Foundation of Human Skills-I

PROFILE

SUBJECT TOPIC

: Foundation Of Human Skill-I : Basic Dimensions of Interaction in Society.

PRESENTED BY: NAMES : 26. : 06. : 29. Pravinkumar Misal. Prashant Chawan. Girish Pawse.

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. shama Kadam

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ACKNOWL !G M N"

e feel !reat "leasure #hile "re"arin! this "ro$ect named %Basic Dimensions of Interaction In Society&. 'his "ro$ect is an attem"t to sim"lify the conce"ts co(erin! the Su)$ect of %Basic Dimensions of Interaction in Society&. It #as a collecti(e effort and hard #ork "ut )y us. e take this O""ortunity to thank our "rofessor* friends* students*

family mem)ers for the su""ort and encoura!ement e+tended to us in "re"arin! this "ro$ect. e #ould also like to thank those #ho hel"ed us directly and indirectly to con(ert our thou!hts in reality.

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Foundation of Human Skills-I

#N! $
1. Introduction ,. Factors influencin! social )eha(ior -. 'heories of social interaction .. /o-o"eration 0. Im"ression mana!ement
1.

/onclusion

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Foundation of Human Skills-I

INTRODUCTION

Human )ein!s dra# close to one another )y there common nature* )ut ha)its and customs kee" them a"art. 2lmost all our relationshi"s )e!in and most of them continue as forms of mutual e+"loitation* a mental or "hysical )arter* to )e terminated #hen one or )oth "arties run out of !oods. /ommon dan!ers make common friends. By "ersuadin! others* #e con(ince oursel(es. 3nderstandin! the nature and causes of indi(idual )eha(ior and thou!ht in social Situation is the !reatest challen!e facin! social "sycholo!ists. 4+"lainin! ho# and #hy indi(iduals )eha(e* think and feel as they do in situations in(ol(in! others is difficult )ecause of the !reat di(ersity of )eha(ior and its ra"id rate of chan!e.

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Foundation of Human Skills-I

2ction is one of the most im"ortant factor that influences the social )eha(ior.

Action can be de ined and e!abo"ated:

AC"#ON 5o account of others s%&ial a&ti%n 6real* ima!ined* im"lied "resence of others7 social interaction 6relation #ith "ersons7

N% relati%nshi'(intera&ti%n w(%thers

5o effect 6more lo!ical than e+"eriential7 in)luen&e 6effectual* conse8uential7 3nintended POW * 6intended7

In social interaction* there is an effect9 if only )ecause of an e+chan!e 6interaction:transaction7 took "lace. 'his is "ro)a)ly the lar!est cate!ory of social action in the #orld. 'he actor e+ercises influence sim"ly )y the e+istence of others #hose res"onses are antici"ated* and )ecause the actor can accommodate his:her actions to the others. /on(ersely* actions do not ha(e to )e directed s"ecifically to the other. Po#er re8uires more than this !enerali;ed influence that e+ists sim"ly )ecause #e li(e amon! others. !ennis Wr%n+ ar!ues that this diffuse influence of culture and different !rou" norms are o(erem"hasi;ed. 'his is the o(er sociali;ed conce"tion of social action < it attri)utes too much "o#er to diffuse social norms and !rou"s. #ntera&ti%n is the ,i))eren&e -etween in)luen&e an, '%wer. But #e must carefully differentiate indi(idual intension from !rou" norms. If #e don=t include intension as an element of the definition* then #e end u" #ith an effect #ithout cause* "o#er #ithout initiation or social relation.

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FACTORS INFLUENCING SOCIAL BEHA#IOUR

Social "sycholo!ists seek to e+"lain the factors that sha"e the actions and thou!hts of indi(idual human )ein!s #ith social settin!s. 'hey attem"t to understand the #ide ran!e of conditions that sha"e the social )eha(ior and thou!ht of indi(iduals-there actions* feelin!s* )eliefs* memories* and inferences-#ith res"ect to other "ersons. 'here are fi(e ma$or cate!ories #hich are )roadly classified )y Baron and Byrne #hich affects social interaction: 2. 2ctions and characteristics of others. B. /o!niti(e "rocess /. 4colo!ical (aria)les D. /ultural conte+t 4. Biolo!ical factors.

ACTIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF OTHERS

Our )eha(ior and thou!ht is stron!ly affected )y the actions* characteristics and a""earances of others. Physical a""earance and demo!ra"hic and attitudinal similarities are amon! the factors that influences our interaction #ith others. >esearch has re(ealed that #e ha(e stereoty"es associated #ith "hysical attracti(eness* "hysically attracti(e "eo"le are "ercei(ed to )e more socia)le* dominant* se+ually #arm* mentally healthy* intelli!ent* socially skilled* and less modest than those #ho are unattracti(e. 2 study of friendshi" in hi!h school found that demo!ra"hic characteristics such as se+* a!e* reli!ion* ethnic )ack!round and social class influence inter"ersonal attraction. ?ost )est friends are similar in a!e* race and year in school. e also sho# !reater likin! for "eo"le #ith similar attitudes.

