NEOLITHIC MORTUARY PRACTICES INTRAMURAL BURIALS IN BULGARIA IN THEIR SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN AND ANATOLIAN CONTEXT KRUM BACVAROV Abstract

No one to a! "#est$ons t%e &act t%at $ntra'#ra( b#r$a(s &a(( &ar s%ort o& re&(ect$n) to a &#(( e*tent t%e 'ort#ar! +ract$ces o& so#t%east E#ro+ean an Anato($an Neo($t%$c, Moreo-er. t%e e-$ ence +o$nts to t%e conc(#s$on t%at %#'an s/e(eta( re'a$ns &ro' Neo($t%$c sett(e'ents be(on) to -er! &e0 $n $-$ #a(s $n co'+ar$son to t%e tota( est$'ate n#'ber o& Neo($t%$c $n%ab$tants, A n#'ber o& researc%ers o&&er $-erse e*+(anat$ons to t%$s +%eno'enon. bas$n) t%e$r %!+ot%eses on a (ar)er or s'a((er a'o#nt o& $n&or'at$on abo#t t%e Neo($t%$c b#r$a(s. 'ost o&ten &ro' se+arate +arts o& t%e area, Accor $n) to 1, C, C%a+'an. Neo($t%$c te((s $n B#()ar$a are c%aracter$2e b! t%e $str$b#t$on o& scattere %#'an bones an se( o' b! )ra-es conta$n$n) art$c#(ate s/e(etons, It 0as on(! $n t%e Late Neo($t%$c t%at b#r$a(s 0ere so'et$'es (ocate $n te'+orar$(! #nocc#+$e sect$ons o& t%e sett(e'ents, In -$e0 o& t%e absence o& Neo($t%$c ce'eter$es t%e a#t%or cons$ ers t0o +oss$b$($t$es, 3$rst. beca#se o& $ts acc$ enta( occ#rrence. b#r$a( 0as an $n $cat$on o& stat#s. 'ore o&ten a++($e to 0o'en an c%$( ren t%an to a #(t 'en, Ho0e-er. s$nce t%e b#r$a( 'o e $ not $'+(! stat#s $&&erent$at$on. C%a+'an )$-es +re&erence to t%e secon +oss$b$($t!4 a co'+(ete absence o& )ra-es, He $nter+rets t%e &e0 e*a'+(es as b#r$a(s o& 5non+ersons5. 0%$c% 'eans t%at &ro' t%e Ear(! Neo($t%$c on0ar s t%ere e*$ste t0o -ert$ca((! $&&erent$ate soc$a( cate)or$es, Y, Ya/ar %as reac%e s($)%t(! $&&erent conc(#s$ons. a(t%o#)% t%e! re&er 'a$n(! to t%e 'ort#ar! +ract$ces o& Anato($an Neo($t%$c an Ear(! C%a(co($t%$c, He $s o& t%e o+$n$on t%at t%ere a(so e*$ste a $&&erent 'o e $n 0%$c% t%e ea 0ere b#r$e bes$ es &or'a( or secon ar! $n%#'at$on an +res#'es t%at t%e! '$)%t %a-e been (e&t #nb#r$e $n ca-es or roc/ s%e(ters. #s$n) as an ar)#'ent t%e (ater $ ea o& ca-es as t%e 'a$n o#t(ets to t%e #n er0or( , On t%e bas$s o& co'+arat$-e 'ater$a( &ro' "#$te a (ar)er area $nc(# $n) t%e centra( E#ro+ean L$n$enban /era'$/ c#(t#re. so#t%east E#ro+ean Neo($t%$c as 0e(( as Anato($an an Le-ant$ne Neo($t%$c an Ear(! C%a(co($t%$c sett(e'ents. U, Ve$t conc(# es t%at t%e c#(t#ra( conce+t$ons #n er(!$n) 'ort#ar! +ract$ces 0ere "#$te s$'$(ar an 5t%at t%e $&&erences 0%$c% are arc%aeo(o)$ca((! obser-ab(e re(ate at (east +art(! to $&&erent c($'at$c con $t$ons &or t%e +reser-at$on o& s/e(eta( re'a$ns5, T%e a#t%or cr$t$c$2es I, Ho er6s +ost+rocess#a( a++roac% an ar)#es &or 5a rat%er ($'$te set o& soc$a( s$t#at$ons. as etectab(e &ro' t%e arc%aeo(o)$ca( 6te*ts6. 0%$c% 'a! be re&(ecte $n a -ar$et! o& r$t#a(. or 'ore )enera( c#(t#ra( &or's. accor $n) to s+ec$&$c en-$ron'enta( or %$stor$ca( con $t$ons5, 1, Orsc%$e t6s t%es$s $&&ers rat%er s#bstant$a((! $n t%at %e cons$ ers a(( $ntra'#ra( b#r$a(s o& t%e centra( E#ro+ean L$n$enban /era'$/ c#(t#re as 5e*ce+t$ona(5, He a(so notes t%e +re o'$nance o&

