<;, & Kcoi lJom , 1996, AEIJOvion<;, 1996). H nopouoo epsuvo srnxerpei va OWOEI uto OUVOA1Krl E1Kova tov lJa8nIJauKwv YVWOEWV rev EMrlvWV lJa8mwv OLOU<; BaOlKou<; O~OVE<; me uAn<; nou 01000KHOl otnv ",[EAwmia "'[o~n me npwLOBo8lJlO<; KOl me unoxpaemxnc evviuxpovnc lJa8nlJaUKrl<; EKnaiowon<;.

.. - ~ • -c» • : ~I • -, '

25

flopouomon LOU 'Epyou: Epeuvo Vlo EVOMoKrlK€!; 6160KrlK€!; IlpOO€V'(iOE1!; om 61600KMio "[WV Mo9nllOUKWV

3. M£8050Aoyio

H ouMoyn otorxeiov vro 1:1<; ~aSn~a1:1K£<; yvwom; rrou orroxtouv 01 ~aSmE<; 1:OU L\n~01:1KOU KOI 1:OU Iuuvcoiou, OE ouvouoouc ~E ototxsio uno 1:1<; xpnmuortoroupevsc ~ESOOOU<; 0IoaoKai\ia<;, ono 1:0 oxoi\IKa B1Bi\ia KOI 1:0 avai\U1:1Ka rrpovpnuuuto. Kavouv Eq>IK1:n ~10 ouvoi\mi a~lOi\6ynon me uncpxouooc xotnotuonc me ~aSn~a1:1Kn<; EKnaiowon<; oto L\n~01:1KO KOI 1:0 Iuuvcoto. navw OE uutn 1:0 oroixeio a~lOi\6ynon<; unopouv va Buoiotouv np01:aOE1<; vro EvaMaKUKE<; ~Opq>E<; 0IoaoKai\ia<;, aMaYE<; oro npovpcpucto onouowv KOI 1:0 oxoi\IKa B1Bi\ia, KaSw<; KOI aMay£<; otnv l!JuxonOloaywY1Kn KOI 010aK1:1Kn Ka1:ap1:10n 1:WV oaoKai\wv KOI KaSnymwv 1:WV MaSn~a1:1Kwv.

A. rparrtt~ 60K1J1a(JiE~

01 ~aSn~a1:1KE<; YVWOE1<; 1:WV ~aSmwv me EK1:n<; 1:a~n<; L\n~01:1KOU KOI me rpitnc 1:a~n<; fupvnoiou EAEyxSnKav ~E tn Bonflsto 6Uo vporrrov OOKl~aOlwv, 01 onoiec oUV1:aXSnKav ylO 1:1<; avaYKE<; outnc me speuvcc KOI 01aKlvnSnKav orro ouvepvdtsc Ka1:a tn filapKElO 1:OU OXOi\IKOU E1:OU<; 1998-99, OE WPE<; 0IoaoKai\ia<; 1:WV MaSn~a1:1Kwv. 01 vporrtec 60Kl~aoiE<;, 0lapKEla<; ~ia<; 010aKUKn<; wpa<;, nepuixov K01VE<; Epw"[nOE1<; vm 1:Ou<; ~aSmE<; 1:OU L\n~01:1KOU KOI tou ru~vaaiou, aMa KOI ou~ni\npw~a"[IKE<; epotncac vro 1:OU<; ~aSmE<; 1:OU luuvnofou. 01 KOlVE<; Epw"[nOE1<; sixuv w<; oxorro tn OUYKpl0n nov ~aSn~a"[IKwv YVWOEWV nov ~aSmwv oro 6Uo minEOa.

01 Epw"[nOE1<; 1:WV vporrtov OOKl~aOlwv (57 vrc 1:0 Anuouxo KOI 61 vm 1:0 Iupvdoio) OXHi~oV1:Ol ~E m 616aoKo~Evn ui\n KOI cvnotoixouv ~E "[1<; aOKnOE1<; KOI 1:0 npoBi\ri~a1:O tov OXOi\IKWV B1BAiwv.

