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MONOCOTYLEDONS The monocots (also known as the monocotyledons, Monocotyledoneae or Liliopsioda) is widely acknowledged by recent studies and molecular data to be a monophyletic group as it is supported by several major morphological, anatomical and ultrastructural apomorphies. This group includes the aroids, arrowleaf, lilies, gingers, orchids, irises, palms and grasses. The apomorphies of monocots includes, having a sieve tube plastid with cuneate proteinaceous inclusions of P2 type, an atactostelic stem vasculature, exhibiting parallel leaf venation which includes the penni-parallel venation, and lastly the presence of one cotyledon hence the name. A monophyletic assemblage is found under this group, the Commelinids. They are proven to be such by morphological and molecular data which give them a common apomorphy of having UV-flourescent cell wall compounds. Family Amaryllidaceae

Order: Asparagales Family: Amaryllidaceae Subfamily: Lomandroideae Genus: Crinum Species: C. asiaticum Common name: Poison Bulb, Giant Crinum Lily, Grand Crinum Lily, Grand Crinum Lily, Spider Lily

Description. It is a large, bulbous, rosette-like herb has numerous, oblong, acute leaves, up to 2 m (6 ft) long and clasping at the base. Numerous narrow, straight or curved white to reddish, fragrant flowers with a tube up to 10 cm long are produced at the top of a fleshy scape in a funnel shape six long petals or spread widely. Economic Importance. In the country Micronesia, the root is crushed and applied to a bruise, then wrapped with a leaf of the plant. The shining white basal part of the leaves of Guyab is used as a lure to cover hooks in traditional Yapese fishing, and the plant has a number of medicinal uses. According to Okabe, part of this plant is mixed with other plants for medicine. On Ulithi this plant is used

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medicinally and as a charm. It is also used medicinally on Fais, while on Ifaluk its only uses are for leis and ear ornaments.

Order: Asparagales Family: Amaryllidaceae Genus: Scadoxus Species: S. multiflorum Common Name: bloody lily

Description. Bloody Lily belongs to the group of bulbous and tuberous plants. It grows up to 40-60 cm. It is deciduoud; its leaves are basal and lanceolate with entire margins. It produces umbels of salmon-red six-stallate flowers. It carries loculicidal capsules. Economic Importance. It is used as ornamentals. Family Araceae

Order: Asparagales Family: Amaryllidaceae Genus: Philodendron Species: Philodendron x Orlando

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Description. This self-header has large lanceolate leaves up to 24 inches long with prominent, rounded ears. The margins are even but wavy. The petioles, as long as the leaves are rather upright making the whole plant stately, symmetrical and more or less shallow funnel shaped. This hybrid is one of the early crosses made by Mulford Forster of Orlando and named by him for the city of that name, the home of his nursery.

Order: Alismatales Family: Araceae Subfamily: Monsteroideae Genus: Spathiphyllum Species: S. commutatum Common name: spath or peace lily

Description. They are evergreen herbaceous perennial plants with large leaves 12-65 cm long and 3-25 cm broad. The flowers are produced in a spadix, surrounded by a 10-30 cm long, white, yellowish, or greenish spathe. The plant does not need large amounts of light or water to survive. Economic Importance. Several species are popular indoor houseplants. Spathiphyllum cleans indoor air of many environmental contaminants, including benzene, formaldehyde, and other pollutants. It cleans best at one plant per 10 m3.It lives best in shade and needs little sunlight to thrive. It is watered approximately once a week. The soil is best left moist but only needs watering if the soil is dry. Family Arecaceae

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Order: Arecales Family: Arecaceae Genus: Dypsis Species: D. lutescens Common name: palmera

Description. D. lutescens grows 612 m (2039 ft) in height. Multiple stems emerge from the base. The leaves are arched, 23 m (6 ft 7 in9 ft 10 in) long, and pinnate, with 40-60 pairs of leaflets. It bears panicles of yellow flowers in summer. Offsets can be cut off when mature enough, as a propagation method. Economic Importance. It is grown as an ornamental plant in gardens in tropical and subtropical regions, and elsewhere indoors as a houseplant. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Order: Arecales Family: Arecaceae Genus: Cocos Species: C. nucifera Common name: coconut palm

