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A closer look: Findings from sites in Bangladesh, Cambodia & China

James Lang Coordinator, Partners for Prevention March 2014

A closer look

Patterns of prevalence and risk factors change across the study sites/contexts Programme planning and policy enhancements start with the local evidence, theory and opportunities The findings support theories on gender, power and violence, especially feminist theory (of oppression) and masculinities theory
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Why did we do this study?

To promote effective prevention, or

stopping violence before it starts

All actions to decrease risks of violence and promote protection from violence to benefit society

Prevention planning
Planning for quality prevention programming includes:

Data on prevalence, causes, risk and protective factors and consequences Evidence of what prevention programmes work. What interventions are promising or effective? Theories of change around what the intervention will change and why, and ho we know that the prospective change will end violence and improve the lives of women and men

Know what needs to change

There is no single cause of violence
Risk factors: increase the likelihood of experiencing or perpetrating GBV
Protective factors: decrease likelihood of an individual experiencing or perpetrating GBV

These overlap and change across time & setting

Proportional Diagram of Experiences of Violence

24,000 women from 15 sites around the world

Prevalence of male perpetration of intimate partner violence (lifetime) Cambodia

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Physical violence only Sexual violence only Phys/sex violence 16.4

32.8

23.7

Mens perpetration of sexual violence against women in Cambodia

25.0% 20.8% 20.0% 20.2%

15.0% 11.1%

10.0%

8.3% 5.2%

5.0%

0.0% IPV rape Non-partner rape Gang rape Any rape (lifetime) Any rape (current)

Age when first raped woman/girl, among men who reported committing rape (n=210)

9
7

16

Under 15 yrs 15-19 yrs 20-29 yrs 30-39 yrs 40+ yrs 37

31

53% were 19 or under when first raped

Gang rape: 5.2 % of men reporting perpetration in Cambodia

Prevalence of mens perpetration of non-partner rape and gang rape, by their participation in a gang
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Ever raped a non-partner Ever perpetrated gang rape

24.2

Percent of men reporting

20.1

Never been in gang Ever been in gang

4.3

3.8

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Next Steps: Turning research into programming Rape Perpetration as an example

Low age of rape perpetration Sexual entitlement & fun Perpetration associated with child abuse Address gang rape

Target Population: Young men and women (younger than usually targeted) & parents Key influencers of young men and women (parents, teachers, etc.) Change Objectives: Attitudes toward sexual consent Change community norms around manhood & womens roles and choice Empowerment and gang avoidance

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Risk factors for sexual violence perpetration (Rural Bangladesh)

Odds ratio

Exposure to violence as children Witnessed mother abused Involvement with violence during adulthood Physical IPV perpetration Ownership of weapons Transactional sex and multi sexual partners Transactional sex or sex with sex worker Last sex not with main partner Gender attitudes continuous GEM scale, high=more equitable

2.7

2.6 2.7

1.8 4.2

0.9

Privileged men significantly more likely to perpetrate sexual violence in rural Bangladesh

Socio economic status:

Very difficult to arrange $1370 for medical treatment Very easy to arrange $1370 for medical treatment

AOR

3.63

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Gender norms and masculinity Bangladesh and China

Percentage on men who agree or strongly agree with the following statements: Attitude People should be treated the same whether they are male or female A woman should obey her husband A man should have the final say in all family matters If a wife does something wrong her husband has the right to punish her If a woman doesnt physically fight back, its not rape To be a man, you need to be tough Urban 95% 86% 97% 83% 88% 94% Rural 97% 94% 76% 89% 75% 98% China 98% 25% 22% 27% 54% 73%

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Attitudes in Sri Lanka

% of who agree or strongly agree with statements Male %
A woman's most important role is to take care of her home and cook for her family There are times when a woman deserves to be beaten It is a womans responsibility to avoid getting pregnant
57.4 26.5 31.9 40.6 57 69.9 31.6

Female %
67.5 48.8 54.3 69.3 74.3 80.1 64

A woman should tolerate violence in order to keep her family together To be a man, you need to be tough
To be a man means providing for your family and your extended family It is manly to defend the honour of your family even by violent means

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Violence is Preventable, and this is how

Know what needs to change: Address the

multiple factors behind violence in different settings

Promote projects that work: adapt evidence

based models

Coordinate with others: prevention requires

work by many from across the society

Make a long term commitment: social

change required for prevention takes time

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Thank you!

www.partners4prevention.org

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