01 Epw"[nOE1<; oeopouocv YVWOE1<; OXE1:1K£<; ~E:

1. 1:Ou<; aplS~ou<;:

a) 1:0 ouvoi\a aplS~wv, 8) m 01a1:O~n tuv aplS~wv,

y) 1:OU<; tponouc ypaq>n<;, 0) 1:1<; npa~El<; ~E1:O~U tov aplS~wv

2. tn xprion me ~HaBi\mn<;

a) om olO"[unwon ~la<; oxsonc 8) cn:nv mii\uon ~1O<; E~iowon<; y) otov OplO~O ~la<; cuvnpmonc

3. 1:1<; OXEOE1<; avai\oyia<; {noaa avai\oya, noaa cvnotpoeoc av6i\oya, KOI

---

26

-1- KElpoAOl ° 1

A~IOAoynon TWV Mo6nllOTIKWV rVWOEWV TWV Mo6mwv h' llnllOTIKOU KOI r rUIlVOOlOU

noaa nou OUVOEOVIQ1 ~Em~u roue ~E oAMe; OXEOEle;)

4. uc anMe; YEW~EtpIKEe; EWOlEe; nepipstpo. ywvia, E~Baoav, Ka8Etatnm

5. tn xprion oxnuntov KQ1 ypacplKwv rropcotdoetov

6. rn Man npoBAn~otWv tEOOOpWV npo~Ewv nou napouOJo~OVIQ1 AEKtIKO.

rIO tnv ETIlAoyn rev ETII~EpOUe; epotnoecv ETIlXElpn8nKE, ~E Boon to 8EWpntlKa nAaiOJo me; a~JOMynone; YVWOEWV (Niss, 1993, Osterlind, 1998), va «otcoseucorouv EpWtnoEIe; rrou va aVIanoKpivOVIQ1 0TIe; cnormceic lOU EMnvlKou npoypo~~alOe; rnouowv.

H a~JOTIlotia tWV vpurrrov OOKI~aOJwv EMyx8nKE ~E tnv avoAuon a~JOTIlotiae; tOU otononxou naKElOU SPSS KQ1 BpE8nKav OEiKtE<; noM IKavonoJnDKoi (KR-20 = 0,8574 vro to L\n~OtIKa KQ1 KR-20 = 0,8927 vro to Iupvcoro).

B. 4Eiypo

Yrroxeiuevo me; speuvoc ntnv oEiy~a 495 ~a8ntwv rr L\n~OtIKOU (257

. "'

nvcpm KQ1 238 koprroto) ana 22 oxoxsto KQ1 oEiy~a 560 ~a8ntwv l"

fuuvooiou (277 ovopio KQ1 283 xopttotu) ana 20 oxoseic tWV No~wv 8EOoaAoviKne;, Ioovvivov KQ1 Ebpou. H ETIlAoyn tWV OXOAEiwv EYIVE ~E urxoio oEly~atOAnlJlia.

ApIOIlOC; llo0n'twv AnIlO'(1KOU

---- ·----

266

106 123

--- ---

495

ApIOIlOC; llo0n'twv rUllvoaiou

- ----

270

172 118 560

NOIlOi OEoooAoviKnc; ~(Jvviv6)v

C=~----

'EBpou

IuvoAo

nfVOKO( 1. E-COIXEio liEiypo-co( ipEUVO(

4. Ep£uvn"tlKO Ano"t£AtoIlO"tO

01 Ern66oE1C;

8EWpOU~E on ~ia spotnon orrovtnenxe ETIltUXWe; otov to 2/3 tWV ~a8ntwv tnv cncvrnoov oootn. ME outov tOY apl8~a me; erntuxiuc OE Ka~ia ana uc nEVIE OlOotOoEIe; rrou EMyx8nKav 010 L\n~oDKa OEV unnp~E srntuxio: OE

---

27

~ . .__ _ . . ~r,;:~.~'; .. ;~..-' - .. !',,' '"

Ilopouoicon tou 'Epyou: 'EpEUVO ylC EVaMOKDKf<; 61fiaKDKf<; rrpoOloyyioEl<; om 6160OKaAio TWV Mo6nllcmK~lV

OhE<; 1:0 rrOOOOLO srntuxioc EivOI KCn:W uno LO 50% (Ilfvoxoc 2). Ta rrooooto erntuxioc OLOV mvoxo 2 npoxurrtouv w<; I-IEOOl OPOI tov rrooootov erntuxiac OLI<; EPWLlioEI<; rrou arrapti~ouv tnv KOSE oH1OLaon.

