i

Math 150 Homework 1 Solutions

Section 1.1 4. (a) f (4) = 2, g (3) = 4 (b) f (x) = g (x) when the graphs intersect. This occurs when x = 2 and x = 2. (c) We want to know for what x-value is f (x) = 1, meaning y = 1. This happens when x = 3 and x = 4. (d) [0, 4] (e) Domain: [4, 4], Range: [2, 3] (f) Domain: [4, 3], Range: [1/2, 4]

7. The graph fails the vertical line test, so it is not a function. 8. The graph is a function with domain [2, 2] and range [1, 2]. 9. The graph is a function with domain [3, 2] and range [3, 2) [1, 3]. 27. f (x) = 4 + 3x x2 , so f (3) = 4 + 3(3) 32 = 4 and f (3 + h) = 4 + 3(3 + h) (3 + h)2 = 4 + 9 + 3h (9 + 6h + h2 ) = 4 3h h2 . Then, 3h) f (3+h)f (3) h 2 4 h 2 = 43h = 3h = h(h = 3 h. h h h 28. f (x) = x3 , so f (a) = a3 and f (a + h) = (a + h)3 = a3 + 3a2 h + 3ah2 + h3 . Then,
f (a+h)f (a) h

a3 +3a2 h+3ah2 +h3 a3 h

3a2 h+3ah2 +h3 h

h(3a2 +3ah+h2 ) h

= 3a2 + 3ah + h2 .
ax ax(xa)

1 1 29. f (x) = x , so f (a) = a . Then,

f (x)f (a) x a

1 1 a x

x a

1 1 x a

x a

ax ax

(xa) ax(xa)

1 = ax .

x+4 31. f (x) = x 2 9 ; We cannot have a zero denominator, which occurs when 2 x 9 = 0 (x + 3)(x 3) = 0 x = 3. So, the domain is {x : x = 3}.

32. f (x) =
2

2x3 5 ; x 2 +x 6

We cannot have a zero denominator, which occurs when

x + x 6 = 0 (x + 3)(x 2) = 0 x = 3, 2. So, the domain is {x : x = 3, 2}.

ii 35. This function presents two problems. Because of the even radical, we need the quantity inside the radical to be nonnegative. Also, the radical is in the denominator, so it cannot equal zero. Therefore, we must have x2 5x > 0 x(x 5) > 0. We make a number line and choose test points in each interval to determine when x(x 5) is positive. + -1 0 So, the domain is (, 0) (5, ). 49. y Domain: (, )

+ 5 6

50. y

Domain: (, )

73. f (x) = 74. f (x) =

x ; x2 +1 x2 ; x4 +1

we have f (x) = we have f (x) =

x x2 +1

and f (x) = x2x . We conclude f is odd. +1 =

x2 x4 +1

(x)2 (x)4 +1

= f (x), so f is even.

iii 75. f (x) =

x ; x+1

neither even nor odd.

we have f (x) =

x x+1

= f (x) and f (x) =

x x+1

= f (x). So, f is

77. We can rewrite this as f (x) = 1x0 + 3x2 x4 . Since all exponents of this polynomial are even, the function is even. 78. We rewrite as f (x) = 1x0 + 3x3 x5 . There are both even and odd exponents, so it is

neither even nor odd.

Section 1.2 7. All curves of the family f (x) = c x are differ, taking on any given value for c. lines of slope 1. The y -intercepts

9. The given points f (1) = f (0) = f (2) = 0 are all x-intercepts, or roots of the function. A cubic function may be written in the form f (x) = a(x r1 )(x r2 )(x r3 ), where r1 , r2 , r3 are the roots. So, we have f (x) = ax(x 2)(x + 1). To nd a, we use the given point f (1) = 6. This implies a 1(1)(2) = 6 a = 3. Hence, f (x) = 3x(x 2)(x + 1), or f (x) = 3x3 + 3x2 + 6x.

Section 1.3 2. (a) y = f (x) + 8 shifts the graph up 8 units; (b) y = f (x + 8) shifts the graph left 8 units; (c) y = 8f (x) stretches the graph vertically to 8 times its original height; (d) y = f (8x) compresses the graph horizontally to 1/8 its original width; (e) y = f (x) 1 ips the graph 1 x stretches the graph vertically and vertically and shifts it down 1 unit; (f) y = 8f 8 horizontally by factors of 8. 6. The original function y = 3x x2 is shifted right 2 units and stretched vertically by a factor of 2. Hence, the resulting function is y = 2 3(x 2) (x 2)2 . 9. y =
1 x+2

shifts the function f (x) =

1 x

left by 2 units.

iv 10. y = (x 1)3 shifts the function f (x) = x3 right by 1 unit.

13. y =

x 2 1 shifts the function f (x) =

x right 2 units and down 1 unit.

20. y = |x| 2 shifts the function f (x) = |x| down 2 units.

