Transient Response in Electric Circuits: V (T) I R) DT' I (T' C 1 DT Di M DT Di L (T) V

1
-
i
r
V
0
R
r
-
M
rs
L
r
-
i
s
v
+ -
Tr ansi ent Response i n El ec t r i c Ci r c ui t s
The element equation for
the branch of the figure
0
t
r r
r
s
rs
r
r r
V (t) i R )dt' i(t'
C
1
dt
di
M
dt
di
L (t) v + + + =
}

The circuit is described by the topology equations an by the element
equations of the formgiven by eq.1.
-
v
r
C
r
g
when the source is given by
a generic function of time, is
equations of the form given by eq.1.
v
r
= f(i
r
)
This system of equation is integro-
differential and can be solved by an
existing conventional method of
mathematics.
=
=
m r
n r
0 v
0 i
Department of Electrical Engineering University of Bologna
- - - -
- - - -
TransientCause
Achangeinthecircuitoperatingconditionsis
thecauseofatransientbeforereachingthe
steady state operation which can be studied
- - - -
- - - -
steadystateoperationwhichcanbestudied
inthetimedomainbymeansofthesetofthe
equationsofthecircuitanalysis.
Onofforoffonmodechangesofswitchesorsuddenchangesoftheexcitation
(voltageorcurrentsourcemodeledasstepfunctions)arethecauseof
transientsfollowedbyasteadystateoperationthatistheresponseofthe
circuittothechangedcondition.
The transient response is the circuits temporary response that will die out Thetransientresponseisthecircuit stemporaryresponsethatwilldieout
withtime.Thisisthetemporarypartoftheresponse.
Thesteadystateresponseisthebehaviorofthecircuitalongtimeafter
thesuddenchangehashappened.Thisisthepermanentpartofthe
response.
Completeresponse=transientresponse+steadystateresponse
2
- - - -
- - - -
TransientCause
Thetransientresponseoperation,whichwill
precedetheestablishmentofthesteadystate
operation is due to the time required by the
Thestorageelementsmaychangetheiroperationstatewithfulfillingthe
energyconservationprinciple. Asaconsequenceofitstorageelements
preventinstantaneousvariationofenergyinthetransitfromt=0
to t=
0
+
- - - -
- - - -
operation,isduetothetimerequiredbythe
storageelementstobuiltthenewconditions
underwhichtheywilloperateatthefinal
steadystateregime.
0 .
c(0
)=c(0
+
)
Aninstantaneousvariationoftheenergywouldonlybecausedbyasource
ofinfinitepower:
t
) (0 ) (0
0) p(t
-
0 t
lim
A
= =
+
A
Inordertoinhibitinstantaneousvariationsofthestoredenergy,capacitors
opposeanysharpvariationofthetension,andinductorsopposeanysharp
variationofthecurrent.Thiscanbeseenfromtheexpressionoftheenergy
storedinthetwoelements.
Ener gy Conser vat i on Pr i nc i pl e
= =
=
capacitor a by stored energy tic electrosta
inductor an by stored energy magnetic

