Chapter #31: American Life in the "Roaring Twenties" Big Picture Themes 1.

. A red scare struck America in the 20s. Fear of communism resonated through society and was fueled by mail bombings and illustrated by the Sacco and Vanzetti executions. 2. Anti-immigration ran high as well. Laws were passed to limit immigration, and specifically, to limit New Immigrants from Italy and Poland. 3. The Scopes Monkey Trial illustrated the new controversy of evolution vs. creation. 4. Businesses had a good run in the 20s and consumers bought products wildly, often on credit or with an installment plan. 5. Three Republican presidents were pro-business. The economy and consumers got to running too fast, and coupled with over-buying in the stock market, initiated the Stock Crash and Great Depression. Chapter #31 Identifications A. Mitchell Palmer Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter." John T. Scopes Was indicted for teaching evolution in Tennessee. His trial was watched all over the country. This trial represented the Fundamentalist vs. the Modernalist. In the outcome he was only fined $100.00 dollars. While it seemed the Fundamentalists had won, the trial made them look bad. Clarence Darrow Attorney. Completely denounced Bryan's words in the Scopes trial. Andrew Mellon An American banker, industrialist, philanthropist, art collector and Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 until February 12, 1932. Believed in a government "hands-off" approach to the economy. Frederick W. Taylor American mechanical engineer, who wanted to improve industrial efficiency. He is known as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants Margaret Sanger Main street and babbitt

H. L. Mencken "Bad boy of Baltimore" Wrote the monthly American mercury, and found much fault in America. F. Scott Fitzgerald The side of paradise. Great Gatsby. Jazz age Ernest Hemingway The Sun also rises, A farewell to arms Sinclair Lewis Main street and babbitt Buying on Margin Allowed people to borrow most of the cost of the stock, making down payments as low as 10 percent Red Scare Widespread fear of communism and other politically radical ideas. Sacco and Vanzetti Case These were two Italian immigrants who were arrested in connection with a shooting in Massachusetts. After a controversial trial, which many deemed unfair, they were sentenced to death. Emergency Quota Act 1921 1921 legislation that limited immigration to 3% of the people of their nationality living in the US in 1910. Immigration Quota Act 1924 This was passed in 1924--cut quotas for foreigners from 3 % to 2% of the total number of immigrants in 1890--purpose was to freeze America's existing racial composition --prevented Japanese from immigrating, causing outrage in Japan. Volstead Act This law established a Prohibition Bureau within the Treasury Department. It was underbudgeted and largely ineffective, especially in strongly anti-prohibition states Fundamentalism Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect). Modernists Thought God was a "good guy" and that the universe was a nice place

Chapter #31 Guided Reading Questions Seeing Red Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti 1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scar During the red scare, many people were afraid of communism, because they liked their American ways. The flow of logic at the time was that communists were bad and that since communist originated in Europe, it was obviously going to spread to America via the immigrants. Not only that but they were also scared of Debs socialist party. There were 2 trials including Sacco and Vanzetti that were Italian men who committed nothing but a witch hunt caught them sadly. Some statesmen were denied their spots because they were socialist and many people hated on the strikers and also mostly foreigners. Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK 2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen.

The old KKK was only focusing on hating on the black people and slaves and to be pro white. Well, now since times have changed, the black people are not the only people that are bothering the WASP people, white anglo-saxon protestants, and obviously it has become clear that foreigners are coming over in large numbers. It then expanded its horizons by discriminating not only black people, but people of all kinds that were not WASPs or shared the American idea, such as capitalism. They still deployed the same tactic as in fear, violence and lynchings, and tried to show white supremacy. Stemming the Foreign Flood Know: Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act 3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's.

During the 1920s, America saw an influx of immigrants that were coming from southeastern European countries, which they didnt really like. In order to limit the number of Americans coming in, Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act, which limited the amount of immigrants in America to be limited to 3% of the population. However, this law didnt work out quite as well since it favored the new disliked immigrants more than old immigrants since they came in such large numbers. Because of that, Congress just straight up passed the Immigration Act and also barred Japanese and Chinese people from coming into the states. They however favored it if Canadians or Mexicans came to immigrate because they came as a workforce for the Americans

Makers of America: The Poles Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw 4. What factors led Poles to America?