Ol1aoa nEpIEXOI1EVO epotnoeov flooootn
EPW1:I1OEWV erntuxicc
1 Apl9l1oi: a) "[a ouvosn apl9l1wv, B) tn olam~n rev apl9l1wv, y) 32,3
houc tporrouc ypaq)flC;, 0) 1:IC; npa~EJ(; I1Ha~u nov apl911wv
2 Xpnon I1HaBAmnc; a) om ola"[unwon ilIac; oxsonc B) ornv -
miAuon ilIac; E~iowonc; y) otov OPlOI10 ilIac; ouvcprnonc
3 VeioElC; avaAoyiac; (noaa avaAoya, noaa uvnotpoecc aVOAoya, 37,8
KOI noaa rrou OUVOiOVLOl I1Ha~u roue I1E aMEC; OXEOEIC;)
4 AnMc; YEWI1HPIKEC; EVVOlEC;: nepuretpoc, ywvia, EI1Baoov, 39,4
Ka9Homm
5 iXpnon oxnucrov KOI ypa<jlIKWV nopcorcoeov 45,4
6 AUon npoBAnl1a"[wv teoocpov npa~EWV nou napOUma~OVLOl 33,6
AEKUKa n;vaKa~ 2. Mioo~ opo~ EmliOoE6JV ova opolia EP6JTrioE6JV oro 1JnpoDKo.

L\ivOUI-iE OLn ouvexeio EVOEIKtIKO nc ETTl66oEl<; nov l-IaSm:wv me LT' L\nl-l0tlKOU OE 0PI0I-IEVE<; orro tI<; EpWtnOEI<;.

Doov a<popo mv npdrtn 01-l00a spcrtnceov nc OXEtlKE<; I-IE LOU<; apISI-l0u<; otnv nportn Epwmon

1. BaAE otn oerpu, orro LOV I1IKPO"[Epo npoc LOV I1EyaAULEpo, LOUC; apI9I1ouC;: 1,53 1 ~ 1,058 1,6 r

rropouomotnxe smruxio I-I0VO 11,1%, YEYOVO<; rrou OEixVEI on 01 l-IaSm:E<; OEV unopouv va uvnuetortioouv roue apISI-l0u<; rrou ol66xmKav w<; ouvxptourc OLOIxEia EVO<; svmiou ouvosou ahM SEWPOUV ~EXWPIOLO LO ouvoha tWV oxepniuv, tWV oEKaolKwv KOI tWV pntov aplSl-lwv. H toutoxpovn ouvurrcpln tPIWV EIOWV aplSl-lwv LOU<; rrpoKahEi ouvxuon.

'OOOV aq>opo nc rrpo~EI<;, n urrotuxio EivOI evturrooioxri.

~ + f = to 28,9% tWV l-IaSm:wv urrohoyi~EI OWOLO LO oSpOlol-ia

~ : ~ = to 23,6"10 LWV l1a9rn:Wv unoAoyi~E1 owot6 to nMiKo me olOipeanc;,

28

r'

,

i

I

-1- KEljlclAaJO 1

A~lOA6ynon 1:WV Ma9nl.laUKWV rVWOEWV 1:WV Ma9n1:wv 1:1:' lml.l0UKOIJ KaJ r rUI.IVcl010U

1 - 1~ = KOl uovo LO 22% unopet va EI((EAEOEI oooto mv cecipeon

TEAoc;, omv KOAUu:pn nepirrtocn. I-IOA](; to 57,4% I-ITTOPEi va UTTOAOyioEI oootn to TTnAiKo me olOipEon<; 3 : 5.

18

H nAwpo LOU tstpcvovou eivm:

5

3

H rrspiuetpoc tou "[apaywvou sivct:

4

Ol ETTI1:uxiE<; EivOI 45,1% oto TTPWto UTTOEPWLnI-l0, 38% m:OOEUtEPO, 45,5 oro tpito KOI I-I0VO 35,2 oto tstopto, EVW Ol Aov800I-lEVE<; ortovmoeic EivOI 31,7%, 34,9%, 28,7% KOI 34,5% uvtiototxo.

