* Tnh s mol:

n = = V . Cm
(mol)
m = M.n
(g)
V=
(lt)
Cm= = (mol/lt)
+ nkh A = =
V* = n. 22,4 (lt)
P.V = n.R.T
* T khi dA/B:
dA/B= (s)
mA = mB.dA/B (g)
* Hiu sut phn ng: (%)
H = 100%= 100%
* Nng %:
C%= 100%
(%)
* Tnh %A trong hn hp A v B:
%A = 100%
(%)
* Tnh ru:
ru =
Vdd=
* Tnh khi lng m (g):
m = M.n
m = V.d = mban u.C%
m=

+ n: s mol
(mol)
+ m: khi lng bi cho
(g)
+ M: Nguyn t khi
(g)
+ V*: Th tch cht kh
(lt)
+ V: Th tch dung dch
(lt)
+ Cm: Nng mol
(M,mol/lt)
+ C%: Nng phn trm
(%)
+ dA/B: T khi ca 2 cht
(s)
+ d: Khi lng ring
Vi cht kh
(g/lt)
Vi dung dch
(g/ml,
kg/lt)
+ H: Hiu sut t l phn ng
(%)
+ nt tin: S mol thc tin tnh ra (mol)
+ nl thuyt: S mol bi cho
(mol)
+ P: p sut kh
(atm)
Vd: Cho 0,2 mol Ca + HCl thy c 3,36lt kho bay ra
+ hiT:u suNhi
tnng?
tuyt i T= t + 273 ( F)
tm
t ph
+ R: CaH+2HCl
ng s--kh
l tng (0,082) (s)
> CaCl2 + H2

C: nl thH2= 0,2 [t l 1:1 vi Ca] nt tin= = 0,15

H = 100 = 75%
Vd: Tm nng % ca 15g NaOH trong 56g dd
NaOH v KOH
C%= 100 = 27%
Vd: Cho 9,6 g hn hp X gm Ca v Fe tc dng
vi H2SO4 thy c 4,48 lt kh thot ra tnh % cc
cht ban u.
Ca + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2
* Cng thc tnh CT n gin ca Hircacbon t
x
x
phn ng chy:
CxHyNzOt
Fe
+
H
SO

FeSO
+
H
2
4
4
2
S xC =
S yH =
y
.
y
S zN =
S tO =
xH + yH = = 0,02
nH.C = nsn phm chy ln nht- (Tng n cc sp chy cn li)=
40xCa + 56yFe = 9,6
x = 0,1mol => mCa= 4g ; y = 0,1mol => mFe =5,6g
Dy hot ng ho hc:
%Ca = 100 = 41%
; %Fe = 100 = 59%

Li+, K+, Ba2+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Fe2+,3+, Ni2+, Sn2+, Pb2+, H+, Cu2+,
Hg2+, Ag+, Pt2+, Au+.
Lc khn b cn nng may o zp st nn sang php hi ca hng phi u
Ho tr:
Ho tr 1: Li, K, Na, H, Ag.
H tr 2,3 : Fe .
Ho tr 3: Al.
Ho tr 2: Cc KL cn li.
Dy in ho Kim loi:

Tnh oxi ho ion KL Tng

Li+, K+, Ba2+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Fe2+ , Ni2+, Sn2+, Pb2+, H+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Ag+
Li , K , Ba , Ca , Na , Mg , Al , Zn , Fe , Ni , Sn , Pb , H , Cu , Fe2+ , Ag
Tnh kh KL gim

Tun theo quy tc anpha:

Dng xt chiu ca phn ng, sn phm.
Xc nh mi trng:
Trung tnh:
Kloi mnh + axit mnh
(PH = 7)
Kloi yu + axit yu
Mi trng

Kim loi:

Axit:
(PH <7)

Gc mui yu(Kloi yu) + gc Axit mnh

Hoc axit (MX: M l kim loi, X l Halogen)

Baz(Kim)
(PH >7)

Gc mui mnh(Kl mnh) + gc axit yu

Hoc Baz (Mn+(OH)n)

Kim loi mnh: Li+, K+,Ba2+,Ba2+,Na+.

Kim loi yu : Nhng kim loi cn li.