The factors that led the Poles to American were economic hardship, political catastrophe, and collapsed Labor unions in Poland. The Poles recently had a revolution that would change their government in 1905, and were shortly taken into the war. They saw that America was mostly untouched by the great war, and wanted to move there because of the stability of the Americans for being so isolated. There were also better paying jobs and still the American Dream with the uncorrupted government that existed there. Last but not least, Americans had the unions that were desired by the Poles, since the ones in Poland had little to no power and there was a heavy depression there. Poland was also divided into 3 after wars, to Russia, Prussia and also Austria and thus they wanted to escape those foreign influences

The Prohibition "Experiment" Know: Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment 5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently?

Many did not like the amendment, and America had a long tradition of liking a strong drink and a weak government. The Golden Age of Gangsterism Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law 6. What was Gangsterism?

The gangsters in organized crime, who created an industry in liquor distribution and bootlegging. The gang world was led by Chicago, where 500 gangsters were murdered in the 20's. Monkey Business in Tennessee Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow 7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's.

Although science made gains, teaching evolution was still outlawed in schools due to the existing fundamentalist beliefs. When Professor John Scopes broke the law and taught evolution at school, it led to the Scopes Monkey Trial: a battle between religion and science. The Mass-Consumption Economy Know: Andrew Mellon, The Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey

8.Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's. Machinery got better and ran on cheap energy, Henry Ford perfected the assembly line which could produce a new car for every 10 seconds and advertisements became very common. Putting America on Rubber Tires Know: 9. Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles?

It was possible to mass-produce automobiles when Americans took the engine designs from Europe and improved them with better gasoline powered engines that were much more efficient. After such things, people such as Henry Ford and Ransom E. Old began to mass produce cars. The Ford Model T was very complicated to operate and was the first car to be produced in an assembly line. Soon the Model A was released and was the most affordable car ever. Soon, in Americas depression, the cars registered were enough for 1 car every 4.9 people. People loved having a car, mainly because it allowed them to be more independent, especially the younger kids. It also increased production in road companies and gas companies. The Advent of the Gasoline Age 10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile

Humans Develop Wings Know: 11. Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh What effects did the early airplane have on America?

They didnt have much effect, and many first only saw a plane when a stunt flier would fly over. However, after WW1, they were used for air mail.

The Radio Revolution 12. How did America change as the result of the radio?

American life changed as the result of the radio because now, Americans can be truly united under one news station and hear all the news at the same time all over the nation. Back then, since radios were new, there was no limit of how strong a signal can be, thus some were able to reach across all of the states while most of the time there were just smaller local stations. It gathered Americans back home for them to gather their news, and revolutionized how advertisement worked, since now there are listeners. It also changed politics, seeing that many people now listened to the radio, it could only help them to adapt to it.

Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies Know: The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer 13. What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures?

Some milestones in the history of motion pictures include the first film ever to be made, The Great Train Robbery was its name. Although quite short, it did tell a story to the viewers and was able to entertain. The first full featured film was The Birth of a Nation, and was criticized heavily for its KKK support and even the President said that movies such as it were writing history with lightning. There were many controversies in film since most early films included naked women. Movies were heavily used during WWI for propaganda. Hollywood was set as the capital for the movie industry because of its sunny weather. The Dynamic Decade Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey 14."Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain. American life was slowly changing into an urban lifestyle. The census of 1920 came to the conclusion that for the first time ever, more Americans lived in urban life than in the rural. This was very important as a change because now society has began to adapt to the ways of the Jazz and the city folk. Many girls were called flappers and they dressed scantily and also drank a lot and courted boys and openly spoke of sex. This supported Sigmund Freuds psychology of sexual repression and whatnot. Jazz also spread around and many African American musicians became famous with their unique style of music.