2
2
C

2
L

C
Q
2
1
v C
2
1
(t)
i L
2
1
(t)
c
c
Thetransitfromt=0
andt=0
+
,representingthestatusofthecircuit
operationimmediatelybeforethechangeandimmediatelyafterofit
respectively, has to fulfill the energy conservation principle, which has the respectively,hastofulfilltheenergyconservationprinciple,whichhasthe
followingconsequences:
i(0
)=i(0
+
)inbrancheswithinductors
v(0
)=v(0
+
)betweentheterminalofacapacitor
Q(0
)=Q(0
+
)chargestoredineachoftheconducting
platesofthecapacitor
3
Sour c e Fr ee RC Ci r c ui t Response Nat ur al Response
Attimet=0theswitchoftheRCcircuitofthefigureisclosed.Thecapacitorbeforet
=0ischargedatQ=Q
0
. Atransientwillstartandwillbeextinguishedwhentheregime
atthenewconditionsisreached.Thevoltage,duetotheelectrostaticfieldofthe
h h d l h h fl
Fi r st Or der Ci r c ui t s: RC Ci r c ui t
capacitoractsonthechargesstoredonacapacitorplates,whichflow
throughtheresistancetowardtheoppositeplate.
Thiscurrenttransferstheelectrostaticenergy
storedbythecapacitortotheresistorwhereitis
dissipated.Whenalltheenergyisdissipatedthe
transientvanishes.
R
- -
t = 0
- < t s 0
-
C
Q
0
=
CV
C0
v(t)
Thecircuitisbeingexcitedbytheenergystored
inthecapacitor.Noexternalsourcesarepresent.
Theaimistodeterminethecircuitresponsethat
isassumedtobegivenbythebehaviorofthevoltage
v(t)acrossthecapacitor.
Thenaturalresponseofacircuitreferstothe
behavior(intermsofvoltagesorofcurrents)ofthe
circuititself,withnoexternalsourcesofexcitation.
- < t s 0
i
R R
- -
0
+
s t < +
C
Q(t)
i
C
-
v(t)
-
A
Sour c e Fr ee RC Ci r c ui t Response Nat ur al Response
Attime < t s 0
itisQ=Q
0
andv=Q
0
/C=V
C0
.Fortheenergyconservationprinciple
att=0
+
itisalsoQ=Q
0
andv=Q
0
/C=V
C0
.
Atthe0
+
s t< + fromKCL atnodeAitis:
t = 0
as and , it results
(1)
The solution of the transient, which represents
the natural response of the RC circuit
R C
C R
i i
i C dv/dt i v/R
dv v
C 0
dt R
+
= =
+ =
= 0
, is given by
the solution of eq. 1 that is a first order homo-
geneo s differential eq ation(this is the moti
i
R R
R
- -
t 0
- < t s 0
-
C
Q
0
=
CV
C0
v(t)
A
geneous differential equation (this is the moti-
vation of the term ):

t
v(t) A e
- 1/(RC) - 1/
=
= =
firstordercircuit
whereo isthesolutionofthecharacteristicequation
associatedtoeq.1.Thetimeconstantisdefinebyt =1/o.
- -
0
+
s t < +
C
Q(t)
i
C
-
v(t)
-
A
4
Sour c e Fr ee RC Ci r c ui t Nat ur al Response
TheconstantAisderivedfromtheinitialconditions
att=0
+
:
V 0
+
) (
- -
C
Q(t)
-
v(t)
i(t)
0
+
s t +
Thetimeconstantt ofacircuitisthetime
requiredtotheresponsetodecaytoafactor1/e
or36.8%ofitsinitialvalue.
constant. time the is where
: therefore
RC
e V v(t)
V 0 v
t
0 C
0 C
=
=
=
+
t
t /
) (
t
V
C0
t
t / t
0 C
e V

0.368 V
C0
0
+
s t < +
t V(t)/V
C0
t 0.36788
2 t 0.13534
3 t 0.04979
4 t 0.01832
5 t 0.00674
Everytimeintervaloft thevoltageisreducedby0.368%of
itspreviousvalue:v(t+t)=v(t)/e =0.368v(t).
Thederivativeofv(t)att=0itis1/t.Thusitistheinitial
rateofdecayorthetimeforvtodecayfromVCOtozero,
assumingaconstantrateofdecay.
Ittakes5ttothecircuittoreachitsfinalstate(steadystate).
Sour c e Fr ee RC Ci r c ui t
Nat ur al Response
Thecurrentinthecircuitis:
/
V v(t)
i( )
(RC) t 0 C
- -
C
Q(t)
-
v(t)
i(t)

/
/
t
e
R
V
i(t) v(t) p(t)
T
e
R
V

R
v(t)
i(t)
(RC) t
2
0 C
(RC) t 0 C
= =
= =
is time to up
resistor the by absorbed and capacitor
the from transfered energy the and
is resistor the by dissipated power he

2
t
t =1
v(t)
t =2
t =0.5
0
+
s t < +
( )
.
/ /
/
)/2 (CV ) , t
e 1
2
CV
e
R 2
V
dt e
R
V
dt p(t) (t)
2
C0
(RC) t
2
0 C
t
0
(RC) t
2
0 C
t
0
(RC) t
2
0 C
t
0
+ +
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
= = =