COGNITI#E PROCESSES
Social co!nition refers to the manner in #hich #e inter"ret* analy;e* remem)er and use information a)out the social #orld. hile interactin! #ith others* #e re8uire tremendous amount of information a)out them-ho# they look* #hat they say* #hat they do. e sort out this information in our mind and com)ine the "re(iously stored

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Foundation of Human Skills-I

information a)out others in order to make $ud!ments a)out them* "redict there future action* and dra# inferences a)out their )eha(ior. 'here are t#o )asic com"onents of social thou!ht: 1. .&hemas: 'hey are the mental frame#orks containin! information rele(ant to s"ecific situations or e(ents* #hich* once esta)lished* hel" us to inter"ret these situations or and #hat=s ha""enin! in them. 4+am"le* #e may ha(e schema for %meetin! "eo"le at "arties&. Schemas hel" us to decide 8uickly and effortlessly. ,. Pr%t%t/'es: 'hey are mental models of the ty"ical 8ualities of mem)ers of some !rou" or cate!ory. For e+am"le #e ha(e "rototy"es for leaders* s"orts heroes* criminals etc.

ECOLOGICAL #ARIABLES
'he "hysical en(ironment does indeed influence our feelin!s* thou!hts* and )eha(ior. nvir%nmental Ps/&h%l%+/ is a )ranch of "sycholo!y that concentrates on the interaction )et#een the "hysical #orld and human )eha(ior. 'here are fe# nota)le findin!s concernin! the influence of "hysical en(ironment on social )eha(ior: 1. Bad smells e(oke ne!ati(e feelin!s and less-friendly inter"ersonal )eha(ior. 2ir that has a "leasant smell has the o""osite effect- "ositi(e emotions and friendly )eha(ior. ,. 5oise or un#anted sound creates a ne!ati(e affecti(e res"onse. @oud un"redicta)le noise !enerates a !reat deal of ne!ati(e emotions such as an!er. Daily e+"osure to the sounds of )usy air"ort causes adults to )e less a)le to find items in a su"ermarket* to ha(e memory loss* and more likely to dro" thin!s.

CULTURAL CONTE$T
Culture &an -e ,e)ine, as %r+ani0e, s/stem %) share, meanin+s1 'er&e'ti%ns1 an, -elie)s hel, -/ 'ers%ns -el%n+in+ t% s%me +r%u'. Social )eha(ior is stron!ly affected )y cultural norms* mem)ershi" in (aryin! !rou"s* and shiftin! societal (alues. 'he culture to #hich an indi(idual )elon!s < in,ivi,ualisti& %r &%lle&tivisti& < has a stron! influence on s%&ial -ehavi%r.

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#N!#2#!3AL#."#C C3L"3* B:S COLL C"#2#."#C C3L"3*

Indi%id&a!i'tic c&!t&"e
It stresses the "riority of indi(idual needs o(er !rou" needs* a "reference for loosely knit social relationshi"s* and a desire to )e relati(ely autonomous of others influence.

Co!!ecti%i'tic c&!t&"e
It stresses the "riority of !rou" needs o(er indi(idual needs* a "reference for ti!htly knit social relationshi"s* and a #illin!ness to su)mit to the influence of one=s !rou".

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
.%&i%-i%l%+/ "laces !reat im"ortance on the role of !enetic factors in social )eha(ior. Our attitudes* "references* )eha(iors* emotional reactions and e(en (alues are affected to some e+tent )y our )iolo!ical inheritance. .%&i%-i%l%+/ is a )ranch of -i%l%+/. It refers to !ettin! ones !enes into the ne+t !eneration are stren!thened and s"read throu!hout a "o"ulation. 'he social )eha(ior is indeed affected )y natural selection9 tendencies to#ards )eha(iors that are most ada"ti(e from the "oint of (ie# of sur(i(al often increases in stren!th o(er time #ithin a !i(en "o"ulation ?any forms of )eha(ior can )e understood #ithin the conte+t of efforts )y or!anisms to "ass their !enes on to the ne+t !eneration. 'hese #ere some of the main factors #hich influence the Csocial )eha(ior=. 5o# there are t#o theories #hich are )ased on the social interaction. 'hose t#o theories are mentioned in ne+t to"ic.

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"4 O*# . O5 .OC#AL #N" *AC"#ON

'he social scientists ha(e offered a num)er of e+"lanations as to #hy "eo"le seek out others.