Cultural Liberation

Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wright 15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times?

There were new writers who wrote about the glamour of the times and wrote about radical new ideas. There was a Harlem Renaissance in Harlem with an outpouring of African American culture. Wall Street's Big Bull Market Know: Margin, Andrew Mellon 16.Was government economic policy successful in the 20's? Yes, they passed the Bureau of the Budget to get the financial house in order, and Congress did ease the tax burden on the rich, letting the economy boom. The national debt was lowered. Chapter #32: The Politics of Boom and Bust Big Picture Themes 1. President Harding had several scandals underneath him, notably the Teapot Dome Scandal over oil. 2. America entered into policies of isolationism whereby the US just wanted to look after herself and leave Europe alone. 3. Coolidge was very pro-business, following a hands-off approach by government. 4. Hoover held the same ideas with his rugged individualism phrase. When the Stock Crash hit and Great Depression started, Hoover was very reluctant and slow to take government action. Chapter #32: IDENTIFICATIONS Andrew Mellon Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, who instituted a Republican policy of reduced government spending, lower taxes to the wealthy and higher tariffs Herbert Hoover the 31st President of the United States (1929-1933). He easily won the Republican nomination, despite having no previous elected office experience. tried to combat the ensuing Great Depression with volunteer efforts, none of which produced economic recovery during his term. Albert B. Fall a United States Senator from New Mexico and the Secretary of the Interior under President Warren G. Harding, infamous for his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal.

Robert LaFollette Progressive wisconsin govenor whose agenda of reforms was known as the Wisconsin Idea Alfred E. Smith He was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 election. He was the first Catholic to be elected as a candidate. Had too many "problems" to win against Hoover Ohio Gang Harding's "advisors" who played poker, drank, and smoked with him in the White House; involved in scandals that gave Harding a bad name. Washington Conference A conference hosted by the US which called for US and British de-fortification of Far East possessions (though Japan could fortify all it wanted). Also called for general naval disarmament. Kellogg-Briand Pact Kellogg-Briand Pact signed on August 27, 1928 by the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan, and a number of other countries. The pact renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defense. It made no provisions for sanctions. The pact was the result of a determined American effort to avoid involvement in the European alliance system. Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law Raised tariff from 27% to 35%, Duties on farm produce increased. Passed during the Harding Administration. Teapot Dome Scandal A horrible political scandal involving the private bribery of Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall in exchange for government oileries. Up to that point, it was considered the worst political scandal in American History. Dawes Plan This loan program was crafted to give money to Germany so that they could pay war reparations and lessen the financial crisis in Europe; the program ended with the 1929 stock market crash. Hawley-Smoot Tariff Raised tariffs to an unprecedented level and worsened the depression by raising prices and discouraging foreign trade Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) This agency became a government lending bank. It was designed to provide indirect relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, and railroads.

Bonus Army Name given to the mass of struggling WWI vets who, in the face of hard economic times, wanted to collect their pay checks early. Hoover-Stimson doctrine the 1932 foreign policy position of the US which stated that we would not recognize territorial acquisitions taken by force Chapter #32 Questions The Republican "Old Guard" Returns Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang 1. What flaws did Warren Harding possess?

Washington couldnt tell a lie, Harding couldnt tell a liar. Despite his charisma, Harding possessed a weak mind and didnt know how to say no. His corrupt Ohio Gang of cronies were set right into Washington. He made decent choices with Charles Evans Hughes as Sec of State, Andrew Mellon as sec of Treasury and Herbert Hoover as Secretary of commerce, but choose poorly Albert Fall an anti conservationist as Sec of Interior and Harry Daugherty as Attorney General. GOP Reaction at the Throttle 2. What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration. Harding in his three years as president introduced 4 new pro business judges to the supreme court but also choose Taft as Chief Justice who was surprisingly liberal. Atkins Vs Childrens Hospital revoked the legislation of Muller V Oreagon and made it so that women no longer had special protection in the workplace. Harding took an industrialist stance on business and wanted industries to regulate them selves, anti trust laws were ignored. The Aftermath of War Know: 3. Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act What effects did the war have on the post-war economy?

