Surveying RTP MOD

Module 2.
5: Survey & Investigation

Contents
1.0 Introduction.............................................................1 2.0 Types of Survey & Investigation.........................................................1 2.1 Socio-Economic Survey ......................................................................1 2.1.1 Level of Presentation ...................................................................2 2.2 Engineering Survey and Investigations .................................................7 2.2.1 Use of Satellite Images and Remote Sensing Technology ..................8 2.2.2 Online Satellite Images .............................................................. 12 2.2.3 Total Station Survey .................................................................. 13 2.2.4 Codes and Manuals and Guidelines for Survey & Investigation ......... 18 3.0 Survey and Investigation related to Urban Road Project.................. 23 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 23 3.2 Scope ............................................................................................ 24 3.3 Stages in Project Preparation ............................................................ 25 3.3.1 Pre-feasibility study ................................................................... 26 3.3.2 Feasibility Study/Preliminary Project Report Preparation.................. 26 3.3.3 Detailed Engineering and Plan of Construction ............................... 26 3.3.4 Land Acquisition ........................................................................ 27 3.3.4 Land Acquisition ........................................................................ 28 3.4 Guiding Principles of Route Selection and alignment Improvement ......... 28 3.5 Traffic Surveys and Analysis ............................................................. 29 3.6 Reconnaissance Survey .................................................................... 34 3.6.1 Purpose ................................................................................... 34 3.6.2 Survey Method.......................................................................... 34 3.6.3 Study of Survey Sheets, Maps etc................................................ 34 3.7 Preliminary Survey .......................................................................... 35 3.7.1 Purpose ................................................................................... 35 3.7.2 Survey Procedure ...................................................................... 36 3.7.3 Modern Trends in Surveying........................................................ 38 2.7.4 Survey Instruments ................................................................... 38 3.7.5 Map Preparation ........................................................................ 44 3.8 Feasibility Report ............................................................................ 44 3.9 Final Location Survey....................................................................... 46 3.9.1 Purpose ................................................................................... 46 3.9.2 Bench Marks............................................................................. 46 3.9.3 Longitudinal Sections and Cross-Sections...................................... 46 3.9.4 Proper Protection of Points of Reference ....................................... 48 3.10 Soil and Material Surveys ............................................................... 48 3.10.1 Composition of Soil .................................................................. 48 3.10.2 Soil Texture Classification ......................................................... 49
3.10.3 Soil Investigation..................................................................... 50 3.10.4 Degree of Expansion of Fine Grades Soils .................................... 50 3.11 Road Drainage Studies ................................................................... 55 3.11.1 General .................................................................................. 55 3.11.2 High Flood Level ...................................................................... 55 3.11.3 Depth of Water-Table ............................................................... 56 3.11.4 Ponded Water Level ................................................................. 56 3.11.5 Surface Run-off ....................................................................... 56 3.12 Cross- Drainage Structures ............................................................. 57 4.0 Water Supply Project..................................................................... 57 4.1 Desk Studies .................................................................................. 57 4.2 Pre-design Stage............................................................................. 57 4.2.1 After Field Survey...................................................................... 58 4.3 Design Development Stage............................................................... 60 4.4 Prior Studies & Choice of Location Water Resources.............................. 60 4.5 Route Alignment of Transmission Line ................................................ 61 4.6 Ground Investigation ....................................................................... 61 5.0 Sewerage Project. ................................................................... 62 5.1 Basic Information ............................................................................ 63 5.1 Basic Information ............................................................................ 64 5.1.1 Physical Aspects........................................................................ 64 5.1.2 Developmental Aspects .............................................................. 64 5.2 Project Surveys............................................................................... 65 5.2.1 Preliminary Project Surveys ........................................................ 65 5.2.2 Detailed Project Surveys ............................................................ 65 6.0 Solid Waste Management ................................................................. 66 6.1 Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management ................................. 66 6.2 Composition, Characterization and Quantification of Solid Waste ............ 69 6.3 Field Investigations ......................................................................... 71 6.3.1 Sample Survey ......................................................................... 71 6.3.2 Quantification ........................................................................... 72 6.3.4 Chemical Characterisation .......................................................... 72 6.3.5 Solid Waste Collection Routing .................................................... 76 6.4 Surveys for Identification of Disposal Sites....................................... 78 6.4.1 Preliminary Boreholes and Geophysical Investigation ...................... 79 6.4.2 Site Investigation and Site Characterization .................................. 80 6.4.3 Subsoil Investigation.................................................................. 81 6.4.4 Ground Water/Hydrogeological Investigation ................................. 81 6.4.5 Topographical Investigation ........................................................ 82 6.4.6 Hydrological Investigation........................................................... 82 6.4.7 Geological Investigation and Seismic Investigation ......................... 82
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6.4.8 Waste Characterisation .............................................................. 83 6.4.9 Leachate Investigation ............................................................... 83
List of Annex Annex I: Guiding Principles Covering Route Selection
Annex II: Checklist of major operations involved in the Survey and Investigation Annex III: List of Laboratory Test to be Conducted for Road Embankments Annex IV: Seismic Zones of India Annex V: Sample Road Sections Annex VI: Satelitte Data Order Form Annex VII: Sample TOR for Surveying
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1.0 Introduction
The process of urbanization has created a huge gap between demand and supply of urban infrastructure services such as roads, water supply, sewerage, sanitation, solid waste management etc. To fulfil the gap between demand and supply, a most important step is probably to get a clear idea about the existing situation. Proper survey and investigation is therefore very important to assess the qualitative and quantitative demand. Lack of adequate, investigations has been one of the major factors in many urban infrastructure project, resulting into inaccurate assessment of costs, necessitating substantial revision during the course of execution. Many times the actual project implementation may get delayed due to inaccurate survey and investigation. Thus the extent and quality of investigations have a strong influence on selection of the most cost-effective alternatives, and execution of the job itself. Survey and investigation not only includes technical surveys but may also include social-economic surveys based on the objective of the project. This Module is therefore structured to discuss the most commonly used survey and investigation methods during planning and project preparation of many of the urban infrastructure projects like, water supply, sewerage, solid waste management of road projects.
2.0 Types of Survey & Investigation

Survey and investigation required for any urban infrastructure project can be categorized in two broad categories as below: Socio-economic Survey Engineering Survey
2.1 Socio-Economic Survey

Population data is the most important information required for any kind of infrastructure project, as it is the base for demand assessment for a particular infrastructure for present as well as for future demand.
As far as population data is concerned, the Indian Census is the largest single source of statistics on the people of India. With a history of more than 125 years, this reliable, time tested exercise has been bringing out a veritable wealth of statistics every 10 years beginning from 1872 when the first census was conducted non-synchronously in different parts of India.
Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi, is responsible for conducting the decennial population census.
Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation
2.1.1 Level of Presentation

The All India Series presents Census statistics, all in one volume, at the following administrative levels: India level (for Rural and Urban residences separately State and Union Territory level (for Rural and Urban residences separately) District level (for Rural and Urban residences separately) Urban Agglomerations or City level (for Urban residences only)
The State Series presents Census statistics, in separate volumes for each state or union territory, at the following administrative levels: State or Union Territory level (for Rural and Urban residences separately) District level (for Rural and Urban residences separately) Tahsil level (for Rural and Urban residences separately) Urban Agglomerations, City or Town level (for Urban residences only)
2.1.2 List of Tables available with Census Department