} }
for and
2 2
2
t
c
TheRCcircuit canbe an equivalent
circuit (Thvenin/Nortoncircuit).
Thekeyquantities are:
1. Theinitial capacitor voltge the
v(0
)=v(0
+
)=V
C0
2. Thetime constant t =RC
5
Whenavoltagesourceissuddenlyappliedbyswitchingontheswitchitis:
-< t s0
-
: Q=Q
0
, v = Q
0
/C=V
C0
St ep Response of an RC Ci r c ui t
t = 0
At0
+
s t < + fromtheKTLitis
(2) i
RC
1
dt
i d
: obtained is it 1 eq. of derivative time the From
(1) V i R dt' ) i(t'
C
1
V
0
t
C0
= +
= + +
}
0
0
0
i
V
0
R
- -
- < t s 0
-
C
Q
0
=
CV
C0
-
+
v(t)
i R
. 1/(RC) 1/ again where
(3) e A i(t)
: equation) al differenti s homogeneou order first (a
2 eq. of solution transient the of solution The
t
= =
=
t o
o
i
V
0
R
- -
0
+
s t < +
C
Q(t)
-
+
ThevalueoftheconstantAisdunethrough
theanalysisoftheinitialconditions.
Analysisoftheinitialdataatt=0
:
v
C
(0
-
) = V
C0
; Q(0
-
) = C V
C0
(initial data)
i R
- -
C
-
V
C C0 C0
i(0
-
) = 0
Analysisoftheinitialconditionsatt = 0
+
:
Acrossthecapacitor:v(0
+
) = v(0
-
)=V
C0
andfromtheKTL:Ri - V
0
+ V
C0
= 0
i(0
+
) = (V
0
-V
C0
)/R
Fromeq.3,it is: i(0
+
) = A
V
0
t = 0
+
C
-
V
C0
=
Q
0
/C
+
-
i R
- -
C
-
V = +
A = (V
0
-V
C0
)/R
Hencetheexpressionofeq.3is
(RC)
t
C0 0
e
R
V V
i(t)

=
V
0
t = +
-
V
0
=
Q
+
C
+
-
6
TheresponseoftheRCcircuit(alsoThvenin
equivalentcircuit)toasuddenvoltagesource
excitationintermsofthecurrenti(t)is:
(RC) t
e
/
0 368
V
0
-V
C0
R
V
0
-V
C0
R
V
0
-V
C0
i(t)
(RC)
t
-
e
R
V V
i(t)
C0 0

=
( )
TheresponseoftheRCcircuitintermsofthe
voltage v(t)acrossthecapacitorisderived
fromtheelementequationofthecapacitor:
t
C0
1
v(t) V i(t')dt'
C
= +
}
(RC) t /
V
0
t RC
0.368
0 C0
R
v(t)
( )
(RC)
t
+ = e V V V v(t)
0 C0 0
0
C
fromthesolutionoftheintegralitresults
t
(RC) t
e
/
V
0
+(V
0
-V
C0
)
V
C0
Theanalysisoftheegimeatt=+ givesthesteadystateresponse(forcedresponse)
[i(+ ) =0,v(+ )=V
0
]thataddedtothetransientresponse(naturalresponse)gives
thecompleteresponseoftheRCcircuitsuddenlyexcited.
Sour c e Fr ee RL Ci r c ui t Response
Theaimistodeterminethenaturalresponse
oftheRLcircuit.Inordertodothisnoexcitation
fromexternalsourceshastobepresentandthe
Fi r st Or der Ci r c ui t s: RL Ci r c ui t
i = I
0
R
L
circuitisexcitedbytheenergystoredinthe
inductor.
TheRLcircuitofthefigureisconsidered.Attime
-< t s0
-
thecurrentisI
0
.Att=0thecurrent
decaystozero.Astheenergystoredinthe
inductorisLI
0
2
R/2 cannotsuddenlygotozero,in
thetransitionfromt=0
tot=0
+
thecurrent
cannotchange.Duringthetransientthecurrent
L
- < t s 0
-
i = 0
R
L
musttransferthemagneticenergystoredinthe
inductortotheresistorwhereitisdissipated.
Whenthewholeenergyisdissipatedthe
transientvanishesandthecurrentbecomeszero.
FromKTLitresults:
L
t = +
i
L
R
dt
i d
0 = +
TheresponseoftheRLcircuitis
givenbythesolutionofafirstorder
homogeneousdifferentialequation.
7
Sour c e Fr ee RL Ci r c ui t Response
Thesolutioni(t)ofthedifferentialequationis
t
A e i(t) =
i(t)
R
L
h d h L/R 1/ R/L
o isthesolutionofthecharacteristicequationasso
ciated tothehomogeneousdifferentialequation.
Thetimeconstantisdefinedast =1/o =L/R.
0
+
s t = +
. hence and where L/R -1/ -R/L = = =
I
0
t / t
0
e I