War Industries Board quickly died out and government control over the economy was reduced to nearly nothing. The Esch Cummings Act gave the railroads back to private companies and the Interstate Commerce Committee guaranteed their profits. Merchant Marine Act of 1920 authorized the Shipping board to decommission the hastily built ships of WWI however the 1915 La Follete Seamens Act still made shipping very unprofitable as American Standards for

employee treatment were far higher than the Worlds Average. Also, the American veterans created the American Legion, seeking compensation for their service, Congress eventually consented and enacted the Adjusted Compensation Act which paid out a total of 3.5 billion to veterans. America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, FourPower Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact 4. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's?

It held a disarmament conference which invited all the major powers except Russia. The Five Power Treaty set up the 5:5:3 ration of ships (US:Britain:Japan), the Four Power Treaty which required Britain, Japan, US to keep the status quo in the pacific and the Nine-power Treaty which kept open the Open Door Policy with china. Hiking the Tariff Higher Know: 5. Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law What effects were produced by high American tariffs?

There was a snag in the system, Europe owed money to the U.S. for WWI, in order to pay it back they needed to export, but the U.S. tariff crippled those exported. The Stench of Scandal Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty

6. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain Harding was an honest man, but he was oblivious to corruption and didnt want to believe that the people he chose could pull such a feat off. He simply tried to ignore the scandals that were were happening, but he couldnt prevent nor did he want it to happen. Forbes was a worker for the Veterans and he skimmed money from them and later went to jail from it, although first successfully taking $300 dollars. Teapot Dome Scandal was another time where corruption happened just like how it did in Grants administration. Fall was selling the land of oil for bidding instead of actually monitoring it. Harry M. Daugherty also took bribes and gave away liquor licences.

Silent Cal Coolidge

Know:

Calvin Coolidge

7. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency? Coolidge was very soft spoken, and also very traditional at the time earning him the name Silent Cal and Cautious Cal. He was a shy and boring president, unlike most other politicians which is why they called him something of that nature. He was also very pro-business and went even more laissez-faire than what Harding tried to be. He believed that the factory was a temple that rich people built and the workers there worship at it. Frustrated Farmers Know: 8. McNary-Haugen Bill What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same?

Farmers had enjoyed a boom during WWI, meeting the supply for demand of food. However, improved technology and increased production lowered food prices which hurt the farmers.

A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924 Know: 9. Robert La Follette Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election?

The times were good and prosperous, thus he was reelected easil Foreign-Policy Flounderings 10. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries?

The high tariffs hurt European exports which hurt the European's ability to repay their debt. As a result, The Dawes Plan solved the problem even though the US never got repaid for the loans. Unraveling the Debt Knot Know: 11. Dawes Plan What were the world-wide repercussions of Americas insistence on debt repayment?

America got resentment from Britain and France who thought the U.S. was a greedy bully.

The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928

Know: 12.

Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, and Ruin" Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith?

Herbert Hoover was so much more popular than Al Smith mostly because Hoover did a successful job at commerce, but also because he sounded much better on the voice radio media than Hoover did. Hoover was born in a city and he was also New Yorkian and Irish and Catholic. The normally Democratic south disliked the fact that he was Catholic so they were split on the vote. Hoover also spoke of individualism, and he lived a lifestyle of being an individual, and that appealed to many Americans. President Hoover's First Moves Know: 13. Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff Did Hoovers attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain.

Hoovers attempts to help the framers help produce more money ended up to help them in the end, although his other policies would ultimately worsen the conditions of all of America. The Agricultural Marketing Act was passed and it set up the Federal Farm Board to lend money to the farmers that needed it. Another thing they did was create a company that bought the surpluses of food and sold them to other nations, thus allowing the price to stay high. However, the Hawley-Smoot Tariff would ultimately hurt everyone in America and cause a depression to hit because it raised tariffs so high that it was impossible for foreign imports to be bought. Trade would slowly stop with America. The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties Know: 14. Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?" What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash?

