REVIEW OF LITERATUREDeveltere, Huybrechts !""#$.

Abstract%

P.

and

A.

"The impact of microcredit on the poor in Bangladesh." Alternatives 30(2): 16 !1"#.

This article presents a comparative overvie$ of the most relevant findings from st%dies of the impact of microcredit instit%tions li&e the 'rameen Ban& and B(A) in Bangladesh. *t first eval%ates the evidence on economic impacts+ $hich s%ggests that the v%lnera,ilit- of ,an& mem,ers has ,een red%ced even if there is no consens%s a,o%t $hether the t$o instit%tions also red%ce povert-. *t then considers the social impact+ especiall- in relation to the sit%ation of poor $omen and to vario%s spill!over effects in different spheres of social and economic life.

&cInt'sh, (.,A. de )anvry, et al. !""#$.

".o$ rising competition among microfinance instit%tions affects inc%m,ent lenders." /conomic 0o%rnal 11 ( 06): #"1!1002.

Abstract%
This article %ses data from 3ganda4s largest inc%m,ent microfinance instit%tion to anal-5e the impact of entr- ,- competing lenders on client ,ehavio%r. 6e o,serve that rising competition does not lead to an increase in client dropo%t rate+ ,%t ind%ces a decline in repa-ment performance and savings deposited $ith the inc%m,ent+ s%ggesting rising m%ltiple loan!ta&ing ,clients. This 7oint effect on dropo%t and repa-ment is consistent $ith some negative information a,o%t clients and is ,eing shared across lenders. .o$ever+ the o,served decline in repa-ment rates in a conte8t of rising m%ltiple loan!ta&ing sho$s that information sharing a,o%t clients is far from complete.

East'n,T. !""#$.
9The hidden $ealth of the poor.: /conomist+ 311 ("2 1): 3!6+ 11; ;200 .

*'tes%
This article recognises microfinance as a strateg- to$ards povert- alleviation. Traditionall-+ the poor $ere not vie$ed as investment $orth- and $ere e8cl%ded from financial services. <ther ,arriers to developing financial services for the poor incl%de high and volatile inflation in developing co%ntries+ incompetent governments+ and a lac& of necessar- legal frame$or& for financial services. )orr%ption is a ma7or deterrent to so%nd financial services ,eca%se it raises the

cost of each financial transaction and it %ndermines c%stomers4 confidence in the financial s-stem. A 6orld Ban& st%d- in *ndia fo%nd that ,orro$ers paid ,ri,es ranging from " to 22= of the price of their loans. Also+ inade>%ate p%,lic services li&e electricit- to po$er comp%ters ma&e it diffic%lt for financial firms to e8pand their services. ?ore recentl- (since 1#104s)+ there is a rise in e8perimentation and provision of microfinance for the poor that %ses a ,ottom!%p approach+ ranging from credit+ savings+ remittances+ to ins%rance. @on!profit organi5ations s%ch as <pport%nit- *nternational in )olom,ia and 'rameen Ban& in Bangladesh offer small loans to the ver- poor $ith lo$ interest rates. Aoans are offered to gro%p mem,ers $ho m%st monitor and &eep each other acco%nta,le for repa-ments+ and in so doing+ mem,ers are allo$ed to ,orro$ larger s%ms of mone-. ?icrofinance seems s%ccessf%l in povertalleviation. A 6orld Ban& report sho$s that there is a strong correlation ,et$een financial access and higher incomes. *ncreasingl-+ local and international ,an&ing giants are tapping into the microfinance mar&et.

&cInt'sh, (.,A. de )anvry, et al. !""#$.

".o$ rising competition among microfinance instit%tions affects inc%m,ent lenders." /conomic 0o%rnal 11 ( 06): #"1!1002.

Abstract%
This article %ses data from 3ganda4s largest inc%m,ent microfinance instit%tion to anal-se the impact of entr- ,- competing lenders on client ,ehavio%r. 6e o,serve that rising competition does not lead to an increase in client dropo%t rate+ ,%t ind%ces a decline in repa-ment performance and savings deposited $ith the inc%m,ent+ s%ggesting rising m%ltiple loan!ta&ing ,clients. This 7oint effect on dropo%t and repa-ment is consistent $ith some negative information a,o%t clients and is ,eing shared across lenders. .o$ever+ the o,served decline in repa-ment rates in a conte8t of rising m%ltiple loan!ta&ing sho$s that information sharing a,o%t clients is far from complete.