LtnV tpiLn 01-1000 EpWtnOEwv (YEWI-IEtPIK£<; EWOlE<;) KOI m:nv EpWLnOn 14. <PiPE tnv Ko8an uno LO onueio A rrpoc tnv w8Eia.

\

·A

To OTTOtEA£oI-lOm EivOI uvnouxrrnxo: 25,5% erntuxio KOI 71,9% Aov800I-lEVE<; OTTOvtnOEI<;.

LE EVa EPWLnI-lO TTOU OTTOItEi OOUAEIO TTOVW OE oxnuotc (rrsprrtn xutnvopio epctnosov) oto UTTOEPWLnI-l0 100, TTOpOUOlO(EtOl I-IEyoAn erntuxio (86,5%).

lOa. LKiaoE 1:0 1 tou tstpcvuvou:

29

, _--_.

flopouoioon LOU 'Epyou: Epeuvo ym EvaMaKDKE~ IilliaKDKE~ TTpaOEyyiOE1~ om IilliaOKaAia 1:WV Ma6nl101JKWV

Avri8ELO oto UnOEpWLnlJa lOB, 01 erntuxisc IJE1WVOvrOl oro 41% (IJE 55,4% Aav8ao1JEVE<; ortuvmcac).

lOB. IKiao£ 1:0 ~ TOU oXOlJaLO<;:

-

J

LLnV tpitn UnOEpWLnOn lOy, IJOVO LO 51,3% cnovtuai ouoto (30,7% Aav8ao1JEVE<; cnovtrioerc).

lOy. IKiao£ 1:0 1- LOU tsrpcvevou:

Ll:nV EKtn opa6a Ep~~naE~V, IJE npOBAnlJal:a l:EOOOpWV npO~EWV nou ncpouotnfovtm AEKUKO, oro npOBAnlJa nou aKOAOu8Ei 01 OWcn:E<; anovmoarc eivm 33,3% (01 Aav8ao1JEVE<; 34,7%).

18. MIO To~n EX£1 31 lJaemE<; KOI 1:0 xopttcro sivm KaTO 3 rteproootepo ana 1:0 nvopto. llooo sivm 1:0 ovopm KOI noaa TO xopitoru:

Avri8ELa, oto npoBAnlJa nou aKoAou8Ei, n KOLocn:aon BEAUWVELOl Olo8mo KOl 01 OWcn:E<; unovtrioerc eivm 58,2% (01 Aav8aolJEvE<; 27,1%)

4. 0 r1own<; ovopcoe 5 OOKOAOT£<; KOI E6wo£ 2 Xl}l1oplKa. nope psoto 400 6paXIJE<;. Iloosc 6paXIJE<; KOOTI~£ KOe£ oOKoAOTa;

TEAO<;, OE 1J1O uoxnon nou OUVOUO~El otorxsin me tpitnc KOl tstoptnc OlJooa<; (YEWIJELP1KE<; EWOlE<; KOl ypaq>IKO OEOOIJEva) 01 lJa8mE<; nou orrnvrouv oootc ovspxovtm IJOA1<; oto 14,1% LOU oEiYlJaLO<; EVW 01 Aav8ao1JEVE<; unovtrioeic oto 57,6%.

----

30

-I- KEQlOAOlO 1

A~lOAoynon lWV Ma6nllal1Kwv rVWOEWV lWV Ma6mwv h' lInllol1Kou KOl r rUIlVOOlOU

13. YnOAOYlO£ LnV rrspiuetpo LOU OXrlIJOLO<;: 150

- ------.... 1

31

100

L\IOCPOptf; cpuhou, nEpIOX&»V KOI GXOhEi6)V

'OOOV acpopa to CPUAO, am L\nj.lODKa euoovfctnsnv OlacpopEe; OE 6 ana 10 57 epertnucto KQ1 rrrov aAEe; unep tov ovoprov.

EpwvriSnKE, enionc, n olQcpoponoinon we; npoc tnv nepioxn (Nopoi 8moaAoviKne;, Efipou KQ1 Iwavvivwv). Ej.lcpavimnKav AiYEe; olacpopEe; rrou OEV rrruv ouotnuonxc urrsp KanOlae; nspioxnc.