A Series: Population Tables This series provides basic population tables of the 1991 Census at different levels of presentation. There are in all 16 Tables in this series. B Series: Economic Tables The data on main workers, marginal workers, non workers and non workers seeking work are presented in this series of tables. Data on classification of main and marginal workers by industrial classification of work, occupation, age and educational level, non workers by main activity, age and educational level, and those seeking work by age, educational level and whether they have worked before are available. There are in all 31 Tables in this series. C Series: Socio - Cultural Tables This series of tables give the data on age, marital status, educational level, school attendance, mother tongue, bilingual, trilingual and religion. Data on marital status, educational level and school attendance are available cross classified by age groups while data on school attendance in the age group 5-19 years has also been classified by work participation. There are in all 16 Tables in this series. D Series: Migration Tables: Data on migration characteristics like place of birth, place of last residence, reason for migration and duration of residence at the place of enumeration are available through these tables. Data on educational level, economic activity and age distribution of the migrants are also available in these tables. There are in all 17 Tables in this series.
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JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs
F Series: Fertility Tables This series of tables provide data on female age at marriage, number of children ever born and number of children surviving to ever married women and birth to currently married women during the last year. Data on age at marriage have been classified by duration of marriage while all other data are classified by age of the woman. At state level data are also available by religion, educational level and work status of the woman. There are in all 32 Tables in this series.
H Series: Housing and Household Amenities These tables give information on housing and household amenities, viz., the type of material used for construction; tenure status, number of rooms and household size; availability of electricity, drinking water supply (by source) and toilet facilities to the household and type of fuel used for cooking. There are in all 17 Tables in this series. SC ST Series: Tables on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes These tables give information on the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population socioof the level. country. The Most of of the the group tables on are generated at and State/District tables provide population, demographic
cultural
characteristics
individual
Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes
2.1.3 List of State Publications

The State publications are brought out separately for each state and union territory as listed on the right. These cover the following subjects: Population Totals Part I: Administration Report Part II: A Series - Population Tables Part III : B Series - Economic Tables Part IV-A : C Series - Socio - Cultural Tables Part IV-B : Language and Religion Part V : D Series - Migration Tables Part VI : F Series - Fertility Tables Part VII : H Series - Housing Tables Part VIII : Tables on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Part IX : Town Directory PART X: Special Studies PART XI: Census Atlas PART XII: District Census Handbook
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Part IX: Town Directory T - 1: T - 2: All India Town Directory Civic and other amenities in the Notified Slums of Class I & II Towns
2.1.4 Soft Data

All data available with census department is now a days available in CD form with user friendly software. The following abbreviations of civic status of cities or towns are commonly used while presenting the data in the Table on Final Population Totals in CD
C.B. C.M.C. E.O G.P. I.N.A. I.T.S. M M.B. M.C. M.Cl. M.Corp. N.A. N.A.C. N.P. N.T. N.T.A. S.T.C. T.C. T.M.C. T.P. T.S. C.T. O.T. - Cantonment Board/Cantonment - City Municipal Council - Estate Office - Gram Panchayat - Industrial Notified Area - Industrial Township - Municipality - Municipal Board - Municipal Committee - Municipal Council - Municipal Corporation/Corporation - Notified Area - Notified Area Committee/Notified Area Council - Nagar Panchayat - Notified Town - Notified Town Area - Small Town Committee - Town Committee/Town Area Committee - Town Municipal Council - Town Panchayat - Township - Census Town - Out Growth
Sample Input window and output data sheet of a user-friendly Census CD has been given below.
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Sample Input Window
Sample Output Datasheet
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Maps showing different demographic indicators can be prepared very easily Based on the census. Some sample demographic maps prepared from census data has been given below.
Map showing Temporal Change in Population and Density
Map showing Temporal Demographic Indicators
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2.2 Engineering Survey and Investigations

Frequently it is understood that surveying is the science and art of measuring distances, both horizontal and vertical and angles on or near the surface of the earth. It is also said that survey and investigation is an orderly process of acquiring data relating to the physical characteristics of the earth and in particular the relative position of points and the magnitude of areas. Some of the common survey types has been listed below. 1. Land surveys, which fix property lines, calculate land areas and assist with the transfer of real property from one owner to another. 2. Engineering surveys, which collect the data needed to plan and design engineering projects. The information ensures the necessary position and dimension control on the site so that the structure is built in the proper place and as designed. 3. Informational surveys obtain data concerning topography, drainage and man-made features of a large area. This data is portrayed as maps and charts. Another way to make a simple classification is: 1. Geodetic surveys are precise and over large areas require the curvature of the earth to be considered. Distances and angle measurements must be very, very accurate. A wide variety of techniques are used including triangulation, traversing, trilateration, levelling and astronomical direction fixing. 2. Plane surveys, which consider the surface of the earth to be a plane. Curvature is ignored and calculations are performed using the formulas of plane trigonometry and the properties of plane geometry. These may be considered accurate for limited areas. Sub-categories of the major classes provide more insight into the various fields of surveying as follows: Property surveys determine boundary lines, property corners; rights-ofway provide data necessary for the preparation of land sub-divisions. Cadastral domain. Route surveys are necessary for the design and construction of various engineering projects such as roads, railways, pipelines, canals and power lines. Industrial surveys, or optical metrology, are used in the aircraft and other industries where very accurate dimensional layouts are required. Topographic surveys are performed to gather data necessary to prepare topographic maps. These are multicolour contour maps portraying the surveys are executed by the Federal Government in connection with the disposal of vast areas of land known as the public
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terrain; and rivers; highways, railways, bridges and other man-made features. Hydrographic surveys map the shorelines of bodies of water; chart the bottom of streams, lakes, harbours and coastal waters; measure the flow of rivers; and assess other factors affecting navigation and water resources. The sounding of depths by radar is involved in this type of survey. Mine surveys determine the position of underground works such as tunnels and shafts, the position of surface structures and the surface boundaries. Aerial surveys use photogrammetry to produce a mosaic of matched vertical photographs, oblique views of landscape and topographic maps drawn from the photographs. Construction surveys fix elevations, horizontal positions and dimensions for construction projects. Control surveys provide basic horizontal and vertical position data. These are called datum. For most surveying work the vertical position of points in terms of height above a curved reference surface is mean sea level. The Australian Geodetic Datum (AGD) is the surface that passes through mean sea level at thirty tide gauges. Heights obtained from the GPS satellite system do not refer to the AGD, but to the mathematical reference surface (the ellipsoid). The difference between these two surfaces is known as the geoid ellipsoid separation.
2.2.1 Use of Satellite Images and Remote Sensing Technology