c%$( ren6s an 0o'en6s se*7an 7a)e )ro#+s. 0%$c% $s c%aracter$st$c o& t%e re)$on. an ascerta$ns t%at t%e rat$o bet0een c%$( ren an a #(ts $n t%e sett(e'ents an ce'eter$es 0as $n-erse(! +ro+ort$ona(, A s$'$(ar +o$nt o& -$e0 %as been e*+resse b! R, Torre'ans $n re)ar to Anato($an Neo($t%$c $ntra'#ra( b#r$a(s an b! 1, Bo8a 2%$e-. 0%o. on t%e bas$s o& ata abo#t 9: Neo($t%$c b#r$a(s &ro' ;< B#()ar$an sett(e'ents. co'es to t%e conc(#s$on t%at t%e $ntra'#ra( )ra-es 5 o not re+resent t%e stan ar 'ort#ar! +ract$ces b#t a++ear to be a e-$at$on &ro' $t5 an t%at t%e b#r$a( 0$t%$n t%e sett(e'ent 0as #e to a -ar$et! o& reasons. 0%$c% 0ere not #n$&or' b! c%rono(o)$ca( or b! terr$tor$a( +r$nc$+(e5, In %$s -$e0 certa$n Neo($t%$c b#r$a(s 0ere 5t%e res#(t o& acc$ enta( c$rc#'stances5, T%e a#t%or (o)$ca((! co'es to t%e "#est$on 0%ere t%en t%e 5#s#a(5 )ra-es 0ere (ocate an s#))ests t0o ans0ers4 t%e b#r$a(s 0ere not &or'a( $n%#'at$ons an $ not (ea-e arc%aeo(o)$ca( traces. or 7 an accor $n) to Bo8a 2%$e-. t%e '#c% 'ore +robab(e -ar$ant 7 t%ere e*$st Neo($t%$c ce'eter$es 0%$c% %a-e so &ar re'a$ne #n $sco-ere #e to 5nat#ra( an )eo)ra+%$ca( c%an)es an t%e eros$on an acc#'#(at$on +rocesses s+ann$n) t%e +er$o &ro' t%e Neo($t%$c to t%e +resent5, In &act. t%e so7ca((e absence o& b#r$a(s $s not a +%eno'enon. c%aracter$st$c on(! o& t%e so#t%east E#ro+ean Neo($t%$c. b#t one to be 0$tnesse $n a n#'ber o& +re7 an +roto%$stor$c c#(t#res &ro' nort%ern E#ro+e to t%e 3ert$(e Crescent, T%e c%a'bere to'bs o& Neo($t%$c En)(an &or $nstance 0ere not t%e on(! 'ort#ar! +ract$ce. b#t 5t%e bo $es o& so'e. an +er%a+s t%e 'a8or$t!. o& t%e ea 0ere %ab$t#a((! $s+ose o& $n a 0a! 0%$c% %as (e&t no arc%aeo(o)$ca( trace5, T%e case 0$t% t%e En)($s% Iron A)e A $s s$'$(ar $n t%at &re"#ent %#'an bones an rare b#r$a(s are t!+$ca( o& $t. a &act t%at $s e*+(a$ne b! cann$ba($s' or e*+os#re o& t%e cor+ses, On t%e ot%er %an . t%e ana(!s$s o& t%e 'ort#ar! +ract$ces o& t%e centra( E#ro+ean L$n$enban /era'$/ c#(t#re e'onstrates t%at t%e b#r$a( $n a ce'eter! 0as 8#st one o& a n#'ber o& $-erse +ract$ces an $t $s a(so %$)%(! +robab(e t%at on(! a s'a(( +art o& t%e +o+#(at$on '$)%t %a-e been re+resente $n t%e Neo($t%$c ce'eter$es, On t%e bas$s o& ata &ro' &o#r Ba-ar$an Neo($t%$c ce'eter$es 7 A$ter%o&en7O '#%(e. Sen)o&en. Man)o( $n). an D$(($n)en7Ste$n%e$' 7 N, N$es2er! %as estab($s%e t%at $n $-$ #a(s c%osen b! soc$et! 0ere b#r$e t%ere an t%at e*%#'at$on an secon ar! b#r$a( $n anot%er +(ace '$)%t %a-e been +ract$ce , 3$na((! t%e a#t%or conc(# es t%at t%ere are no arc%aeo(o)$ca( +roo&s abo#t t%e 0a! 'ost o& t%e ea 0ere b#r$e , H$s conc(#s$ons %a-e been con&$r'e b! 1, Petrasc%. 0%o. es+$te &o((o0$n) a $&&erent 0a! o& reason$n). a&ter st# !$n) t%e traces (e&t b! t%e teet% o& +re ators. an t%e c#t 'ar/s on %#'an bones $n centra( E#ro+ean Neo($t%$c sett(e'ents. +res#'es t%at +ara((e( to t%e &or'a( $n%#'at$ons an cre'at$on b#r$a(s $n e*tra'#ra( ce'eter$es an $ntra'#ra( )ra-es t%ere e*$ste '#(t$sta)e 'ort#ar! +ract$ces, It $s #s#a((! ass#'e t%at t%e $n&or'at$on abo#t t%e 'ort#ar! +ract$ces $n Anato($a an t%e Le-ant $s '#c% 'ore co'+(ete an t%$s $s tr#e. to a certa$n e*tent, Ho0e-er. $t oes not 'ean t%at a(( 'ort#ar! +ract$ces are estab($s%e = t%ere $s not a s$te 0$t% a-a$(ab(e s/e(eta( re'a$ns o& at (east one )enerat$on o& $ts $n%ab$tants, A t!+$ca( e*a'+(e $n t%$s res+ect $s A$n G%a2a(. nort%ern Meso+ota'$a, 1# )$n) b! s/e(etons &ro' t%e M$ (e Pre+otter! Neo($t%$c B >MPPNB? t%e e*ca-ators est$'ate t%at 0e are '$ss$n) at (east 9@ A o& t%e b#r$a(s &or eac% )enerat$on,