AvtiS Eta , 01 OlQcpOpEe; j.lE1O~U rev Em600Ewv tWV olQcpapwv OXOAEiwv avo epotnon ntov j.lEyaAEe;. L\ivOUj.lE EVOE1KtlKa Evav nivoxo smoocetov ava OXOAEio otnv EpWtnon 3:

3. 8p£<; EVOV op18IJo IJHO~U 1:WV op18IJwv + KOI 1-
nOOOOLQ smtuxioc AKP1Bw<; 50% 20 - 30% 10 - 20% 0-10% AKP1Bw<; 0%
AP181Jo<; oxoA£iwv 1 3 8 4 6 nivaKa~ 3. Errrr:uxiEt; l"6.lV ilnpOl"lKtdV IxoAEi6.lv otnv Eptdl"nOn 3.

napouoiaon l:OU 'Epyou: 'EpEwa ylO EvaMaKUKE~ li11)aKUKE~ TTPOOEyyiOE1~ am 010aOKaAia l:WV Ma6nllouKwV

B. Ano't£AiaJjo'to rUJjvoaiou 01 £m600£1C;

rE Kallia aTTO 1:1<; E~I OIOO1:OOEI<; OEV UTTnp~E ETTIl:Uxia, 01:1<; 1:pEI<; 1l0VO to TTOOOO1:O smtuxioc UTTEpEBnoav 1:0 50% (Ilivcxnc 6). Ta TTOOOO1:O erntuxioc O1:OV mvcxo 5 npoxurrtouv W<; IlEOOl OPOI 1:WV TTOOOO1:WV emtuxioc 01:1<; EpW1:nOEI<; TTOU aTTap1:i~ouv LnV KOSE OIOO1:aon.

011060 nEplEXollEVO EPWTllOEWV noooma
spomoeov - srntuxfcc
1 AplellOi: 0) TO OUVOAa aplellwv, B) tn 6laTO~n tov aplellwv, y) 56,4
TOUe; tponouc ypaqllle;, 6) TIe; rrpa~Ele; IlHa~U TWV aplellwv
2 Xprion IlHaBAnTrie; 0) otn Smturroon Illae; oxsonc B) otnv 44,9
ETIiAUOn Illae; E~iowone; y) otov opiouo 1l1Oe; ouvdptnonc
3 V<EOEle; avaAoyiae; (nooc avaAoya, noon ovnorpoecc avaAoya, 59,6
KOI noon rrou OUV6EOVTOl IlHa~u TOUe; IlE GAMe; OXEOEIe;)
4 ArrMe; YEWIlHpIKEe; EVVOlEe;: nspi usrpoc, ywvia, EIlBaMv, 53,1
KaeHOTnTa
5 Xprion oxnuctov KOI ypalpnllaTWv 48,7
6 Mon rrpoBAnllaTwv reoocpov rrpa~Ewv rrou rtupouomfovtrn 45,8
AEKTIKa niVOKO( 4. ",toO( opO( Em600E6JV ova opa60 Ep6JTnOE6JV OTO rUpvaOl0.

l1ivOUIlE O1:n ouvexeic EVOEIKTIKO 1:1<; ETTlOOOEI<; 1:WV llaSnLWV tnc r' Iupvuoiou OE 0PIOIlEVE<; uno 1:1<; EpW1:nOEI<;.

hnv np6)l'n £p6)"[nOn TTOU ceopc tn Olol:O~n aplSllwv:

1. BaAE om cstpn, uno TOV IlIKpOTEPO rrpoe; TOV IlEyaAUTEpo, TOUe; aplelloue;: 1,53 1 1- 1,124 1,058 1,6 +

KOI Bpsc tn eEon TOUe; rravw otnv weEia TWV aplellwv:

o 1 2

-----1------------------------------1------------------------------1------------------------------

to aTT01:EAEOllal:O OEixvouv smtuxio 01:0 TTPW1:O UTTOEpWLnlla 1l0VO 40,2% IlE UTTEpBoAIKO aplSllo AavSaollEvwv aTTaVl:nOEWV (57,7%), EVW 01:0 OEU1:EPO urroepotnuo 1:0 TTOOOO1:O srnruxioc TTECP1:EI cxoun TTEpIOOO1:EPO, 28,9%, aMo 01 AavSaollEvE<; TTEplOpi~oVl:OI (47%) iow<; YlOti TTEPIOOO1:EPOl llaSnLE<; aTT' 01:1 01:0 rrponvouusvo urroepormuo TT101:EUOUV 01:1 OEV IlTTOPOUV va