This technique is used with the help of satellites. At present it gives a resolution of the order of 6 meters. Photographic products of imagery are available from National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad on scales of 1:12,500, 1:25,000 and 1:50,000. digital products are also available in floppy cartridge and tapes. The cartridge/tape can be digitally processed in the computer and the image on the monitor can be interpreted with the possibility of enhancement of quality through manipulation of image processing software. Major advantages of satellite imagery is its repeatability as orbiting satellites visit the same spot on earth every few weeks. Thus, the latest information regarding the physical features (like, the extent of a town or urban area, etc.) can be obtained to update on available map. The information on natural resources namely, geology, geomorphology, land use, soil status (water logging, erosion, etc.), drainage, forest extent, etc. as available may be most useful input for the planners of road alignment.
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Satellite remote sensing for urban and land development can be used to gather strategic planning information pertaining to a district or an entire city. High resolution satellite imagery from satellite sensors such as GeoEye-1, Quick Bird, IKONOS, SPOT-5 aerial photography and LIDAR incorporated into a GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and CAD (Computer Aided Drafting) has gained popularity among Planners, Developers and Engineers for large scale mapping of any region for most urban and land development applications. Information from satellite images or aerial photography when combined with GIS mapping is used for analysis in evaluating construction costs as well as environmental impacts of alternative routes for utility and transport corridors; land cover and land use classification; identifying population groups at risk where human intervention is most needed to limit and prevent hazards during development stages. Satellite image data is highly useful for creating or updating base maps and detecting major changes in urban land cover and land use from imagery such as LANDSAT and ASTER satellite sensors due to their multi-spectral band combinations, which allows for frequent coverage and overlaying of different time sequences to classify soil and vegetation areas for the proposed development area(s). Other applications include: Updating information on road networks and other urban infrastructure Collection and analysis of data on population density, distribution and growth Preparation of housing typologies Analysis of watersheds
Geodetic and mapping experts create two-dimensional interactive mapping projects by overlaying third-party data, such as land cadastre ownership information, census data, and labels of geographic features. Mapping: Image Maps In most areas and of the world, maps mediumsmall-scale
either have not yet been produced, or are outdated and inaccurate. The ability to extract a wide variety of information, control, and to locate an to features at 1:25,000 scale without ground produce inexpensive provides opportunity maps of unprecedented
accurate,
relatively entire
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countries, including areas previously inaccessible due to terrain. Frequent satellite coverage offered by Digital Globe can make such areas easily accessible and inexpensive to update. 60-centimeter panchromatic imagery will provide an alternative for costly updating of inaccurate medium- and small-scale maps. The value of satellite imagery is based on the comparison of map and imagery. Infrastructure changes can be quickly detected and updated on maps. Mapping: Feature Extraction Digital Globe 60-centimeter imagery can be used to identify and locate a variety of features, such as street centrelines, building footprints, parking lots, and elevation contours to within a few meters horizontal and vertical accuracy. 60-centimeter pan-chromatic imagery. with extracted features: lines, red blue lines lines lines indicate delineate buildings, contour yellow
depict transportation boundaries. Mapping: Infrastructure Monitoring City, regional, and national governments, as well as public and private utilities worldwide, can use high spatial to resolution identify, satellite inventory, imagery
monitor, and plan for a wide variety of urban and residential infrastructure projects. Streets, highways, bridges, railroads, canals, buildings of all sizes, and other infrastructure can be accurately identified and located within a few meters of their true horizontal position. 2.4-meter multi-spectral imagery, sharpened with 60-centimeter panchromatic, is an excellent tool for identifying and monitoring various types of infrastructure.
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Mapping: Utilities & Boundaries Planning, construction, permitting, and service activities are more efficient when 60-centimeter imagery is combined with vectors and point data to identify parcel boundaries and utility location. 60-centimeter panchromatic imagery, combined with point data, will accurately identify parcel boundaries and utility locations. Environmental: Storm Water Runoff 60-centimetre pan-sharpened multi-spectral imagery can be used to measure impervious surfaces, such as roofs, streets, and parking lots. Pervious surfaces, such as tree- and grass-covered areas can also be measured. Applying runoff coefficients to the area of each surface type can provide the best available estimates for non-point source water pollution. By adding parcel boundaries, it is possible to provide estimates of runoff per parcel in order to assess storm sewer fees.
Original near-infrared image
Color-classified by surface type
Parcel boundaries 2.4-metre multispectral imagery, sharpened with 60-centimetre panchromatic imagery, will clearly illustrate different surface types.
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2.2.2 Online Satellite Images

Now a days some websites are available, which gives satellite images at a very good zoom level, e.g., www.googleearth.com, www.wikimapia.com.
Source: wikimapia.com
Source: wikimapia.com
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These images are useful to get an idea about the existing land use of any study area, however these images should not be used for preparing detailed project report or detail designing as many times accuracy of the images are questionable. Some such images has been given below which gives a clear idea of exiting land use.
Small Format Aerial Photography (SFAP) In case of large projects with mapping as one of the main objectives conventional aerial photography in traditional format (23 cm X 23 cm) may also be useful. There are at least three known agencies in India for such aerial photography, namely, the National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad, Air Survey Company, Calcutta and the Indian Air Force All aerial photography work requires clearance from the Ministry of Defence. The major advantages of SFAP are Very large scale true colour photo enlargements can be done in scales upto 1:1,000 to 1:2,000 (upto scales of 1:10,000). Acquisition plans along side roads can be suitably made in scale 1:4,000
Monitoring of urban areas, villages and environment along the corridor are possible at comparatively lower cost than ground surveys.
2.2.3 Total Station Survey