In s+$te o& t%e see'$n)(! (ar)e n#'ber o& s/e(etons &ro' a(( (e-e(s at Cata(%o!#/. t%e b#r$a(s #n er t%e +(at&or's o& t%e b#$( $n)s are e-$ ent(! not re+resentat$-e o& t%e 0%o(e +o+#(at$on, T%e b#r$a(s $n 'ost o& t%e ot%er sett(e'ents &ro' t%e Late Neo($t%$c an Ear(! C%a(co($t%$c are &ar (ess $n n#'ber. as $s t%e case 0$t% HacB(ar, Des+$te %$s +#r+ose&#( s!ste'at$c e*ca-at$ons. R, D#r# &a$(e to $sco-er t%e e*tra'#ra( Neo($t%$c ce'eter!. 0%$c% %as been %!+ot%et$ca((! +ro+ose b! 1, Me((aart, T%e sa'e )oes &or t%e PPNB $n t%e Le-ant= a&ter 'ore t%an a cent#r! o& e*ca-at$ons no e*tra'#ra( ce'eter! &ro' t%$s +er$o %as been $sco-ere !et, T%e )reatest n#'ber o& s/e(eta( re'a$ns $n t%e 0%o(e re)$on o& Anato($a an t%e Le-ant co'es &ro' Ca!on#. so#t%east Anato($a. 0%ere bones &ro' :@< $n $-$ #a(s %a-e been &o#n , T%e 'ort#ar! +ract$ces #r$n) t%e $&&erent sta)es e-en on(! &ro' t%e PPNB -ar!, In t%e S/#(( B#$( $n) &or e*a'+(e C@ +ercent o& t%e +o+#(at$on $s re+resente . 0%ereas $n t%e &$na( sta)e o& t%$s +er$o traces o& b#r$a(s are tota((! '$ss$n), T%e ata ana(!s$s o& ;@9 Neo($t%$c $ntra'#ra( b#r$a(s &ro' ;C B#()ar$an sett(e'ents an o& b#r$a(s $n C< sett(e'ents $n so#t%7east E#ro+e. 0estern an centra( Anato($a %as a((o0e 'e to b#$( #+ a )enera( c(ass$&$cat$on o& 'ort#ar! +ract$ces $n t%$s re)$on. to &o((o0 t%e$r c%rono(o)$ca( e-e(o+'ent. to eter'$ne t%e$r 2ones o& $str$b#t$on an to 'a/e an atte'+t to estab($s% t%e$r +oss$b(e or$)$n, T%ree c(asses o& 'ort#ar! +ract$ces are $str$b#te $n t%$s terr$tor!4 &or'a( $n%#'at$on. secon ar! $n%#'at$on an cre'at$on b#r$a(, In t%e &$rst c(ass t%e +er$o bet0een t%e b$o(o)$ca( eat% an t%e b#r$a( 0as re(at$-e(! s%ort. t%e bo ! o& t%e ea $n $-$ #a( 0as b#r$e $n a contracte or an e*ten e +os$t$on an t%e arc%aeo(o)$ca( res#(t $s a )ra-e. conta$n$n) 'ore or (ess art$c#(ate s/e(eton, In t%e secon c(ass t%$s +er$o $s (on)er. t%e bo ! o& t%e ea $n $-$ #a( 0as s#b8ecte to e*carnat$on or ot%er treat'ent 0$t% t%e a$' o& etac%$n) t%e so&t t$ss#es. an t%e arc%aeo(o)$ca( res#(t $s a )ra-e conta$n$n) s/e(eta( re'a$ns not $n anato'$ca( or er, In t%e t%$r c(ass t%e #rat$on o& t%e +er$o $s arc%aeo(o)$ca((! #n/no0n. b#t t%e re'a$ns 0ere s#b8ecte to cre'at$on an t%e arc%aeo(o)$ca( res#(t $s a )ra-e conta$n$n) cre'ate %#'an re'a$ns $n or not $n anato'$ca( or er, T%e &or'a( $n%#'at$on $nc(# es D )ro#+s4 $n $-$ #a(. )ro#+. an co((ect$-e. 0%$c% are s#b $-$ e $nto t!+es an so'et$'es $nto -ar$ants, T%e &or'a( $n $-$ #a( $n%#'at$on $n a 0e(($n) s+ace $s $str$b#te $n a co'+arat$-e(! co'+act 2one. 'a$n(! $n t%e so#t%ern +arts o& t%e terr$tor! #n er st# !. enco'+ass$n) 0estern Anato($a. T%race. eastern T%essa(!. t%e Var ar Va((e!. nort%7centra( B#()ar$a an nort%east B#()ar$a, It bor ers on Mo( a-$a to t%e east. an reac%es Banat to t%e 0est. b#t t%e (atter t0o re)$ons are co'+arat$-e(! $so(ate &ro' t%e 5n#c(ear $str$b#t$ona( area5 o& t%e 'ort#ar! +ract$ce, T%e ea 0ere b#r$e $n a contracte +os$t$on on t%e$r s$ es or on t%e ab o'en #n er %o#se &(oors. at t$'es #n er or near o-ens. b#t t%$s re&ers on(! to t%e centra( +art o& t%e 2one, In $-$ #a(s &ro' a(( se*7 an 7a)e )ro#+s 0ere b#r$e $n t%e Anato($an sett(e'ents. 0%ereas $n T%race on(! t%e )ro#+s o& a #(t 0o'en an c%$( ren are to be &o#n , E*ce+t &or t%e $nstance &ro' Banat. 0%ere a #(t 'en 0ere b#r$e . t%e rest o& t%e )ra-es con&$r' 7 or at (east o not contra $ct 7 t%$s obser-at$on, In 'ost cases )ra-e $n-entor! 0as &o#n ,