"here are tw% im'%rtant the%ries in this &%nne&ti%n: 6a7 .%&ial C%m'aris%n "he%r/ and 6-7.%&ial 8&han+e "he%r/ Socia! co()a"i'on T*eo"+ 1. It "ro"oses that #e e(aluate our thou!hts and actions )y com"arin! them to those of others. ,. 2ccordin! to this theory* human )ein!s ha(e a stron! need to ha(e accurate (ie#s* )oth a)out our social #orld and a)out oursel(es. -. one #ay to kno# oursel(es and )etter understand our "lace in the social en(ironment is to com"are oursel(es #ith others. .. e use social com"arison not only to $ud!e our a)ilities and self conce"t* )ut also to "ro(ide information a)out our emotions and e(en to choose our friends. Socia! Co()a"i'on T*eo"+ 1. It "ro"oses that #e seek out and maintain those relationshi"s in #hich the re#ards e+ceed the costs. ,. 2ccordin! to this theory* "eo"le seek out and maintain those relationshi"s in #hich the re#ards e+ceed the costs. -. Peo"le #ill a(oid or terminate relationshi"s in #hich the costs are !reater than the re#ards. .. Eeor!e Homans stated that all social relationshi"s are like economic )ar!ains in #hich each "arty has a (alue )ased on the !oods they ha(e to e+chan!e #ith others. It could )e material 6food* flo#ers7 or non material 6information* affection7.

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COOP *A"#ON
In this "art of the cha"ter* #e #ill focus on understandin! the "rocesses that make "eo"le #ork to!ether to achie(e shared !oals 6coo"eration7. De inition: C%%'erati%n is -ehavi%r in whi&h 'e%'le w%rk t%+ether t% attain share, +%als. /oo"eration is #orkin! to!ether to#ards attainin! a common* shared !oal. Ho# coo"eration is )eneficialG It is )eneficial as it hel"s us to achie(e !oals that #e can=t indi(idually achie(e. It is )eneficial foe e(eryone in(ol(ed. 3nfortunately* coo"eration does not de(elo" all the all times. Social "sycholo!ists ha(e tried to identify the factors that "lay a role in de(elo"in! coo"eration.

5AC"O*. #N5L3 NC#NG COOP *A"#ON

2ccordin! to social "sycholo!ists* the t#o most im"ortant factor that influence coo"eration are: 617 >eci"rocity 6,7 Pe0r.sonal orientation *e&i'r%&it/ >eci"rocity is a )asic rule of social life su!!estin! that indi(iduals tend to treat others as these "ersons ha(e treated them. e )eha(e #ith others the #ay they )eha(e #ith us. 4+ce"tion: %cheaters&. 'hey do not return coo"eration e(en after recei(in! it. Des"ite this fact* "eo"le sho# reci"rocity. 'his is )ecause coo"eration )enefits )oth the "arties. 'he recei(er and the "erson #ho coo"erates 6"ro(ider7. Pers%nal Orientati%n /oo"eration is influenced )y a "erson=s orientation to#ards it. Some "eo"le are aller!ic to coo"eration and "refer to "ursue there o#n interests #hile some "eo"le are stron!ly "refer coo"eration. 'his is )ecause of indi(idual (ie#"oints to#ards #orkin! #ith others. "here are three ,i))erent view'%ints 6%rientati%n7:9 C%%'erative %rientati%n #n,ivi,ualisti& %rientati%n C%m'etitive %rientati%n Peo"le #ith this (ie#"oint Such "eo"le focus on Peo"le #ith this "refer to ma+imi;e the $oint ma+imi;in! their o#n orientation focus on outcomes for e(eryone outcomes. defeatin! others and

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concerned

o)tainin! )etter outcomes than others.

"4 !#.CON"#N3#"9 55 C"

@ike an indi(iduals* e(en !rou" of "eo"le decide to act com"etiti(ely. Business houses com"ete a!ainst )each other for customers teams fi!ht a!ainst each others and so on. 8&e'ti%n: Inter !rou" coo"eration. It is difficult to achie(e and not easy )ecause of the !rou"=s tendency to )e more com"etiti(e than indi(iduals. >esearch sho#s that +r%u's are m%re &%m'etitive than in,ivi,uals. "his e))e&t is kn%wn as the ,is&%ntinuit/ e))e&t. Follo#in! are the three factors #hich lead to the discontinuity effect: 6:7 !istrust: Peo"le distrust others !rou"s more than other "eo"le. Peo"le !enerally )elie(e that indi(iduals #ill coo"erate )ut are dou)tful a)out a !rou"=s coo"eration. 627 .%&ial .u''%rt: !rou" mem)ers su""ort each other for their !rou"=s decision to act in a com"etiti(e* selfish manner. 'hus it hel"s them to )ear the conse8uences. 'his social su""ort is not a(aila)le for "eo"le #hen they act indi(idually. 'hey ha(e to defend their selfishness #ithout this social su""ort. 6;7#n,ivi,ual i,entit/: 'he !rou" allo# the "eo"le to remain unidentifia)le. 'his is not the case #hen "eo"le are handlin! situations inde"endently. 2nonymity "lays a ma$or role in makin! a !rou" more com"etiti(e than a sin!le indi(idual.

