3- BASICS Y Transformation for balanced load Z 3Z Y Balanced 3- Systems V ab 120 V bc V ab 240 V ca I a 120 I b I a 240 I c |V ab | |I a | 3 |V an | 3 |I ab |

V ab 30 V an I ab 30 I a S 3 3 V an I a

S 3 3 V ab I ab S 3 3 V ab I a 30 PER UNIT SYSTEM SB VBIB V2 ZB 1 B YB SB

S3 B 3S B line V line B Z3 B ZB

3 VB
2

line V line B

S3 B MAGNETIC CIRCUIT RELATIONS 0 4 10 7

l A

2 A L N N2 R l F NI l R A Faradays Law

dt dt N dt dt TRANSFORMERS Ideal transformer voltage and current relations E1 N1 a 1 n E2 N2 I1 N2 1 n a I2 N1 Transformer modelling - impedance relations secondary winding impedance reflected to primary 2 Z 2 N 1 Z 2 a 2 Z 2 N2 primary winding impedance reflected to secondary 2 Z 1 N 2 Z 1 n 2 Z 1 N1 equivalent impedance seen at primary Z in Z 1 a 2 Z 2 a 2 Z load Impedance Diagram Representation 2 V2 B V2 2,B 2 V 1,B and Z n Z 1,B S1, 2,B S SB B B Z1 Z2 Z 1,p.u. Z 1,B and Z 2,p.u. Z 2,B Autotransformer - impedance relations equivalent impedance seen at primary - step down, neglecting core loss Z in Z 1 a 1 2 Z 2 a 2 Z load equivalent impedance seen at primary - step up, neglecting core loss Z in a 1 2 Z 1 a 2 Z 2 a 2 Z load conducted and transformed power S capacity S transformed S conducted capacity increase - step down (a 1) S capacity a a1 S rating capacity increase - step down (a 1) S capacity 1 1a S rating Efficiency P out 100% 1 P losses 100% P in P in Voltage Regulation V 1,serving rated load at rated voltage 1 100% VR V 1,rated V t POWER AND ENERGY FUNDAMENTALS

Pm mTm eaia Energy - power relationship P dW dt Energy stored in inductor W 1 LI 2 2 Mechanical kinetic energy W 1 mv 2 2 Mechanical energy stored in rotating machine W m 1 J 2 2 m Magnetic field energy stored in machine inductances 1 L rr i 2 L sr i s i r W f 1 L ss i 2 s r 2 2 FARADAYS LAW V d dt CYLINDRICAL ROTOR AC MACHINE Some notation for rotating machines p # of poles s sychronous frequency n s synchronous mechanical speed in rpm m rotor mechanical frequency n r rotor mechanical speed in rpm N r # of rotor winding turns L rr rotor self inductance N s # of stator winding turns L ss stator self inductance L sr rotor-stator mutual inductance Self and Mutual Inductances 4 0 N s N r lr cos m M cos m L sr g L ss L rr 4 0 N 2 s lr g

4 0 N 2 r lr g Induced armature voltage

e s t

4 0 N s N r lr di r t cos t dL sr i r g dt dt Induced armature voltage under constant speed and DC rotor current 4 0 N s N r lr m I r cos m t 90 e s t g Electrical torque W f i s , i r , m Te m under constant speed T e Mi s i r cos m t 90 and also sis Te e m DC MACHINES Induced armature voltage Ea Kapm KaIfm Electrical torque aIa Te E m Shunt connected motor - p or I f constant Ea Vt IaRa T e K a I f I a

Vt TeRa Rf TeRaR2 f 2 K a I f K I V K K a a f a t 2 Series connected motor (fields additive)- p varies linearly with I a , i.e, I a I f T e K a I 2 a m m Vt Ra Rf K a I a K a Vt R a R f Ka KaTe

CYLINDRICAL ROTOR SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES Speed and frequency relationships p m s 2 n r n s 120 p fs Circuit relation E a V t R a I a jX s I a Electrical power output - lossless, per phase P out E a V t sin Xs

E a V t cos V 2 t Xs INDUCTION MACHINES Speed and frequency relationships n r slip s ns n s Q out r s m s s rotor current frequency pn f r sf s s s 120 Input impedance per phase 2 Z in R 1 jX 1 R c //X c // R s jX 2 Copper loss per phase 2 P loss R 1 I 2 1 R2I2 Mechanical power developed s 2 P dev 1 s R2I2