It caused many businesses to go out of business, increased unemployment, closed many banks and also created many homeless people. What caused such a crash was that the stock market shot higher and higher until suddenly the bottom of the stock market dropped some mauvais news from Britain which dropped the prices of stocks and stockholders lost about $40 billion by the end of 1929. This catastrophic caused one of the greatest depressions known to the United States.

Hooked on the Horn of Plenty Know: 15. Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles What causes contributed to the Great Depression?

The stock market crash, over speculation, and over production all contributed to the Great Depression.

Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists Know: 16. Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian How did President Hoovers beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression?

President Hoover was known for being very individualistic, and he was known for showing his rugged individualist nature around in his governmental actions, as in he takes a long time to perform them. Many people pointed out that he was willing to help people of other nations but not people of his own nation. They also questioned his conservatority when he decided to have no laissez-faire. His beliefs led him to think that all this was part of a natural business cycle and if he did nothing it would fix itself.

Hoover Battles the Great Depression Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts 17. Is Hoovers reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain.

It is not well deserved because although he was very conservative at first, especially with his waiting out and laissez-faire since the depression started, he also did many things that were new to help prepare America for the depression such as for example spending money to create the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and its purpose was to lend money to the finance and finance many government projects. He also helped pass the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injuction Act, which limited the power of union, which is quite conservative Routing the Bonus Army in Washington Know: 18. Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur What happened to the Bonus Army? Why?

President Hoover critisized the BEF as being made up of riffraff and reds. As a result, General Douglas MacArthur used bayonets, tear gas, and fire to rout the BEF. Japanese Militarists Attack China Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine

19. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations? It showed that the League of Nations could not do much about aggression without America and it was just all talk. Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy 20. What was President Hoovers policy toward Latin America

He wanted to fix US-Latin American Relationships and went on a good will tour to extend the hand of friendship. Due to the Depression, Americans stopped engaging in dollar diplomacy and pulled soldiers out of Haiti and Nicaragua Chapter #33: The Great Depression and the New Deal Big Picture Themes 1. FDR quickly got many New Deal programs passed. The general philosophy was: the government will start massive projects and spend huge quantities of money, and this will jumpstart the economy. 2. These programs hit on all walks of life. Emphasis was placed on creating jobs, housing, construction projects, and restoring confidence in banks. 3. Though FDR was popular, there were critics to the New Dealsome saying it did too much, others that it did too little. 4. FDR pretty much had his way with Congress, until he asked for more Supreme Court judges and was finally told, No. 5. All told, though the New Deal may have helped the economy a bit, it did not boost the U.S. from the Depression. Chapter #33: Identifications Eleanor Roosevelt FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women Harry Hopkins A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans. Frances Perkins U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. She took much flak from her contemporaries.

Father Coughlin catholic priest- "social justice"- anti-deal/anti-semitic and facsist--> did radio broadcasts until shut down by govt. Huey Long Louisiana Senator who opposed FDR's New Deal and came up with a , "Share the Wealth" wants to give $5k to all families Francis Townshend retired physician who devised plans for senior citizens to receive pensions Harold Ickes headed the PWA for unemployment relief, sec of interior Alfred M. Landon Republican who carried only two states in a futile campaign against "The Champ" (FDR) in 1936 Brain Trust(s) Many of the advisers who helped Roosevelt during his presidential candidacy continued to aid him after he entered the White House. A newspaperman once described the group as "Roosevelt's Brain Trust." They were more influential than the Cabinet. The three R's Relief, Reform, and Recovery National Labor Relation Board a board consisting of five members, originally set up under the National Labor Relations Act to guarantee workers' rights to organize and to prevent unfair labor practices Congress of Industrial Organizations led by John Lewis, orginially began as a group of unskilled workers who organized themselves into effective unions. As there popularity grew they came known for the revolutionary idea of the "sit down strike", there efforts lead to the passage of the Fair Labor Standard Act and the organization continued to thrive under the New Deal. Liberty League Organization of wealthy Republicans and conservative Democrats whose attacks on the New Deal caused Roosevelt to denounce them as "economic royalists" in the campaign of 1936 Court-packing scheme Roosevelt's proposal in 1937 to "reform" the Supreme Court by appointing an additional justice for every justice over age of 70; following the Court's actions in striking down major New Deal