T%e &or'a( $n $-$ #a( $n%#'at$on $n a 0e(($n) s+ace a++ears at t%e -er! be)$nn$n) o& t%e Neo($t%$c4 $n so#t%0est an centra( Anato($a $t $s re)$stere $n t%e Pre+otter! Neo($t%$c. $n T%race 7 $n t%e Karano-o I c#(t#re, In t%e nort%0estern an nort%eastern +arts o& t%e 2one $ts a++earance $s connecte 0$t% t%e (ast +%ases o& t%e Starce-o c#(t#re an t%e en o& t%e Cr$s c#(t#re, It cont$n#e to be +ract$ce a(so #r$n) t%e Late Neo($t%$c an t%e Anato($an Ear(! C%a(co($t%$c. b#t t%en a)a$n 5s%ran/5 on(! 0$t%$n t%e 'ost so#t%eastern +art o& $ts 2one o& $str$b#t$on4 0estern Anato($a. t%e Mar'ara re)$on an T%race, T%$s 5+#(sat$on5 $s one o& t%e ar)#'ents $n &a-or o& t%e conc(#s$on t%at t%e &or'a( $n $-$ #a( $n%#'at$on $n a 0e(($n) s+ace or$)$nate $n t%e Le-ant$ne an Anato($an re)$on. an 0as not a e-e(o+'ent o& t%e e+$+a(eo($t%$c tra $t$on o& b#r$a(s #n er o+en %eart%s. as P, Rac2/! s#++ose , An 0%$(e $n t%e Le-ant an Anato($a t%e b#r$a( #n er %o#se &(oors $nc(# e a(( se*7an 7a)e )ro#+s. $n T%race. 0%ere $t a++eare at "#$te a (ater t$'e. t%e 'ort#ar! +ract$ce #n er0ent s+ec$&$c e-o(#t$on an can be assoc$ate on(! 0$t% a #(t 0o'en. c%$( ren an bab$es, T%e 'ost 0$ e(! +ract$ce t!+e o& 'ort#ar! +ract$ces $n t%e re)$on #n er st# ! $s #n o#bte (! t%e &or'a( $n $-$ #a( $n%#'at$on $n an $nter 0e(($n) s+ace, Its 2one o& $str$b#t$on s+ans t%e Mar'ara Sea. 0estern Anato($a. Pe(o+onnes#s. T%essa(!. 0estern Mace on$a an t%e Var ar Va((e!. T%race. so#t%0est B#()ar$a. t%e So&$a Bas$n. nort%7centra( B#()ar$a. so#t%ern A(ban$a. S%#'a $a. Sre'. Da('at$a. t%e Iron Gates. Bac%/a. Banat. t%e T$s2a Va((e!. Trans$(-an$a. M#nten$a an Mo( a-$a, Yet re)$ons o& 'ore $ntens$-e or (ess $ntens$-e +ract$c$n) are a(so to be 0$tnesse t%ere, In Cata(%o!#/ t%e &or'a( $n $-$ #a( $n%#'at$on $n an $nter 0e(($n) s+ace re&ers to a s$n)(e b#r$a(, T%e +ract$ce %as t0o -ar$ants4 &or'a( $n $-$ #a( $n%#'at$on $n an $nter 0e(($n) s+ace $n a contracte or $n an e*ten e +os$t$on. t%e secon -ar$ant %a-$n) been re)$stere on(! $n Pe(o+onnes#s. T%race an S%#'a $a, A(( se*7an 7a)e )ro#+s are re+resente . as 0e(( as a(( /$n s o& )ra-e $n-entor!, T%$s t!+e e*$ste t%ro#)%o#t t%e 0%o(e o& t%e Neo($t%$c an 0$t% s#c% a 'ass $str$b#t$on $t $s -er! $&&$c#(t to 'a/e s#++os$t$ons as to $ts or$)$n. b#t $t $s e-$ ent t%at $t $s 'ore c(ose(! re(ate to so#t%east E#ro+e an t%e eastern coast o& t%e Sea o& Mar'ara. es+ec$a((! to t%e nort%ern +arts o& t%e re)$on. rat%er t%an to Anato($a an t%e Le-ant, T%e &or'a( $n $-$ #a( $n%#'at$on $n t%e sett(e'ent6s +er$+%er! %as a ($'$te 2one o& $str$b#t$on. 'a$n(! $n t%e eastern +arts o& t%e terr$tor! #n er st# !4 t%e eastern coast o& t%e Sea o& Mar'ara. T%race. nort%east B#()ar$a. S%#'a $a. Sre'. t%e Iron )ates area. Banat an Trans$(-an$a, Part$c#(ar(! c%aracter$st$c $s t%e concentrat$on o& a (ar)e n#'ber o& )ra-es on a re(at$-e(! s'a(( area. as are t%e cases $n t%e area o& t%e eastern coast o& t%e Sea o& Mar'ara. nort%east B#()ar$a. Sre' an t%e Iron Gates, A(t%o#)% t%e (e-e( o& researc% oes not !et a((o0 %a-$n) t%e s+ace as+ect o& t%$s t!+e o& +ract$ce e(#c$ ate to a s#&&$c$ent e)ree. ob-$o#s(! $t re&ers to t%e $so(at$on o& t%e )ra-es 0$t%$n a certa$n sect$on o& t%e sett(e'ent, T%e ea 0ere b#r$e $n a contracte +os$t$on on t%e$r s$ e. o&ten 0$t% )ra-e $n-entor!, A(( se*7an a)e )ro#+s are re+resente , T%$s t!+e o& 'ort#ar! +ract$ce &o#n $str$b#t$on 'a$n(! $n t%e Ear(! Neo($t%$c, T%e ear($est b#r$a( o& t%$s t!+e $s a )ra-e &ro' Te(( A2'a/. 0%$c% $s re&erre to t%e Karano-o I c#(t#re, T%e b#r$a(s &ro' I(B+Bnar EF. &o((o0e b! t%e Starce-o an Cr$s b#r$a(s 'a! be o& a s($)%t(! (ater or$)$n, T%e ata