Description. Cocos nucifera is a large palm, growing up to 30 m (98 ft) tall, with pinnate leaves 46 m (1320 ft) long, and pinnae 6090 cm long; old leaves break away cleanly, leaving the trunk smooth. Coconuts are generally classified

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into two general types: tall and dwarf. On very fertile land, a tall coconut palm tree can yield up to 75 fruits per year, but more often yields less than 30, mainly due to poor cultural practices. In recent years, improvements in cultivation practices and breeding have produced coconut trees that can yield more. Economic Importance. Found throughout the tropic and subtropic area, the coconut is known for its great versatility as seen in the many uses of its different parts. Coconuts are part of the daily diets of many people. Coconuts are different from any other fruits because they contain a large quantity of "water" and when immature they are known as tender-nuts or jelly-nuts and may be harvested for drinking. When mature, they still contain some water and can be used as seednuts or processed to give oil from the kernel, charcoal from the hard shell and coir from the fibrous husk. The endosperm is initially in its nuclear phase suspended within the coconut water. As development continues, cellular layers of endosperm deposit along the walls of the coconut, becoming the edible coconut "flesh". When dried, the coconut flesh is called copra. The oil and milk derived from it are commonly used in cooking and frying; coconut oil is also widely used in soaps and cosmetics. The clear liquid coconut water within is a refreshing drink. The husks and leaves can be used as material to make a variety of products for furnishing and decorating. It also has cultural and religious significance in many societies that use it.

Order: Arecales Family: Arecaceae Genus: Ptychosperma Species: P. macarthurii Common name: MacArthur palm

Description. This attractive small palm is noted for its multiple, slim, ringed grey trunks which are topped with soft green, feathery, flat, broad leaves with tips that appear jagged and torn. Although able to reach 30 feet in height, Macarthur Palm is most often seen 10 to 15 feet in height with a variable spread. The twofoot-long, branched flower stalks hang below the crown shaft throughout the year

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and contain small, white blooms. These blooms give way to bright red, showy sprays of half-inch-long fruits which ripen year-round. Economic Importance. Macarthur Palm is often used in planters or urns but quickly outgrows these containers. It makes a striking lighted nighttime specimen, and is ideal for accenting shaded, sheltered locations, such as entranceways and patios. It is often planted in groups with individual trees several feet apart.

Order: Arecales Family: Arecaceae Genus: Ptychosperma Species: P. macarthurii Common name: MacArthur palm

Description. This palm is typically fairly small and slender, normally attaining 1525 feet in height but has attained 36 feet grown in greenhouse conditions. Economic Importance. According to Brown, and Merrill, 1919, its fruits are sometimes said to be used as a substitute for the betel nut, in preparing buyo (fruit of Areca catechu, leaves of Piper betle, and lime) for chewing.

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Order: Arecales Family: Arecaceae Genus: Ptychosperma Species: P. macarthurii Common name: MacArthur palm

Description. Manila palm is a palm with a single stem that grows from 5-25 m in height. It has a compact crown containing around 14 compound, pinnate (feather-like) fronds or leaves that grow up to 1.5 m in length. Compound leaves are made up of many leaflets that grow up to 0.6 m long and 5 cm wide. Flower clusters (inflorescences) develop in the leaf axils (in the angle above the junction of the leaf base and the stem). When mature, they are situated below the leaves and are 56 cm long. Pollen and ovule producing flowers are separate, although they are both present in a single inflorescence. Staminate (male) flowers can contain up to 200 anthers in which the pollen is produced. The fruits contain a single seed and are 3.0 cm long and 1.9 cm wide. Fruits begin to develop in the fall and by winter ripen to a bright red color and are visible beneath the foliage producing a Christmas tree-like effect. Economic Importance. According to Brown, and Merrill, 1919, its fruits are sometimes said to be used as a substitute for the betel nut, in preparing buyo (fruit of Areca catechu, leaves of Piper betle, and lime) for chewing. Family Asparagaceae

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Order: Asparagales Family: Asparagaceae (Ruscaceae) Subfamily: Nolinoideae Genus: Sansevieria Species: S. trifasciata Common name: snake plant, mother-inlaw's tongue, Saint George's sword