Gc axit:

Gc axit mnh: _SO42-,_NO3-, _Cl+,_I-,HClO4,

Gc axit yu: CH3COOH,_S2-,_SO42-,_SiO32-,CrO42-,CO32-.
VD: MT trung tnh: KCl, CuS, Ba2SO4, Ca(NO3)2, NaNO3, NaBr
MT BaZ : CH3COOK, Ca(OH)2, Cu(OH)2, K(OH)2, Fe(OH)2
MT Axit :
HCl, HNO3, H_, FeCl2, FeCl3,Cu(NO3)2
Kim loi tc dng vi HNO3, H2SO4:
NO2 ( Kh nu )
NO ( Khng mu ho nu )
* M(kl) + HNO3
Mn+(NO3)n
+
N2O ( Kh ci, khng mu )
+ H2O
(Tr Au, Pt)
(C HT cao nht)
N2 ( Kh tr, khng mu )
NH4NO3 ( Mui, N3- )
Thng thng c ra NO2
Long ra NO
Fe (d) tc dng vi HNO3 to ra mui Fe(NO3)3 s tip tc tc dng vi Fe to mui Fe(NO3)2 vy sn
phm mui s gm c 2 mui Fe(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3.

* Sn phm nhit phn mui nitrat:

Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na
Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Cu
Hg, Ag, Pt, Au.
M(NO2)n + O2
(xit kl) M2On + NO2 + O2
M + NO2 + O2
Tu thuc vo tnh cht ca Kim loi
SO2 ( Mi hc, kh )
* M(kl) + H2SO4
M2(SO4)n
+
S
( Nu vng )
+
H2O
(Tr Au, Pt)
(C HT cao nht)
H2S ( Trng thi, kh )
Thng thng c ra SO2.
* nh lut Faraday:
Tnh k lg kim loi nhit phn: m = (g) trong :
S mol = =

A: Nguyn t khi
(g)
I : Cng dng in (A)
t : Thi gian in phn (s)
n : S e trao i
F: 96500 (hng s Faraday)
2

* Phn ng gia CO2 v NaOH:

=> Phng trnh phn ng:
NaOH +
x
NaOH +
y
T l :
1< <2

CO2
NaHCO3
x
x
2CO2
Na2CO3 +
2y
y
1
Xy ra pt (1)
Xy ra pt (1) v (2) Gii h x,y
2
Xy ra pt (2)
* Phn ng gia CO2 v Ca(OH)2:
=> Phng trnh phn ng:
Ca(OH)2 + CO2
CaCO3
+
x
x
x

(1)
H2O
y

(2)

H2O
x

(1)

Ca(OH)2 + 2CO2
Ca(HCO3)2
(2)
y
2y
y
T l :
1
Xy ra pt (1)
1< <2
Xy ra pt (1) v (2) Gii h x,y
2
Xy ra pt (2)
* Tn mt s cht ca Ca:
Canxi xit
CaO
: Vi sng
Canxi hidroxit Ca(OH)2
: Dung dch l nc vi trong

(cht rn mu trng, tan trong nc)

(cht rn mu trng, t tan trong

nc)

Canxi cacbonat CaCO3

: vi, vi cht.
(cht rn mu trng, k tan trong nc, tan trong HCO3)
Canxi sunfat CaSO4
: Thch cao, thch cao khan
(cht rn mu trng, tan trong nc)
CaSO4.2H2O : Thch cao sng
2CaSO4.H2O : Thch cao nung nh la
Phn ng ca vi trong hang ng:S xm nhp ca nc
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
Ca(HCO3)2
S to thnh thch nh

* Mt s phn ng ca Al:
AlCl3
+
3NaOH

Al
+
H2O
+ NaOH
Al2O3
+
2NaOH

Al(OH)3
+
NaOH

3NaCl
+
NaAlO2 (tan)
+
2NaAlO2 (tan) +
NaAlO2 (tan) +

Al(OH)3(Keo trng)
H2 ()
H2O
2H2O

 Mt vi cng thc tnh ng phn:

1) S ng phn ancol n chc no CnH2n+2O:

( n<6 )CT: S ancol CnH2n+2O = 2(n -2)

2) S ng phn andehit n chc no CnH2nO: ( n<7 )

S andehit CnH2nO = 2(n-3)

3) S ph axit cacboxylic n chc no CnH2nO2: ( n<7 )

S axit CnH2nO2 = 2(n-3)

4) S ng phn este n chc no CnH2nO2:

( n<5 )

S este CnH2nO2 = 2(n-2)

5) S ng phn amin n chc no CnH2n+3N:

( n<5 )

S amin CnH2n+3N = 2(n-1)

6) S ng phn ete n chc no CnH2n+2O: ( 2< n <5 )

7) S ng phn xeton n chc no CnH2nO : (3< n <7)
8) S p trieste to bi glyxerol v hn hp n axit bo:

S ete CnH2n+2O =
S ete CnH2nO =
S trieste =

Tnh s ng phn este:

