LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Definition of the Laplace transform:

0
[ ( )] ( ) ( )
st
L f t f t e dt F s

= =
}


( )
0
0 0
a t
U t
t
s s

=

< <

0
[ ( )] ( ) ( )
st
L u t u t e dt U s

= =
}

0
0
( )
st
st
ae a
U s ae dt
s s

= = =
}



( )
( )
0 0
0
1
[ ]
s a t
at at st s a
e
L e e e dt e dt
s s o o

+
+

= = = =
+ +
} }

Aadaki rampa (ramp) fonksiyonu analitik yntemle znz
( )
0
0 0
bt t
f t
t
s s

=

< <

0 0
( ) ( )
st st
F s f t e dt bte dt


= =
} }

0
0 0
1
(1)
st
st st
e
b te dt bt b e dt
s s

=

} }

2
0
0
0
( ) ( )
st
st
b b e b b
e dt
s s s s s s

= + = = =

}






Properties of Laplace transforms:

1) Linearity : a sabit bir say veya s ve t den bamsz ise

L[af(t)]=aL[f(t)]=aF(s)

2) Sperpozisyon : her iki fonksiyonunda laplace dnm
alnabiliyorsa

1 2 1 2 1 2
[ ( ) ( )] [ ( )] [ ( )] ( ) ( ) L f t f t L f t L f t F s F s = =






3)Translation in time:

[ ( )] ( )
as
L f t a e F s

=

4)Complex Differention:

[ ( )] ( )
d
L tf t F s
ds
=

5)Translation in the s domain:

[ ( ) ( )
at
L e f t F s a

=





6)Real differantiation:

2 2
[ ( )] ( ) (0 )
[ ( )] ( ) (0) (0)
L Df t sF s f
L D f t s F s sf Df
+
=
=


7)Final value Theorem:

0
( ) ( )
lim lim
s s
sF s f t

=









Example:

3
( )
( 2)
Y s
s s
=
+


Solution:
0 0 0
3 3 3
( ) ( ) ( )
( 2) 2 2
lim lim lim lim
s s s s
y t sY s s
s s s

= = = =
+ +


8)Initial value Theorem:

0
( ) ( )
lim lim
s s
sF s f t

=








Laplace Transforms of Most Common Functions of Time
Continuous Function Laplace Transform
Impulse 1
Step

s
1

t
2
1
s

2
t
3
2
s

at
e

a s +
1

at
te

2
) (
1
a s +

Sin(wt)
) (
2 2
w s
w
+

Cos(wt)
) (
2 2
w s
s
+





rnek:
2
3
( )
( 2 5)
f s
s s s
=
+ +


1 2 3
2 2
3
( 2 5) 2 5
K K s K
s s s s s s
+
= +
+ + + +



1 2 3
2 2
3 ( )
( 2 5) 2 5
K K s K
s s s
s s s s s s
+
= +
+ + + +

1
3
5
K =


2
2 3
3 6
3 ( ) ( ) 3
5 5
K s K s = + + + +



1 2 3
2 2
3
( 2 5) 2 5
K K s K
s s s s s s
+
= +
+ + + +


2 2
1 1 1 2 3
3 2 5 K s K s K K s K s = + + + +


1
3
5
K = idi.

2
2 3
3 3
3 ( ) 3 (2 )
5 5
K s x K s = + + + +

2
2 3
3 6
3 ( ) 3 ( )
5 5
K s K s = + + + +




2
3
5
K =
3
6
5
K =

2 2
3
3 3 2
5
( )
( 2 5) 5 2 5
s
f s
s s s s s s
+
= =
+ + + +


2 2
( )
[ cos ]
( )
at
A s a
L Ae wt
s a w

+
=
+ +


2 2
[ sin ]
( )
at
Bw
L Be wt
s a w

=
+ +




2 2
( )
[ cos sin ]
( )
at at
A s a Bw
L Ae wt Be wt
s a w

+ +
+ =
+ +

2 2
2
3 ( 1)
3
5 2
( )
5 ( 1) 2
s
F s
s s
+ +
=
+ +


3 3 1
( ) (cos2 sin 2 )
5 5 2
t
f t e t t

= +

rnek:
2
2
( )
( 1)( 2)
f s
s s
=
+ +


1 2 3
2 2
2
( )
( 1)( 2) ( 1) ( 2) 2
K K K
f s
s s s s s
= = + +
+ + + + +




2
1
2 3
2
( 2) ( 2)
1 1
K
s K s K
s s
= + + + +
+ +


1
2
1
2 2
2
( 1)( 2) ( 1 2)
s
K
s s

= = =
+ + +

1
2 K =


2 s
2
2 K =


1 3
2 2
2 ( 2)
( 1) ( 1)
s s
K K
s s
+
= +
+ +




2 2 2 2
1 2 3
2 2
2
( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2)
( 1)( 2) 1 ( 2) ( 2)
K K K
s x s s s
s s s s s
+ = + + + + +
+ + + + +


1
2 3
2
( 2) ( 2)
( 1) 1
K
s K s K
s s
= + + + +
+ +
leminin trevi alndnda

s = -2ye yaklar.


