00 7 690

9-96

9
7

-169-

906
6

Lydia H. Liu, Translingual Practice: Literature,

National Culture, and Translated ModernityChina 1900-1937 (Stanford: Stanford University
Press, 99), chapter-, pp.-99
900-9700
7-0
6-69
996-7

(David D.W. Wang, Lu Xun, Sehn Congwen, and

Decapitation) Liu Kang and Xiaobing Tang edited, Politics, Ideology, and Literary
Discourse in Modern China: Theoretical Interventions and Cultural Critique (Durham, N.C.:
Duke University Press, 99), pp.7-7.
-170-

castrati

799-0
Sarrasine0

Jonathan Goldberg, Sodometries:

Renaissance Texts, Modern Sexualities (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 99), Chapter ,
pp.-.Vern L. Bullough and Bonnie Bulough, Cross-dressing, Sex, and Gender
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 99).
Angus Heriot, The Castrati in Opera (New York:
Da Capo Press, 97); Patrick Barbier, The World of the Castrati, trans. Margaret Crosland
(London: Souvenir Press, 996).
Barbier, The World of the Castrati, pp.-.
-171-

Roland Barthes,
9-90SZ
796-709
0

11

9-96
96



13

14

representnationimpersonation

10

11

12
13
14

Fin-de-sicle Splendor: Repressed Modernities of Late Qing Fiction, 1849-1911

(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 997), chapter , pp.-6.

997900-990
990-
79-
99

-172-

15

90-00
990-999

9
9

9

15

Judith Butlter, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion

of Identity (New York: Routledge, 99); Marjorie Garber, Vested Interess: Cross-Dressing and
Cultural Anxiety (New York: Routledge, 99); Lesley Ferris, Crossing the Stage: Controversies
on Cross-Dresing (New York: Routledge, 99); Sabrina Petra Ramet, ed., Gender Reversals and
Gender Cultures: Anthropological and Historical Perspectivers (New York: Routeledge, 996)
-173-

9

16

7

90
16

17

9
9660

-174-

97



19

20

18

19
20

966
90-9

-175-



0

anarchism



21
22

9-0
0
-176-

23

24

0

9

90-9
90

90-99990-96
990-99

23
24



-177-

96-99



6

7

28

25

26

27

28

99
6
99
99-09-9Rey
Chow, Woman and Chinese Modernity: The Politics of Reading between West and East
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 990), chap., pp.-70.

Woman and Chinese Modernity, pp.0-.

6
-178-

29

30

-9

29

30

Peter Zarrow, Anarchism and Chinese Political

Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 990);
Olga Lang, Pa Chin and His Writings: Chinese Youth between the Two Revolutions
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 967), chap.-; Vladimiro Muoz, Li Pei Kan and
Chinese Anarchism (Brooklyn, N.Y.: The Revision Press, 977), Nathan Mao, Pa Chin (Boston:
Twanye Publishers, 97),
997-
John Clark

Zarrowpp.-9

- Lang, Pa Chin and His Writings,

pp.6-Zarrow, Anarchism and Chinese Political Culture, chap.0.
-179-


31

32

33

99
34



36

31
32
33
34

35

36

Zarrow, p.
Lang, chap.
9
67976
6

7-
7
0
-180-

Emma Goldman, 69-90

7

Mother Earth
Ben Reitman,
38

79-9

39

37

38
39

Alice Wexler, Emma Goldman in Exile: From the Russian Revolution to the Spanish Civil
War (Boston: Beacon Press, 99), p..

966
Lang, Pa Chin and His Writings, p.6
-181-

40

Michel Foucault, 96-9



90-9900-966

40

41

6997-Fin-de-siecle
Splendor, pp.6-7; Bret Hinch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in
China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 990), pp.6-6.
Fin-de-sicle Splendor, pp.6-7.
-182-