Total station survey can be very useful for any new urban infrastructure project like water supply, sewerage, roads etc, in an area, which is having very low settlement or existing structures. As in case of urban fringe areas, where new development is expected to come. A total station is an optical instrument used in modern surveying. It is a combination of an electronic theodolite (transit), an electronic distance measuring device (EDM) and software running on an external computer. With a total station one may determine angles and distances from the instrument to points to be surveyed. With the aid of trigonometry, the angles and distances may be used to calculate the coordinates of actual positions (X, Y, and Z or northing, easting and elevation) of surveyed points, or the position of the instrument from known points, in absolute terms. The data may be downloaded from the theodolite to a computer and application software will generate a map of the surveyed area. Some total stations also have a GPS interface which combines these two technologies to make use of the advantages of both (GPS - line of sight not required between measured points; Traditional Total Station - high precision measurement especially in the vertical axis compared with GPS) and reduce the consequences of each technology's
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disadvantages (GPS - poor accuracy in the vertical axis and lower accuracy without long occupation periods; Total Station - requires line of sight observations and must be setup over a known point or within line of sight of 2 or more known points). Measurement of distance is accomplished with a modulated microwave or infrared carrier signal, generated by a small solid-state emitter within the instrument's optical path, and bounced off of the object to be measured. The modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and interpreted by the onboard computer in the total station, and the speed-of-light lag between the outbound and return signal is translated into distance. Most total stations use a purpose-built glass prism as the reflector for the EDM signal, and can measure distances out to a few kilometres, but some instruments are "reflectorless", and can measure distances to any object that is reasonably light in colour, out to a few hundred meters. The typical Total Station EDM can measure distances accurate to about 0.1 millimetre or 1/1000-foot, but most land surveying applications only take distance measurements to 1.0 mm or 1/100-foot.
Box Sample Terms and condition for tender for Total Station Survey 1. Chief Engineer, _______Corporation invites sealed quotation from appropriate and eligible Firms/Consultancy Firm dealing with surveying work for the following project: (i) XYZ Land .measuring approximately 18 hects. (ii) Camping land at , at .measuring approximately 15 hects. 1.1 Time allowed for completion - 10 Days from the date of issue of work order for .Project & 15 days for Project. 2. Description of work The work involves 2.1 Surveying of .. land at .. measuring approximately 18 hects. and Camping resort land at , at . measuring approximately 15 hects. Using total station incorporating all existing features. 2.2 Establishment of bench mark (Horizontal control points) on the ground at Strategic locations to carry our details surveys in future if required. 2.3 Supplying of Site Plan to proper scale with proper Horizontal control points duly existing features with dimensions and offsets. The Boundary shall be properly established with proper dimensions / angles etc. in order to facilitate of features with ease. 2.4 Supplying of Contour Maps with Contour interval of 1mtr drawn to a proper scale. 2.5 Supplying of sectional details along strategic points. 2.6 All drawing shall be generated through computers with appropriate software 2.7 Original tracing shall be handed over to the corporation which shall be the property of XYZ corporation
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2.8 An overall site plan to a scale of 1:500 or to a suitable scale in single sheet shall be submitted. 2.9 Detailed Sheets to 1:200 scales or to any convenient scale with all internal details shall be submitted. 2.10 Indicating 50 meters, 200 mtrs. and 500 mtrs. line from HTL. 2.11 Indicating location of naturally grown trees, Creek, wells, electric transmission lines, telephone lines, pipelines, nallah, adjoining roads etc. 3. Eligibility criteria: Only those firms /consultants which fulfill the following the following minimum criteria are eligible to tenders. 3.1 The tenderer should have satisfactorily completed at least one similar nature of work. Proof of having executed similar works shall be enclosed. 3.2 The firm should have well-qualified and experienced Surveyors associated with them. They shall submit proof of qualifications/ experience of the persons associated with the project. 3.3 The firms shall possess modern survey instruments viz. Total Station and appropriate Computer Software and facilities for plotting etc. 4. Final decision making authority The ..corporation reserves the right to accept or reject any application and to annul the qualification process and reject all applications at any time, without there by incurring any liability to the affected applicants or specifying the grounds for the . action. Rate & Payment The rate includes for the following items of work per Ha. of land area. 5.1 All field works related with the Survey 5.2 Supplying of Drawing as mentioned in Para-4 of Press Notice (8 copies each) 5.3 Supplying of original tracing to the Department 5.4 Payment towards all service charges, tax if any. 5.5 All unforeseen works required for completing the work. 5.6 Expenditure to visit the site from Chennai including air fare and ship fare. 5.7 The payment shall be made after successful completion of work to the satisfaction of the Engineer- In-charge and handing over of the drawing to .corporation. 5.8 ..corporation shall arrange accommodation for the staff visiting for the survey. 5.9 The payment will be made in the single bill on first and final bill and no part payment will be made during execution of the work.
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6. Other Conditions 6.1 EMD amounting to Rs. 12500/- in the form of call deposit from any scheduled bank issued in favor payable at ..should be enclosed. The tender document without EMD will be rejected. 6.2 The last date for submission of tender is 3.00 pm on 25th June 2007 at . and it will be opened at 3.30 pm on the same day.
Output of Total Station Survey The major outputs of a total station survey are listed below. Site Plan to proper scale with proper Horizontal control points duly existing features with dimensions and offsets. Site Contour Maps with Contour interval of 1mtr, 5mtr etc. Sectional details along strategic points Drawing generated through computers with appropriate software An overall site plan to a scale of 1:500 or to a suitable scale Detailed Sheets to 1:200 scales or to any convenient scale with all internal details indicating 50 meters, 200 mtrs. and 500 mtrs. line from HTL, and indicating location of naturally grown trees, Creek, wells, electric transmission lines, telephone lines, pipelines, nallah, adjoining roads and some output maps of total station survey is given below.
Contour Map of Project Area
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Land Use Map
Three Dimensional Terrain Modeling
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2.2.4 Codes and Manuals and Guidelines for Survey & Investigation
The development of various infrastructures in the urban need to carry out different activities of survey and investigation as follows:
List of IRC & IS Codes 1. IRC: SP: 13 2004 Guidelines for Design for Small Bridges and Culverts 2. IRC: SP: 19 2001 Manual for Survey, Investigation & Preparation of Road Project (1st Revision) 3. IRC: SP: 42 1994 Guidelines for Drainage 4. IRC: 69 1977 Space Standards for Roads in Urban Areas 5. IRC: 70 1977 Guidelines on regulation and Control of Mixed Traffic in Urban Areas 6. IRC: SP: 50 1999 Guidelines for Urban Drainage 7. IRC: 52 1981 Recommendations about alignment Survey & Geometric Design of Hill Roads 8. IRC: SP: 48 1998 Hill Road Manual 9. IRC: 102 1988 Traffic Studies for Planning Bypasses around Towns 10. IS:7537- 1974 Road Traffic Signals 11. IRC: 106 1990 Guidelines for capacity of Urban Road in Plain Areas 12. IS:1498 -1970 Classification & Identification of Soil for General Engineering Purpose (Reaffirmed 1997) 13. IS: 1892 1979 Code of Practice for Sub-surface Investigation for Foundation (Reaffirmed 1997) 14. IS:2132 1986 Code of Practice for Thin Wall Rube Sampling of Soil (Second Revision) (Reaffirmed 1997) 15. IS: 2720 Part 1 to Part 41 Method of Test for Soil 16. IS: 6403 1981 Code of Practice foe Determination of Breezing Capacity of Shallow Foundation 17. IS:8763 1978 Guide for undisturbed Sampling of Sand and Sandy Soil (Reaffirmed 1997) 18. IS:9640 1980 Split Spoon Sampler (Amendment 2) (Reaffirmed 1997) 19. IS:10042 1981 Code of Practice for Site Investigation for Foundation in Gravel Boundary Deposit (Reaffirmed 1997)
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List of Manuals of Central Pubic Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO) 1. CPHEEO Manual on Water Supply & Treatment, May 1999 2. CPHEEO Manual on Sewerage & Sewage Treatment, Dec 1993 3. CPHEEO Manual on Solid Waste Management, 2000
Survey Activities to be performed for Infrastructure Development Project 1. Study of topographical survey sheets 2. Study of agricultural soil 3. Study of Geological & meteorology cal maps 4. Aerial Reconnaissance 5. Ground Reconnaissance with Compass, abney level, Alti-meter, Pedometer etc. instruments 6. Locality map 7. Longitudinal sections/cross section 8. Establishment of Bench Mark 9. Soil information 10. Construction material information 11. Locating Physical features such as buildings, burial grounds, cremation grounds, places of worship 12. Crossing of pipelines, railway, stream/river 13. Map preparation 14. Environmental Impact Study 15. Viable, technical soundness, alternative final selection 16. Socio-economic profile 17. Traffic survey 18. Soil investigation in detail for Foundation Soil, Borrow area etc. 19. Drainage studies 20. HFL & ponded water level 21. Depth of subsoil water table 22. Surface runoff 23. Site Selection for Cross drainage structure 24. Collection of hydraulic and foundation data 25. Detailed maps preparation
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Table 2.1: Survey & Investigation for Urban Works