&cInt'sh,(.and+.Wyd,c- !""#$.
")ompetition and microfinance." 0o%rnal of Bevelopment /conomics 1"(2): 211!2#".

Abstract%
)ompetition ,et$een microfinance instit%tions (?C*s) in developing co%ntries has increased dramaticall- in the last decade. 6e model the ,ehavior of non!profit lenders+ and sho$ that their non!standard+ client!ma8imi5ing o,7ectives ca%se them to cross!s%,sidi5e $ithin their pool of ,orro$ers. Th%s $hen competition eliminates rents on profita,le ,orro$ers+ it is li&el- to -ield a ne$ e>%ili,ri%m in $hich poor ,orro$ers are $orse off. As competition e8acer,ates as-mmetric information pro,lems over ,orro$er inde,tedness+ the most impatient ,orro$ers ,egin to o,tain

m%ltiple loans+ creating a negative e8ternalit- that leads to less favora,le e>%ili,ri%m loan contracts for all ,orro$ers.

+en.a/,n,L.,).0.Rub,n,etal. !""1$.
")omm%nit- development financial instit%tions: )%rrent iss%es and f%t%re prospects." 0o%rnal of 3r,an Affairs 26(2): 111!1# .

Abstract%
)omm%nit- development financial instit%tions ()BC*s) help to address the financial needs of %nder!served+ predominantl- lo$!income comm%nities. )BC*s incl%de comm%nit- development ,an&s+ credit %nions+ ,%siness and microenterprise loan f%nds+ and vent%re capital f%nds. Altho%gh )BC*s are a rapidl- gro$ing and an increasingl- important area of comm%niteconomic development+ the- have not received proportionate attention from academic researchers. This article ,egins to address the gap. *t o%tlines the histor- of the )BC* ind%strand details ho$ )BC*s are responding to three specific development needs: ,asic financial servicesD afforda,le credit for home p%rchase+ reha,ilitation+ and maintenanceD and loan and e>%it- capital for ,%siness development. The article then considers the strengths and limitations of )BC*s+ concentrating especiall- on the relationship ,et$een )BC*s and conventional financial instit%tions. *t concl%des ,- e8amining the impact that these alternative financial instit%tions realisticall- can hope to achieve.

&'sley, P.and). R'c-. !""1$. 2

?icrofinance+ la,o%r mar&ets and povert- in Africa: ast%d- of si8 instit%tions." 0o%rnal of *nternational Bevelopment 16(3): 261.

Abstract%
6e e8amine a range of si8 African microfinance instit%tions $ith a vie$ to assessing and if possi,le enhancing their povert- impact. The impact of microfinance loans is varia,le ,et$een instit%tions+ $ith a tendenc- in partic%lar for savings services to ,e ta&en %p ,- people $ell ,elo$ the povert- line+ especiall- in Eo%th Africa and Fen-a. .o$ever+ man- ,enefits to the poor from microfinance programmes+ in Africa at least+ are li&el- to come via an indirect ro%te+ via 4$ider impacts4 or 4spin!offs4+ rather than ,- thro%gh direct impacts on ,orro$ers.

3'd4u,n,&. !""1$.
"?icrofinance repa-ment performance in Bangladesh: .o$ to improve the allocation of loans ,?C*s." 6orld Bevelopment 32(11): 1#0#!1#26.

Abstract%

The aim of this article is to prod%ce a comprehensive anal-sis of the performance of microfinance instit%tions (?C*s) in terms of repa-ment. 6e foc%s the anal-sis on the impact of gro%p lending+ nonfinancial services and d-namic incentives on repa-ment performance. 6e test for endogeneit- of loan si5e and %se instr%mental varia,les to correct for it. *n the second section of the paper+ $e %se a comparative anal-sis of the determinants of the repa-ment performance and of loan si5e in order to ma&e polic- recommendations on the allocation of loans ,- ?C*s.

Tsa,,5.0. !""1$.
"*mperfect s%,stit%tes: The local political econom- of informal finance and microfinance in r%ral )hina and *ndia." 6orld Bevelopment 32(#): 12"1!1 01.

