Many different systems for measuring the world around us have developed over the years.

People in the U.S. rely on the English System. Scientists make use of SI units so that we all are speaking the same measurement language.
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45 000 $45,000

has little meaning, just a number has some meaning - money

$45,000/yr more meaning - persons salary

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How many teaspoons in a barrel of oil?

1 barrel of oil 1 gallon 1 quart 1 cup 1 tablespoon = = = = = 42 4 4 16 3 gallons quarts cups tablespoons teaspoons

qt tbl x 3 tsp 1 bbl x 42 gal x 4 gal x 4 cup x 16 cup tbl qt bbl = 32 256 tsp
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Changing the prefix alters the size of a unit.

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How many milligrams are in a kilogram? 1 kg 1g = =

g! kg!

1000 g 1000 mg x 1000 g!

mg!

1 kg x 1000

= 1 000 000 mg
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Creatinine is a substance found in blood. If an analysis of blood serum sample detected 0.58 mg of creatinine, how many micrograms were present?

= 10-6 = micro!
0.580 mg g 1 g ( 10 1 mg ) (10 g )
-3 -6

= 580 g

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A nerve impulse in the body can travel as fast as 400 feet/second. What is its speed in meters/min ? Conversions Needed 1 meter 1 minute = = 3.3 feet 60 seconds

m 400 ft = min 1 sec m 400 ft = min 1 sec

1m 3.3 ft 1m 3.3 ft

60 sec 1 min 60 sec 1 min

7273

m min

....Fast
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How close our values agree with the true value. Here the average value would give a good number but the numbers dont agree. Large random error

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How well our values agree with each other.

Our goal!
Here the numbers are close together so we have good precision.

Good precision and accuracy. These are values we can trust.

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"Poor accuracy. "Large systematic

error.

Systematic
Instrument not zeroed properly Reagents made at wrong concentration

Random
Temperature in room varies wildly Person running test is not properly trained
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Method used to express accuracy and precision. You cant report numbers better than the method used to measure them. 67.2 units = three significant figures
Certain ! Digits!
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Uncertain! Digit!
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The number of significant digits is independent of the decimal point.

Leading zero! These numbers All have three significant figures!

0.421 - three signicant gures!

255 25.5 2.55 0.255 0.0255

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4012 - four signicant gures!

Captive zero!

114.20 - ve signicant gures!

Trailing zero!
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" Method to express really big or small

numbers. Format is Mantissa x Base Power

Three Significant Figures

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We just move the decimal point around.!

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1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0. = 1.23 x 108

0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 = 1.23 x 10-7

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Most calculators use scientific notation when the numbers get very large or small. How scientific notation is displayed can vary. It may use x10n or may be displayed using an E. They usually have an Exp or EE This is to enter in the exponent.
1.44939 E-2
cos tan ln log 1/x x2

378 000 3.78 x 10 5 8931.5 8.9315 x 10 3 0.000 593 5.93 x 10 - 4 0.000 000 4 4 x 10 - 7
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CE / x +

7 4 1
EE

8 5 2 0

9 6 3 .

0.333333333
cos tan ln log

CE / x +

7 4 1
EE

8 5 2 0

9 6 3 .

speed

= 1.0 km / 3.0 min = 0.33 km / min

1/x x2

123.45987 g + 234.11 g 357.57 g

805.4 g - 721.67912 g 83.7 g

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257 mg \__ 3 significant figures 120 miles \__ 3 significant figures 0.002 30 kg \__ 3 significant figures 23,600.01 $/yr \__ 7 significant figures
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After calculations, you may need to round off.

If the first insignificant digit is 5 or more, - you round up If the first insignificant digit is 4 or less, - you round down.

1st insignicant digit!

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Density is an intensive property of a substance based on two extensive properties.

Density = Mass Volume cm3 = mL

Common units are g / cm3 or g / mL. g / cm3

Air Water Gold
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g / cm3
Bone Urine Gasoline 1.7 - 2.0 1.01 - 1.03 0.66 - 0.69
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0.0013 1.0 19.3

What is the density of 5.00 mL of a fluid if it has a mass of 5.23 grams? d = mass / volume d = 5.23 g / 5.00 mL d = 1.05 g / mL What would be the mass of 1.00 liters of this sample?
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What would be the mass of 1.00 liters of the fluid sample? The density was 1.05 g/mL. density = mass / volume so mass mass = volume x density = 1.00 L x 1000 ml x 1.05 g
L mL

= 1.05 x 103 g
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The density of a substance compared to a reference substance. Specific Gravity =

density of substance density of reference

Hydrometer

" Specific Gravity is unitless. " Reference is commonly water at 4oC. " At 4oC, density = specific gravity. " Commonly used to test urine.
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Float height will be based on Specific Gravity.

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Temperature

- measure of heat energy. If it is 20 oF outside, what is it in oC ? 5 9 5 oC = 9

oC

Three common scales used Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin.

oF oC

(oF - 32) (20 oF - 32) (two significant figure in 20 oF)

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= 32 + 9 / 5 oC = (oF - 32) ( 5 / 9 ) =
oC

SI unit

+ 273
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oC

= -6.7

If the temperature is 75.0 oF, what is it in K? First convert to oC

oC

= 5 9 = 23.9

(75.0oF - 32)

Then convert to K

K = 23.9oC + 273 = 297

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Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons. Almost all of the mass of an atom comes from the protons and neutrons. All atoms of the same element will have the same number of protons. The number of neutrons may vary - isotopes. Most elements exist as a mixture of isotopes.
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1 1 12 6

2 1 13 6

3 1 14 6
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Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each of the following.

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As a reference point, we use the atomic mass unit (u) - 1/12th of a 12C atom. Using this relative system, the mass of all other atoms can be assigned. Examples = 7.016 004 u = 14.003 074 01 u 29Si = 28.976 4947 u
14N
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7Li

" Most elements exits as a mixture of isotopes. " Each isotope may be present in different amounts. " The masses listed in the periodic table reflect the world-wide average for each isotope. One can calculate the average atomic weight of an element if the abundance of each isotope for that element is known.
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28Si

92.23 100 4.67 100 3.10 100

(27.976 9265 u) = 25.80 u

29Si

(28.976 4947 u) =

1.35 u

30Si

(29.973 7702 u) =

0.929 u

Average atomic mass for silicon =

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28.08 u
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If we had one mole of water and one mole of hydrogen, we would have the name number of molecules of each. 1 mol H2O 1 mol H2 = 6.022 x 1023 molecules = 6.022 x 1023 molecules

We cant weigh out moles -- we use grams. We would need to weigh out a different number of grams to have the same number of molecules
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Atoms come in different sizes and masses. A mole of atoms of one type would have a different mass than a mole of atoms of another type. H - 1.008 u or grams/mol O - 16.00 u or grams/mol Mo - 95.94 u or grams/mol Pb - 207.2 u or grams/mol We rely on a straight forward system to relate mass and moles.
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Rounded off based on significant figures

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We have two (NH4) units and one SO4 unit. Now we can determine the number of atoms.
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How many atoms are in 20.0 grams of ammonium sulfate? Formula weight Atoms in formula moles = 20.0 g x = 132.14 grams/mol = 15 atoms / unit

1 mol = 0.151 mol 132.14 g atoms units atoms = 0.151 mol x 15 unit x 6.02 x1023 mol atoms = 1.36 x1024
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