Transformers

Transformer Ratings
• VA rating
• Cooling
– 1000 kVA 55°C ONAN
• Frequency
• Voltage
• Phase
Separate Windings

N1

N2

V1 I1 V2
I2

V2 N2 I1
= =
V1 N1 I2
 Autotransformer

N1

V1 I1 V2
N2
I2

V2 N2 I1
= =
V1 N1 I2
 Connections
INPUT
Va1 Vb1 Vc1

Vc2 b2 a2

Va3 Vb3
Vc3
Off Load Tap Changers
On Load Tap-Changers
Line

HV
Voltage
Varying

Reactors
Neutral
End LV
8 Cont
Voltage
Bypass Vacuum 7
Switch Switch
6

Selector 2
Switch
1
B B
2 2

1 1
A A
(1) (2)

B B
2 2
Tap-Changer
Sequence of
1 1
A A

Operation
(3) (4)

B B
2 2

1 1
A A
(5) (6)

B B
2 2

1 1
A A
(7) (8)

B B
2 2

1 1
A A
(9) (10)
 Transformer Losses
• No-Load
– Hysteresis
– Eddy Currents
– A tiny winding loss due to exciting current
• Winding Losses
– Vary with the square of the load
Copper Losses
Core Losses
Laminated Core
 Transformer Hot Spot

Thermocouple

winding "hot Spot"

oil bath

Transformer Oil
Core Heating
 Instrument Transformers
• Step down values to safe levels for measurement
• Potential Transformers
– Also called voltage transformers
– Standard output 120V
• Current Transformers
– Standard output of 1 or 5 amps
– Metering and relaying standards
– Can produce high voltages if open circuited
You do the Questions