Abstract%
Ban&ing a%thorities in ,oth )hina and *ndia have attempted to limit most forms of informal finance ,- reg%lating them+ ,anning them+ and allo$ing certain t-pes of microfinance instit%tions. The latter polic- aims to increase the availa,ilit- of credit to lo$!income entreprene%rs and eliminate their reliance on %s%rio%s financing. @onetheless+ the intended clients of microfinance contin%e to dra$ on informal finance in ,oth r%ral )hina and *ndia. This article arg%es that the persistence of informal finance ma- ,e traced to fo%r complementarreasons!the limited s%ppl- of formal credit+ limits in state capacit- to implement its policies+ the political and economic segmentation of local mar&ets+ and the instit%tional $ea&nesses of manmicrofinance programs.

)'hns'n,0. !""1$.
"The impact of microfinance instit%tions in local financial mar&ets: a case st%d- from Fen-a." 0o%rnal of *nternational Bevelopment 16(3): 01.

Abstract%
This paper loo&s ,e-ond the direct impact of microcredit provision on %sers to e8amine $hether microfinance instit%tions (?C*s) have had $ider impacts $ithin the local financial mar&ets in $hich the- are operating. *t considers the potential for ,oth competition and demonstration effects on other financial providers. *n the conte8t of local financial mar&ets in and aro%nd the small to$n of Faratina in )entral Fen-a+ s%ppl- side information is %sed to investigate the &echanges in provision ,et$een 1### and 2003. The paper concl%des that changing macroeconomic conditions have ,een the main driver increasing competition for middle and lo$er income clients and that fe$ competition or demonstration effects res%lting from the ?C*s are in evidence

Weber,H. !""1$.

"The 4ne$ econom-4 and social ris&: ,an&ing on the poorG" (evie$ of *nternational Holitical /conom- 11(2): 3 6!3"6.

Abstract%
The rise of the 4ne$ econom-4 in man- of the advanced capitalist states since the 1#10s has entailed a re!organi5ation of glo,al social and political relations generall-. These changes ,ecome apparent in anal-ses that foc%s on trends and shifts in the glo,al political econom-. *n the conte8t of these ad7%stments+ disco%rses of 4povert- red%ction4 have come to prominence+ $ith a partic%lar financiall- steered strateg- emerging as a &e- approach to 4povert- red%ction4 on a glo,al scale+ namel- microcredit. * arg%e that the microcredit approach to povert- red%ction is strategicall- em,edded in the glo,al political econom-. *t has ,een appropriated primaril- to facilitate the implementation of financial sector li,erali5ation on a glo,al scale. Additionall-+ the conte8ts in $hich these programmes are implemented also reflect the motive of achieving a form of social disciplining aimed at commanding compliance for neo!li,eral restr%ct%ring more generall-. * develop this arg%ment thro%gh an anal-sis of the $a- in $hich microcredit is located in ! and implemented thro%gh ! the instit%tional polic- frame$or& of the 6orld Ban& and the *nternational ?onetar- C%nd (*?C)+ and the conse>%ent implications this has for the reali5ation of the $ider o,7ectives of these instit%tions in glo,al politics.

&'sley, P.and). R'c-. !""1$. 2

?icrofinance+ la,o%r mar&ets and povert- in Africa: a st%d- of si8 instit%tions." 0o%rnal of *nternational Bevelopment 16(3): 261.

Abstract%
6e e8amine a range of si8 African microfinance instit%tions $ith a vie$ to assessing and if possi,le enhancing their povert- impact. The impact of microfinance loans is varia,le ,et$een instit%tions+ $ith a tendenc- in partic%lar for savings services to ,e ta&en %p ,- people $ell ,elo$ the povert- line+ especiall- in Eo%th Africa and Fen-a. .o$ever+ man- ,enefits to the poor from microfinance programmes+ in Africa at least+ are li&el- to come via an indirect ro%te+ via 4$ider impacts4 or 4spin!offs4+ rather than ,- thro%gh direct impacts on ,orro$ers.

0se6a/ala,F.&.and&.0herraden !""1$.
"*ntegrating saving into microenterprise programs for the poor: Bo instit%tions matterG" Eocial Eervice (evie$ 1"(3): 202!22".

Abstract%
This st%d- e8amines factors that affect saving performance among participants in a s%,sidi5ed saving program $ho intend to %se their savings to help capitali5e a microenterprise. 3sing data

from 12 comm%nit-!,ased organi5ations promoting self!emplo-ment among the poor+ and dra$ing on instit%tional theor-+ $e find that individ%al!level theories do not f%ll- e8plain the variance in savings and that instit%tional infl%ences also are predictive. Holic- ma&ers ma- $ant to consider a range of instit%tional characteristics $hen designing policies and programs aimed at promoting self!emplo-ment among poor families.

