Smart Home is the inevitable result of the social development and the scientific and technological progress. Smart Home can be defined as a comfortable, safe, efficient, convenient and environmentally-friendly living environment. The combine of the advantages of information technology and energy-saving technologies can create Smart Home with low-power cost.
Smart Home is the inevitable result of the social development and the scientific and technological progress. Smart Home can be defined as a comfortable, safe, efficient, convenient and environmentally-friendly living environment. The combine of the advantages of information technology and energy-saving technologies can create Smart Home with low-power cost.
Smart Home is the inevitable result of the social development and the scientific and technological progress. Smart Home can be defined as a comfortable, safe, efficient, convenient and environmentally-friendly living environment. The combine of the advantages of information technology and energy-saving technologies can create Smart Home with low-power cost.
2009 International Conference on Test and Measurement
Research and Design of a Smart Home System Based on Raindrop Sensor
Xianzhang FENG, Tao HOU, Yanmei CUI School ofMechatronics Engineering Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management Zhengzhou, China E-mail: phdfxz@163.com Abstract-With the rapid economic development, fast-paced social life has become the main cantus of cities. Smart Home is the inevitable result of the social development and the scientific and technological progress. It mainly studies the application of the control system based on raindrop sensor in the windows of smart home. Detect the rain signal through the sensor, then magnify the signal and let it enter into the control system, finally control the actions of the executing agency, automatically shut the windows in rain days. The automatic control system mainly consists of the following functional modules: transformer function modules, rain sensing and amplification modules, the control of driving direction function modules, mechanical drive system. The result of the practical application shows that this system is easy to operate, and has the characteristics of stable performance, convenient maintenance, cost-effective, value of commercial promotion. Keywords- raindrop sensor; smart home; control; rain signal; transformer function I. INTRODUCTION Since the information era, IT technology has been rapidly penetrating all areas. Using information technology as the people's daily life services and improving the .living environment is one important area. Smart home IS the inevitable result of the infiltration of IT technology to the traditional construction industry. At the same time, the growing shortage of globalization resources has highlighted, while the construction industry has always used more power. The combine of the advantages of information technology and energy-saving technologies can create smart home with low-power cost. Smart Home is a comfortable, safe, efficient, convenient and environmentally-friendly living environment which uses a house as a platform and is based on architecture, network communications, information appliances, equipment, automation, collection systems, structure, management and service. Smart home can be defined as a process or a system, using advanced computer technology, network communication technology, structured cabling technology, wireless technology, and the various subsystems connected to home life. Compared with the ordinary household, it realizes the transformation from a passive structure to a dynamic intelligent tool that will provide a full range of information exchange capabilities to help families to maintain the exchange of information with the external environment. Under the premise of energy-saving, environmental protection and comfort, smart home emphasis 978-1-4244-4700-8/09/$25.00 2009 IEEE 275 on human initiative, call attention to the coordination of people and the living environment, and can be arbitrarily control the indoor living environment.[1-5] The system detects the rain through the raindrop sensor. Raindrop sensor is a new type of sensor specifically designed to detect rain. The device is widely used in a variety of places needed to detect raindrops, such as: it can be used for smart windows. When encountering rain weather, it automatically closes the windows.[6] According to operating voltage and current, select the appropriate current-limiting resistor in order to ensure the sensor's normal work. Put the sensor in a proper place to ensure that it is able to receive rain in time when it rains. When the sensor receives rain, the signal is connected to control system, and, the controlling system let the executing agency shut the windows. Sensors should have the necessary protective measures to ensure that sensors are not undermined. In the course of working, Sensors should be avoided severe vibration and the damage of a variety of corrosive substances.