21. y = |x 2| shifts the function f (x) = |x| right 2 units.

v 29. f (x) = x3 + 2x2 , g (x) = 3x2 1; (f + g )(x) = x3 + 5x2 1 with domain (, )

(f g )(x) = x3 x2 + 1 with domain (, ) (f g )(x) = 3x5 + 6x4 x3 2x2 with domain (, ) (f /g )(x) = (x3 + 2x2 )/(3x2 1). For the domain, we cannot have a zero denominator, which occurs when 3x2 1 = 0 x2 = 1/3 x = 1/ 3. So, the domain is (, 1/ 3) (1/ 3, 1/ 3) (1/ 3, ). 32. f (x) = x 2, g (x) = x2 + 3x + 4; (a) f (g (x)) = f (x2 + 3x + 4) = (x2 + 3x + 4) 2 = x2 + 3x + 2 (b) g (f (x)) = g (x 2) = (x 2)2 + 3(x 2) + 4 = x2 4x + 4 + 3x 6 + 4 = x2 x + 2 (c) f (f (x)) = f (x 2) = (x 2) 2 = x 4 (d) g (g (x)) = g (x2 + 3x + 4) = (x2 + 3x + 4)2 + 3(x2 + 3x + 4) + 4 = x4 + 6x3 + 17x2 + 24x + 16 + 3x2 + 9x + 12 + 4 = x4 + 6x3 + 20x2 + 33x + 32 The domain of (a)-(d) is (, ).
1 35. f (x) = x + x , g (x) = x+1 x+2

(a) f (g (x)) = f

(x+1)2 +(x+2)2 x+1 1 x+1 x+2 x+1 = + = + = = x+2 x+2 (x+1)/(x+2) x+2 x+1 (x+1)(x+2) x2 +2x+1+x2 +4x+4 2x2 +6x+5 = (x+1)(x+2) ; accounting for the domain of the inside function, (x+1)(x+2)

g (x), and the

x+1/x+1 x +x+1 x +x+1 1 =x =x (b) g (f (x)) = g x + x 2 +2x+1 = (x+1)2 ; combining the domain of the +1/x+2 inside, f (x), and the result gives domain {x : x = 1, 0}.
2 2

result, we conclude that the overall domain is {x : x = 2, 1}.

(c) f (f (x)) = f x +

1 x

=x+

1 x

1 x+1/x

= x+

1 x

x x2 +1

x2 (x2 +1)+(x2 +1)+x2 x(x2 +1)

x4 +3x2 +1 ; x(x2 +1)

x+1)/(x+2)+1 x+1)+(x+2) x+1 (d) g (g (x)) = g x =( = ((x = +2 (x+1)/(x+2)+2 +1)+2(x+2) and the result gives a domain of {x : x = 2, 5/3}.

combining the domains of f and the result gives a domain of {x : x = 0}.

2x+3 ; 3x+5

combining the domains of g

50. (a) f (g (1)) = f (6) = 5; (b) g (f (1)) = g (3) = 2; (c) f (f (1)) = f (3) = 4; (d) g (g (1)) = g (6) = 3; (e) g (f (3)) = g (4) = 1; (f) f (g (6)) = f (3) = 4 Section 1.5 11. y = 10x+2 shifts the function f (x) = 10x left 2 units.

(-2,1)

vi 12. y = (0.5)x 2 shifts the function f (x) = (0.5)x down 2 units.

(0,-1) y = 2

13. y = 2x reects the function f (x) = 2x through the x and y axes.

(0, 1) r

14. y = e|x| simply forces all points evaluated at negative x-values to mirror the positive half of f (x) = ex , creating symmetry with respect to the y -axis.

(0,1)

Section 1.6 5. The function fails the horizontal line test, so it is not one-to-one. 6. The function passes the horizontal line test, and is therefore one-to-one. 9. f (x) = x2 2x. The function is quadratic and hence a parabola. Any parabola fails the horizontal line test and is not one-to-one. 10. f (x) = 10 3x. The function is a line with slope 3 (so, a non-horizontal or vertical line) and is therefore one-to-one.

vii 21. f (x) = 1 + 2 + 3x; note that the square root function has a standard range of [0, ), and it follows that f has a range of [1, ). First we rewrite it f as y = 1 + 2 + 3x. Next, we switch x and y and solve for y . We get x = 1 + 2 + 3y x 1 = 2 + 3y (x 1)2 = (x 1)2 2 = y . However, this is not quite the inverse as it 2 + 3y (x 1)2 2 = 3y 1 3 3 is not one-to-one. We must restrict the domain to match the range of the original function. We 1 2 have f 1 (x) = 3 (x 1)2 3 , x 1.
4x1 . 2x+3

22. f (x) =
4y 1 2y +3

First rewrite as y =

4x1 . 2x+3

Next, we switch x and y and solve for y , giving

x(2y + 3) = 4y 1 2xy + 3x = 4y 1 us x = 3x1 . 2xy 4y = 3x 1 y (2x 4) = 3x 1 y = 2x4 3x+1 3x1 1 So, f (x) = 2x4 = 42x . 23. f (x) = e2x1 . First rewrite as y = e2x1 . Next, we switch x and y and solve y , yielding x = e2y1 ln x = ln e2y1 ln x = 2y 1 ln x + 1 = 2y +1 . f 1 (x) = ln x 2
ln x+1 2

= y . So,
2 2

b 40. ln(a + b) + ln(a b) 2 ln c = ln(a + b)(a b) 2 ln c = ln(a2 b2 ) ln c2 = ln a c 2

51. (a)
1 (7 ln 6); e74x = 6 ln e74x = ln 6 7 4x = ln 6 4x = 7 + ln 6 x = 4 1 2 2 2 (b) ln(3x 10) = 2 3x 10 = e 3x = e + 10 x = 3 (e + 10). ; (b) cos1 (1) = . 63. (a) sin1 ( 3/2) = 3 ; (b) sec1 2 = cos1 (1/2) = . 64. tan1 (1/ 3) = 6 3