0.368 I
0
TheconstantAisderivedfromtheinitialconditions
att=0
+
:
: therefore
0
I ) i(0 =
+
t
t
0 : therefore
L R t
0
e I i(t)
/
=
TheRLcircuit canbe an equivalent circuit (Thvenin/Nortoncircuit).
Thekeyquantities are:
1. Theinitial current i(0
)=i(0
+
)=I
0
2. Thetime constant t =L/R
Whenavoltagesourceissuddenlyappliedbyswitchingontheswitchitis:
-< t s0
-
: i = 0,
St ep Response of an RL Ci r c ui t
i
t = 0
At0
+
s t < + fromtheKTLitis i
V
0
R
L
- -
- < t s 0
-
-
+
0
d i
L R i - V =0 (1)
dt
The solution of the transient is given by the solution
of the homogeneous differential equation(natural
component of the response)
+
t
:
i(t) A e
where is given by the haracteristic equation:
o
o
=
i
0
0
-R/L -1/ . The complete response of the
RL circuit excited by a voltage source is
i(t) A e f
f is a parti
R
t
L
o t
= =
= +
0
cular solution of eq. 1. For it the steady-
state-solution at t ( )is taken:
f i( ). The constant A is given by the initial
condition at t 0 : i(0 ) 0.
+ +
= +
= +
= =
forcedresponse
i
V
0
R
L
- -
0
+
s t < +
-
+
8
St ep Response of an R Ci r c ui t
i
V
0
R
L
- -
+
Analysisofthesteady state at t = + :
R i - V
0
= 0
f
0
= i = V
0
/R
:
i(0
-
) = 0
Analysisoftheinitialconditionsatt = 0
+
:
i(0
+
) = i(0
-
) = 0
A V /R
V
0
L
0
+
s t < +
-
f
0
i V
0
/R