('hen,&.and5.Wr,7ht !""8$.
".o$ do microfinance organisations ,ecome more client! ledG ! Aessons from Aatin America." *ds B%lletin!*nstit%te of Bevelopment Et%dies 32(2): #2!I.

Abstract%
The microfinance agenda is increasingl- mar&et!driven and+ therefore+ client!foc%sed. The rene$ed interest in clients is driven ,- the ind%str-4s concern over competition and drop!o%ts. This increasing a$areness that the c%stomer matters has led ?C<s to ,e more attentive to $ho their clients are+ learning ho$ the- %se financial services and identif-ing appropriate prod%cts and services that ,etter match the c%stomer4s preferences. .o$ever+ mar&et!led microfinance is not limited to prod%cts. Cor instit%tions to ,etter serve their clients+ organisational restr%ct%ring ma- ,e re>%ired to ens%re that their s-stems and modes of microfinance deliver- are more client! responsive.

&c5ernan,0.&. !""!$.
"Theimpactofmicrocreditprogramsonself!emplo-mentprofits:Bo matterG" (evie$ of /conomics and Etatistics "2(1): #3!11 . noncredit programaspects

Abstract%
?icrocredit programs provide a t$o!tiered approach to povert- alleviation: credit for the p%rchase of capital inp%ts in order to promote self!emplo-ment and noncredit services and incentives. These noncredit aspects ma- ,e an important component of the s%ccess of microcredit programs. .o$ever+ ,eca%se the- are costl- to deliver and their contri,%tion to the s%ccess of the programs is diffic%lt to meas%re+ the- ma- not ,e properl- val%ed. This paper %ses primar- data on ho%sehold participants and nonparticipants in 'rameen Ban& and t$o similar microcredit programs to meas%re the total and noncredit effects of microcredit program participation on prod%ctivit-. The total effect is meas%red ,- estimating a profit e>%ation and the noncredit effect ,- estimating the profit e>%ation conditional on prod%ctive capital. Hrod%ctive capital and program participation are treated as endogeno%s varia,les in the anal-sis. * find large positive effects of participation and the noncredit aspects of participation on self!emplo-ment profits.

&-*elly,+.and&.5evane !""!$.

"*mproving design and performance of gro%plending: E%ggestions from B%r&ina Caso." 6orld Bevelopment 30(11): 2011!2032.

Abstract%
6e s%mmari5e lessons learned ,- a credit program for $omen in B%r&ina Caso. Three o,servations are made regarding program design: (a) high mem,ership t%rnover means m%t%al g%arantee gro%ps sho%ld ,e smaller and more central to non!repa-ment penaltiesD (,) high t%rnover in economic activities implies more training in ,est practices and more variet- and e8perimentation in credit and savings mechanismsD and (c) high degrees of stoc&ing activits%ggests the need to develop instr%ments to mitigate commodit- price ris& at the individ%al and program level. Three o,servations are made regarding program implementation: ,e more consistent in the treatment of de,ts of deceased ,orro$ersD ,ecome more sensitive to the comple8it- and variet- of proced%res follo$ed in the event of non!repa-mentD and devote more attention to preventing and mitigating the effects of staff em,e55lement.

Pretes,&. !""!$.
"?icroe>%it- and microfinance." 6orld Bevelopment 30("): 1321!13 3.

Abstract%
This paper e8amines the $or& of the Jillage /nterprise C%nd+ an 3E nongovernmental organi5ation+ in /ast Africa as a case st%d- in "e>%it-" ,ased microfinance in lo$!income co%ntries. ?an- small ,%sinesses esta,lished in high!income co%ntries rel- on some form of e>%it- capital to f%nd the start%p phase and m%ch of the gro$th of the ,%siness. The s%ccess of start%p grants and e>%it- financing in high!income co%ntries s%ggests that this method might also ,e applica,le in lo$! income co%ntries. 3sing the $or& of the Jillage /nterprise C%nd as an e8ample+ the paper arg%es that start%p grants and e>%it- finance are %sef%l and appropriate in addition to the more common loan! ,ased approaches.

0n'6,D.R.andT.F.+uss !""9$.
"Bevelopment and the role of microcredit." Holic- Et%dies 0o%rnal 2#(2): 2#6!301.