abo#t Botos $s too $nco'+(ete. b#t on t%e bas$s o& t%e c(a! -esse(s M, Garasan$n re(ates t%e s$te to t%e ear(! T#r as +%ase o& t%e Late Neo($t%$c V$nca c#(t#re, G%ate-er t%e reasons &or t%e se+arat$on o& t%e 'ort#ar! s+ace &ro' t%e ($-$n) s+ace '$)%t %a-e been. $t $s ob-$o#s t%at t%e connect$on bet0een t%e' 0as +reser-e . at (east #nt$( t%e en o& t%e Neo($t%$c, As 0$t% t%e case o& t%e &or'a( $n $-$ #a( $n%#'at$on $n an $nter 0e(($n) s+ace. $t $s c(ear t%at t%e or$)$n o& t%$s t!+e o& +ract$ce s%o#( not be so#)%t $n t%e East, T%e &or'a( )ro#+ $n%#'at$on $n a 0e(($n) s+ace $s re+resente on(! $n centra( an 0estern Anato($a, It re(ates to o#b(e b#r$a(s o& 0o'en 0$t% c%$( ren #n er %o#se &(oors $n a contracte +os$t$on on t%e$r s$ es an 0$t% )ra-e $n-entor!, T%e b#r$a(s ate bac/ to t%e Anato($an Late Neo($t%$c, T%e 2one o& $str$b#t$on o& t%e &or'a( )ro#+ $n%#'at$on $n an $nter 0e(($n) s+ace co'+r$ses T%race. 0estern B#()ar$a. 0estern Mace on$a an t%e Var ar Va((e!. Sre'. S%#'a $a. t%e T$s2a Va((e! an Mo( a-$a. t%e (atter %a-$n) re'a$ne to a certa$n e*tent $so(ate &ro' t%e 'ore co'+act so#t%ern an 0estern +arts o& t%e 2one, T0o -ar$ants are re+resente , T%e &$rst $s re)$stere $n T%race. 0estern B#()ar$a. 0estern Mace on$a. Sre'. t%e T$s2a Va((e!. an Mo( a-$a, A #(ts 0$t% one or t0o c%$( ren. t0o c%$( ren or #+ to t%ree a #(ts 0ere b#r$e , T%e ea 0ere b#r$e $n a contracte +os$t$on on t%e$r s$ es one ne*t to t%e ot%er. 'ost o&ten 0$t% an $n-entor!, T%e secon -ar$ant $s re(ate to b#r$a(s &ro' 0estern B#()ar$a. t%e Var ar Va((e!. an S%#'a $a, Eac% )ra-e conta$ns s/e(etons o& t0o a #(ts. b#r$e $n a contracte +os$t$on on t%e$r s$ es one on to+ o& t%e ot%er. ob-$o#s(! not at one an t%e sa'e t$'e b#t one a&ter t%e ot%er o-er a s%ort +er$o o& t$'e, Bot% -ar$ants a++ear $n t%e Ear(! Neo($t%$c. b#t $n T%race t%e &$rst $s re+resente on(! $n t%e Late Neo($t%$c Karano-o III +er$o . 0%ereas $n t%e rest o& t%e 2one t%e &or'a( )ro#+ $n%#'at$on $n an $nter 0e(($n) s+ace $s not re)$stere $n t%e secon %a(& o& t%e Neo($t%$c, T%e or$)$n o& t%$s t!+e o& 'ort#ar! +ract$ce $s not c(ear, Ob-$o#s(! at $ts ear($est $t a++eare $n t%e 0estern +arts o& t%e 2one an $t 0as t%ere a)a$n t%at $ts +ract$c$n) 0as sto++e . 0%ereas $n T%race $t $s connecte 0$t% b#r$a(s &ro' t0o sett(e'ents re(ate to t%e be)$nn$n) o& t%e Late Neo($t%$c, T%e &or'a( )ro#+ $n%#'at$on $n t%e sett(e'ent6s +er$+%er! $s re)$stere on(! $n one sett(e'ent. Le+ens/$ V$r $n t%e Dan#b$an Iron Gates area, It re+resents a o#b(e b#r$a( o& an a #(t 'an an 0o'an $n a contracte +os$t$on t%e one &ac$n) t%e ot%er, T%e b#r$a( $s re&erre to t%e Starce-o c#(t#re an $s e-$ ent(! connecte to t%e ot%ers 7 $n $-$ #a( 7 b#r$a(s &ro' t%e sett(e'ent. a(so (ocate $n $ts +er$+%er!, T%e &or'a( co((ect$-e $n%#'at$on $n a 0e(($n) s+ace $s $str$b#te on(! $n t%e so#t%0est an centra( Anato($an sett(e'ents, T%e ea 0ere b#r$e $n a contracte +os$t$on on t%e$r s$ es. so'et$'es one on to+ o& t%e ot%er, A(( se*7an 7a)e )ro#+s are re+resente , T%e 'ort#ar! +ract$ce 0as +er&or'e t%ro#)%o#t a(( t%e +%ases o& t%e sett(e'ents6 e*$stence. es+ec$a((! $n t%e Anato($an Late Neo($t%$c an Ear(! C%a(co($t%$c, T%e 2ones o& $str$b#t$on o& t%e &or'a( co((ect$-e $n%#'at$on $n an $nter 0e(($n) s+ace co'+r$se Metoc%$a. S%#'a $a.

