ABSTRACT Dredgings works have an important participation in any port or coastal work, being currently very related to the

artificial feedings of beaches. His applications are nevertheless much more diverse, intervening for example in the conditioning of the funds, in the extraction of materials and in the securing of landfills. The used machinery acquires a special leading role in this type of works and is decisive in the final cost of the operation. There exists a great variety of dredging equipment, which differentiate principally in the way of realizing the excavation.

CONTENTS

TITLE
ABSTRACT 1 2 3 4 INTRODUCTION OBJECT OF DREDGING MAINTENANCE DREDGING DREDGING METHODS 4.1 4.2 4.3 5 Dredging Of The Water Body Basin Dredging From Shoreline Hydraulic Dredging

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1 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 14 15

DREDGER 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Dipper Dredge Grapple Dredge Continuous Bucket Elevator Or Ladder Dredge Hydraulic Or Suction Dredge

DISPOSAL OF DREDGED MATERIAL 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Ocean Placement Beach Nourishment Confined Disposal Facilities (CDFs) Flow-Lane And Within-Banks Placement Capped Disposal

7 8 9

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS LIMITATIONS OF DREDGING CONCLUSION REFERENCE

LIST OF FIGURES Fig.1 Dredging Of The Water Body Basin Fig.2 Dredging From Shoreline Fig.3 Dredging From Shoreline Fig.4 Hydraulic Dredging Fig.5 Hydraulic Dredging
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4 4 5 5

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1 INTRODUCTION

Dredging is an excavation activity or operation usually carried out at least partly underwater, in shallow seas or fresh water areas with the purpose of gathering up bottom sediments and disposing of them at a different location. This technique is often used to keep waterways navigable. It is also used as a way to replenish sand on some public beaches, where too much sand has been lost because of coastal erosion. Dredging is also used as a technique for fishing for certain species of edible clams and crabs. A dredge is a device for scraping or sucking the seabed, used for dredging. A dredger is a ship or boat equipped with a dredge.

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2 OBJECT OF DREDGING The dredging is carried out to increase the depth of waterway, to provide sufficient draft for ship or vessel is the vertical linear immersion of ship floating in stable conditions safely. Navigable depth of water is draft added with vertical clearance at bottom of ship. If the navigable depth required for ship is greater than depth of water available at site (entrance and basin of harbour) ship cannot enter into the harbour. Hence the port authorities have to decide whether to lose the sea traffic, or modify the basin characteristics to be improved at a harbour is to increase the depth of water at required locations in basin by dredging.

3 MAINTENANCE DREDGING Dredging is defined as excavation under water and is done by earth-moving machine called dredger. These machines are designed to increase the depth of water by removing the bed material under water surface. The dredging may either be capital dredging or maintenance grudging. In capital dredging, the required depth of water at a particular place is obtained and it is then maintenance regularly to have a convenient harbour. Thus, capital dredging indicates initial removal of material and the material removed may be anything from rock to slit. In case of maintenance dredging, the depth of water is maintained by carrying out dredging operations periodically and it is quite clear that the material obtained during maintenance dredging will be in the form of fresh deposits such as sand and silt only. It may be noted that maintenance dredging is one of the important activity at all the harbours and there is no harbour worth the name where maintenance dredging is not required. It may be noted that ports have been shifted in the past simply because the harbour or the entrance to it got silted up. Similarly, many harbours have been abandoned because of difficulties involving the overcome of silting of harbour or for providing more depth of water to ships of big size.

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4 DREDGING METHODS Currently there are three methods of sediment removal for inland water bodies; excavation on the water body basin, excavation from shoreline, and hydraulic dredging. Each of these ideologies has their respective limitations. Lets take a moment to explore each method looking at the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.

4.1 Dredging of the Water Body Basin This technique involves the draining of the entire water body, waiting for the basin to dry, then the employing of traditional heavy equipment (excavators). Once all dredging is complete, then the water body is refilled.

Fig.1 Dredging Of The Water Body Basin

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4.2 Dredging from Shoreline This technique involves the use of long reach excavators or drag line cranes to reach out into the water basin and pull sediment onto shore. Once at shore the sediment is placed in trucks and moved to disposal site.

Fig. 2 Dredging From Shoreline

Fig. 3 Dredging From Shoreline

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4.3 Hydraulic Dredging This technique uses a barge that pumps a combination of sediment and water to a discharge site. The water then effectively drains from the discharge area (spoils pit or sediment bags) and then returns back to the body of water.