Abstract%
?icrocredit is a concept that has gained $idespread acceptance ,- international development agencies and ma7or donors. *t is vie$ed as a ma- to correct ,oth governmental and mar&et fail%re in E%,!Eaharan Africa. ?an- vie$ microcredit as a method for lin&ing the formal and informal sectors of African economies to increase the reach of the formal sector. /8tending the reach of the formal econom- thro%gh microcredit is possi,le+ and desira,le+ depending on macroeconomic reforms+ respect for traditional financing relationships+ and local control of

instit%tions. .o$ever+ ver- little has ,een done to determine the e8tent to $hich microcredit programs act%all- increase economic $ell!,eing. The model program+ 'rameen Ban& of Bangladesh+ has ,een st%died and eval%ated+ ,%t replications ma- not ,e inherentl- s%ccessf%l. The literat%re accepts that microcredit $ill increase economic $ell!,eing+ if programs are correctl- designed. Hrogram design iss%es cannot ,e resolved+ ho$ever+ %ntil economic $ell! ,eing is meas%red and associated $ith specific designs

Patten,R.H.,).5.R'sen7ard,etal. !""9$.
"?icrofinances%ccessamidstmacroeconomic fail%re:Thee8perienceofBan&(a&-at*ndonesiad%ringthe/astAsiancrisis." 6orld Bevelopment 2#(6): 10 1 106#.

Abstract%
The Ban& (a&-at *ndonesia (B(*) %nit s-stem is recogni5ed as one of the largest and most s%ccessf%l microfinance instit%tions in the $orld. *ndonesia has ,een more drasticall- affected ,the /ast Asian monetar- crisis than other co%ntries in the area. *t is therefore $orth$hile loo&ing at the B(* e8perience d%ring the crisis!not onl- the e8perience in microenterprise credit+ ,%t also in small+ medi%m and corporate credit and in savings mo,ili5ation. The comparative performance of different parts of B(* d%ring the /ast Asian crisis s%ggests essential Ceat%res in the f%t%re design of s%staina,le microfinance instit%tions+ prod%cts+ and deliver- s-stems.

+hatt, *. and 0. :. Tan7 !""9$.

"Belivering microfinance in developing co%ntries: )ontroversies and polic- perspectives." Holic- Et%dies 0o%rnal 2#(2): 31#!333.

Abstract%
The article revie$s three ma7or controversies in the microfinance field: vehicles+ technologies+ and performance assessments for financial service deliver-. Then it proposes that these controversies ,e resolved ,- a perspective emphasi5ing instit%tional pl%ralit- and e8ternal and internal efficiencies for individ%al programs. K%estions for f%rther research are disc%ssed in the concl%sion.

)'hns'n, 0. !""1$.
"'ender norms in financial mar&ets: /vidence from Fen-a." 6orld Bevelopment 32("): 13 1312. !

Abstract%

The role of instit%tions!r%les and norms!in mar&ets is increasingl- recogni5ed in development disco%rse. This paper considers the role of gender relations for r%les and norms in financial mar&ets. 3sing evidence from )entral Fen-a it develops a frame$or& for esta,lishing the infl%ence of gender on the demand for and access to financial services+ so e8plaining the gender differentiated %se of rotating savings and credit associations ((<E)As). *t+ first+ anal-5es intraho%sehold norms related to income and e8pendit%re flo$s and their management+ so identif-ing gendered patterns of demand. Eecond+ ,- concept%ali5ing financial intermediaries as operating $ithin r%les and norms+ it allo$s the infl%ence of gender relations on access to financial services to ,e more s-stematicall- investigated. ()) 2002 /lsevier Atd. All rights reserved.

deA7h,'n,+.A.and).&'rduch !"""$.
"?icrofinance,e-ondgro%plending." /conomics of Transition "(2): 201!220.

Abstract%
?icrolending is gro$ing in /astern /%rope+ (%ssia and )hina as a fle8i,le means of $idening access to financial services+ ,oth to help alleviate povert- and to enco%rage private!sector activit-. 6e descri,e mechanisms that allo$ these programmes to s%ccessf%ll- penetrate ne$ segments of credit mar&ets. These feat%res incl%de direct monitoring+ reg%lar repa-ment sched%les+ and the %se of non!refinancing threats. These mechanisms allo$ the programmes to generate high repa-ment rates from lo$!income ,orro$ers $itho%t re>%iring collateral and $itho%t %sing gro%p lending contracts that feat%re 7oint lia,ilit-. 0/A classification: B"2+ A12+ <12+ <11.

