Sid SigSys 1 - Introduction To Signals and Systems

College of Engineering and Computing
ENG 343 Signals and Systems Winter 2014 Introduction

Dr. Sidra A. Shaikh
Reference Books
Fundamentals of Signals and Systems: Using the Web and MATLAB
Edward W. Kamen. Ans Bonnie S. Heck. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. ISBN 013168737-9
Signals and Systems

Oppenheim, A. V, Willsky, A.S., and Nawab, S H. 2003. 3rd Edition, Prentice-Hall. ISBN: 0138097313
Wednesday, 26 February 2014
Dr. Sidra A Shaikh
Topics to be covered
Week # 1 2 Topic/Material Covered in Class/Lab Properties of signals Elementary signals Continuous- and discrete-time systems Interconnections of systems. System Properties. Representations for Linear Time Invariant Systems: Convolution Properties of convolution Difference and differential equations - characterizing solutions Fourier Representations of Signals: Discrete time periodic signals - the discrete time Fourier series Continuous time periodic signals - the Fourier series Discrete time non-periodic signals - the discrete time Fourier transform Continuous time non-periodic signals - the Fourier transform Properties of Fourier representations Applications of Fourier Representations: Frequency response from time-domain system descriptions Fourier transform representations for periodic signals Convolution and modulation revisited - mixing periodic and non-periodic signals The Fourier transform representation for discrete-time signals Sampling continuous-time signals Reconstruction of continuous-time signals from samples Revision
Reference in the Textbook/
Course Material Introduction: Continuous and discrete-time signals Operations on signals Time Domain Chapter 1, Textbook #1 Chapter 1, Textbook #1
3. & 4
Chapter #1, Textbook #1
Chapter #2, Textbook #1,
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Chapter #2, Textbook #1 Chapter #2, Textbook #1, Chapter #2, Textbook #1, Chapter #3, Textbook #1, Chapter #4, Textbook #1, Chapter #5, Textbook #1. Chapter 2, Ref book #1. Chapter 5 Textbook #1, Lab Manual. Chapter #6, Textbook #1,
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Marks Distribution
Assessment Tool/Component
Class/homework, assignments Class tests 1 & 2 Practical/laboratory/field work Semester-end final examination
Learning Outcome to be Assessed
Weightage
10% 30% 20% 40%
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SIGNALS?
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A signal is a pattern of variation of some form Signals are variables that carry information Examples of signal include: Electrical signals
Voltages and currents in a circuit
What is a Signal?
Acoustic signals
Acoustic pressure (sound) over time
Mechanical signals
Velocity of a car over time
Video signals
Intensity level of a pixel (camera, video) over time
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Signals Represent Information

Whether analog or digital, information is represented by the fundamental quantity in electrical engineering: the signal . Stated in mathematical terms, a signal is merely a function. Analogue signals are continuous-valued; Digital signals are discrete-valued.
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Analog Signals
Analog signals are usually signals defined over continuous independent variable(s). For Example, Speech is produced by your vocal cords exciting acoustic resonances in your vocal tract. The result is pressure waves propagating in the air, and the speech signal thus corresponds to a function having independent variables of space and time and a value corresponding to air pressure: s (x, t) (Here we use vector notation x to denote spatial coordinates).
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Digital Signals
The word digital means discrete-valued and implies the signal has an integer-valued independent variable. Digital information includes numbers and symbols (characters typed on the keyboard, for example). Computers rely on the digital representation of information to manipulate and transform information. Symbols do not have a numeric value, and each is represented by a unique number.
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SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION
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How is a Signal Represented?

Mathematically, signals are represented as a function of one or more independent variables. For instance a black & white video signal intensity is dependent on x, y coordinates and time t f(x,y,t) On this course, we shall be exclusively concerned with signals that are a function of a single variable: time
f(t)
t
Example: Signals in an Electrical Circuit R

i (t )
vs
+ -
vc
vs (t ) vc (t ) R dv (t ) i (t ) C c dt dvc (t ) 1 1 vc (t ) vs (t ) dt RC RC
The signals vc and vs are patterns of variation over time

Step (signal) vs at t=1 RC = 1 First order (exponential) response for vc t
Note, we could also have considered the voltage across the resistor or the current as signals
Dr. Sidra A Shaikh
vs, vc
12
Continuous-Time Signals
Continuous & Discrete-Time Signals
Most signals in the real world are x(t) continuous time, as the scale is infinitesimally fine. Eg voltage, velocity, Denote by x(t), where the time interval may be bounded (finite) or infinite
Discrete-Time Signals
Some real world and many digital signals are discrete time, as they are sampled E.g. pixels, daily stock price (anything that a digital computer processes) Denote by x[n], where n is an integer value that varies discretely
x[n]
Sampled continuous signal

