Chapter 2

Internetworking Concepts Overview

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

2-1

Objectives
On completion of this chapter, you will be able to perform the following tasks:
Describe how data traffic is exchanged between source and destination devices Identify the roles and functions of a hub, switch, and router, and where they best fit in the network Select the appropriate Cisco equipment for a given set of network requirements
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Defining Components of the Network

Home Office Mobile Users

Internet

Branch Office
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Main Office
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Defining the Components of a Network (cont.)

Branch Office

Floor 2

Server Farm ISDN Telecommuter

Floor 1 Campus
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Remote
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Network Structure Defined by Hierarchy

Core Layer

Distribution Layer

Access Layer

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Access Layer Characteristics

Access Layer

End station entry point to the network

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Distribution Layer Characteristics

Access Layer Aggregation Point Routes traffic Broadcast/Multicast Domains Media Translation Security Possible point for remote access
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Distribution Layer

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Core Layer Characteristics

Core Layer

Fast transport to enterprise services

No packet manipulation

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OSI Model Overview

Application Application (Upper) Layers Presentation Session

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OSI Model Overview

Application Application (Upper) Layers Presentation Session Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Physical

Data Flow Layers

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Role of Application Layers

EXAMPLES
Application User Interface

Telnet HTTP

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Role of Application Layers

EXAMPLES
Application User Interface

Telnet HTTP ASCII EBCDIC JPEG

Presentation

How data is presented Special processing such as encryption

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Role of Application Layers

EXAMPLES
Application User Interface

Telnet HTTP ASCII EBCDIC JPEG Operating System/ Application Access Scheduling

Presentation

How data is presented Special processing such as encryption

Keeping different applications data separate

Session

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ICND2-14

Role of Application Layers

EXAMPLES
Application User Interface

Telnet HTTP ASCII EBCDIC JPEG Operating System/ Application Access Scheduling

Presentation

How data is presented Special processing such as encryption

Keeping different applications data separate

Session
Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Physical
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Role of Data Flow Layers

EXAMPLES

Physical
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Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed and pin-out cables
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EIA/TIA-232 V.35
ICND2-16

Role of Data Flow Layers

EXAMPLES

Data Link

Combines bits into bytes and bytes into frames Access to media using MAC address Error detection not correction

802.3 / 802.2 HDLC

EIA/TIA-232 V.35
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Physical
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed and pin-out cables
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Role of Data Flow Layers

EXAMPLES

Network

Provide logical addressing which routers use for path determination Combines bits into bytes and bytes into frames Access to media using MAC address Error detection not correction

IP IPX

Data Link

802.3 / 802.2 HDLC

EIA/TIA-232 V.35
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Physical
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed and pin-out cables
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Role of Data Flow Layers

EXAMPLES
Transport Reliable or unreliable delivery Error correction before retransmit Provide logical addressing which routers use for path determination Combines bits into bytes and bytes into frames Access to media using MAC address Error detection not correction

TCP UDP SPX IP IPX

Network

Data Link

802.3 / 802.2 HDLC

EIA/TIA-232 V.35
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Physical
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed and pin-out cables
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Role of Data Flow Layers

Application Presentation Session

EXAMPLES
Reliable or unreliable delivery Error correction before retransmit Provide logical addressing which routers use for path determination Combines bits into bytes and bytes into frames Access to media using MAC address Error detection not correction

Transport

TCP UDP SPX IP IPX

Network

Data Link

802.3 / 802.2 HDLC

EIA/TIA-232 V.35
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Physical
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Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed and pin-out cables
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Encapsulating Data
Application

Presentation
Upper Layer Data TCP Header Upper Layer Data Session

PDU
Segment

Transport

IP Header

Data

Network

Packet

LLC Header

Data

FCS

Data Link

Frame

MAC Header

Data

FCS

0101110101001000010
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Physical

Bits
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De-encapsulating Data
Application Presentation Session

Upper Layer Data

Transport
Upper Layer Data

Network
TCP+ Upper Layer Data IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data

Data Link
LLC Hdr + IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data

Physical
0101110101001000010
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Physical Layer Functions

Defines
Media type Connector type Signaling type
Physical 802.3

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Physical Layer: Ethernet/802.3

10Base2Thick Ethernet 10Base5Thick Ethernet

Host Hub Hosts

10BaseTTwisted Pair

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Hubs Operate at Physical layer

Physical

All devices in the same collision domain All devices in the same broadcast domain Devices share the same bandwidth
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Hubs: One Collision Domain

More end stations means more collisions

CSMA/CD is used

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Data Link layer Functions

Defines
Data Link

Physical source and destination addresses

Higher layer protocol (Service Access Point) associated with frame Network topology Frame sequencing

802.2

Physical

802.3

EIA/TIA-232
v.35

Flow control
Connection-oriented or connectionless
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Data Link Layer Functions (cont.)

MAC Layer - 802.3
# Bytes 8 6 6 2 Length Variable Data 4 FCS Preamble Dest add Source add

0000.0C
IEEE assigned

xx.xxxx
Vendor assigned

Ethernet II uses Type here and does not use 802.2.

MAC Address
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Switches and Bridges Operate at Data Link Layer

Data Link

OR

Each segment has its own collision domain All segments are in the same broadcast domain
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Switches

Switch
Memory

Each segment has its own collision domain Broadcasts are forwarded to all segments

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Network Layer Functions

Defines logical source and destination addresses associated with a specific protocol
Defines paths through network Interconnects multiple data links
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Network

IP, IPX

Data Link

802.2

Physical

802.3

EIA/TIA-232

v.35

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Network Layer Functions (cont.)

Network Layer End Station Packet
IP Header
Source address Destination address Data

Logical Address

172.15.1.1
Network Node

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Network Layer Functions (cont.)

Address Mask

172.16.122.204 255.255.0.0
172 16 122 204

Binary Address 10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100

255 255 0 0

Binary Mask

11111111 11111111
Network

00000000 00000000
Host

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Network Layer Functions (cont.)

1.1
1.0 4.0

4.1

1.2

1.3 E0

2.1

2.2 S0

4.3

S0

4.2

E0

Routing Table NET INT Metric 1 E0 0 2 S0 0 4 S0 1

Routing Table NET INT Metric 1 S0 1 2 S0 0 4 E0 0

Logical addressing allows for hierarchical network Configuration required Uses configured information to identify paths to networks
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Routers: Operate at the Network Layer

Broadcast control

Multicast control
Optimal path determination

Traffic management
Logical addressing Connects to WAN services

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Using Routers to Provide Remote Access

Modem or ISDN TA
Telecommuter

Mobile User

Branch Office Main Office Internet

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Transport Layer Functions

Distinguishes between upper layer applications Establishes end-to-end connectivity between applications
Transport TCP UDP SPX

Network

Defines flow control

Provides reliable or unreliable services for data transfer

IP

IPX

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Reliable Transport Layer Functions

Sender

Receiver

Synchronize Acknowledge, Synchronize Acknowledge

Connection Established
Data Transfer (Send Segments)

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Network Device Domains

Hub Bridge Switch Router

Collision Domains: 1 4 Broadcast Domains: 1

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4 4
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Choosing a Cisco Product

Core Layer

Distribution Layer

Access Layer

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