Evans,T.3.,A.&.Ada/s,etal. 9;;;$.
"Bem-stif-ing nonparticipation Bevelopment 21(2): 21#!230. in microcredit: Apop%lation!,ased anal-sis." 6orld

Abstract%
'iven the c%rrent pop%larit- of microcredit schemes as a means of povert- alleviation+ their accessi,ilit- to the poorest is of o,vio%s concern. This paper e8amines a targeted microcredit program in Bangladesh to assess its coverage among the poor+ and to identif- program! and client! related ,arriers impeding participation. A pop%lation s%rve- of over 22+000 ho%seholds reveals that altho%gh three!>%arters are eligi,le for microcredit+ less than one!>%arter participate. (ates of participation in microcredit are higher among poorer ho%seholds. ?%ltivariate anal-sis identifies lac& of female ed%cation+ small ho%sehold si5e and landlessness as ris& factors for nonparticipation+ ,ased on a 1= random sample of this pop%lation. The implications of these findings for povert- alleviation policies and programs are disc%ssed.

+uc-ley,3. 9;;<$.
"?icrofinance in Africa: *s it either the pro,lem or the sol%tionG" 6orld Bevelopment 2 (1): 10"1!10#3.

Abstract%
This article is ,ased on research %nderta&en on microenterprises in the informal sector in Fen-a+ ?ala$i and 'hana. *t see&s to provo&e critical reflection on the %ncritical enth%siasm that lies ,ehind m%ch prosel-ti5ing of microfinance for informal sector microenterprise. *t >%estions $hether the e8tensive donor interest in microenterprise finance reall- addresses the pro,lems of microentreprene%rs or $hether it offers the ill%sion of a >%ic& fi8. *t s%ggests that the real pro,lems are more profo%nd and cannot ,e tac&led solel- ,- capital in7ections ,%t re>%ire f%ndamental str%ct%ral changes of the socioeconomic conditions that define informal sector activit- and a f%ller %nderstanding of the 44ps-che44 of informal sector entreprene%rs

L,ver/'re,&. 9;;=$.
"Eocial $or&+ social development and microenterprises: Techni>%es and iss%es for implementation." 0o%rnal of Applied Eocial Eciences 21(1): 31!22.

Abstract%
/8amines the %se of microenterprise development ,- social $or&ers as a social development strateg-. The origins of microenterprise development are revie$ed+ ,oth as a social development strateg- and as a social $or& intervention. B- providing an implementation frame$or& that addresses ps-chological+ economic and social components+ the a%thor arg%es that social $or&ers are ideall- placed to design and participate in these programs. A n%m,er of iss%es that affect social $or& involvement in the field are disc%ssed.

Research &eth'd'l'7yData ('llect,'n. 0'urces '> Data

1) Hrimar- Bata Eo%rce 2) Eecondar- Bata Eo%rce Both primar- and secondar- data so%rces have ,een %sed for data collection.

Pr,/ary Data 0'urce

!The ma7or so%rce of data $ill ,e the 9Hrimar- so%rce:

Pr,/ary data 6as c'llected >r'/%? @0urvey?Auest,'nna,re

The ma7or so%rce of data $ill ,e ta&en from the primar- so%rce. The primar- data $as collected from a sample of 1 0 respondents+ ,- circ%lating the >%estionnaire to the respondents.

0ec'ndary s'urce
! Eecondar- data $ill ,e collected from different 7o%rnal and reports on ?icro Cinance Activities.

0a/Bl,n7 t''l?
Bata $ill ,e collected ,- preparing a set of >%estionnaire.

0a/Ble Des,7n
* have ta&en the sample design of 1 0.

Data AnalyCed.
Bata $ill ,e anal-5ed thro%gh s%rve- $hich is going to ,e held in some part of H%n7a, (egion.

ReB'rt Wr,t,n7.
(eport is going to ,e prepared in case of descriptive and diagnostic research st%dies+ $here descriptive research st%dies are those st%dies $hich are concerned $ith descri,ing the characteristics of partic%lar individ%al+ or of a gro%p+ $hereas diagnostic research st%dies determine the fre>%enc- $ith $hich something occ%rs or its association $ith something else. The st%dies concerning $hether certain varia,les are associated are of diagnostic research st%dies. As against this+ st%dies concerned $ith specific predictions+ $ith narration of facts and characteristics concerning individ%al+ gro%p or sit%ation are all e8amples of descriptive research st%dies. http:;;$$$.essa-.%&.com;free!economics!essa-s;vervie$!of!the!microfinance!ind%str-!in! india.php