laws, FDR came to believe that some justices were out of touch with the nation's needs. Congress believed Roosevelt's proposal endangered the Court's independence and said no. Chapter #33 Guided Reading Questions FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair Know: 1 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt What kind of man was FDR?

DR was a man that was nominated by the Democrats during the election of 1932, when the depression was in its worst times. He was tall, athletic and handsome, that is until he caught polio and was then confined into a wheelchair. However, because of this, it helped him earn the likes of the people because he seemed vulnerable, like a normal person. He also had the peoples touch and he knew how to speak and convey to his people. His wife was also someone who was active in politics, and would become the most active first lady to ever take the position, and helped him run his campaign. Presidential Hopefuls of 1932 2. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election?

Roosevelts campaign in the 1932 election was about optimism and hope and confidence. Unlike his opponent Hoover, who ran in the election with a slogan that was saying how the worst times are over or a what if situation in which it could have been worse, which had a negative connotation to it and didnt give any hope. Roosevelt even chose a theme song for his campaign called Happy Days are Here Again, which by its title encourages the people to be happy. His speeches also contained the keyword, or his catchphrase which was confidence. The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932 3. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory?

FDR won the election with many electoral votes, one of the major contributions to this was that black voters for the first time, as a collective, began to support the Democrats because although the Dem used to be pro-slavery and conservative and whatnot, it seemed like the Republicans werent helping their situation anyways. Hoover was the loser of the election and during his last 4 months as a lame duck, he suddenly made the depression worse and worse because he was mad that FDR was able to win with such a landslide. He tried to pass a few things that were counterproductive to fixing the depression, and the unemployment was increased to 25% and also many companies went bankrupt. Roosevelts victory caused Hoover to pull some stuff to drag America even deeper down. FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform

Know: 4.

New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's, Describe the New Deal.

When Roosevelt came into presidency, he saw that there were many problems with the citizens of America. In his inauguration speech, he told the people not to fear about fearing, because thats the only fear. This was because the people were afraid to spend their money until the economy was stable again, which isnt helping the depression at all. He also mentioned the 3 Rs of his New Deal, which was relief, which was to provide food and shelter, recovery, which was to patch up the depression, and also reform, so that something at this scale never happens again. Along with his New Deal, he passed any acts, in which were called his alphabet soup because of all the acronyms that are used such as the NEA, SSA and also TVA.

Roosevelt Manages the Money Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency 5. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy?

FDR came in and as soon as he came in, passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act, which created the 1 week bank holiday where he went around and fixed most of the banks issues. After that, congress passed the Glass-Steagall Banking reform Act which created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, so that a bank will for sure have the money of the people who put their money into the banks. With this, he also wanted to remove America off the gold standard because people were hoarding gold instead of money. To do this, he had to get America off of it and also made a natural inflation in the economy so that debts could be paid back more easily.

Creating Jobs for the Jobless Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA

6. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do. There were many New Deal agencies that were created at the time. One of them was the Civilian Conservation Corps, which helped get young men hired to do jobs in the woods, doing stuff much like boy scouts and got paid by having money sent to their homes. The Federal Relief Administration sent relief in the form of government doles, many people believed that FDR was buying votes with tax money. The Agricultural Adjustment Act helped give huge loans to farmers to help them get their stuff started. The Home Owners Loan Corporation was created to

refinance peoples houses at a better rate that is more affordable. The Civil Works Administration was also started to give people jobs, however it was criticized that it was created mostly for people not to do work but get money.

A Day for Every Demagogue Know: 7. Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA List other historical demagogues.