[7-16] II. PRINCIPLE OF RAINDROP SENSOR The rain has many forms, which makes the research and development process of raindrop sensor full of hardships. Differences in the intensity of rainfall are very large. The smallest is very thin mist, while the largest is heavy downpour. The state of rain may be entirely liquid, and can also be frozen or semi-frozen ice (only these forms of ice as many as 212 kinds), may also be semi-melting snow, sleet, or the drifting snow that Eskimo people often talk about. Moreover, the water from the rain is also diversity. Rain may have almost pure distilled water, may have the water contaminated by industrial or sludge, and may have been pollen contaminated water. From the major classification, raindrop sensor is one type of the humidity sensor. Currently, raindrop sensor widely used is the piezoelectric vibrator sensors, optical sensors and capacitive sensors. A. Principle of piezoelectric vibrator sensors Piezoelectric vibrator changes the mechanical displacement (vibration) into electrical signals by using the piezoelectric effect. According to rain intensity and rainfall, piezoelectric vibrator converts raindrop impact energy into voltage waveform, which enters into the appropriate amplification and control circuit to achieve a certain function. ICTM2009 B. Principle ofoptical sensors Such raindrop sensors use optical systems which are consisted of light-emitting diode (LED), light receiving diode (LRD), the surrounding environment sensors, electric control unit (ECU), and several lenses. Optical sensors are based on principles of light refraction. Light-emitting diode emits a cone of light, and the light passes through a piece of glass. When the glass is in the dry state, almost all the light will be reflected to an optical sensor. When it rains, the glass will keep rain. So some light will be deviated, which cause the light the sensor receives change in the total amount, it detects the presence of rain. The larger the reflected area optical sensors could receive, the more detailed information it will get. Optical sensor is more accurate. C. Principle ofcapacitive sensors The working principle of capacitive sensors can be got from the flat-plate capacitor shown in Figure 1. From physics, we can see that if you do not consider edge effects, the capacitance (C) of capacitors formed by two parallel plates is as follows : sA c=- (1) 8 Where, A is the area covered by bipolar plates (mrrr'), 0 is the distance between bipolar plates (mm), S is the permittivity of dielectric between bipolar plates (F/m). conductive material between the electrodes, we should selected electrodes coated with insulating layer, in order to prevent short circuit between the electrodes. Such sensors have many important advantages of stability, temperature resistance and long service life. The essence of the sensor is transforming the changes of non-electricity into the changes of electricity (voltage, current, etc.) through a certain approach. III. DESIGNOFTHESYSTEM When the rain signal input the control system, it automatically controls electric motor to close the windows. When the window is closed, the contact fixed at the belt let contact-limited switch opening. So it cuts off power supplies. At the same time, you also can control the windows by several buttons. A. Transformerfunction module The rated working voltage of the automatic control system is the steady-state 12V DC. But currently every nation use alternating electricity, and the voltage amplitude and frequency are not the same, which needs to transform the alternating power (taking 220V, 50HZ AC power supply for example) into the required voltage. The circuit of transformer function module is shown in Figure 2. The four diodes are used as rectifier. It means that , at any one time , no matter which side of AC power supply is the high potential, it could ensure that one certain output is high- voltage through the rectifier. The capacitors can reduce the pulse level of voltage. It shows the transformer circuit working properly or not with a resistor and a light-emitting diode. If the power supply is on, light-emitting diode is shining. It means that transformer circuit is working correctly. Otherwise, it does not work. B. signal sensing and amplificationfunction modules This module mainly realizes the functions of signal sensing and amplification. The process of signal induction is to convert the information of rain into a voltage. The typical measuring circuits of capacitive sensor include the alternating current bridge circuit, the frequency modulation circuit and the pulse width modulation circuit. The latter two circuits also can achieve the same function, but more complex than the first. Therefore, we use one arm connected alternating bridge circuits. This circuit is shown in Figure 3. I Figure I. Parallel plate capacitor From the above formula, we can get that when one of the three parameters changes, the capacitance will change too. In engineering, this principle can be used to design and manufacture a number of capacitive sensors. In general, it can be divided into three types: variable area type, pole- changing type and variable dielectric constant type. We mainly study the variable dielectric constant sensor. The material (in the raindrop sensor, it is "air" and "water") between different electrodes in the surface of electrostatic capacitance could changes the amount of storage capacity. The area covered by bipolar plates and the spacing of electrodes do not change, and then the capacitance value is only decided by the dielectric constant. The dielectric coefficients of water and air are different, so the capacitance value wills changes with the size of raindrops. In using this sensor, there is a little explanation that when there is 276 220V rv Figure 2. Schematic of transformer circuit 12V KM2 KMI Figure 5. Control circuit CI SQI R2
o In raining days, the system can also achieve the function of closing and opening the windows . But you must let the button (KI) open, so that raindrop sensor is in non-working condition. When the switch (QSI) is closed, click the button (SB2). The coil (KM2) have electricity, then the state of the switches(KM23 and KM24) reverse, so that electric motor conversely is connected to the power supply; The switch (KM20) is in a disconnected state, so that manual closed circuit does not work. In other words, the switches (KM20 and KMI) achieve interlocking functions in the manual open and closed circuit; The switch (KM21) is in a closed state, so that it let the manual open circuit in a self-locking condition. Even if release the button (SB2), the circuit is still working, until the windows moves to the open limit position. Because the contact will open the switch (SQ2), which cut off the circuit. At