R
V
e A i(t)
0
+ =
t
L
R
-
i
V
0
/R
0.632 V
0
/R
A = - V
0
/R
|
.
|
\
|
=
(RC)
t
0
e 1
R
V
i(t)
Hencethecompleteresponseofthe
RLcircuitwhensuddenlyexcitedbya
voltagesource,is
t t
ThecompleteresponseoftheRLcircuitis
thesteadystateresponse(forcedresponse)
[i(+ ) =0]addedtothetransientresponse
(naturalresponse).
Fi r st Or der Ci r c ui t s
Response of Fi r st Or der Ci r c ui t s
AfirstordercircuitisacircuitoraThvenin equivalentcircuitcontainingaresistorand
amemoryelement.Thesolutionoftheresponseofthecircuittoasuddenexcitationis
givenbythesolutionofafirstorderdifferentialequation.
naturalresponseforcedresponse
g y q
Theresponseofthecircuit,whenexcitedbyanexternalsource(completeresponse)is
givenbytheresponseofthecircuitwhennoexternalsourcesarepresent(transient
response ornaturalresponse)superposedtothesteadystateresponsethatisthe
portionofthecompleteresponse(steadystateresponse forcedresponse)which
remainswhenthetransientresponsehasdiedout.
p f p
(temporarypart)(permanentpart)
Thenaturalresponse,thatgivesthetransientpartoftheresponse,isthe
solutionofthehomogeneoustimedifferentialequation
Theforcedsteadystateresponseofthecircuitistheparticularsolutionofthe
nonhomogeneoustimedifferentialequationatt=+ .
9
Sec ond Or der Ci r c ui t s: RLC Ci r c ui t
Asecondordercircuit secondordercircuitischaracterizedbyasecondorderdifferentialequation.
Itconsistsofresistorsandtheequivalentoftwoenergystorageelements.
Theanalysisofasecondordercircuitresponseissimilartothatusedforfirstorder.The
naturalresponseisoriginatedbytheexcitationsduetotheenergystoredinthestorage
elements.
t=0
: Theinitialdataareessentialtodefinetheexcitationsofthetransient.Theyarethe
currentI
0
intheinductorsandthevoltageV
0
(orthechargeQ
0
)ofthecapacitorsatt=0
.
Theinitialdataaregivenbythesolutionofthecircuitatthesteadystateconditionsatt=
0
.
t=0
+
:Theinitialconditionsarederivedfromtheinitialdataasinthetransitionfromt=
0 tot=0+theenergycontinuityprinciplemustbefulfilled:i(0
+
)=i(0
)=I
0
ininductors
andv(0
+
)=v(0
)=V
0
incapacitors.
( ) ( )
0
p
Thenaturalresponseiscalculatedbysolvingthehomogeneousdifferentialequations.
Thecharacteristictimesintheexponentarethesolutionsofthecharacteristicequation,
theconstantofintegrationarederivedfromtheinitialconditions.
t=+ :Thesteadystatesolutionatt=+ givetheparticularsolutionofthenon
homogeneousdifferentialequationsintheforcedresponsecasewhenindependent
sourcesarepresent.
Response of Sec ond Or der Ci r c ui t s
The response of the circuit when excited by an external source (complete
Sec ond Or der Ci r c ui t s: RLC Ci r c ui t
naturalresponseforcedresponse
(temporary part ) (permanent part)
Theresponseofthecircuit,whenexcitedbyanexternalsource(complete
response)isgivenbytheresponseofthecircuitwhennoexternalsourcesarepresent
(transientresponse naturalresponse)superposedtothesteadystateresponsethat
istheportionofthecompleteresponse(steadystateresponse forcedresponse)
whichremainswhenthetransientresponsehasdiedout.
(temporarypart)(permanentpart)
Asageneralcaseofsecondordercircuits,inthefollowingofthischapteraseriesRLC
circuit(R,L,andCinseries)excitedbyanindependentvoltagesourceisconsidered.
10
At - < t s 0
-
: Q = Q
0
, v = V
C0
= Q
0
/C,
i = 0
Att=0:theswitch is closed.
At 0
+
s t < +: from LKTit results:
i
R
- -
t = 0
C
L
Sec ond Or der Ci r c ui t : Ser i es RLC Ci r c ui t
- < t s 0
-
- -
i
R
C
L
0
0
0
0
0
t
0
t
0
t
C 0
1 di
i(t')dt'V Ri L (1)
C dt
Q(0) 1 di
i(t')dt'V Ri L
C C dt
1 di
v (0) i(t')dt'V Ri L (2)
C dt
from the time derivaton it results :
+ + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
}
}
}
V
0
C
Q
0
+
-
0
+
s t < +
V
0
C
2
2
fromthetimederivatonitresults:
d i R di 1
i
dt L dt LC
+ + = 0 (3)
Theresponse,intermsofi(t),isgivenby
thesolutionofeq.3,thatisanonhomo
geneousordinarydifferentialequationof
the . secondorder
+
-
:
v
C
(0
)=V
C0
;Q(0
)=CV
C0
i(0
)=0
t 0
+
- -
i
V
0
R
i(0
-
)
v
C
(0
-
)
=V
C0
+
-
+
-
Sec ond Or der Ci r c ui t s:
Ser i es RLC Ci r c ui t
Analysisoftheinitialcond.att=0
+
:
Acrossthecapacitor:
v
C
(0
+
)=v
C
(0
)=V
C0
Through theinductor:
j
i(0
+
)=i(0
)=0
Ri +L+V
C0
V
0
=0
di
dt
At t = 0
+
:
Capacitors excite the circuit as independat
voltage sources: v
C
(0
+
) = v
C
(0
-
) = Q(0
-
)/C;
Inductors excite the circuit as independat
current sources: i(0
+
) = i(0
-
).
i
R L
t = 0
+
C0 0
=(V
0
V
C0
)/L
dt
di(0
+
)
dt
Analys.ofthesteadystateatt=+ :
i(+)=0;v
C
(+)=V
0
t = +
- -
i
V
0
R
C
L
V
0
-
-
+
-
11
Tr ansi ent anal ysi s
0
2
2
d i R di 1
i (3)
dt L dt LC
+ + =
- -
i
V
0
R
C
L
t = 0
+
-
Sec ond Or der Ci r c ui t s:
Ser i es RLC Ci r c ui t
2
2
2
0
2
12
dt L dt LC
Thecharacteristicequationofeq.3is:
R 1