IS/IRC/CPHEEO Types of Project Vol. (As per clause 1.2.1) Road 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 related Infrastructure 1-4, 10-12 Do Do 1-19 1-19 1-19 2,3,12,13 5-8,10,16,19,22 5-11,19,22 5-11,18,22 1 - 25 1 - 25 1 - 25 5-8,10,16,17,22 Survey Activities To be Done (As per clause 1.2.2)
Sr. No.
Development Projects Stone paving in Local Streets Road up-gradation in local streets Cement concrete work in local & collector streets Asphalt road resurfacing work in collector. Sub arterial & Arterial road New construction of road in local, collector & arterial streets. New Road construction work for rapid transmission work. Integrated Street development in urban area Water supply & Sewerage related Infrastructure Development Projects: 1 Enhancing the existing water 20,21 1,58,10,12,13,2022,26 2 3 4 Rehabilitation Construction & of reinstatement new of the 20,21 12-19 20,21 1,58,10,12,13,20-22 1 - 25 1 - 25 existing water supply/ Sewerage systems water/sewerage treatment plant Development of water supply / sewerage system in new township New laying of in 5 streets New laying of in 6 7 8 streets New construction work of ESR/UGR in local area of the city Retrofitting & strengthening work of ESR & UGR Augmentation of supply network in the new merged area of the urban sprawl in existing limit Solid Works 1 Development of new land fill site in the urban area 22 1-6,9,11-16,1822,24,25 Waste Management related 20,21 1 25 except 2 & 17 20,21 20,21 1 25 except 2 & 17 6,9,10,18-22,26 water/sewerage pipelines and arterial 20,21 1,5-8,10-13,2023,26 collector, sub arterial water/sewerage pipelines and arterial collector, sub arterial supply/sewerage systems
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Sr. No. 2
IS/IRC/CPHEEO Types of Project Vol. (As per clause 1.2.1) Procurement of new trucks, tractors, 22
Survey Activities To be Done (As per clause 1.2.2) Nil
hand Lorries, tricycles for augmentation of transportation work 3 4 5 Procurement of containers & dustbins in the urban area Construction of new solid waste 22 22 1,3-6,9-15,1822,25 Nil composting plant in the urban area Procurement of mechanical equipments for segregation of SW Housing related Works: 1 2 3 4 5 Integrated Housing Development Scheme in Urban area Slum development project in the urban Rehabilitation of slums within the urban area Construction of low-cost sanitation in the slum area within the urban Construction of community center, health centers in urban area -do1-25 except 17,23,24 1-25 except 17,23,24 1-25 except 17,23,24 -do22 Nil
Measures of Length
12 inches 3 feet 5.5 yards 220 yards 8 furlongs 5000 feet = = = = = = 1 foot 1 yard 1 rod, pole or perch 1 furlong 1 mile=1760yards 1 canal mile
Metric Units of Length

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 megametre hectokilometre myriametre kilometre (km) hectometre (hm) dekametre (dkm) metre (m) decimetre (dm) = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 1,000,000 metres 100,000 metres 10,000 metres 1,000 metres 100 metres 10 metres 10 dm 1/10 metres 10 cm 1/100 metres 10 mm 1/1000 metres 1/1000 millimetre 0.00039 inch One millionth of a millimetre
1 centimetre (cm) 1 millimetre (mm) 1 micron or micrometre 1 millimicron
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The metre is used in ordinary measurements, the centimetre or millimetre in reckoning very small distances or measurements, and the kilometre for roads or great distances. Conversion Factors
1/25 inch 1 inch 1 foot 1 yard 1 rod 1 furlong 1 mile 1 millimetres 1 centimetre 1 decimeter 1 metre 1 decametre 1 hectometre 1 kilometre = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 1 millimetre 25.4 millimetre or 2.54 cm 30.48 cm or 0.3048 metres 0.9144 metres or 91.44 cm 5.029 metres 0.201 km or 201.168 metres 1.609 km or 1609 metres 0.03937 inch 0.3937 or 2/5 inch 3.937 inches 0.328 feet 39.37 inches 3.281 feet 32.81 feet 1.094 yards 328 ft 1 in. 3280 ft 10 ins. 1093.63 yards 4.97 furlongs 5/8 or 0.621 mile
Square Measures or Measures of Surface

144 sq. inches 9 sq. feet 1 Hectare 484 sq. yards 43,560 sq. ft. 640 acres = = = = = = 1 sq. foot 1 sq. yard 2.471 acre 1 sq. chain 1 acre 1 sq. mile
An acre is the area of a square whose side is 208.71 ft. long Metrix Units
1 sq. kilometre (km2) 1 sq. hectometre 1 sq. dekametre 1 sq. metre (m2) 1 sq. decimeter (dm2) 1 sq. centimetre (cm2) are= sq. Dekametre = = = = = = 1,000,000 sq. metres 10,000 sq. metres 100 sq. metres 1 sq. metres 1/100 sq. metres 1/10,000 sq. metres = = = = = = 100 ha 100 ares = 1 ha 1 ares 100 sq. dm 100 sq. cm 100 sq. mm
Sq. metre = centare or centiare; hetare = sq. Hectometre
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The sq. metre is the primary unit of ordinary surfaces or small areas. The are or sq. dekametre, hectare or sq. hectometer are the units of land measures. Conversion Factors
1 sq. inch 1 sq. foot 1 sq. yard 1 acre = = = = = = = = = 1 sq. mile = = = 1 sq. millimetre 1 sq. centimetre 1 sq. decimetre 1 sq. metre or a centare 1 sq. dekametre or 1 are 1 sq. hectometer or 1 hectare 1 sq. kilometre = = = = = = = 6.45 sq. centimetre 645.2 sq. millimetre 929.0 sq. centimetre 0.093 sq. metres 0.836 sq. metres 0.836 centares 4046.86 sq. metres 40.47 ares 0.4047 hectare 2.590 sq. kms 259 hectares 640 acres 0.00155 sq. ins. 0.155 sq. ins. 15.50 sq. ins. 10.76 sq. ft. or 1.196 sq. yards 11,959.85 sq. yards = 2.471 acres 247.10 acres 0.3861 sq. miles
3.0 Survey and Investigation related to Urban Road Project