----

32

- I - KEqlOAOlO 1

A~1OlI6ynon l:WV Ma9nllauKwv rVWOEWV l:WV Ma9nl:wv h' l1nllouKou KOI r rUIlVOOlOU

ovtortokp'Bouv a priori oro epotnuo cuto,

'Ooov o<popa "[1(; npa~El<;, n unotuxio Eiv01 evtuneomxri.

13 +L=

, 5

Movo LO 25,7% unoAoyi~El oooto LO a8p010IJa

1 - ?2 = L:L=

5 3

L+L= 5 3

Movo "[0 51,8% pnopsi va EKLEAEOEI oootn tnv aq>aipEOn.

To 59,1% LWV lJa8mwv unOAoyi~E1 OWOLa"[O nnAiKo me olOipEon<;.

lEAO<;, otnv KaM"[Epn nepirrtoon, IJOA1<; LO 74,1% unopsi va unosovioet oootc LO nnAiKo tnc olOipEOn<; 3 : 5.

LTI<; EPW"[rlOE1<; nou neopouv tn xpnan lJE't'aBAn"'[n~, OOOV acpopa tnv miAuon anAwv E~lOWOEWV:

\12. Mof. tnv f.~iowon: 5 + x = 3

K01

\13. Mof. tnv f.~iowon: 0,5-x = 3

01 smtuxisc Eiv01 66,3% K01 49,1% ovtiotorxo.

LLnV EpWLnOn nou acpopa TI<; avaAoviE~:

8. IUllnMpwof. tov rnvcxu onusiovovmc ./ onou npsnst:

ovompOljlw<; 011-rf. ovaAoyo 011-rf.
To noon sivm: ovaAoyo cvnotpoeoc
ovaAoyo ovaAoyo 3 5 7 9
6 10 14 18
1 2 3 4
3 5 7 9
3 4 6 8
8 6 4 3
20 30 50 80
50 75 125 200
33 ,........

21. rIO va nAoKocn:pWOOUIJE EVa oonEoo XPE10~OIJOcn:E 160 "[HPOYWVE!; nMKE!; nAWpO!; 30 EKOLOcn:WV LOU IJEcpou. nOOE!; nMKE!; nAWpO!; 40 EKOLOcn:WV XPEIO~OIJOcn:E vm va cn:PWOOUIJE "[0 1010 oonEoo;

napouoiaon LOU 'EpVOU: Epauvo VIC EvaMaKUKE<; 610aKUK~\ npooEyyiOEI<; om OloaoKaAia ,1IlV Ma6nllOUKWV

1:0 arrOtE:AEO~a1:O rrOlKiAOUV KOI OEixvouv K01:aVOnOn KOI EVIOTTlO~O aVOAOYWV nooov EUKOMn:pa 01:OV 0 Myor, eivrn aKEpOlOr, (78%) err' OD OEKa01KOr, (29,5%) KOI EVO](]~EOa BpioKOVIOl 01 erntuxisc vrn tnv cvovvopion "[WV aVDOLpOcpWr, avaMywv rrooov (60,5%) rl ~lar, ypa~~IKrlr, ~n aVaAOY1Krlr, OXEOnr, (44,8%).

LE rrpOBAn~a "[EOOOpWV rrpO~EWV rrou rrapOU010~ELOl AEKL1KO:

"[a arrO"[EAEO~a1:O sivm arrEATTlODKO: ETTlLUXia 14,8% KOI AaVeao~EvEr, cnovmoetc ono LO 56,4% rev ~aenLWV rrou enfvetm va nvvoouv LO ~EYEeOr, KOI va Ecpap~o~ouv LO ~OVIEAO tov avOAoywv nooov.