x[n] =x(nk) k is sample time
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Signal Classification
Continuous-time
Discrete-time
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Particularly interested in signals with certain properties: Periodic signals: a signal is periodic if it repeats itself after a fixed period T, i.e. x(t) = x(t+T) for all t. A sin(t) signal is periodic. Even and odd signals: a signal is even if x(-t) = x(t) (i.e. it can be reflected in the axis at zero). A signal is odd if x(-t) = -x(t). Examples are cos(t) and sin(t) signals, respectively. Exponential and sinusoidal signals: a signal is (real) exponential if it can be represented as x(t) = Ceat. A signal is (complex) exponential if it can be represented in the same form but C and a are complex numbers. Step and pulse signals: A pulse signal is one which is nearly completely zero, apart from a short spike, d(t). A step signal is zero up to a certain time, and then a constant value after that time, u(t). These properties define a large class of tractable, useful signals and will be further considered in the coming lectures
Signal Properties
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EVEN AND ODD SIGNALS
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Even an Odd properties of Signals
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Even and Odd functions

A real function xe(t) is said to be an even function of t if
A real function xo(t) is said to be an odd function of t if
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Even an Odd properties of Signals

Even and odd functions have the following properties:
Even x Odd = Odd Odd x Odd = Even Even x Even = Even
Every signal x(t) can be expressed as a sum of even and odd components because:
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Even and Odd components

Given the definition, any signal can be decomposed into a sum of even xe(t) signal and odd xo(t) signal.
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USEFUL SIGNAL OPERATIONS
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Useful Signal Operations
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Time Reversal
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Time Shifting
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Time Shifting
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Time Shifting
Signal may be delayed by time T:
or advanced by time T:
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Amplitude Scaling
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Addition of Signals
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Addition of Signals
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Multiplication of Signals
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Time Scaling
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Time Scaling
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Time Scaling
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Time Scaling
Signal may be compressed in time (by a factor of 2):
or expanded in time (by a factor of 2):
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COMBINATION OF SIGNALS
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Combination of Operations
Combination of operations on signals - Easier to determine the final signal in stages - Create intermediary signals in which one operation is performed
Note: Both Method 1 and Method 2 give the same answer
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Ex. Time shifting and Time scaling (1/2)
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Ex. Time shifting and Time scaling (2/2)
Note: Both Method 1 and Method 2 give the same answer
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SYSTEM?
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What is a System?
Systems process input signals to produce output signals
Examples:
A circuit involving a capacitor can be viewed as a system that transforms the source voltage (signal) to the voltage (signal) across the capacitor A CD player takes the signal on the CD and transforms it into a signal sent to the loud speaker A communication system is generally composed of three sub-systems, the transmitter, the channel and the receiver. The channel typically attenuates and adds noise to the transmitted signal which must be processed by the receiver
A system takes a signal as an input and transforms it into another signal

Input signal x(t) System
How is a System Represented?

Output signal y(t)
In a very broad sense, a system can be represented as the ratio of the output signal over the input signal
That way, when we multiply the system by the input signal, we get the output signal This concept will be firmed up in the coming weeks
Example: An Electrical Circuit System

R
vs
+ -
vc
vs (t ) vc (t ) R dv (t ) i (t ) C c dt dvc (t ) 1 1 vc (t ) vs (t ) dt RC RC i (t )
Simulink representation of the electrical circuit
first order system

Wednesday, 26 February 2014 Dr. Sidra A Shaikh
vs, vc
vs(t)
vc(t)
t
46
References:
Online Resources Fundamentals of Signals and Systems: Using the Web and MATLAB Edward W. Kamen. Ans Bonnie S. Heck. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. ISBN 013168737-9 Signals and Systems Oppenheim, A. V, Willsky, A.S., and Nawab, S H. 2003. 3rd Edition, Prentice-Hall. ISBN: 0138097313
Dr. Sidra A Shaikh
47

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College of Engineering and Computing

ENG 343 Signals and Systems Winter 2014 Introduction

College of Engineering and Computing

Signals and Systems

Wednesday, 26 February 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

Reference in the Textbook/

Chapter #1, Textbook #1

Chapter #2, Textbook #1,

Wednesday, 26 February 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

Learning Outcome to be Assessed

Wednesday, 26 February 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

Wednesday, 26 February 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

College of Engineering and Computing

Signals Represent Information

Wednesday, 26 February 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

College of Engineering and Computing

Wednesday, 26 February 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

Wednesday, 26 February 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

How is a Signal Represented?

College of Engineering and Computing

Example: Signals in an Electrical Circuit R

The signals vc and vs are patterns of variation over time

Wednesday, 26 February 2014

College of Engineering and Computing

Continuous & Discrete-Time Signals

Sampled continuous signal

College of Engineering and Computing

Wednesday, 26 February 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

Wednesday, 26 February 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

EVEN AND ODD SIGNALS

Wednesday, 26 February 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

Even an Odd properties of Signals

Wednesday, 26 February 2014

Dr. Sidra A Shaikh

College of Engineering and Computing

Even and Odd functions

A real function xo(t) is said to be an odd function of t if