3.1 Introduction
Preparation of Infrastructure project involves a chain of activities, such as, field surveys and investigations, selection of road alignment, carrying out various designs, preparation of drawings and estimates etc. to be compatible with technical requirement, consistent with economy, it is essential that every project should be prepared after thorough investigations and collecting all relevant information and evaluating all possible alternatives. The extent and quality of investigations have a strong influence on selection of the most cost-effective design, estimation of quantities, cost and execution of the job itself. As such, accuracy and completeness of surveys deserves very special attention in project preparation. The objective can be achieved by carrying out the project preparation work either departmentally or with the help of consultants. In any case, it should be ensured that experts having the required knowledge are deployed on the work. Use of modern instruments and survey techniques ensure high degree of accuracy and can speed up the work. Quality Assurance Plan is required to be drawn before the start of field investigations.
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Adequate funds should be earmarked for the work of survey, investigation and project preparation. Estimation of realistic fund and time requirement needed for project preparation will go a long way in making the project preparation a success. It will be found that in the long run, such investment pays more than for itself in the form of well prepared and cost effective projects, orderly schedule of work and timely completion. Systematic presentation of project details is no less important. The project document is the very basis of technical, administrative and financial sanction of a project. It is also crucial for accurate execution of work in the field. The project should, therefore, be comprehensive enough for proper appreciation of the proposals as well as easy understanding of the details. This Manual lays down guidelines both for survey and investigations and presentations of the project details. Surveying methods and instruments used at the beginning of the twentieth century new light weight metals and more advanced calibration techniques resulted in development of lighter and more accurate instruments needed for the precise layout requirements of high speed railroads and roads. Use of aerial photography for mapping began in the 1920s, and advanced rapidly during the following decades. By 1950 photogrammetric methods had revolutionized survey procedures, especially in route surveying and site selection.
3.2 Scope
It should be understood clearly that the extent of operations involved in surveys and investigations including the detailing of the individual aspects, would depend very much on the size and scope of each project. Depending on needs of the situation, one or more phases of investigations might be curtailed, telescoped or made more extensive than prescribed in the manual. The order in which various surveys are discussed in the manual should not be taken to mean that such work must strictly follow the same pattern or sequence. Some of the surveys could easily be initiated in advance and carried out simultaneously overlapping each other. For example, some results of soil and materials survey and study of cross-drainage structures would be needed as an essential input to the Feasibility Report. But more detailed investigations on these aspects may be continued in the detailed engineering phase. It should be upto the Engineer-in-charge to exercise his discretion and adopt a flexible approach. The requirements of the funding agencies or the authority according administrative approval may also result in rescheduling the sequence of work and in redefining the extent of coverage of each work.
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3.3 Stages in Project Preparation

Broadly, the stages involved in the preparation and sanction of project are: 1. Pre-feasibility study 2. Feasibility study/Detailed project report preparation 3. Detailed engineering and plan of construction However it should be noted that JnNURM project cycle is having two major stages namely Preparation of CDP and Preparation of DPR
Chart 3.1 Main survey required for Urban Road Project
Planning
Reconnaissance Survey: Map Study, Aerial Reco., Ground Reco., General Soil Study
Feasibility Study
1. Primary Survey: Traffic Survey, Establishment of BMS, Topographical survey with instruments, Socio-economic, H/H Survey 2. Secondary Survey: Land Acquisition, Revenue map/ City Map, Census data, Facility accommodation survey, Geo-tech. i.e. Soil Investigation
Detail Study
Final Route: Centre line marking, Existing properties, Long/Cross section, Detailed Drainage Study, HFL and ponded level, CD Works, EIA
Pavement Design
Sub grade base course Bituminous: Soil Investigation & Material Survey
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3.3.1 Pre-feasibility study

In some cases, specially for externally funded and BOT projects, it may be necessary to prepare a pre-feasibility report to enable a funding agency or private financier to appreciate the broad features of the project, the levels of financial involvement and probable returns. This may be done on the basis of reconnaissance survey by collecting information on the present status of the road, deficiency/distress identification, development potential, environmental impact, traffic data (present and future), approximate estimation of cost and an economic analysis. The economic analysis may involve traffic allocation studies, assessment of resource generation potential, funding pattern and risk. Location of toll plaza sites may also need to be identified.
3.3.2 Feasibility Study/Preliminary Project Report Preparation

The feasibility study is intended to establish whether the proposal is acceptable in terms of soundness of engineering design and expected benefits from the project for the investments involved. The feasibility report enables the funding agency to appraise the project for financial variability and accord approval. This approval is commonly known as Administrative Approval (AA) in the Road departments/Public Works Departments in the country. When international funding is involved, the Feasibility study forms a basis for an investment decision.
3.3.3 Detailed Engineering and Plan of Construction

The detailed engineering covers detailed alignment surveys, soil and materials surveys, pavement design studies, drainage studies, environment management plan based on environment impact assessment studies, detailed drawings, estimates and implementation schedules and documents. On the basis of such work, Technical Approval and Financial Sanction (TA and FS) are accorded to the project, enabling it to be executed. Basically detailed study is done to cover technical feasibility, economic analysis, financing viability, social and economic acceptability and legal validity. The following figure gives a flow chart of the operations involved in project preparation.
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Stages in Project Preparation
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3.3.4 Land Acquisition

The process of land acquisition needs to be started immediately after finalizing the alignment. Provision of the appropriate Land Acquisition Act will govern the various steps to be followed in the process of land acquisition. Depending on the quantum of land acquisition, creation of separate land acquisition authority may also be sometimes necessary. Acquisition of Government land, Private Land, Forest Land and land falling under Costal Regulation Zone, etc. will attract different acts/regulations. The various steps in land acquisition, namely, appointment of exclusive competent authority, if required declaring intention of acquisition, issuing notices and giving hearing to the affected parties, joint measurements, final notices and acquisition of the land, etc. require considerable time and need to be closely monitored to acquire the land within the desired time limit. Temporary and permanent structures coming in the alignment, tress need to be cut, including those in the forest lands, need specific attention for obtaining permission/valuation from the Competent Authority. Similarly, obtaining permission of the ministry of Forest and Environment for the Forest land and the land coming in the coastal regulation zone need to be processed in time. Innovative acquisition such as that adopted by Ahmedabad Urban and Development Authority may provide faster ways for acquisition. Identifications and acquisition of land for borrow areas, quarries etc. also need to be started in advance in case of large projects, such as, national highway project and expressway projects.
3.4 Guiding Principles of Route Selection and alignment Improvement

The fundamental principle of route selection and alignment improvement is to achieve the least overall cost on transportation, having regard to the costs of initial construction of the road facility, its maintenance and road user cost, while at the same time, satisfying the social and environmental requirements. To achieve this objective, it will be necessary to make a detailed investigation before the alignment is finally decided. Factors that should be in view in the process are listed in Appendix-1. It should be understood that all these factors may not be applicable to each and every road project and some of them even if applicable, may not be feasible in many circumstances. For each case, the Engineer-incharge has to exercise his own judgment to reach an optimum compromise solution in the light of the fundamental principle of minimum transportation cost enunciated earlier. Where the project involves improvements to an existing road, every effort should be directed towards removing the inherent deficiencies with respect to
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Plan and profile Sight distance/visibility in horizontal as well as vertical plan Curve implements Carriageway, shoulder and roadway width Cross-drainage structures Road side drainage provisions as well as area drainage considerations Safety features
Any disregard of these aspects may well lead to unnecessary expenditure, since at a later date the alignment may again have to be improved at considerable extra cost. It is, therefore, imperative that the final centre line of the road with respect to which, the improvements are designed and are to be carried out is fixed with great care in the light of ultimate geometric requirements and economy. The other important point is removal of structural deficiencies with an eye on future needs with respect to pavement, culverts, road and area drainage requirements, etc. Proper location and orientations of cross-drainage structures is an important factor in the selection of the road alignment. Their importance increases with their length and cost. In general for bridges having length between 60 to 300 m, siting of the bridges as well as alignment of the approaches will have equal priority and should be well co-ordinated. For bridges of length more than 300 m, siting for the bridges will be primary guiding factor in route selection. Apart from engineering factors, like social and environmental impact of the proposal should be fully kept in view in terms of such aspects as air pollution, damage to life systems, soil erosion, drainage pattern, landscaping, disruption of local communities, etc.
3.5 Traffic Surveys and Analysis