3
2 K =




1 2 3
2 2
2
( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2)
( 1)( 2) 1 ( 2) ( 2)
K K K
s s s s
s s s s s
+ = + + + + +
+ + + + +

2 s iin ;
3
0 0 K = + +

2
1
2 3
2
( 2) ( 2)
1 ( 1)
K
s K s K
s s
= + + + +
+ +


3 1
2 2
(0)( 1) (1)(2) [0( 1) 1]
0 (2 4)
( 1) ( 1)
s s
K K s
s s
+ +
= + + +
+ +


2 2
2
( 2) 2( 2)( 1) 1( 2)
( 1) ( 1)
s s s s
s s
+ + + +
=
+ +




=
2 2
2
2( 2 2) ( 2)
( 1)
s s s s
s
+ + + +
+


=
2 2
2
2 2 2 4 4
( 1)
s s s s s
s
+ + +
+


2
( 2)
( 1)
s
s
+
+
=
2
2
2
( 1)
s s
s

+










Bir Fonksiyonun Tekil Noktalar ve Kutuplar

S dzleminde tekil noktalar, fonksiyonun yada trevinin bulunmad
noktalardr.Kutup, tekil noktadr.

G(s) s civarnda analitik ve tek deerlidir.

[( ) ( )]
lim
i
r
i
s s
s s G s

2
10( 2)
( )
( 1)( 2)
s
G s
s s s
+
=
+ +
fonksiyonunun sfrlar s=-2 de bir sonlu ve
sonsuzda 3 sfr vardr. s=-3 de katl, s=0 da ve s=-1 de katsz kutbu
vardr.G(s) fonksiyonu bu noktalar dnda analitiktir denir.



3
10
( ) 0
lim lim
s s
G s
s

= =

Adi Dorusal Diferansiyel Denklemler:

Seri RLC devresini ele alalm;

( ) 1
( ) ( ) ( )
di t
Ri t L id t e t
dt C
+ + =
}
.(- )

kinci mertebeden bir diferansiyel denklem:

1
1
1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
... ( ) ( )
n n
n n
n n
d y t a d y t dy t
a a y t f t
dt dt dt

+ + + + = (- - )



Katsaylar y(t)nin bir fonksiyonu olmad srece dorusal adi
diferansiyel denklemdir.

(- )da
1
( ) ( ) x t i t dt =
}


ve
1
2
( )
( ) ( )
dx t
x t i t
dt
= =

2
1 2
( ) 1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
dx t R
x t x t e t
dt LC L L
= +







1. mertebeden durum deikenleri;

1
2
( ) ( )
( )
( )
x t y t
dy t
x t y
dt
=
= =

(- - - ) .
.
.

1
1
1
( )
( )
n
n
n
n
d y t
x t y
dt

= =







1 2
2 3
x x
x x
-
-
=
=

.
.
.
1 n n
x x
-

=
1 1
....
n n n
x a x a x u
-
= +

Dinamik Sistemlerin Matematiksel Modeli

Lineer Sistemler: Bir sisteme sperpozisyon teoremi uygulanyorsa
sistem lineerdir.



1 1
( ) ( ) x t y t
se
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x t x t y t y t + +
2 2
( ) ( ) x t y t

Lineer zamanla deimeyen ve lineer zamanla deien sistemler:

Bir diferansiyel denklemin katsaylar sabit ise veya fonksiyonlar
bamsz deikenlerden oluuyorsa lineerdir.( Zamanla deien
sistemlere rnek:Uzay arac kontrol sistemidir.Yakt tketiminden
dolay uzay aracnn ktlesi deiir.)

Dorusal olmayan sistemler:Bir sisteme sperpozisyon teoremi
uygulanamyorsa sistem nonlineerdir.



2
2
2
sin
d x dx
x A wt
dt dt
| |
+ + =
|
\ .


2
2
2
( 1) 0
d x dx
x x
dt dt
+ + =

2
3
2
0
d x dx
x x
dt dt
+ + + =






Dinamik Sistemlerin Durum Uzay Gsterimi

1
( ) x t ve
2
( ) x t durum deikenleri olsun;

u(t); Giri,
11 12 21 22 11 21
, , , , , a a a a b b ise sabit katsaylar:

1
11 1 12 2 11
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
dx t
a x t a x t b u t
dt
= + +

2
21 1 22 2 21
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
dx t
a x t a x t b u t
dt
= + +

1
2
( )
( )
( )
x t
x t
x t
(
=
(





Durum denklemleri;

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
dx t
x t Ax t Bu t
dt
-
= = + ile ifade edilir.

1
2
n
x
x
x
x
(
(
(
- (
=
(
-
(
( -
(

,


A =
1 2
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
n n n n x
a a a a

- - -
(
(
- - -
(
- - - - (
(
- - - -
(
( - - - -
(
- - -
(
(
- - -








B =
0
0
0
1
(
(
(
- (
(
-
(
( -
(
(
(

k ( y= Cx) Y =
| |
1
2
1 0 0
n
x
x
x
x
(
(
(
- (
- - -
(
-
(
( -
(








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Title: LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
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Comments:
Creation Date: 09.10.2009 11:01:00
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