Fig.4 Hydraulic Dredging

Fig.5 Hydraulic Dredging

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5 DREDGER A dredger is an earth-moving machine, which is designed to increase the depth of water by removing the bed materials under the surface. The choice of a dredger primarily depends on the nature of sea bed, i.e. whether it is of loose materials or rocks. It is therefore important to carry out the preliminary topographic, geological and submarine geophysical surveys to decide the nature of sea bed. The study of such surveys will help in determining the following points: Actual volume of the dredged material Depth to be attained Length of dredged channels

There has been considerable improvement in the dredging equipment of the present time and knowing the nature of sea bed and its characteristics, the most suitable type can be chosen or recommended. The following are some of the modern types of mechanical dredges used in modern marine engineering practice. Dipper dredge Grapple dredge Continuous bucket elevator or Ladder dredge Hydraulic or Suction dredge

5.1 Dipper Dredge It consists of floating vessel strongly constructed carrying an include frame A in the bow to hold the boom B by guy wires. Through the middle of the boom runs a dripper stick, worked by a rack and pinion arrangement and to the end of which is rigidly attached the dipper bucket K, with a flap. A hoist cable is fixed to the bucket, to move it up or down. The vessel is fixed to the bed in position by means of three stakes during the dredging operations. The boom B could be swing horizontally at the bow.

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5.1.1 Operation: The hoist cable is released, to enable the bucket K to reach the bed when a continuous force is applied to the stick, through the rack and pinion forcing the teeth of the bucket to bite into the soil. The hoist cable is slowly pulled resulting in a cut being made in the bed. The hoisting is continued and the bucket K is hauled out of the water, the boom B is swing round to deposit the material in the bucket K, into any scow along side or on to any predetermined place, by opening the flap. The boom B is swing back and the dipper is lowered, in preparation for the next cut.

5.1.2 Advantages of dipper dredge: Easy maneuverable and hence, suitable for use in confined spaces around docks and narrow channels. Very powerful and capable of excavating in hard soil for removal of boulders, and breaking up of heavy objects like old piles, cribs, etc. this type of dredge can dig in depths up to 15m of water and the dipper capacity varies from 1 to 4 m 3 normally. These types of dredges of heavy capacities of about 12 m3 are in the Panama Canal. This type of dredger can excavate and deposit it either on the blank or on a floating barrage. The dredger is very powerful and capable of excavating in hard soil boulder beds and rocks, which break into large heavy pieces.

5.2 Grapple Dredge It consists of a hull, to the front of which are fixed a frame and a boom B. the frame is guyed back, by back legs. A grab bucket K is suspended by two cable lines HH called the opening and closing lines. The boom is fixed at the required elevation by means of a guy wire and arrangement to rotate through a horizontal angle on a pivot at the lower end. The bucket hoisting lines pass over two main sheaves fixed to the upper end of the boom B. the dredge is moored by the help of stakes fixed fore and aft.
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5.2.1 Operation: After positioning the dredge, a scow is brought alongside and tied fast to it, on the right side. The bucket is lowered to the bottom, where it bites the bed and fills itself. Then tension is put on the closing cable, which closes the bucket, hoists the load and swings the boom B horizontally to the right. When the boom B reaches over to the scow, the tensions in the bucket and the boom B swings back to the digging position as before. The hull is generally 30 m to 60 m long and 15 m across, the booms being 15 m long. The capacity of the grab bucket ranges from 8 to 23 m3.

5.2.2 Advantages of grapple dredge: This dredge is very efficient and suitable for dredging materials like sand, clay or mud, but not well for hard diggings. The bed dredged by a grab seldom be even and will exhibit pits and high spots.

5.3 Continuous Bucket Elevator Or Ladder Dredge It consists of an endless chain of buckets, mounted and running round a ladder, formed in the middle of the bow of a floating vessel. The ladder could be is lowered of raised by the line N. The chain of buckets is operated, manually or mechanically by a big wheel E. the buckets are provided with pronged cutting edges.

5.3.1 Operation: Each bucket cuts and brings up material to the top of the ladder as chain moves round, where each bucket inverts on descent and discharge its contents into special holds H-H. The vessel moves forward on completion of work at each section. The size of these vessels is about 60 m in length and 15 m in width, having a draft of about 2.50 m to 3 m. these can be used for digging depths of 9 m to 12 m. The average digging capacity of such a vessel is about 6000 m3 to 7650 m3 per day.

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5.3.2 Advantage of continuous bucket elevator or ladder dredge: This dredge is very suitable for handling coarse gravel or sand, hard clays and even soft or broken stone, at fairly good depths and beyond the reach of a dipper.

5.4 Hydraulic Or Suction Dredge It consists of a suction pipe, carrying at the lower end a cutter of some sort and having a universal joint at top. This pipe is supported on a ladder and held in position by an A frame mounted on the bow of the dredging vessel. The suction pipe is connected to a centrifugal pump located amidships having a long flexible delivery pipe discharging into hopper barges alongside the vessel itself or on to specially selected spot on shore, needing reclaiming or filling.

5.4.1 Operation: The hull V carries the suction pipe on a ladder in the bow and the pumping machinery P is housed in the middle of the ship with its delivery pipe D discharging into hopper barges floating behind the dredging vessel. The cutter is suspended from a frame in front and the vessel is moored by anchors. The cutter rotates cuts and loosens the soil for quick and easy suction by the pump. The cutter up materials is well churned in the operation and mixed with water to facilitate suction. Sea going dredges of this type have a size varying from 45 m to 140 m in length and 9 m to 30 m in width. The dredging depths vary from 4.50 m to 15 m. the machinery is operated either by stream power or electric power. The pump is a special type of dirt and rock brought out in dredging.