Description. It is an evergreen perennial plant forming dense stands, spreading by way of its creeping rhizome, which is sometimes above ground, sometimes underground. Its stiff leaves grow vertically from a basal rosette. Mature leaves are dark green with light gray-green cross-banding and usually range between 7090 centimetres (2835 in) long and 56 centimetres (2.02.4 in) wide. Economic Importance. Like some other members of its genus, S. trifasciata yields bowstring hemp, a strong plant fiber once used to make bowstrings. It is now used predominantly as an ornamental plant, outdoors in warmer climates, and indoors as a houseplant in cooler climates. It is popular as a houseplant because it is tolerant of low light levels and irregular watering; during winter it needs only one watering every couple of months. It will rot easily if overwatered. A study by NASA found that it is one of the best plants for improving indoor air quality by passively absorbing toxins such as nitrogen oxides and formaldehyde.

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Order: Asparagales Family: Asparagaceae (Ruscaceae) Subfamily: Nolinoideae Genus: Sansevieria Species: S. trifasciata cv. 'Laurentii Common name: yellow stripe margin snake plant

Description. It is an evergreen perennial plant forming dense stands, spreading by way of its creeping rhizome, which is sometimes above ground, sometimes underground. Its stiff leaves grow vertically from a basal rosette. Mature leaves are dark green with light gray-green cross-banding and usually range between 7090 centimetres (2835 in) long and 56 centimetres (2.02.4 in) wide. The cultivar Laurentii has a broad, yellow stripe on both leaf margins. Economic Importance. Like some other members of its genus, S. trifasciata yields bowstring hemp, a strong plant fiber once used to make bowstrings. It is now used predominantly as an ornamental plant, outdoors in warmer climates, and indoors as a houseplant in cooler climates. It is popular as a houseplant because it is tolerant of low light levels and irregular watering; during winter it needs only one watering every couple of months. It will rot easily if overwatered. A study by NASA found that it is one of the best plants for improving indoor air quality by passively absorbing toxins such as nitrogen oxides and formaldehyde.

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Order: Asparagales Family: Asparagaceae Subfamily: Lomandroideae Genus: Cordyline Species: C. fruticosa Common name: Cabbage Palm, Good Luck Plant, Palm Lily, Ti Plant

Description. It is a woody plant growing up to 4 m (13 ft) tall, with leaves 3060 cm (1224 in) (rarely 75 cm or 30 in) long and 510-centimetre (2.03.9 in) wide at the top of a woody stem. It produces 4060-centimetre (1624 in) long panicles of small scented yellowish to red flowers that mature into red berries. Economic Importance. Its starchy rhizomes, which are very sweet when the plant is mature, were eaten as food or as medicine, and its leaves were used to thatch the roofs of houses, and to wrap and store food. Leaves were also used to make items of clothing including skirts worn in dance performances. The Hawaiian hula skirt is a dense skirt with an opaque layer of at least 50 green leaves and the bottom (top of the leaves) shaved flat. The Tongan dance dress, the sisi, is an apron of about 20 leaves, worn over a tupenu, and decorated with some yellow or red leaves

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Order: Asparagales Family: Amaryllidaceae Subfamily: Lomandroideae Genus: Crinum Species: C. asiaticum Common name: Poison Bulb, Giant Crinum Lily, Grand Crinum Lily, Grand Crinum Lily, Spider Lily

Description. It is a woody plant growing up to 4 m (13 ft) tall, with leaves 3060 cm (1224 in) (rarely 75 cm or 30 in) long and 510-centimetre (2.03.9 in) wide at the top of a woody stem. It produces 4060-centimetre (1624 in) long panicles of small scented yellowish to red flowers that mature into red berries. Economic Importance. Its starchy rhizomes, which are very sweet when the plant is mature, were eaten as food or as medicine, and its leaves were used to thatch the roofs of houses, and to wrap and store food. Leaves were also used to make items of clothing including skirts worn in dance performances. The Hawaiian hula skirt is a dense skirt with an opaque layer of at least 50 green leaves and the bottom (top of the leaves) shaved flat. The Tongan dance dress, the sisi, is an apron of about 20 leaves, worn over a tupenu, and decorated with some yellow or red leaves. Family Heliconiaceae

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Order: Zingiberales Family: Heliconiaceae Genus: Heliconia Species: H. rostrata Common name: Lobster claw, Falsebird-of-paradise

