Plant Systems

On the following slides, the green sections are the most important. Underline words = vocabulary!
The Texas Bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis) is our state flower and a plant native to Texas. Remember that plants are NOT dead, but very much alive and composed of eukaryotic cells! In this unit we will discuss the systems in plants, specifically transport, reproduction, and response.

Background Image http://www.respect-texas.org/bluebonnets.jpg

Vocab List: Copy this list As we move through the unit the following vocabulary words will help you prepare for the exam!
Gravitropism Hydrotropism Nastic response Phloem Phototropism Pistil Stamen Stigma Stoma Thigmotropism Xylem

Review of Plant Cells

Plants are multicellular eukaryotes w/ cell walls made of cellulose. Plants are autotrophs that carryout photosynthesis to obtain energy. To carry out cellular functions, plants need:
Sunlight Water CO2 Minerals

http://www.terrebonneonline. com/plantcell1.jpg

Review of Photosynthesis
(Carbon dioxide) (water)

6CO2 + 6H20 + LIGHT

C6H1206 + 602
(glucose)

(oxygen)

Photosynthesis the process by which plants convert light energy and carbon dioxide into sugars as a food source for the plant.

http://s2.hubimg.com/u/701793_f520.jpg

The Second Part of Photosynthesis Calvin Cycle or Light Independent Reaction Also called Carbon Fixation or C3 Pathway Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light reaction to make sugar (glucose). Occurs in the Thylakoid membranes

Cell Specialization
Plants have cell specialization (different cell types perform specific functions). EX Root cells, stem cells, and flower petal cells all have specific functions (jobs) that they carry out for the plant.
http://www.bio.txstate.edu/~wetlands/Kids_and_Teens_Pag e/parts%20of%20a%20plant.jpg

3 TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES

DERMAL PROTECTION FOR THE PLANT (WAXY COATING) VASCULAR TRANSPORT FOOD & WATER GROUND TISSUE Cells that lie between dermal and vascular tissue make up the ground tissue. CONTAINS CELLS THAT ARE THE SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Veins in a plant are called VASCULAR TISSUE There are 2 types of Vascular Tissue: 1. Xylem transports water from roots to the rest of the plant 2. Phloem transports sugars and other nutrients throughout a plant (FOOD)

MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
Undifferentiated has not yet become specialized These cells are produced in the apical meristems (tips of roots & stems) Meristematic tissue is the only plant tissue that produces new cells by mitosis!

Specialized Tissues - Leaves

Leaf is the organ where most photosynthesis, and transpiration [evaporation from plants] occurs. Remember, photosynthesis is used by plants to create energy. Through the leaf run veins transport water, sugars, and minerals to the plant cells.

http://www.ecomagic.org/fruition/leaves-1.jpg

Leaves
Stomata are pores or holes in the epidermis of the leaf that allow gas exchange (stoma singular) Carbon dioxide comes in through the opening and oxygen leaves through the pore This is important for photosynthesis to occur

Guard cells on each side of the stomata control its opening and closing Water is also lost through the stomata in a process called transpiration, so plants only leave stomata open long enough to do photosynthesis

When water pressure within the guard cells is high (lots of water inside of plant) the thick outer walls of the cells are forced into a curved shape, which opens the stoma. When water pressure within the guard cells is low the inner walls pull together and close the stoma.

Stoma & Guard Cells

Specialized Tissues - Stems

Stems are specialized cells that support leaves to hold them up to sun and transport water, sugars, and nutrients through the plant. Some stems are also modified for sugar [glucose] storage areas.

http://www.arboretum.fullerton.edu/grow/ima ges/plant_organs.jpg

PARTS OF A PLANT
STEMS Produce leaves, branches & flowers Hold leaves up to the sunlight Transport substances between roots and leaves (through veins)

In most plants, stems contain distinct nodes, where leaves are attached, and internodes are regions between the nodes.