LLO rrpoBAn~a rrou orrorrouoe arrAEr, YEW~ELP1KEr, EVV01Er, aMo KOI on~lOupY1Krl OKEqJn LO nooooto emtuxicc sivm ~IKPO (30,9%). llepirrou LO 1010 nooooto OEV urrnvtnos (30,2%) EVW 01 UrrOAOlTTOl Eowoav AaVeaO~EvEr, orrovtnoetc (38,9%):

100

18. YnoAOYIOE tnv nEpIIJHpO "[OU oxnuoroo 150

_.

34

- I - KElpclAOIO 1

A~lOA6ynon tWV Mo9nllOUKWV rVWOEWV tWV Mo9mwv rI' llnllouKou KOI r rUIlVcl010U

TEAO<;, O1:nV epotnon nou a<popa oioxefpton O£OOIJEVWV rrou oivovtot ypacplKa:

17. H Iocvvo <pln:£I\1£ EVO <pul:a <ITOV Krirro me; KOl j.J£l:pOUO£ LO ul\loe; LOU KoB£ £Booj.Jooo.

M£ nc j.J£l:prio£le; me; oxnuunoe tnv rrOpOKOl:W ypO<plKri rtopnotnon:

M£i\ano£ tn ypO<plKri nopdorcon KOl oncvmos <ITO epetnuoto:

o. hn 010PK£10 nome £BoolJoooe; to <pULa ou~riBnK£ nsptoootspo:

B. EKTIlJno£ LO Ul\Ioe; tou <pULOU <ITO IJEOOV me; £BOOlJoooe; 29n - 36n nuspo. y. It VOlJi~£Ie; au ouvEBn tnv l:£i\wmio £BOOIJOOO (57n - 64n j.JEpO);

35
30
-o 25
0
.....
=> 20
9-
V' 15
0
3-
(- 10
5
0 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71

1:0 nOOOO1:a smtuxioc £iVOl 19,5%, 51,45% KOl 79,5% ovtiotorxo.

Al0CPOptC; cpuAou KOl axoAEi(a)v

'OOOV ceopn 1:0 cpuAo, 01:0 rUIJVaOlO £IJCPaVi01:nKaV 01OCPOPE<; oe 15 uno 1:0 61 eponnuoto KOl ntov 6A£<; urrsp rev nvopuov. H olOcpoponoinon w<; npoc mv nepioxn £lJcpavi~£l 01OCPOPE<; rrou eivm OU01:nlJa"(lKa urrsp KanolO<; rrspioxnc.

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38

0IiP: .......... ' • •• - •

-1- KE!poAOlO 1

A~IOMynon 1:WV MoBnllOUKWV rVWOEWV 1:WV MoBn1:wv 1:1:' lInliOUKOU KOI r rUIIV0010U

BI8A10YPOIP1KiC; AvolPopiC;

Bednarz, N., Kieran, c., Lee, L. (1996) Approaches to algebra, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Brown, M. (1981) Place Value and Decimals. In K. Hart (ed), Children's Understanding of Mathematics: 11-16, John Murray.

Clarke, D. (1996) Assessment in Bishop, A.J. et al. (eds.) International Handbook of Mathematics Education (Part one). Dortrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 327-370.

Department of Education and Science, APU - Assessment of Performance Unit (1980) Mathematical Development, Primary Survey Report No. 1. HMSO.

Department of Education and Science, APU - Assessment of Performance Unit (1981) Mathematical Development, Secondary Survey Report No.2. HMSO.

Dickson, L., Brown, M., Gibson, O. (1984) Children Learning Mathematics, Oxford: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Hart, K. (ed) (1981) Children's Understanding of Mathematics:11-16, John Murray.

Jaworski, B. (1994) Investigating Mathematics Teaching: A Constructivist Inquiry. London-Washington-D.C. :

The Falmer Press.

Kaldrimidou M. & Ikonomou A. (1998) Epistemological and metacognitive conceptions as factors involved in the learning of mathematics: a study, which focuses on graphic representations of functions. In BartoliniBussi M., Sierpinska A. & Steinbring H. (Eds). Language and communication in the mathematics classroom. NCTM Reston, Virginia

Kerslake, D. (1981) Graphs. In K. Hart (ed), Children's Understanding of Mathematics: 11-16, John Murray.

Kieran, C. (1992) The learning and teaching of school algebra. In D.A. Grouws (ed), Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning, New York: Macmillan.