the same time, the windows are wide open. When the switch (QSI) is turned off, the circuit is on the state of point moving. It means that, when pressing the button (SB2), the circuit is connected; Once releasing it, the circuit will be disconnect, and the motor stops working. The windows are in a non-fully open position. In the open process of windows, when press the button (SB2), the circuit is connected. When the windows just left off the closed limit position, the switch (SQI) changes into closed state. Similarly, when the windows just left the open limit position, the switch (SQ2) become closed. When the windows are in a middle position, the switches (SQI and 12V electric motors works and drives the windows close. When the windows movement to the close limiting position, the contact fixed at the belt will open the switch (SQI). Circuit is disconnected. The motor stops working. And the windows is closed. At the same time, light-emitting diode is off. The rain control circuit is in a disconnected state. No matter how much rain falls on the sensor, it will never drive motors. On rainy days, we must first open the shower control switch (KI), and then we could use the buttons of the manual control system to open or close the window. C. Control function module oftransmission direction After the system receives the signal from raindrop sensor, the motor will automatically close the windows . In sunny days, the system can also achieve the function of closing and opening the windows. Moreover, the system can achieve the function that the windows could stop at anywhere through the point control. This requires that the circuit could drive the motor in two directions. The control circuit is shown in Figure 5. u. C2 CI KM22 KM24 i W I KM2J +W- CI SQI R2 - _.::::::: Figure 4. The amplifier circuit Figure 3. The arm connected alternating bridge circuits RI o 12V .-J KI U. u High-frequency power supply coming from the transformer is connected to a diagonal of the bridge. Capacitors ofCI, C2, C3, Cx constitute the four bridge arms of the bridge circuit, and Cx is capacitance sensor of the circuit. When the alternating bridge circuit is balance( Cl/C2 = CX/C3 and CI = C2, Cx = C3), the output voltage U. = 0; When the value of Cx changes, there will be a voltage output (D. "* 0). The dielectric constant of water is larger than that of the air, so when rain falls on the sensor, the dielectric constant of the sensor Cx becomes larger. Then we can get that the value by of Cx turns bigger by the above-mentioned formula (1). Then the output voltage (U.) is as follows: U C 3) (2) . C\ +C 2 c, +/).C X +C 3 The output voltage is alternating. It should be turned into direct voltage by a rectifier circuit, but the size of voltage does not change. Then the DC voltage is taken into amplifier circuit to drive the motor. The amplifier circuit is shown in Figure 4. Capacitor (CI) has the protective effects on the motor. Switch (KI) control the rain circuit, and light-emitting diode is used to show the rain control circuit working or not. When KI is closed, light-emitting diode shines, which shows that the raindrops control circuit work properly. When rain falls on the sensor, the signal conversion circuitry finally output a DC voltage(U.) . It is noteworthy that the voltage should rightly access to the amplifier circuit. Furthermore, the voltage meets the conditions of amplifier circuit. Then 277 SQ2) are all in a closed state. At this time, opening or closing the windows can be closed. D. Mechanical Transmission This transmission system consists of two pulleys, belt, and two limiting switches. A pulley is installed on shaft of the motor, and the other one is fixed to the closed limit position of the windows. The center distance of the two pulleys must be greater than the opening and closing travel of the windows. A point of the belt is fixed to the window to achieve the movement of the windows. The contact is fixed to another point (the location is connected to the opening and closing travel of the windows) of the belt, which is used to control the limiting switch. When windows are closed or open, the contact fixed to the belt makes limiting switch open. So that it cuts off the power supply. The electric motor stops moving. IV. CONCLUSION In raining days, the system can achieve the function of automatically closing the windows; Not only in sunny days but also in raining days, the system could open or close the windows by pressing the buttons SB1 or SB2; At the same time, When the switch (QS1) is turned off, the windows could stop at anywhere in the opening and closing travel of the windows. The research achieves economic by using the belt transmission system. The movements of mechanical transmission are very accurate by the use of restrictive switch. Thus, this system has a high economic and practicality. At the same time, it has the characteristics of easy to operate and convenient maintenance, etc. This control system can be used for outdoor advertising light boxes; It could be combined of anti-mosquito lamp, once it rains, it will tum off the anti-mosquito lamp; It also can be used for automatic control places, such as unattended computer rooms, high-rise windows and doors of hotels, high-level sedans, doors and windows of coach, as well as various freight yard, etc. So, this system has a strong business value. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The research is supported by Science and Technique Foundation of Henan Province (092102210272). The Scheme of Young Backbone Teachers of Colleges and Universities of Henan Province "The Key Technology 278 Research of Dimension Controling in course of Adjusting Width for Continuous Casting", Foundation of Aviation Science (2007ZC55002) REFERENCES [1] DING Kun, LIU Jun, MA Xiao-Ie. Research on Temperature Characteristic ofPIN Photodiode in I-FOG. 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