L LC
R R 1

2L 2L LC
x x
x
+ + =
| |
=
|
\ .
1 2
: R 2 L C
and arerealanddistict
(negative):
: R 2 L C
and real
0
0
x x
x x
o e
o e
> >
= =
Case A
Case B
overdampedcase
double solution
0
+
s t < +
2 2
12 0
x o o e =
1 2
and real x x
1 2
doublesolution
(negative):
: R 2 L C
and complexconjugate
(negativerealpart)
0
x x
o e < < Case C
criticallydampedcase
underdampedcase
x
1
, x
2
natural frequencies
o =R/(2L) damping factor
e
0
=1|(LC)
0.5
resonant frequency or
underdumped natural
frequency
The solution of eq 3 is:
0
1 2
R 2 L C;
, negative,realanddinstict x x
o e > > Case A- overdampedcase :
( )
+
1 2
Thesolutionofeq.3is:

Fromtheinitialconditionsatt=0 :
A A i(0 ) 0
di(0 )
A A V V L x x
+
+
+ = =
+ = =
2
12
R R 1
where
2L 2L LC
x
| |
=
|
\ .
2 1
t t
1 2
i(t) A e A e
x x
= +
( )
1 1 2 2 0 C0
A A V V L
dt
x x + = =
LC
1

2L
R
2L
V - V
A - A
2
C0 0
2 1
|
.
|
\
|
= =
12
TransientsolutionincaseA Overdamped case:
0
,R 2 L C o e > >
(
| | | |
t
2L
R
-
t
LC
1
2L
R
t
LC
1
2L
R
2
C0 0
e e e
LC
1
2L
R
2L
V - V
i(t)
2 2
(
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
i
R L
t = 0
i
0
+
s t < +
- -
V
0
C
t 0
+
-
0
1 2
R 2 L C;
, negativedoublesolution x x
o e = = Case B- criticallydampedcase :
( )
+
1
2 0 C0
q

A i(0 ) 0
di(0 )
A V V L
dt
+
+
= =
= =
R
where
2L
o =
t t
1 2
i(t) A e A te
o o
= +
i
t 0
Thetransient solution inCaseB
critically damped case:
t
2L
R
-
C0 0
e t
L
V - V
i(t) =
13
R
0
1 2
R 2 L C;
, complexconjugate(negativerealpart) x x
o e < < Case C- underdampedcase :
+
1

A i(0 ) 0
d i(0 )
+
+
= =
( )
t
1 2
i(t) A cos t A sin t e where
o
| |

= +
2
R

2L
1 R

LC 2L
(damping fact .)
o
|
=
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
1 2 0 C0
di(0 )
A A V V L
dt
o | + = =
2
C0 0
2
1
2L
R
LC
1
L
V - V
A
0 A
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
C L 2 R <
2
V V 1 R

(
| |
(
TransientsolutionincaseC Underdamped case:
2
t 0 C0
V V 1 R
i(t) e sin t
LC 2L
1 R
L
LC 2L
o
| |
(
=
`
|
( \ .

| |
)
|
\ .
- -
i
R L
t = 0
i
2
2L
R
LC
1
2
T
|
.
|
\
|
t
=
0
+
s t < +
V
0
C
+
-
t
0
T 2T
14
Anal ysi s of t he t r ansi ent i n t he t i me domai n
1. Writethesetofequations(forexamplebymeansofthevoltage
substitution method)
Tr ansi ent Anal ysi s: Gener al Met hod
substitutionmethod)
2. Definitionofaordinarydifferentialequationinoneunknownby
substitutionandderivation:
n n1
n n1 1 0 n n1
d i d i di
a a a a i f(t) (4)
dt dt dt
thesolutionofwhichis:
i(t) i (t) i (t)
......... + + + + =
+
k
T S
n
t
T k
k 1
i(t) i (t) i (t)
where
i (t) A e transientresponse
x
=
= +
=
( )
( )
T
t
S
i (t) 0
i (t)steadystateresponse particularintegralatt=+ ofeq.4
lim