Some historical demagogues include Father Charles Coughlin, a Catholic priest who voiced much about Social Justice on his radio program. He went from being moderate to very radical and soon was shut up by his church. Another one was Senator Huey Long, who wanted to take the money from the rich literally and give it to the poor, a basic form of socialism. He was also shunned out because of the fear that he was crazy. Dr. Francis E. Townsend also proposed that money should be given to the senior citizens, in a crazy amount. It also didnt turn out to work in America since they didnt have the money. The Works Progress Administration was also created to give jobs to many other people for public works and constructions to benefit the people.

New Visibility for Women Know: Buck 8. Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl

Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame.

Some of the factors that made it possible for women to get fame was that they were able to vote for 10 years, and after that they were able to make exponential progress through getting other accomplishments. Eleanor Roosevelt was well known for being the most active first lady and accomplished much for her husband because of his illness. Frances Perkins was known for being the first female cabinet member ever in history. Mary McLeod Bethune was the highest ranked black person in FDRs administration and later found a college. Women found it easier for them to access higher positions due to their right to vote.

Helping Industry and Labor Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes

9.

How did the NRA attempt to restore industry?

The NRA attempted to restore industry by creating a fair playing game for all companies. Although it was shot down later in the Schechtner case, it still attempted to limit the power of businesses. It created a maximum day shift hours for workers and also created a minimum wage. It also curbed child labor so that more adults could work for the same thing and get paid more to. To help encourage the NRA, which was optional, they gave out a blue eagle ribbon to every company that followed the policies, which not many businesses were happy about. After it was shot down, the NRA became much like the PWA, and began to create jobs through public works.

Paying Farmers Not to Farm 10. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers?

The federal government attempted to help farmers by synthesizing a shortage of crops so that they could sell for a better price. To do this, they had to pay the farmers not to farm so much and thus created the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which literally paid farmers not to do so much planting. Many farmers had to waste their products for the act and it was soon shot down by the Supreme Court since it was unconstitutional. Then congress passed the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act, which paid farmers money to not plant so many acres of land. The AAA was also reborn again to help curb the amount a farmer could grow, all of these increased farmer wages but also made them decrease in employment.

Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards Know: 11. Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains?

Nature soon became a problem as many high winds and droughts blew the weak soil in the middle states to created the great dustbowl. Farmers didnt treat the land well and because of that they continually plowed the top layer of the soil and soon made it into powdery dust which was easily carried by the wind. Because of such tragic events, many workers began to migrate west to find better soil. This inspired the book The Grapes of Wrath, a tale of Okies written by John Steinbeck. It also caused congress to pass the Resettlement Administration which helped farmers relocate themselves. Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles

12.

In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same?

Things were better in California because there, there wasnt any dust bowl that was ruining the farming economy. There was San Joaquin Valley, a place where farming flourished due to its naturally good weather and irrigation systems that were placed. There was also the Farm Security Administration which helped increase the chances that a farm will stay stable and help produce. There were also Okievilles in which people came from all over the middle states in search for better jobs and what not.

Battling Bankers and Big Business Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC

13. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain. The reformists saw that in the stock exchange, many people lost their investments because the numbers given were fake and didnt really help investors make their decision correctly. To fix this, they created the Federal Securities Act which required companies to report honest numbers and stats so that investors knew what they were doing. The Securities Exchange Commission was created to watch all the transactions. People also saw opportunity to jump in and caused a pyramid to crash, forcing congress to pass the Public Utility Holding Company to make sure nothing like that happens again.

The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River Know: 14. TVA, Creeping Socialism What arguments were used for and against the TVA project?

The Tennessee Valley Authority was created because it was seen that electricity was a good market to get into and it would vastly improve the lives of many Americans. Many people saw the creation of this to be controversial because it would be government sponsored electricity and would be a form of creeping socialism, where the government was able to provide cheaper things and thus have a monopoly over the businesses. However, it was also supported because it helped provide jobs to clear forests and rivers for dams and other stuff and also provided electricity to improve the lives of over 2.5 million people.