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5.4.2 AdvantagesOf Hydraulic Or Suction Dredge: This type of dredge is very effective in beds of sand, silt, mud and clay in open water and is an excellent machine to clear sand bars. If big boulders or tree stumps are meeting with, they will have to be lifted out before putting the cutter to work. Gravel and soft rocks are easily reduced by the cutter.

6 DISPOSAL OF DREDGED MATERIAL Dredged materials are mainly disposed off in the following ways. Conveying out to sea and deposited far from the site of accumulation. Conveyed and deposited in swampy inland areas or adjacent to the shore to the reclamation of land. Disposal site selection for dredged material is one of the most important and challenging parts of planning a dredging project. The most common dredged material disposal methods are ocean placement, beach nourishment, confined disposal facilities (CDFs), flow-lane and within-banks placement, and capped disposal

6.1 Ocean Placement Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Sites (ODMDS) are primarily used for material coming from inlets, coastal entrance bars, or main coastal navigation waterways. Typically, in ocean placement, a hopper dredge or towed barge sails to a designated area in the ocean, where the hull (bottom) of the vessel is opened. The dredged sediments drift to the bottom. Only clean dredged material may go to ocean sites.

6.2 Beach Nourishment Beach nourishment is the placement of dredged material on or near the beach, usually to replenish an eroding beach or protect an eroding wetland. The dredged material is generally sand coming from inlets, coastal entrance bars, or main offshore waterways. Both hopper

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dredges and pipeline dredges can use beach nourishment sites. When hopper dredges place sand offshore along the beach, natural processes carry it onto the beach over a long period of time. Only clean dredged material can be used for beach nourishment. This method of dredged material disposal is considered a beneficial use of dredged sands. It is used in coastal areas all around the country.

6.3 Confined Disposal Facilities (CDFs) In Confined Disposal Facilities (CDFs), dredged material is placed behind dikes, which contain and isolate it from the surrounding environment. There are three types of CDFs: Upland, Shoreline, and Island. A mixture of dredged material and water is pumped into an area that is divided into several smaller areas, called cells. As the water moves between the cells, it slows, the dredged material settles out, and finally, clean water is discharged from the site. The difference in the three types of CDFs is their location. Upland CDFs are on land, above the line of high water and out of wetland areas. Shoreline CDFs are constructed over the sea or lake bottom and are attached to the shoreline on at least one side. Island CDFs are constructed offshore, but in relatively shallow water.

6.4 Flow-lane and Within-banks Placement Some waterways are in high-energy river systems with rapidly flowing water and strong currents. The energy of the water causes shoals made of coarse sand to form, move along the bottom, and re-form relatively quickly. In these systems, flow-lane or within-banks disposal may be used.

6.5 Capped Disposal Sometimes, but not often, dredged material is contaminated with metals, chemicals, or other substances. If the contamination is bad enough, it might be harmful to the environment to put the material in a typical in-water site or a typical CDF. In these cases special handling will be

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used to prevent the contaminants from re-entering the environment during dredging and disposal.

7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Dredging can create disturbance to aquatic ecosystems, often with adverse impacts. In addition, dredge spoils may contain toxic chemicals that may have an adverse effect on the disposal area; furthermore, the process of dredging often dislodges chemicals residing in benthic substrates and injects them into the water column. The activity of dredging can create the following principal impacts to the environment: Release of toxic chemicals (including heavy metals and PCB) from

bottom sediments into the water column. Short term increases in turbidity, which can affect aquatic species metabolism and interfere with spawning. Secondary effects from water column contamination of uptake of heavy metals, DDT and other persistent organic toxins, via food chain uptake and subsequent concentrations of these toxins in higher organisms including humans. Secondary impacts to marsh productivity from sedimentation Tertiary impacts to avifauna which may prey upon contaminated aquatic organisms Secondary impacts to aquatic and benthic organisms' metabolism and mortality Possible contamination of dredge spoils sites

8 LIMITATIONS OF DREDGING Can be very expensive Need a disposal site Need large nearby handling area May be significant residuals

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May need to over-dredge and remove debris May be significant losses to resuspension or volatilization May be difficult to meet State WQS May be disruption to community

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9 CONCLUSION Dredging is necessary for the ships to entering into the harbour. For entering, the depth of water available at the harbour must be greater than the navigable depth required for the ship. By discussing Dredging in harbour, we got the importance of dredging in harbour, method and disposal of dredged materials and clear idea about what types of dredging should be used in different situation and area.

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REFERENCE

http://www.wikipedia.org http://www.dredging.com http://www.dscdredging.com http://www.vmi-dredges.com http://www.pla.co.uk R. Sreenivasan (2005), Harbour Dock and Tunnel Engineering. Environmental Solutions Limited (2001). Environmental Impact Assessment: Port Antonio Yacht Club and Marina Project. Report submitted to Port Authority of Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica.

H.P.Oza & G.H.Oza (2005). Dock and Harbour Engineering

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