Monocot scattered vascular bundles Dicot vascular bundles arranged in a ring

Secondary Growth of Stems

Takes place in lateral meristematic tissues called Vascular cambium produces vascular tissues and increases stems thickness (wood) Cork cambium makes the outer covering (bark)

Specialized Tissues - Roots

Roots are underground organs that absorb water and minerals necessary for transport in the plant and anchor [hold] the plant in the soil. They help to prevent soil erosion. taproot (ex: carrot) single large central root fibrous root (ex: grasses) clump of short threadlike divisions

http://www.kidsgardening.com/onlinecourse/Diagrams/c5/c5-1root.gif

PARTS OF A PLANT
ROOTS ABSORB WATER AND NUTRIENTS AND ANCHOR THE PLANT TO THE GROUND TWO TYPES OF ROOTS: FIBROUS (Clump of short, threadlike roots) TAPROOT (Single, large central root)

Transport Tissues
Just like in animals, vascular [vein] tissue is the transport system for the plant. Xylem transports water (L for liquid) in stacked cells to form tube like drinking straws; movement is UP from roots to leaves Phloem transports sugar/food; movement can be up and down

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_b8o0_bDa4QI/RsKvBY5ZufI/AAAAAAA AAF0/BmCafNOYe6A/s400/xylem1%5B1%5D.gif

Reproductive Tissues - Flowers

Flowers are a reproductive organ (but not all plants have flowers). They have male and female parts. pollination transporting pollen (sperm) from the male to female parts (ovule) fertilization union of sperm with egg (creates a development of a plant embryo [seed] which grows into a mature plant).

http://www.prairiefrontier.com/pages/families/flwrparts.jpg

Flower Parts
Male Stamen consist of the anther (produces pollen) and filament (supports anther) Pollen contains sperm Female Pistil consist of the stigma (where pollen lands), style (connects stigma to ovary) and the ovule (develops into the fruit) Ovule develops into an egg, eventually becomes the seeds when fertilized Non-sexual Petals colored parts, attract pollinators (EX bees) Sepals green parts, protect flower parts

Flower Parts Cont.

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artoct08/bj-peru.html

Reproductive Tissues - Seeds

Seed Plants form seeds (a plant embryo surrounded by a food supply) in order to reproduce. Seeds are encased in a protective covering called a seed coat. EX fleshy fruit such as strawberries, apple, tomato, peach, cucumber EX dry fruit such as walnuts and acorns
http://urbanext.illinois.edu/gpe/imag es_rev/seed-pics.jpg

http://asm.wku.edu/courses/Biol115/Wyatt/Plants/ seeds/seed.gif

Seedless Reproduction
Seedless plants do not form hard seeds (EX mosses and ferns) and therefore these plants MUST have water in order for the sperm to swim to the egg.
http://biology.uwsp.edu/courses/plantid/cp-seedless/images/cpseedless-images-sm/013-d.lg.sm.jpg http://www.kidsgardening.com/onlineco urse/Diagrams/c10/c10-4fern.gif

Response
Just like animals, plants respond to changes in their environments (called tropism). There are four main types of tropisms: Gravitropism/Geotropism = response in plants that make it grow either with the pull of gravity or against it Hydrotropism = response in plants that bends it towards water Phototropism = response in plants that bends it towards light Thigmotropism = response in plants that bends it around an object (EX a vine wrapping around an arbor)

Response Cont.

http://withfriendship.com/images/h/38808/Tropism-picture.gif

Response Cont.
Another type of response, specifically to changes in pressure, is called a nastic response. The most common example is the infamous Venus flytrap which closes its leaf when the plant senses an insect through changes in cell pressure. North Carolinas Nastic Slideshow

http://www.justvenusflytraps.com/images/homepagei mage.jpg

 Plants provide consumers with oxygen to breathe, food, shelter, as well as cleaning the air and water for the planet. This photo was taken in the Scottish Highlands. Just like animals, plants are active responders within various environments to survive and thrive. Their use and importance is numerous; humans use plants with healing properties in medical treatments.

Photograph by Luis del Ro

Conclusion