Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Chemical Reactions Balancing Chemical Reactions Types of Reactions Ionic Equations The Mole and Chemical Equations Limiting Reactants
Chemical equations
Chemists shorthand to describe a reaction. It contains: All reactants All products The state of all substances Any conditions used in the reaction CaCO3 (s)
Reactant
!
CaO (s) +
Products
CO2 (g)
Step 3 Step 4
Step 4
- not balanced
Another example
CH3OH + PCl5 ___> CH3Cl + POCl3 + H2O 1C 1C 4H 5 H 1O 2O 1P 1P 5 Cl 4 Cl We need another Cl on the right. Increase CH3Cl then recheck.
Another example.
CH3OH + PCl5 _____> 2 CH3Cl + POCl3 + H2O 1C 2C 4H 8H 1O 2O 1P 1P 5 Cl 5 Cl Another C is needed on the left so double CH3OH.
Another example.
2 CH3OH + PCl5 __> 2 CH3Cl + POCl3 + H2O 2C 8H 2O 1P 5 Cl Now its balanced! 2C 8H 2O 1P 5 Cl
Chemical Reactions
The above are called half reactions and must occur in pairs.
H-F
Oxidation state
Describes the charge of each element in a chemical. Rules Oxidation state of an element in its natural form is 0. Examples N2, Na, P4, H2
Oxidation states
Even more rules For certain groups, the oxidation is the same as the group number
Group IA Group IIA Group VIIA Oxygen Hydrogen Hydrogen +1 +2 -1 -2 usually +1 if bonded to nonmetal -1 if bonded to metal
REDOX reactions
Oxidation of O is 0 Oxidation of H is 0
+1 for H
-2 for O
Oxidation of H is 1+
Oxidation of O is 2-
2 H 2 + O2
2 H2 O
Example
Example
Find the oxidation state for all elements in:
1+
H must be positive since it is written 1st 1+ is assigned
HNO3
Hydrogen we know - it must be 1+ Oxygen should be 2- in this case. What about nitrogen?
HNO3
1+ 2-
Now, finding nitrogen is pretty easy. (+1) + (-6) + charge on nitrogen = 0 Nitrogen must have a value of +5
Decomposition reactions
A class of reactions where a single reactant is broken down to form two or more products. It can be either REDOX or NONREDOX. Example. Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
Addition or synthesis reactions where two or more reactants combine to form a product. Both REDOX and non-REDOX types. REDOX example 4 Al + 3 O2
2 Al2O3
2 H2O2
2 H2 O + O 2
nonREDOX example SO3 + H2O H2SO4 The reactants are typically simpler substances than the products.
This example is for a REDOX reaction. In this case, oxygen starts as -1 and ends up being both -2 (H2O) and 0 (O2).
Combination reactions
In this example, hydrogen replaces copper. This type of reaction always involves oxidation and reduction (REDOX).
These reactions typically take place for reactants dissolved in water (in solution). They do not involve REDOX.
When ionic substances dissolve in water, they dissociate into ions. AgNO3 HCl
H2O H2O
Ionic equations
To help make the reaction easier to see, we commonly list only the species actually involved in the reaction. Full ionic equation
Ag+ + NO3- + H+ + ClAgCl(s) + H+ + NO3-
Ag+
+ NO3
H+ + Cl-
When a reaction occurs, only some of the ions are actually involved in the reaction.
Ag+ + NO3- + H+ + Cl+ AgCl(s) (s + H + NO3
AgCl(s)
Ionic equations
Mole calculations
The balanced equation shows the reacting ratio between reactants and products. 2 C2H6 + 7 O2 4 CO2 + 6 H2O
Mole-gram conversion
(just a reminder!)
For each chemical, you can determine the moles of each reactant consumed moles of each product made If you know the formula weight, gram quantities can be used.
How many moles are in 14 g of N2 ? Formula Weight = 2 N x 14.01 g/mol = 28.02 g /mol moles N2 = = 14 g x 1 mol /28.02 g 0.50 moles
Mass calculations
We dont try to measure out whole molar quantities. In most cases this is TOO much material and cant be measured directly We can use measured masses like kilograms, grams or milligrams. The formula weights and the chemical equations allow us to use either mass or molar quantities.
How many grams of hydrogen will be produced if 10.0 grams of calcium is added to an excess of hydrochloric acid? 2 HCl + Ca CaCl2 + H2
Note: We produce one H2 for each calcium. There is excess of HCl so we have all we need.
Mass calculations
Mass calculations
2 HCl + Ca ____> CaCl2 + H2 First - Determine the number of moles of calcium available for the reaction. Moles Ca = grams Ca / FW Ca = 10.0 g / 40.08 g/mole = 0.25 moles Ca
Mass calculations
2 HCl + Ca _____> CaCl2 + H2 10 g Ca = 0.25 moles Ca According to the chemical equation, we get one mole of H2 for each mole of Ca. So we will make 0.25 moles of H2. g H2 produced = moles x FW H2 = 0.25 mol x 2.016 g/mol = 0.504 grams
Mass calculations
How many grams of CaCl2 were made? 2 HCl + Ca _____> CaCl2 + H2 10 g Ca = 0.25 moles Ca We would also make 0.25 mol of CaCl2. g CaCl2 = 0.25 mol x FW CaCl2 = 0.25 mol x 110.98 g / mol CaCl = 27.75 grams CaCl2
Limiting reactant
In the last example, we had HCl in excess. The reaction stopped when Ca ran out. Ca is considered the limiting reactant. Limiting reactant - the material that is in the shortest supply based on a balanced chemical equation.
For the following reaction, which is limiting if you have 5 g of hydrogen and 10 g oxygen? Balanced Chemical Reaction 2 H 2 + O2
________
>
2 H 2O
You need 2 moles of H2 for each mole of O2. Moles of H2 5 g / 2.0 g/mol = 2.5 moles Moles of O2 10g / 32.0 g/mol = 0.3 moles
Example
Balanced Chemical Reaction 2 H 2 + O2 2 H 2O You need 2 moles of H2 for each mole of O2 You have 2.5 moles of H2 and 0.3 moles of O2 Need a ratio of 2:1 but we have a ratio of 2.5 : 0.3 or 8.3 : 1. Hydrogen is in excess and oxygen is the limiting reactant.