t%e Iron Gates area an t%e T$s2a Va((e!, T%e ea 0ere b#r$e $n a contracte +os$t$on on t%e$r s$ es or on t%e$r bac/s. so'et$'es one on to+ o& t%e ot%er. 0%$c% co#( 'ean t%at t%e! 0ere b#r$e at certa$n t$'e $nter-a(s. 'ost +robab(! s%ort ones, Gra-e $n-entor! $s rare(! $sco-ere , T%e 'a$n se*7an 7a)e )ro#+s are re+resente $n eac% o& t%e b#r$a(s re(ate to t%$s +ract$ce, T%e &or'a( co((ect$-e $n%#'at$on $n an $nter 0e(($n) s+ace $s re)$stere on(! $n t%e Ear(! Neo($t%$c, T%e secon ar! $n%#'at$on a(so $nc(# es t%ree )ro#+s. $n $-$ #a(. )ro#+. an co((ect$-e, T%e secon ar! $n $-$ #a( $n%#'at$on $n a 0e(($n) s+ace $s $str$b#te $n centra( an so#t%0est Anato($a. an t%e So&$a Bas$n, Scattere s/#((s an 'an $b(es 0ere b#r$e #n er %o#se &(oors 0$t% or 0$t%o#t $n-entor!, A(( se*7an 7a)e )ro#+s are re+resente , A )ra-e &ro' Go(o/#t $n Sre' $s re(ate to t%e secon ar! $n $-$ #a( $n%#'at$on $n a 0e(($n) s+ace. $n 0%$c% case t%e #++er %a(& o& an ot%er0$se art$c#(ate s/e(eton 0as $sco-ere #n er t%e %o#se &(oor, Ho0e-er t%e c%aracter o& t%$s b#r$a( $s not "#$te c(ear an $t '$)%t be re&erre to &or'a( +art$a( $n%#'at$on, T%e Anato($an b#r$a(s re(ate to t%e Anato($an Late Neo($t%$c an Ear(! C%a(co($t%$c. 0%$(e t%ose &ro' t%e So&$a Bas$n 7 to t%e Kre'$/o-c$ )ro#+, T%e b#r!$n) o& scattere s/#((s. 'an $b(es an teet% $s re)$stere as ear(! as t%e Pa(eo($t%$c an $t '$)%t be conten e t%at as a r$t#a( $t a++eare s$'#(taneo#s(! 0$t% t%e a++earance o& 'ort#ar! +ract$ces $n )enera(, T%e secon ar! $n $-$ #a( $n%#'at$on $n a 0e(($n) s+ace %o0e-er %as a rat%er $&&erent s!'bo($c contents an ob-$o#s(! or$)$nate $n t%e Anato($an an Le-ant$ne re)$on 0%ere &or t%e &$rst t$'e $t 0as connecte 0$t% b#$( $n)s. a(t%o#)% $n a $&&erent conte*t, T%e 2one o& $str$b#t$on o& t%e secon ar! $n $-$ #a( $n%#'at$on $n an $nter 0e(($n) s+ace enco'+asses t%e nort%ern S+ora es. Pe(o+onnes#s. T%race. 0estern Mace on$a an t%e Var ar Va((e!. Metoc%$a. S%#'a $a. Da('at$a. Bac%/a. Trans$(-an$a. Banat an t%e T$s2a Va((e!, T0o -ar$ants are re)$stere . secon ar! $n $-$ #a( $n%#'at$on $n an $nter 0e(($n) s+ace o& scattere s/#((s an Hor 'an $b(es on t%e one %an an o& scattere +ostcran$a( bones. so'et$'es to)et%er 0$t% s/#((s. not $n anato'$ca( or er. on t%e ot%er, A(( se*7an 7a)e )ro#+s are re+resente , In-entor! $s rare(! &o#n . 'a$n(! an$'a( bones, T%$s t!+e o& 'ort#ar! +ract$ce 0as +er&or'e #r$n) t%e 0%o(e Neo($t%$c an +robab(! $n $ts ent$re 2one o& $str$b#t$on at t%at. a(t%o#)% 'ost o& t%e e*a'+(es o not co'e &ro' c(ose co'+(e*es, T%e secon ar! $n $-$ #a( $n%#'at$on $n t%e sett(e'ent6s +er$+%er! $s re+resente $n t0o re)$ons. (!$n) re'ote &ro' one anot%er. nort%east B#()ar$a on t%e one %an . an Sre' an t%e Iron Gates. on t%e ot%er, It 'a! be ass#'e t%at t%e Dan#be 0as t%e connect$on bet0een t%e'. b#t t%e e)ree to 0%$c% t%e arc%aeo(o)$ca( s$tes ($n/e to t%$s t!+e o& 'ort#ar! +ract$ces %a-e been st# $e oes not a((o0 0e((7&o#n e ass#'+t$ons, T%e secon ar! )ro#+ $n%#'at$on %as so &ar been re)$stere on(! $n 0estern T%race an O(ten$a, T%e &$rst case re(ates to a secon ar! b#r$a(. conta$n$n) s/e(eta( re'a$ns o& an ;;7;I !ears o( c%$( an o& a ;:7;9 !ears o( )$r(. $nterre not $n anato'$ca( or er. an t%e secon . to t%ree s/#((s.

be(on)$n) to a 0o'an o& c, J< !ears o& a)e. a !o#n) $n $-$ #a(. an an $n $-$ #a( o& a #n eter'$ne se* an a)e, T%e 2one o& $str$b#t$on o& t%e secon ar! co((ect$-e $n%#'at$on $n a 0e(($n) s+ace enco'+asses centra( an so#t%0est Anato($a. 0estern T%essa(!. an T%race, It concerns t%e b#r$a( o& e*carnate s/e(eta( re'a$ns 7 'ost(! s/#((s an (on) bones 7 o& a )reat n#'ber o& $n $-$ #a(s not $n anato'$ca( or er #n er %o#se &(oors. so'et$'es 0$t% $n-entor!, In t%e 0est T%essa($an sett(e'ent at Pro ro'os &or e*a'+(e. strat$)ra+%$c obser-at$ons s%o0 t%at t%e )ra-e +$t %as been o+ene t%ree t$'es consec#t$-e(!, T%e +(at&or's at t%e Anato($an sett(e'ents %a-e a(so been o+ene re+eate (!, T%ere $s not an! $n&or'at$on o& t%at /$n $n re)ar to t%e T%rac$an b#r$a(, T%ere $s anot%er $&&erence %o0e-er, G%$(e t%e T%essa($an an t%e Anato($an )ra-es conta$n bones bot% &ro' c%$( ren an &ro' a #(ts. $n t%e T%rac$an b#r$a( on(! c%$( ren6s s/e(eta( re'a$ns %a-e been $sco-ere , T%e (atter &act ob-$o#s(! +o$nts to a s+ec$&$c e-e(o+'ent o& t%at tra $t$on, In T%race an T%essa(! t%$s t!