B1: Tnh en ta =
Vd:{C5H10O2 enta = = 1}
Bc ny tnh s lin kt pi v chc, vng
B2: Vit ng phn mch cacbon (c4:2 c5:3 c6:5(mch h)) mch vng th vit vng nh n ln.
B3: Cho lin kt bi chy trn mch cacbon.
B4: Trong mch cacbon nu nh l cacbon bc 1 no suy ra c 1 este .
- Cacbon bc 2 no nu khng c tm i xng th c 2 este.
- Nu c tm i xng th c 1 este.
- Sau cng tt c s este li th ta c s ng phn ca este cn tm.
- Bn nh nu trong mach cacbon c lin kt i th ta khng tnh cacbon c lin kt i.
Khi nim ch s axit, baz, x phng:
* Ch s axit l khi lng cht KOH tnh theo miligam (mg) dng trung ha ht lng axit bo cn
tn ti trong 1 gam cht bo
* Ch s axit v ch s x phng:
- Cht bo vn cn mt s axit t do ( nh C17H35COOH ... ci ny chc bn bit) ch s axit l s mg KOH
p vi axit t do ny trong 1g cht bo.
- Cn ch s x phng l c ch s axit + ch s este.
M ch s este l s mg KOH p vi lng lipit trong 1g cht bo, lipit v d nh (C17H33COO)3 C3H5 p to ra
glixerol.
+ + Ci dng ny rt d nhm...ch nh.
- Khi bn bit c ch s axit bn c th tnh c khi lng axit (trung ha 1g cht bo cn 7mg KOH).
T 1 g cht bo bn suy ra c este. T este bn li suy ra c khi lng KOH.
- Bn tnh tng khi lng ca KOH 2 phn ng l xong.
Cch tnh ng phn quang hc : = 2(n-x) +x
- Vi n l cacbon bt i , x l mt phng i xng m HCHC

Molmtonvcuhnhelectronvnhvnguynt
Vkhngcmangbngtunhonvophngthinnvicvitcuhnhvnhvnguyntlcngcnthit.
1.QuytcKleckowski:
Thtmcnnglngtthpncaocaccphnlpelectron:
chodnhthvittheohngdcvctheochiumitncho:
1s
2s2p
3s3p3d
4s4p4d4f
5s5p5d5f
6s6p6d6f
7s7p7d7f
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p67s25f146d107p66f147d107f14.
Vvccmitnchobitphnmcnnglng.
2.Cchvitcuhnhe:
20nguyntutinccuhnhphhpvimcnnglng
Tnguynt21tricschnmcnnglngnncuhnhvittheoquytc1rispxplitheosthtt1n
ht.
Khigpcuhnhd4vd9phichuynthnhd5vd10(bnbohovboho)
3.nhvnguynttrongbngtunhon:
Sthtchukngvislpe;sthtnhmngvisehotr.
Nucuhnhetheoquytc1ktthclshocpthnguyntthucphnnhmchnhAvsehotr=sengoi
cng.Nuktthcldhocfthnguyntthucphnnhmph(B)
Nhngnguyntcphnlpdchatboho10ethphnlpdcngcknhlpengoicng.

Dng HNO3

KhicbitonvoxitsttcdngviHNO3,nhtlcc3oxitFeO,Fe2O3,Fe3O4thcthcoihnhplgm2
nguyntlFevO.RiADlbte.
Vd:Cho11,36gmthnhpXgmFe,FeO,Fe2O3,Fe3O4.ChovoddHNO3ththuc1,344lkhNOduynht
dktc.Tnhmmui(thiHkhiA2008m263)
Gii:CoihhchgmFe(xmol),O(ymol){Ngcha}=>56x+16y=11,36(1)
Fe>Fe3++3e
xx3x
O+2e>O2
y2y
N+5+3e>N+2
0,180,06
ADlbte:3x=2y+0,18(2)(Cthnhpngayhaihs3v2voMT,conscnlilsmolkhnhnvismoletrao
i)
Giih(1)v(2)cx=0,16;y=0,15.
mmui=242.nFe3+=0,16.242=38,72g.
Cchgiinyrtngnngkhng.NuquenthlcgpnhngbithucdngnybnchvicbtMtln,voMODEgii
HPT.Bmngay3,2,smole(doNtraoi);56,16,mhhbanu.=>raktqusmol=>tnhtipcngaymmui.Nubi
chommuibttnhmhhbanuthcnghayvbitcsmolFe(ginh)=>SuyrangaycnO(nhlbte)=>
Tnhcklhhbanu.