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#MP* ..#ON MANAG M N"

4(ery one of us has a desire to make a fa(ora)le im"ression on others and to )e seen "ositi(ely )y others. De inition: #m'ressi%n mana+ement %r sel)<'resentati%n re)ers t% e))%rts -/ in,ivi,uals t% 'r%,u&e )av%ra-le )irst im'ressi%n %n %thers. It=s the a)ility to "rotect one=s selfima!e and intentionally influencin! others assessment of them. Peo"le use different techni8ues for )oostin! their ima!e. 'hese different techni8ues an )e classified in t#o )road cate!ories: 6:7 .el)<enhan&ement: Self enhancement is the techni8ues that indi(iduals use to increase their a""eal to others. Some of the s"ecific self-enhancement techni8ues are: 6a7 Dressin! and !roomin! #ell to )oost one=s "hysical a""earance. 'hey may )e "ro"s such as eye!lasses to !i(e im"ression of )ein! intelli!ent and so on. 6-7 Descri)in! one in "ositi(e terms. For e+am"le* ho# they handled an e+tremely difficult situation or rose to face challen!in! situation. Indi(iduals #ho use this techni8ue tend to t#ist the truth a little )it in order to increase their a""eal and make a fa(ora)le im"ression. 627 Other<enhan&ement: Indi(iduals usin! this techni8ue "ut efforts to make the tar!et "erson feel !ood in (arious #ays. It in(ol(es inducin! "ositi(e moods and reaction in others. Some of the different other strate!ies are: 6a7 5latter/- "raisin! the traits or achie(ements of the tar!et "erson. 6-7 8'ressin+ a+reement #ith the tar!et "erson=s (ie#s. 6&7 Sho#in! a hi!h de!ree of interest in the other "erson. 6,7 Askin+ )%r )ee,-a&k or ad(ice on some issue. 6e7 .h%win+ likin+ for the tar!et "erson non(er)ally )y smilin!* throu!h eye contact* noddin! and so on. Such kinds of techni8ues are useful in creatin! a likin! in the other "erson to#ards us. Both self enhancement and other enhancement techni8ues sho# a hi!h rate of success. 'hey are successful in !eneratin! fa(ora)le im"ressions*

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increasin! one=s a""eal* and creatin! "ositi(e feelin!s and reactions from the "ersons to#ards #hom they #ere directed. Ho#e(er* sometimes self enhancement and other enhancement strate!ies may )ackfire and "roduce ne!ati(e rather than "ositi(e reactions from others. 'his is es"ecially true #hen these strate!ies are o(er used ineffecti(ely. It can result in the slime effect. .lime e))e&t refers to tendency to form (ery ne!ati(e im"ressions of others #ho %lick u"#ard )ut kick do#n#ard&9 that is "ersons in a #ork settin! #ho "lay u" to 6)utter7 their su"eriors )ut treat su)ordinates #ith disdain and contem"t. Hence it is im"ortant that self-enhancement and other enhancement strate!ies are used #ith skill and care.

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CONCL3.#ON

'he )asic dimensions of interaction in society is totally de"ends u"on some "hysical as #ell as mental factors of human )ein!s. Our actions* social )eha(ior* lifestyle* demo!ra"hic and attitudinal similarities. 'he information #hich #e use to remem)er somethin!* the #ay in #hich #e communicate #ith each other* the mental frame#ork and the mental models of the ty"ical 8ualities of "eo"le these all are im"ortant factors #hich are re8uired for social interaction. ithout these factors the social interaction is im"ossi)le. 4colo!ical (aria)les and cultural conte+t are also the im"ortant factors #hich stand for the social dimensions of interaction. 'he t#o theories sho#s that social com"arison not only to $ud!e our a)ilities and conce"t* )ut also "ro(ides information a)out our emotions and e(en to choose our friends achie(e !oals co o"eration dos an im"ortant role )ut no all he time. His "ro$ect also sho#s that !rou"s are more com"etiti(e than indi(iduals. Im"ression and self enhancement techni8ues sho# hi!her rate of success )ut sometimes it may "roduce ne!ati(e reactions at the time of infecti(ity. So it should )e used #ith suita)le skills and care.

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H1. http://google.com H,. www.indiatimes.com H-. Fondation of human skill-1(vipul prakashan) H.. Yahoo.com

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