+e o& b#r$a( 0as +ract$ce on(! $n t%e Ear(! Neo($t%$c. an $n Anato($a $n t%e Anato($an Late Neo($t%$c an Ear(! C%a(co($t%$c, T%e secon ar! co((ect$-e $n%#'at$on $n an $nter 0e(($n) s+ace $s re+resente on(! $n T%race, T%e b#r$a(s conta$n e*carnate s/e(eta( re'a$ns &ro' a )reat n#'ber o& $n $-$ #a(s not $n anato'$ca( or er. $n t%e &$rst o& t%e t0o cases $n a +$t. an $n t%e ot%er $n a c(a! +ot, T%e )ra-es re(ate to t%e Karano-o I an Karano-o IV c#(t#res res+ect$-e(!, G$-en t%e absence o& eno#)% acc#rate ata abo#t t%e T%rac$an b#r$a(s. re(ate to t%e t0o t!+es o& secon ar! co((ect$-e $n%#'at$on. $t $s $&&$c#(t to 'a/e con8ect#res abo#t t%e or$)$n o& t%e +ract$ce. b#t &ro' t%e +o$nt o& -$e0 o& $ts 2one o& $str$b#t$on $t see's ne-ert%e(ess (o)$ca( to ass#'e t%at $t $s Anato($an, Ho0e-er $t s%o#( not be &or)otten t%at $ts +ract$c$n) $n T%race 0as c%aracter$2e b! s+ec$&$c (oca( +ec#($ar$t$es. 'a$n(! $n re)ar to t%e se* an t%e a)e o& t%e b#r$e , As I %a-e a(rea ! 'ent$one . cre'at$on b#r$a( $s a +ract$ce. $n 0%$c% t%e #rat$on o& t%e +er$o bet0een t%e +%!s$ca( eat% an t%e &$na( $nter'ent cannot be arc%aeo(o)$ca((! estab($s%e . t%e %#'an re'a$ns 0ere cre'ate an t%e arc%aeo(o)$ca( res#(t $s a )ra-e conta$n$n) cre'ate %#'an re'a$ns $n or not $n anato'$ca( or er, T%$s c(ass o& 'ort#ar! +ract$ces $nc(# es t0o )ro#+s. $n $-$ #a( an co((ect$-e b#r$a(, T%e 2one o& $str$b#t$on o& t%e $n $-$ #a( cre'at$on b#r$a( co-ers t0o re)$ons. $stance &ro' eac% ot%er. eastern T%essa(! on t%e one %an an Trans$(-an$a an t%e T$s2a Va((e!. on t%e ot%er, T%ree t!+es are re+resente . $n $-$ #a( cre'at$on b#r$a( $n a 0e(($n) s+ace. $n an $nter 0e(($n) s+ace. an $n an e*tra'#ra( ce'eter!, In t%e &$rst $nstance t%e cre'at$on re(ates to t%e &$n$s%$n). an $n t%e ne*t t0o. to t%e +re($'$nar! r$t#a(s. 0%$c% acco#nts &or t%e cons$ erab(e $&&erences bet0een t%e t0o b#r$a( t!+es, T%e +ract$c$n) o& t%e &$rst t!+e 0as $str$b#te $n t%e so#t% H#n)ar$an Ear(! Neo($t%$c. o& t%e secon 7 $n t%e Ear(! Neo($t%$c o& eastern T%essa(! an Trans!(-an$a. an o& t%e t%$r 7 $n t%e east T%essa($an Late Neo($t%$c, T%e co((ect$-e cre'at$on b#r$a( $s $str$b#te $n T%essa(!. T%race. S%#'a $a. Banat an t%e T$s2a Va((e!, T%ree t!+es re+resent t%e )ro#+4 co((ect$-e cre'at$on b#r$a( $n a 0e(($n) s+ace. $n an $nter 0e(($n)

s+ace. an $n t%e sett(e'ent6s +er$+%er!, T%e &$rst t0o %a-e 'ore co''on &eat#res4 t%e b#r$a(s re(ate to t%e' are +$ts 0$t% c(a! -esse(s. conta$n$n) cre'ate %#'an re'a$ns o& a (ar)e n#'ber o& $n $-$ #a(s, T%e t%$r $s re+resente b! a s$n)(e b#r$a( &ro' T%essa(!4 a +$t 0$t% cre'ate %#'an re'a$ns o& a (ar)e n#'ber o& $n $-$ #a(s. b#r$e to)et%er 0$t% a 'ortar, T%e co((ect$-e cre'at$on b#r$a( 0as +ract$ce $n t%e Ear(! Neo($t%$c, T%e on(! e*ce+t$on $s t%e b#r$a( &ro' Vrsac. Banat. 0%$c% M, Garasan$n re(ates to t%e &$rst +%ase o& t%e V$nca c#(t#re. on t%e bas$s o& t%e c(a! -esse(, Cre'at$on 0as +ract$ce as a r$t#a( as ear(! as t%e Late Pa(eo($t%$c, Es+ec$a((! c%aracter$st$c $s t%e s#+er&$c$a( scorc%$n) o& t%e bones as $n t%e e*a'+(es &ro' t%e T$s2a Va((e!. 0%$c% are ($n/e to t%e $n $-$ #a( cre'at$on b#r$a( $n a 0e(($n) s+ace, A s$'$(ar 'ort#ar! +ract$ce 0as +er&or'e a(so $n t%e centra( Anato($an sett(e'ent &ro' t%e Pre+otter! Neo($t%$c. AsB/(B. 0%ere t%e ea 0ere b#r$e #n er %o#se &(oors an traces o& scorc%$n) %a-e been not$ce on t%e bones o& so'e o& t%e', On t%e