February 17, 2010

Nasc 8 Report
Maam N. Toreta

Submitted by: Venezia Maxinne P.Lacuata

Traditional or Crude-made paper

A skilled craftsman prepares his materials days before the main process, fiber from trees or plants are soaked in ater to soften and then beat it to a pulp. !nce the material is soft and thin enou"h, it is then spread inside a flat container ith ater called the floatin" mold. #he craftsman then "lides a hu"e screen mesh under the material and "ently s ipes it up in one "o. #he result should be a sheet of paper. #he sheet is no placed on top a flat surface, spon"e a bit of the ater out and then the craftsman ould pin it do n ith hea$y boards or clamps for the excess ater to be s%ueezed off. &t takes a day or more for the paper to dry, additional processes are then follo ed if it is needed to be decorated or coloured.

'http:((

.sapphire.ac.uk(preindustrial).htm*

Machine-made paper

Timber #imber used for paper makin" comes from mana"ed forests that are planted and har$ested for ood production. #he specific material for makin" paper comes from parts of the timber that are not used for commercial production. De- Barker #his is the process of remo$in" the bark from the lo". Chipping machine #he stripped lo" is then put throu"h this particular machine to cut it do n into smaller pieces, the pieces are then screened for a particular size then stored for the next process. Chemical Pulping Process #he smaller pieces of ood that ere stored ould be fed throu"h this machine in hich chemicals are added to "et rid of Li"nin. After ards, they are heated and bathed in caustic soda and sulfur. Mechanical Pulping Process #his is an alternati$e process in hich the debarked lo"s are pushed into t o "rindin" heels ith hot ater so as to tear the ood apart and produce fiber. Hydrapulper #he paper mill does not solely rely on timber+ they also re%uire the use of aste paper hich are brou"ht to them by commercial establishment. #he aste paper is hauled into the hydrapaulper in hich it is mixed ith ater until it takes on the texture of porrid"e. Any un anted materials such as staple ires and plastic parts are screened. #he pulp is then stored into a lar"e tank.

Blend Chest #his is a part of the process in hich the stock is added ith chemicals or dyes to attain specific re%uirements and %uality. Refining #he fibers pass throu"h conic tanks in hich re$ol$in" discs tear and open up the fibers, this is called fibrillation. Screening Cleaning

Any un anted materials are remo$ed by rotatin" screens and centrifu"al cleaners. Paper Making

This is where the diluted stock first comes into contact with the paper machine. It is poured onto the machine by the flow box which is a collecting box for the dilute paper stock. A narrow apperture running across the width of the box allows the stock to flow onto the wire with the fibres distributed evenly over the whole width of the paper machine. The machine is operated by computer control. The computer will monitor the paper for moisture content, weight etc and computer screens will show pictures of the process and should any adjustments need to be made, an alarm will sound.

Con!ersion

Printing

#he last step of paper production is con$ersion( printin", in hich some of the produced paper are turned into boxes or printed ith different desi"ns etc. 'http:((indi$idual.utoronto.ca(abdel,rahman(paper(fpmp.html*

Recycled Paper !ersus "on Recycled Paper

-ecycled paper is the end product of re.processed aste paper. #o minimize aste production and bad en$ironmental impacts, old or aste paper is brou"ht into paper mills to be broken do n into a pulp and re.made into ne paper. /on recycled paper, ho e$er, is completely made of ne material. &t has hi"her %uality than recycled paper althou"h it costs less due to lar"er market demand.

#iber Classification
#here are 0 main classifications of fiber: /atural and Manufactured. #he manufactured type has many subdi$isions accordin" to their extraction process. #he /atural type is further classified by its "eneral construction, diameter and surface morpholo"y.

Ho$ do plants enrich the soil%

#hrou"h plant decomposition, a dead plants remains releases its nutrients to the soil. Some soil d ellers like earth orms ould "ain food, in turn, its aste ould help fertilise the soil in hich it li$es in. &t is a simple cycle that "oes on as lon" as the plant is able to "ro a"ain.