Bile

Bile or gall is a bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion oflipids in the small intestine. In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder and, when the organism eats, is discharged into the duodenum. Bile is 85% water, !% bile salts, "% mucus and pigments, % fats, and !.#% inorganic salts.

$ach day, hepatocytes secrete 8!!% !!! m& 'about (t) of bile, a yellow, brownish, or olive-green li(uid. It has a p* of #.+%8.+ and consists mostly of water, bile salts, cholesterol, a phospholipid called lecithin, bile pigments, and several ions. Bile is partially an e,cretory product and partially a digestive secretion. Bile salts, which are sodium salts and potassium salts of bile acids 'mostly chenodeo,ycholic acid and cholic acid), play a role in emulsification, the breakdown of large lipid globules into a suspension of small lipid globules. -he small lipid globules present a very large surface area that allows pancreatic lipase to more rapidly accomplish digestion of triglycerides. Bile salts also aid in the absorption of lipids following their digestion. .. /$.0-I123 -est the reaction of bile to litmus paper and phenolphthalein solution. -he litmus paper turned into blue, an evidence of bile4s alkalinity. .s said in the introduction, bile4s p* is #.+-8.+ which is very Basic. In 5henolphthalein solution, a cloudy white precipitate was observed. 5henolphthalein solution is an acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. B. 6$-$0-I12 17 BI&$ . gastric 8uice in a test tube was added with ammonium sulfate. .mmonium sulfate .n acetone has been added to the solution. .cetone separates bile from gastric 8uice. . drop of concentrated 2itric acid has been added to the acetone solution. . -ransparent solution has been observed. 0oncentrated nitric o,ide reacts with bilirubin in bile producing green solution. -he concentrated nitric o,ide serves as o,idi9ing agent that reacts with bilirubin, o,idi9ing it to biliverdin producing a green colored solution. 0. :;$<-I12< . Bil is not normally present on the gastric 8uice. -his is because, the bile is only being secreted in the duodenum. . pyloric sphincter prevents backflow of duodenal contents into the abdomen. =. -he hepatocytes of the liver produces the bile ". >. -he following are the role of bile in digestion3 a. .cts as surfactant, decreasing the surface tension? emulsify fats in foods b. .bsorbs fat soluble vitamins '., 6, $, @) c. <erves as route of e,cretion for bilirubin d. .lkalinity of bile functions in neutrali9ing any e,cess stomach acid before it enters the ileum e. .cts as bacteriocytic agent

B&116 I. 5hysical e,amination

.. 6uring the solubility testing, the solution imparted bright red colored solution after it has been added in saline solution. -his clearly demonstrates that the blood in <aline, an isotonic solution was not destroyed and the red blood cells are intact. B. Ahen the solution was headed, a muddy precipitate was liberated. -his demonstrates the hemolysis or destruction of red blood cells. II. 0hemical $,amination

.. -he ben9idine test was then employed on the e,tracted blood stain. -he principle of the ben9idine test for blood, as is well known, depends upon the pero,idase action of haematin, the ben9idine being o,idised to a blue compound. B. -he Kastle-Meyer test is a presumptive blood test, in which the chemical indicator phenolphthalein is used to detect the possible presence of hemoglobin. It relies on the pero,idase-like activity of hemoglobin in blood to cataly9e the o,idation of phenolphthalin 'the colorless reduced form of phenolphthalein) into phenolphthalein, which is visible as a bright pink color. In our e,periment, the stain yielded a pink color III. Bicroscopic $,amination

.. -eichmann -est. . confirmatory test in detecting the presence of blood. -his uses the -eichman reagent, consisting of a solution of potassium bromide, potassium chloride and potassium iodide in glacial acetic acid, and is heated to react with hemoglobin. -he reaction first converts the hemoglobin to hemin, and then the halides react with the hemin to form characteristic brownish-yellow rhomboid crystals. :uestions3 . 0old water has been use to e,tract blood stains.