Information about traffic is indispensable for any road project since it would form the basis for the design of the pavement, fixing the number of traffic lanes, design of intersections and economic appraisal of the project, etc. Traffic surveys required to be conducted in connection with the preparation of road project are as under: a) Classified Traffic Volume Counts b) Origin Destination Surveys c) Speed and delay studies d) Traffic Surveys for the Design of Road junction e) Traffic Surveys for Replacing Level Crossings with over Bridges/Subways f) Axle Load surveys
g) Accident Records
In urban area traffic volume surveys must include bicycle traffic as one of traffic category. If need require separate bicycle tracked may be planed.
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Table 3.1: Proforma 1: Classified Traffic Volume Count Survey (IRC: SP:19-2001) Road Name: Section: From ____________to_____________ Location Km.: Direction Towards: Road No.: Station No.: Date & Day: Hour: Additional Information: Weather:
Fast Moving Vehicles Three Time Two Wheeler Wheeler/ Auto Rickshaw 00-15 15-30 30-45 45-60 Total Source: IRC: SP 19, 2001 Car/ Jeep/ Van/ Taxi Mini Full 2Axle Multi Axle Artic/ semi Artic With Trailer Without Trailer cycle Cycle Rickshaw Bullock Cart Hoarse Bus Truck Agri. Tractor Others (Pl. Specify Drawn) Slow Moving Vehicles
Name & Signature of Enumerators: ________________________ Name & Signature of Supervisor: __________________________
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Table 3.2: Proforma 2(a): Origin & Destination (O-D) Survey (Freight Traffic). (IRC: SP:19-2001) Name of Road: Road No.: Location at Km: Weather: Towards: Date: Day: Time:
Sr. No. Particulars Registration No. Vehicles Particulars Type of Vehicles & Axle Configuration Make & Model RLW/ULW Commodity Type Commodity/ O-D Particulars Quantity (Tonnes/Litre) Origin (Name of place & District/State/Country) Destination (Name of place & District/State/Country) Trip Length (km) Vehicle Utilization Number of Trips Average km driven/day no. of hours per day no. of working days per month Route Particulars
Source: IRC: SP 19, 2001
adopted Preference for Proposed Superior Road
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Table 3.3: Proforma 2(b): Origin & Destination (O-D) Survey (Car/Bus). (IRC: SP:19-2001) Name of Road: Road No.: Location at Km: Weather: Towards: Date: Day: Time:
Sr. No. Particulars Registration No. Type of Vehicles No. of Passengers Vehicles Particulars Origin (Name of Place & District/State/Country) Destination (Name of place & District/State/Country) Quantity (Tonnes/Litre) Origin (Name of place & District/State/Country) Destination (Name of place & District/State/Country) Trip Length (km) Vehicle Utilization Number of Trips Average km driven/day no. of hours per day no. of working days per month Route Particulars
Source: IRC: SP 19, 2001
adopted Preference for Proposed Superior Road
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Chart 3.3 Sample Chart Showing Origin Destination MAV
Chart 3.4 Sample Chart Showing Traffic Flow Pattern
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3.6 Reconnaissance Survey

3.6.1 Purpose
The main objective of reconnaissance survey is to examine the general character of the area for the purpose of determining the most feasible route, or routes for further more detailed investigations. Data collected should be adequate to examine the feasibility of all the different routes in question, as also to furnish the Engineer-in-charge with approximate estimates of quantities and costs, so as to enable him to decide on the most suitable alternative or alternatives. The survey should also help in determining any deviations necessary in the basic geometric standards to be adopted for the road facility.
3.6.2 Survey Method

The reconnaissance survey may be conducted in the following sequence a) Study of topographical survey sheets, agricultural, soil, geological and meteorological maps, and aerial photographs, if available b) Aerial reconnaissance (when necessary and feasible)
c) Ground reconnaissance (including another round of aerial reconnaissance for

inaccessible and difficult stretches, where called for)
3.6.3 Study of Survey Sheets, Maps etc.

Reconnaissance begins with a study of all the available maps. The types of useful map information which are currently available in the country are as below: (a) Survey of India (SOI) Maps (i) The most useful maps are the topographical sheets available in the scale 1:25,000, 1:50,000 and 1:250,000. Maps coverage on 1:50,000 and 1:250,000 scales are available for the whole of India but map coverage in the scale 1:25,000 is most preferred and at present is available only for about 30 percent of the country. (ii) State maps on scale 1:1,000,000 These are useful as index maps or to indicate an overview of the project location and are available for most of the states. (iii) Plastic Relief Maps on scale 1:15,000,000 One may be lucky to have these maps for certain regions. For very difficult areas road location planning may be very much helped if these three dimensional maps delineating ridges, valleys, peaks, etc. with contour information are available. (b) Apart from the above mentioned SOI maps there are special purpose maps, like, Forest, Survey of India, Vegetation Maps on scale 1:25,000,000 showing incidence of orchards, reserve forests, clusters of social forestry areas, etc. which may be helpful in special cases in selection of alignment.
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Earthquake possibility should also be studied from earthquake maps & relevant IS. Type and design of structure should be planned accordingly. Also, maps prepared by National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS & LUP) indicating information on Soil, Wasteland, etc. and Geological Survey of India Maps (on scale 1:250,000 or smaller) with information on geology, geomorphology and changes in drainage, river courses, etc. are available for many areas. These maps are fruitfully used when considered necessary. After study of the topographical features on the maps, a number of alignments feasible in a general way are selected. The present status of Aerial Photography (AP) in India is that AP on scale 1:50,000 is available for the whole of India. Depending on their quality the negatives of these photographs, when necessary, can be enlarged easily by about five times without losing clarity and thus obtain AP enlargements on scale of 1:5,000 to 1:20,000.
3.7 Preliminary Survey