Kuchemann, D. (1981) Algebra. In K. Hart (ed), Children's Understanding of Mathematics: 11-16, John Murray.

National Council for Teachers of Mathematics (1989) Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics.

Niss, M. (199) Goals of Mathematical Teaching in Bishop, A.J. et al. (eds.) International Handbook of Mathematics Education (Part one). DortrechtfBoston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 11-48.

Niss, M. (ed.) (1993) Investigations into Assessment in Mathematics Education, An ICMI study, London:

Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Osterlind, S. (1998) Constructing Test Items: Multiple Choice, Constructed Reponses, Performance and Other Formats, london: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Schmidt, W. et als (1997) Many visions, many Aims, Vol. 1, A Cross National Investigation of Curriculum Intentions in School Mathematics, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Sfard, A. (1991) On the dual nature of mathematical conceptions: reflections on processes and objects as different sides of the same coin, Educational Studies in Mathematics, 22, 1-36.

Shuard, H. (1986) Primary Mathematics today and tomorrow, York: Longman.

ATTomoAoTTouAo~, A. (1995) 01 vospoi 0plBlinuKoi uTToAoY10ll0i otn lIoBnllouKn EKTToiowon, npOKUKO 120u 1:UVEOP10U E.M.E., o. 229-240.

EUMEion, A. & lInlimpiou, A. (1992.) rVWOUKE~ lKOV01:mE~ KOI lIoBnllouKE~ EJTl60oEl~ OE lIoBmE~ A' KOI B' Iuuvcoiou, ljJuxoAoyio, 11, o. 11-29.

' .. ~ 03 .... r_..e.·' • - • .' • • .-

39

nopouoioon l:OU 'Epyou: 'EPEWO ylO EVoMoKrlKE<; lillioKrlKE<; npooEyyioE1<; om lillioOKoAio IWV MOen~OtIKWV

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KopoYlWPY0<;, 1:1. & KOOl~om A. (1996) H srriooon IWV ~Oentwv A' ru~vooiou 01:0 Moen~otIKo KOI n orcon IOU<; onevovn OE auto: ~IO npocnceno lilEpEuvnon<; me ~EtO~U IOU<; oxeonc, npOKrlKO 130u ruvEliplOU E.M.E. o. 202-235.

KoeoAn, E. KOI oMOI (1987) 01 ~Oen~OtIKE<; YVWOEI<; IWV ~OenIwv tnc r Iuuvcoiou. EuKAEilin<; r, 14, o. 63-71.

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AE~ovilin<;, x. (1996) E~nElplKn Epeuvu otnv IKoVOmtO miAuon<; E~IOWOEWV A' Boe~ou otouc ~Oent€<; IOU ru~vooiou, Epauvnnxn I:11001:00n me I:1lliOKtlKn<; IWV MOen~OtlKWV, 1, 14-35.

MOKPO<;, L KOI roAixo<;, M. (1991) A~IOAoynon l:WV YVWOEWV IWV ~OentWV 01:0 Moen~otIKo KOl:O tnv eioofio IOU<; 01:0 MKElo, EuKAEilin<; r, 30-31, o. 42-60.

Ilotnpn, 1:1. (1989) I:1UOKOAiE<; ~oenon<; IWV MOen~OtlKWV 01:0 rU~VOOlO, EuKAEilin<; l", 21, 0.3-22.

tjllAinnou, r. (1990) 01 ~Oen~OtlKE<; YVWOEI<; IWV unoeottov IOU I:1n~OtlKOU aoAEiou. MID oUyKpmKn o~lOA6ynon. npOKtlKO E.M.E., o. 91-117.

IPlAinnou, r. (1991) 01 ~Oen~OtlKE<; YVWOEI<; IWV OnOIpOiIWV IOU I:1n~OtlKOU aoAEiou KOI 01 EKtI~nOEI<; IWV liOOKOAwv, ruyxpovn EKnoiliwon, 58, o. 33-37.

IPlAinnou, r. (1992) 01 ~Oen~OtlKE<; YVWOEI<; IWV IEAEIOlpoiIWV IOU Iuuvcciou, EuKAEilin<; l", 33-34, o. 81-97

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