900-97

incarceration

emancipation

Queer Family

primitive passions

43

42
43

Rey ChowPrimitive Passions: Visuality, Sexuality, Ethnography, and Contemporary

Chinese Cinema (New York: Columbia University Press, 997), pp. -.
-183-

44

primitive passions
putative passions

60-60

44

Woman and Chinese Modernity, chapter -

-184-

Patrick
Hanan


homoerotic bonding homosocial bonding

45

Patrick Hanan, Chinese Vernacular Story (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 9),
p. 7; Hanan, The Invention of Li Yu (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University, 9),
pp.97-9Sophie Volpp, The Discourse of Male Mother: Li Yus A Male Mencius
Mother, Positions, : (Spring 99): -.
-185-

9
9

46

46

0
-186-

9

9
47

9

48

49

47

48
49

97
9990

99-6
0000-
99-
06-0
Perry Link, Mandarin Dusks and
Butterflies: Popular Fiction in Early Twentieth Century Chinese Cities (Berkeley: University
of California Press, 9)Thomas Brthelein, Mirrors of Transition: Conflicting
Images of Society in Change from Popular Chinese Social Novels, 90 to 90, Modern
-187-

China, :  (999): 0-7.

-188-

50

51



53

50

51
52
53

9


7

-189-

SZ

-190-

54

signifier

healing
sealing

54

Honor de Balzac, "Sarrasine," Appendix, Roland Barthes, S/Z (New York: Hill and Wang,
97), p. .
-191-



56

7

97

55

56
57

Auerbach
Erich Auerbach, Mimesis, trans. Willard R. Trask(Princeton: Princeton University Press,
9), chapter .

99
9-0
-192-



bad faith

59

58
59


7
-193-

60

61

60
61


76
-194-


62

63

6

62

63
64

Mau-sang Ng, Popular Fiction and the Culture of Everyday Life: A Cultural Analysis of Qin
Shouou's Qiuhaitang, Modern China, 20:2 (1994): 131-156.
6

Gilles Deleuze, Coldness and Cruelty, in Masochism: Coldness and Cruelty by Gilles
Deleuze and Venus in Furs by Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, trans. Jean McNeil (New York:
Zone Books, 99)
Woman and Chinese Modernity, pp. -7; Xiaobing Tang, Chinese Modern : the
Heroic and the Quotidian (Durham: Duke University Press, 000), pp.-6.

-195-

melodramatize

-196-

65

9-96

66

9-97
99-96790

9

65
66

Ng, p.9.
99-
-197-

9
97

67

7

68

69

67
68
69

0-Ngp..


-198-

moral
70

occult

7

falsetto

effect of the real

70
71

Ngpp.9-.
Roland Barthes, Empire of Signs (New York: Hill & Wang, 970).
-199-

9

72

9
7

9

9
74

72

73

74

76-77
97-
7-799-
9796-6
06
-200-

7

9

9799

75


-201-

97
960

76

9

77

9

9
78

99

79

9

76

77

78

79

96070
6
9
60-6
6
99-
99970-796
99-7
6
-202-

0

queer romance

-203-

represent
nationimpersonation

90-00
990-999

-204-

Impersonating China: Gender, Performance, and

National Identity
WANG Der-wei David
On the world stage, who is best suited to represent/re-present China? Nation
and impersonation, sexuality and political representation, are peculiar concerns of
Chinese writers of the revolutionary age. And among these contests for leadership
positions, traditional theatre and its transvestite dramaturgy are continuously called on,
as true or false impersonations of China in the theatre of the world.
This essay concentrates on two cases: Ba Jins (1904-2005) short story
Dier de muqin (The Second Mother, 1932), and Qin Shouous (1908-1994) novel
Qiuhaitang (Begonia, 1943). Whereas Ba Jin ranks among the forerunners of May
Fourth humanitarian literature, Qin Shouou earned his fame as the leading Mandarin
Ducks and Butterflies fiction writer of Shanghai during the Second Sino-Japanese
War. The two share little in commonin generic preferences, political alliances, social
vision, writing skills, or intended readership. But their paths cross when they confront
the subject of female impersonation and bring it to bear on the question of the Chinese
national character.
The two works, one serious and one popular, have been seen at opposite
ends in the spectrum of modern Chinese literature. My reading brings them together
and in due course I ask how they reciprocate each others gender/genre traits in the
project of nationalism. In a way not unlike the theatrics of impersonation, each of
the two works lets loose a radical potential, traversing established boundaries, and
assuming powers other than those conventionally assigned to it. This, I argue, enacts
some of the best and most emancipating moments in modern Chinese literature.
Keywords: Gender transvestitism national identity Ba Jin Qin Shouou