Description. This traditional and most recognized heliconia is called Pendula Lobster Claw. Blooms are pendulous or hanging up to 3 feet in length with striking red and yellow bracts. Blooms all year. 3 to 10 feet in height. In pots will flower at 5 to 6 feet tall. Economic Importance. Because of its unique characteristics, it is often used as a specimen for tropical gardens. The flowers make long lasting cut flowers in tropical flower arrangements. Family Pandanaceae

Order: Pandanales Family: Pandanaceae Genus: Pandanus Species: P. tectorius Common name: Pacific screw pine

Description. This is a small tree with prop roots and thick, forking stems. The leaves are broad and 2.5 or more meters long, coming to an abrupt point. The

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flowers are enclosed in white or yellowish, conspicuous bracts--the male and female on separate trees. The fruiting head grows from a thick stem, is large and has many seeds. The young fruits are pale green, growing darker with a bluish or purple color as it approaches maturity. Economic Importance. The waxy leaves are dried and woven into waterresistant mats. The seeds are edible and may be eaten raw. The entire fruit cluster is often used for fiesta decoration.

Order: Pandanales Family: Pandanaceae Genus: Pandanus Species: P. tectorius Common name: Pandan, screw pine

Description. P. tectorius is a tree that grows to 414 m (1346 ft) tall. The single trunk is spiny and forks at a height of 48 metres (1326 ft). It is supported by prop roots that firmly anchor the tree to the ground. Its leaves are usually 90150 cm (3.04.9 ft) long and 57 cm (2.02.8 in) wide with saw-like margins. Economic Importance. The fruit can be eaten raw or cooked and is a major source of food in Micronesia, especially in the atolls. The fibrous nature of the fruit also serves as a natural dental floss. The tree's leaves are often used as flavoring for sweet dishes such as kaya jam, and are also said to have medicinal properties. It is also used in Sri Lankan cookery, where the leaves are used to flavor a variety of curries. Leaves were used by the Polynesians to make baskets, mats, outrigger canoe sails, thatch roofs, and grass skirts. A large shrub or small tree of immense cultural, health, and economic importance in the Pacific, it is second only to coconut on atolls. It grows wild mainly in semi--natural vegetation in littoral habitats throughout the tropical and subtropical Pacific, where it can withstand drought, strong winds, and salt spray. It propagates readily from seed, but it is also widely propagated from branch cuttings by local people for farms

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and home gardens. It grows fairly quickly, and all parts are used, from the nutritious fruits of edible varieties to the poles and branches in construction to the leaves for weaving and garlands. The plant is prominent in Pacific culture and tradition, including local medicine. Hundreds of cultivated varieties are known by their local names and characteristics of fruits, branches, and leaves. At present, there is evidence that this diversity is declining, with certain varieties becoming difficult to find. The reasons include less replanting, deforestation, fire, flagging interest by the new generation, and rapid population growth leading to urbanization. Family Poaceae

Order: Pndanales Family: Pandanaceae Genus: Pandanus Species: P. tectorius Common name: Pandan, screw pine

Description. It is taxonomically a grass, its habit is tree-like. It forms dense stands of cylindrical, jointed woody stems up to 20m in height and 4-10cm in diameter; leafy branches at nodes, with narrow lanceolate leaves up to 30cm long. It occurs spontaneously or naturalised mostly on river banks, road sides, wastelands and open ground; generally at low altitudes. In cultivation it thrives best under humid conditions up to 1000m altitude, but tolerates unfavourable conditions as well: dry season (plants may become completely defoliated); low temperature (grows up to 1200m altitude, survives -3 degrees C); also tolerates a wide range of soil types." (Ohrnberger 1999, p. 279) Economic Importance. Bambusa vulgaris is used for construction of houses, huts, boats, fences, props and furniture; as raw material for paper pulp; shoots are rarely used as a vegetable or as livestock fodder (although toxic effects to horses noted by Barbosa et al. 2006); planted as ornamental or boundary marker; used to support banana plants; split stems used for brooms, baskets; in

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New Guinea, culms used to make combs and penis gourds; used to make musical instruments; medicinal uses include as abortifacient, for kidney troubles, leaves used as sudorific and febrifuge agents, sap to treat fever and hematuria, tabasheer from culm internodes to treat infantile epilepsy, bark astringent and emmenagogue(Ohrnberger 1999; Quatrocchi 2006).