3.Derivationoftheparticularintegralofeq.4att=+ bymeansofthe
analysisofthesteadystateatt= +.
4.Derivationofthenaturalfrequencisofi
T
(t),x
1
,x
2,
,x
3
,.. x
n
,,whicharethe
solutions of the characteristic equation of the homogeneous differential
Anal ysi s of t he t r ansi ent i n t he t i me domai n
Hence,inordertoderivethecompleteresponseofthecircuit,itis
f d h
solutionsofthecharacteristicequationofthehomogeneousdifferential
equationassociatedtoeq.5.
5.DerivationoftheintegrationconstantsA
1
,A
2
,A
3
,.A
n
bymeansofthe
initialconditions.
6.Derivationoftheotherunknowns.
necessarytofindthecircuitoperationat:
t=+ todeterminethesteadystatesolution,thatistheparticular
integralofeq.4att=+ ;
t=0
todeterminetheinitialdata;
t=0
+
todeterminetheinitialconditions.
15
Anal ysi s of t he t r ansi ent
i n t he t i me domai n
L
2
R
1 i
1
i
2
-
+
-
i
V
0
R
- -
t = 0
C
1
Q
1
At t =0 the switch is closed and the
circuit response with a transient is
initiated.
i
2
Q
1
2
2 0
t
1
1 1 1 0
1 1 0
di
L RiV 0
dt
Q 1
i (t')dt' R i RiV 0
C C
+ =
+ + + =
}
1.Setofsimultaneousequations
describingthecircuitat0
+
<t<+:
1 2
ii i 0 =
2. Successive derivation and substitution to obtain an ordinary differentil eqation
in one unknown.:
2
0 1 2 2 2
2 1 2 2
1 1 1
V R R d i L di 1
L R i (5)
R dt RC dt C RC
| | +
+ + + =
|
\ .
i
R
- -
t = 0
R
1 i
1
-
:
i(0
-
) = i
1
(0
-
) = i
2
(0
-
) = 0
v
C
(0
-
) = 0 as i
1
(0
-
) = i
2
(0
-
) = 0;
V
0
- -
C
1
L
2
Q
1 i
2
-
Q
1
(0
-
) = 0
i
R R
1 i
1
Analysisoftheinitialcond.att=0
+
:
Acrossthecapacitor:
v
C
(0
+
) = v
C
(0
-
) = 0
Through theinductor:
j
i
2
(0
+
) = i
2
(0
-
) = 0
+
-
V
0
- -
1
1
i
2
-
i(0
-
)
= 0
v
C
(0-)
= 0
V
0
- R i(0
+
) - R
1
i
1
(0
+
) = 0
i
1
(0
+
) - i(0
+
) = 0
i
1
(0
+
) = i(0
+
) = V
0
/(R+R
1
)
R
1
i
1
(0
+
) - L
2
= 0
= V
0
R
1
/[L
2
(R+R
1
)]
d i
2
(0
+
)
dt
d i
2
(0
+
)
dt
t = 0
+
+
-
+
-
16
i
V
0
R
- -
R
1 i
1
i
2
-
C
1
Q
1
+
-
Analys.ofthesteadystateatt=+ :
i(+) = i
2
(+) = V
0
/R;
i
1
(+) = 0;
(+ ) 0
t = +
t = 0
-
t = 0
+
t =+
i 0
V
0
/(R+R
1
) V
0
/R
i
1
0
V
0
/(R+R
1
)
0
2 1 2
1
1 1
R R L 1
R 0
R RC C
x x
| | +
+ + + =
|
\ .
Solution of eq.5:
2 1
t t 0
1 2
1 2
V
i(t) A e A e
R
where and arethesolutionof
thecharacteristicequationofeq.5:
x x
x x
= + +
v
C
(+) = 0.
i
2
0 0
V
0
/R
di
2
/dt 0

0
Q
1
0

0 0
v
C
0 0 0

1 2
2 1
TheintegrationconstantsA andA
aredeterminedbytheinizialcondizions:
i (0 ) A
+
= +
2
2
1 1 2 2
0 1
2 1
A 0
di (0 )
A A
dt
V R

L R R
x x
+
=
= + =
=
+
R R
R

L
V
1
1
2
0
+
Ter mi nol ogy
completeresponse rispostacompleta
firstordercircuit circuitodelprimoordine
forcedresponse rispostaforzata
naturalresponse rispostanaturale
sourcefreeresponse rispostalibera
steadystate regimestazionario
steadystateresponse rispostadiregime
stepresponse rispostaalgradino
response risposta
secondordercircuit circuitodelsecondo
ordine
naturalresponse rispostanaturale
timeconstant costanteditempo
transient transitorio
transientresponse rispostatransitoria
32

Transient Response in Electric Circuits: V (T) I R) DT' I (T' C 1 DT Di M DT Di L (T) V

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is resistor the by dissipated power he

Department of Electrical Engineering University of Bologna

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