Housing Reform and Social Security

Know: 15.

FHA, Social Security How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate?

There were 2 major acts that helped societys least fortunate. The Federal Housing Authority helped fund project housings to remove the slums in cities and also to create low-rent homes for the poor. It helped create more jobs and also inspired the US Housing Authority, which outlived the New Deal and even FDR. It was seen as such a popular and successful administration that it was kept even until now. There was also the Social Security Act which used tax payers money to help support the poor, and those unable to work.

A New Deal for Labor Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike 16. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal? Unions began to strengthen under the FDR administration after the Wagner Act, which made it legal for labor unions to form and strike. After the Wagner Act, the Committee for Industrial Organization was created and was one of the first major unions to accept the unskilled workers, which at the time were thought to weaken a unions strength since they were so easily replaced. Many major companies resisted such changes, especially after the Fair Labor Standards Act which limited workday hours and minimum wages was regulated and also child labor was stopped. Many people were striking and were killed, such as the Memorial Day massacre in which people striked and were shot and killed. Landon Challenges "the Champ Know: 17. Alfred Landon, American Liberty League What was the significance of the 1936 election?

The significance of the 1936 election was that someone dared to challenge FDR in the election even though he had such immense success. Landon criticized FDRs critical spending, but at the same time he was losing votes because of his criticisms, in which he actually supported many of the programs created by the New Deal. He also had a weak radio voice, unlike FDR, and also a poor campaigner and couldnt really win many votes. There were also a few Democrats that wanted to switch to the other party because they were afraid of socialism, and formed the American Liberty League.

Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench 18. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court? FDR wanted to ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices because he although he had the Congress on his side, the Supreme Court was just too conservative for his tastes. He wanted to increase it to 15 members, so that he could raise a majority but congress quickly shut him down, seeing that gave him too much power. He already passed the 20th amendment, which allowed him to be sworn in 6 weeks early to skip out on the lame duck period a lot more. The Court Changes Course Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black 19. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court?

Some of the consequences of FDRs attempt to pack the court was that he was now viewed as a man who tried to become a dictator, although he had good intentions behind his motives. However, power grabbing is always going to be viewed as a power grab, thus it made him look bad. However, it did change the mind of one judge, Owen J. Roberts had his conservative mind changes and began to be more liberal. After this court packing scheme, even though he was able to pass many of his things through the court, the New Deal programs were viewed with suspicions and he was viewed with suspicion.

The Twilight of the New Deal Know: 20. Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term.

The success of the FDRs second term was pretty well done because although the recession wasnt fixed within his first term, he was still able to curb most of it down. Then, there was the Roosevelt Recession which was caused by the massive govt spending, and FDR agreed to cut back on the spending, however he still returned to his high spending self because of Keynesian economy policies which said it was okay for a government to spend more than they have. The Reorganization Act also made it illegal for federal officials to only be political campaigners, which helped the efficiency of his government.

New Deal or Raw Deal? 21. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair?

Much of the criticisms on the New Deal seem to say that it was spending too much money and didnt get enough done, and that he wasnt the fixer of the depression, WWII was. I think this was fair because although he attempted to fix the problems in the US, he increased the national debt to $40 billion dollars, the highest it ever was in history at the time. The least fair was that he was accused of bringing communism into the US, although all he really did was just help out the poor, in which many people called him out on it for a long time.

Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was the New Deal Know: Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Carl Degler, Constraints School of Historians, New Deal Coalition 22. What did William Leuechtenburg mean when he called the New Deal a "half-way revolution?" (Your answer should focus more on the information before this term than on the information after it.) It was a halfway revolution because it only fixed half of the problems the country had, because before the New Deal, America was fairly conservative, and was mostly dominated by the rich. After the New Deal however, America soon began to become a nation where they helped the poor, and actually used tax money to help support the poor. It was a change in American society and now the poor were able to get back on their feet. Although it didnt fix or change all of America, it did help them where it needed the help. This was the most important part.