ot%er %an t%e $n $-$ #a( cre'at$on b#r$a( $n an $nter 0e(($n) s+ace $s /no0n &ro' E+$+a(eo($t%$c sett(e'ents $n Anato($a an t%e Le-ant. an so#t%east E#ro+e, Cre'at$on b#r$a( $n an e*tra'#ra( ce'eter!. %o0e-er. $s an $so(ate +%eno'enon. c%aracter$st$c on(! o& t%e east T%essa($an Late Neo($t%$c, Accor $n) to K, Or+%an$ $s7 Geor)$a $s. cre'at$on b#r$a( a++eare an e-e(o+e $n e+en ent(! $n certa$n re)$ons, Act#a((!. t%e $nter'ent o& cre'ate %#'an re'a$ns $n c(a! -esse(s $n T%race. S%#'a $a an t%e T$s2a Va((e! $s re(ate to t%e Ear(! Neo($t%$c 7 t%e A2'a/ -ar$ant o& t%e Karano-o I c#(t#re. t%e en o& t%e Starce-o an t%e Koros c#(t#res 7 an c%rono(o)$ca((! +rece es t%e $str$b#t$on o& t%$s +ract$ce $n T%essa(!. 0%ere $t $s re(ate to Late Neo($t%$c Tsan)($7 Lar$ssa +%ase o& t%e D$'$n$ c#(t#re, T%e $n&(#ence o& t%e eastern +arts o& t%e 2one 'a! be co'+(ete(! e*c(# e beca#se no s#c% t!+es o& 'ort#ar! +ract$ces &ro' so ear(! a ate are /no0n $n Anato($a, 3ro' a c%rono(o)$ca( +o$nt o& -$e0. t%e $'+#(se 'a! %a-e co'e &ro' T%race. 0%ere t%e +ract$ce 0as connecte 0$t% t%e c%$( ren6s a)e )ro#+ an $ not %a-e 0$ e $str$b#t$on, On t%e bas$s o& t%e )enera( c%aracter$st$cs o& Neo($t%$c 'ort#ar! +ract$ces $n so#t%east E#ro+e. 0estern an centra( Anato($a $t can be ar)#e t%at t%ere 0as a re(at$-e(! $ns$)n$&$cant $so(at$on o& t%e r$t#a( s+%ere &ro' e-er! a! ($&e= t%e +art$c#(ar r$t#a( e(e'ents -ar! cons$ erab(!. 0%$c% $'+($es t%at &actors o& a concrete nat#re %a t%e (ea $n) ro(e, A(t%o#)% t%e $ ea o& se+arat$n) t%e 0or( o& t%e ($-$n) &ro' t%e 0or( o& t%e ea 7 an t%e sett(e'entH 0e(($n) s+ace &ro' t%e 'ort#ar! s+ace res+ect$-e(! 7 %a a(rea ! been ta/$n) s%a+e an &o#n rea($2at$on $n t%e e*$stence o& ce'eter$es as t%e ones at So#+%($7Ma)o#(a an P(ate$a7Ma)o#(a Lar/o# $n eastern T%essa(!. t%e! st$(( re'a$ne an $so(ate +%eno'enon. connecte 0$t% t%e cre'at$on b#r$a(s, A(t%o#)% $t cannot be e*c(# e $n t%eor!. t%e &or'a( $n%#'at$on $n e*tra'#ra( ce'eter$es 0o#( not be $n /ee+$n) 0$t% t%e o-era(( c%aracter o& t%e Neo($t%$c 'ort#ar! +ract$ces $n t%e re)$on. 0%$c% see's to be a(so con&$r'e b! t%e &$e( arc%aeo(o)$ca( researc%, T%e sa'e %o( s &or t%e b#r$a( $n ca-erns an roc/ s%e(ters, It 0as c%aracter$st$c o& so'e Neo($t%$c c#(t#res $n nort%ern E#ro+e. t%e 0estern Me $terranean. an Ma(ta. 0%ere t%e &ert$($t! c#(t 0as c(ose(! connecte 0$t% t%e ca-erns. 0%ereas $n so#t%east E#ro+e an 0estern Anato($a 'ort#ar! r$t#a(s 0ere +#b($c an 0ere ob-$o#s(! assoc$ate 0$t% t%e sett(e'entH 0e(($n),

On t%e ot%er %an . t%e secon ar! b#r$a( $n a(( $ts t!+es 0as 0$ e(! $str$b#te . e-$ ence o& 0%$c% are t%e n#'ero#s 5scattere 5 %#'an bones &o#n $n 0e(($n) or $nter 0e(($n) conte*t $n t%e Neo($t%$c sett(e'ents $n t%e re)$on, It see's co'+(ete(! reasonab(e to ass#'e t%at at t%e &$rst sta)e o& t%e 'ort#ar! +ract$ce 'ost o& t%e ea 0ere e*+ose $n e*tra'#ra( str#ct#res7oss#ar$es. so t%at t%e! co#( be e*carnate . an (ater se+arate bones o& so'e o& t%e' be 'o-e to t%e sett(e'ent an b#r$e t%ere $n $-$ #a((! or co((ect$-e(!. or #se $n -ar$o#s r$t#a( &or's o& t%e so7ca((e c#(t o& t%e ancestors, It $s $&&$c#(t to sa! 0%at t%e cr$ter$a &or t%e c%o$ce o& one or ot%er 'ort#ar! +ract$ce '$)%t %a-e been. (ast b#t not (east beca#se o& t%e scarce ant%ro+o(o)$ca( e-$ ence. b#t #n o#bte (! &or so'e reasons. e+en $n) 'ost +robab(! a(so on t%e c$rc#'stances o& eat%. 0%$c% cannot be estab($s%e arc%aeo(o)$ca((!. t%e Neo($t%$c +eo+(e tr$e to +reser-e t%e$r ($n/s 0$t% certa$n $n $-$ #a(s b! b#r!$n) t%e' $n t%e sett(e'ent, An es+$te t%e &act t%at t%e! are &e0er t%an t%e rest. 'ost o& t%ese cases cannot be e&$ne as 5e*ce+t$ons5 or as 5res#(t o& acc$ enta( c$rc#'stances5= as $ts 0$ e7s+rea +ract$ce $n so#t%east E#ro+e. 0estern an centra( Anato($a s%o0s. t%e $ntra'#ra( &or'a( an secon ar! $n%#'at$on 0as +art o& t%e stan ar 'ort#ar! +ract$ces,