-205-

979

796


96
966
99
99
6997
-
997
67976
99
97
99
000
99
99
99
9699-7
9
96070
9
997
990
699
-

900-9700
99970-7
9


-206-



99
Auerbach, Erich. Mimesis: the Representation of Reality in Western Literature. trans. by Willard R.
Trask. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953.
Balzac, Honor de. Sarrasine, Appendix, Roland Barthes, S/Z. New York: Hill and Wang, 1973.
Barbier, Patrick. The World of the Castrati: the History of an Extraordinary Operatic Phenomenon.
trans. by Margaret Crosland. London: Souvenir Press, 1996.
Brthelein, Thomas. Mirrors of Transition: Conflicting Images of Society in Change from Popular
Chinese Social Novels, 1908 to 1930, Modern China, 25: 2 (1999): 204-227.
Barthes, Roland. Empire of Signs. New York: Hill & Wang, 1970.
Bulough, Vern L. Bullough and Bonnie. Cross-dressing, Sex, and Gender. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press, 1993.
Butlter, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge,
1992.
Chow, Rey. Woman and Chinese Modernity: the Politics of Reading between West and East.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990.
______________. Primitive Passions: Visuality, Sexuality, Ethnography, and Contemporary Chinese
Cinema. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
Deleuze, Gilles. Coldness and Cruelty, in Masochism: Coldness and Cruelty by Gilles Deleuze
and Venus in Furs by Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, trans. Jean McNeil, New York: Zone
Books, 1989.
Ferris, Lesley. Crossing the Stage: Controversies on Cross-Dressing. New York: Routledge, 1993.
Garber, Marjorie. Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety. New York: Routledge, 1992.
Goldberg, Jonathan. Sodometries: Renaissance Texts, Modern Sexualities. Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 1992.
Hanan, Patrick. Chinese Vernacular Story. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1981.
____________. The Invention of Li Yu. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1988.
Heriot, Angus. The Castrati in Opera. New York: Da Capo Press, 1974.
Hinch, Bret. Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1990.
Lang, Olga. Pa Chin and His Writings: Chinese Youth between the Two Revolutions. Cambridge,
Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967.
Link, Perry. Mandarin Dusks and Butterflies: Popular Fiction in Early Twentieth Century Chinese
Cities. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.
Liu, Lydia H. Translingual Practice: Literature, National Culture, and Translated ModernityChina
1900-1937. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995.
Mao, Nathan. Pa Chin. Boston: Twanye Publishers, 1978.
-207-

Muoz,Vladimiro. Li Pei Kan and Chinese Anarchism. Brooklyn, N.Y.: The Revision Press, 1977.
Ng, Mau-sang. Popular Fiction and the Culture of Everyday Life: A Cultural Analysis of Qin
Shouous Qiuhaitang, Modern China, 20:2 (1994): 131-156.
Ramet, Sabrina Petra ed., Gender Reversals and Gender Cultures. New York: Routeledge, 1996.
Tang, Xiaobing. Chinese Modern: the Heroic and the Quotidian. Durham: Duke University Press,
2000.
Volpp, Sophie. The Discourse of Male Mother: Li Yus A Male Mencius Mother, Positions, 2:1
(Spring 1994): 113-132.
Wang, Der-wei David.. Fin-de-sicle Splendor: Repressed Modernities of Late Qing Fiction,
1849-1911. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.
________________________.Lu Xun, Sehn Congwen, and Decapitation,in Politics, Ideology, and
Literary Discourse in Modern China: Theoretical Interventions and Cultural Critique. Liu
Kang and Xiaobing Tang ed. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993.
Wexler, Alice. Emma Goldman in Exile: from the Russian Revolution to the Spanish Civil War.
Boston: Beacon Press, 1989.
Zarrow, Peter. Anarchism and Chinese Political Culture. New York: Columbia University Press,
1990.

-208-