3.7.1 Purpose
The preliminary survey is a relatively large scale instrument survey conducted for the purpose of collecting all the physical information which affects the proposed location of a new urban road or improvements to an existing urban road. In case of the new roads an accurate traverse line along the route previously selected on the basis of the reconnaissance survey. In the case of existing roads where only improvements are proposed, the survey line is run along the existing alignment. During this phase of the survey, topographic features and other features like, houses, monuments, places of worship, cremation or burial grounds, utility lines, existing road and railway lines, stream, river, canal crossings, cross-drainage structures etc. are tied to the traverse line. Longitudinal-sections and crosssections are taken and bench marks established. The data collected at this stage will form the basis for the determination of the final centre line of the road. For this reason, it is essential that every precaution should be taken to maintain a high degree of accuracy. Besides the above, general information which may be useful in fixing design features within close limits is collected during this phase. The information may concern traffic soil, construction materials, drainage, etc. and may be collected from existing records as through intelligent inspection/simple measurements. It may be found convenient to divide the road into homogeneous sections from traffic consideration and prepare a typical estimate for one km stretch as representative of each homogeneous section. With the data collected, it should be
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possible to prepare rough cost estimates within reasonably close limits for obtaining administrative approval, if not already accorded and for planning further detailed survey and investigations. In particular, information may be collected regarding: (i) The highest sub-soil and floor water levels, the variation between the maximum and minimum and the nature and extent of inundation, if any, gathered from local enquires or other records. These should be correlated to data about the maximum and minimum rainfall and its duration and spacing, etc. by appropriate hydrological analysis. (ii) The character of embankment foundations including the presence of any unstable strata likes micaceous schists, poor drainage or marshy areas; etc. this is particularly necessary in areas having deep cuts to achieve the grade. (iii) Any particular construction problem of the area, like, sub-terranean flow, high level water storage resulting in steep hydraulic gradient across the alignment canal crossings and their closure periods. Information regarding earlier failures in the area of slides or settlements of slopes, embankments and foundations, together with causes thereto may also be gathered from records and enquiry where feasible.
(iv)
In cut sections, the nature of rock i.e. hard, soft etc. should be determined by trial pits or boreholes. This is essential to make realistic cost estimates.
3.7.2 Survey Procedure

1. The preliminary survey starts with running of a traverse along the selected route, adhering as far as possible to the probable final centre line of the road. In difficult situations, a secondary traverse connected to the primary one at either end may also be run. In hilly area, a trace cut 1.0 to 1.2 m wide, if required may be made during the preliminary survey. For details in this regard, reference may be made to IRC: 52 Recommendations about the Alignment Survey and Geometric Design of Hill Roads. 2. The traverse consists of a series of straight lines with their lengths and intermediate angles measured very carefully. In difficult terrain the alignment may have to be negotiated through a series of short chords, preferably, the traverse should be done with a theodolite with Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) and all angles measured with double reversal method. Global Positioning System (GPS) is also very useful and appropriate for preliminary survey. The GPS will give locations in coordinates all the necessary points on the traverse. The GPS is very fast reasonably accurate for preliminary system and computer friendly for data transfer. Control pillars in cement concrete should be fixed at suitable
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interval (ranging from 500 m to 2 kms) to have control on accuracy. It also helps in repeating the survey, if required, within the control pillars. 3. Distances along the traverse line should be measured with EDM or total station. An accuracy of at least 1 in 10000 should be aimed at in all distance measurement. 4. No hard and fast rule can be laid down as regards distance between two consecutive transit stations. In practice, the interval will be dictated by directional changes in the alignment, terrain conditions and visibility. The transit stations should be marked by means of stakes and numbered in sequence. These should be protected and preserved till the final location survey. 5. Physical features, such as buildings, monuments, burial grounds, cremation grounds, places of worship, posts, pipelines, existing roads and railway lines, stream/river/canal crossings, cross-drainage structures, etc. that are likely to affect the project proposals should be located by means of offsets measured from the traverse line. Where the survey is for improving or upgrading an existing road, measurements should also be made for existing carriageway, roadway and location and radii of horizontal curves. In case of roads in rolling and hilly terrain the nature and extent of grades, ridges and valleys and vertical curves should necessarily be covered. The width of land to be surveyed will depend on the category of road, purpose of the project, terrain and other related factors. Generally, the survey should cover the entire right-of-way of the road, with adequate allowance for possible shifting of the centre line from the traverse line. 6. Levelling work during a preliminary survey is usually kept to the minimum. Generally, fly levels are taken along the traverse line at 50 metre intervals and at all intermediate breaks in ground. To draw contours of the strip of land surveyed, cross-sections should be taken at suitable intervals, generally 100 to 250 m in plain terrain, upto 50 m in rolling terrain, and upto 20 m in hilly terrain. To facilitate the levelling work, bench marks, either temporary or permanent, should be established at intervals of 250 to 500 metres. The levels should be connected to GTS datum. 7. Field notes of the survey should be clear and concise, yet comprehensive enough for easy and accurate plotting. 8. Apart from traverse survey, general information about traffic, soil, drainage should be collected while the traverse is being run, as mentioned in Para 7.1. 9. Check list on preliminary survey is available in Appendix 2.
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3.7.3 Modern Trends in Surveying

Recent developments in photogrammetric and surveying equipment have been closely associated with advances in electronic and computer technology. Electronic distance measuring instruments for ground surveying now are capable of printing output data in machine-readable language for computer input and/or combining distance and angle measurements for direct readout of horizontal and vertical distances to the nearest 0.001 of a centimetre. The incorporation of data collectors and electronic field books with interfaces to computer, printer, and plotter devices has resulted in the era of total station surveying. The recent refinement in Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and techniques developed for military navigation had led to yet another dramatic change in surveying instrumentation. Inertial surveying, with its miniaturized packaging of accelerometers and gyroscopes and satellite radio surveying, with its miniaturized packaging of accelerometers and gyroscopes and satellite radio surveying have already revolutionized geodetic control surveying and promises to impact all phases of the surveying process. The principal change in levelling instruments has been widespread adoption of the automatic level, in which the main level bubble has been replaced with a levels the line of sight. Lasers are being used for acquisition of vertical control data in photogrammetry and for providing line and grade in construction related surveying. As a result of the technological breakthroughs in surveying and mapping the survey engineer of 1990s must be better trained in a much broader field of science than the surveyor of even a decade ago. A background in higher mathematics, computer technology, photogrametry, geodetic science and electronics is necessary for todays survey engineer to compete in this rapidly expanding discipline.
2.7.4 Survey Instruments

Tapes: Taping is frequently used. Most surveyors' tapes are made of steel ribbon with a favoured length being 100m. Metal tapes suffer from kinks and are easily broken. Non-metallic tapes are woven from synthetic yarns with or without metallic threads. These tapes are strong and wear well but can be subject to errors due to temperature and moisture changes. Many modern tapes are made of durable 'plastic' or fibreglass and these will probably be the type available for use in your school. All tapes need to be handled with care. Stadia: A stadia is a graduated measuring rod that is held vertically at a location whose distance is required to be known. The rod is sighted through the optical equipment (transit, theodolite, alidade, telescope) and the distance read on the
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stadia rod is in proportion to the distance from the equipment to the rod. A simple demonstration of the stadia method of measuring distance is included in the Practical activities section of this topic - the activity is called In the distance. This method was demonstrated by Bob Christopherson as a very effective means of helping students understand the principles of measurement with surveying equipment, in particular the dumpy level. Electronic Distance Measuring (EDM): EDM equipment is of various types relying on the reflection of electromagnetic radiation such as microwaves, infrared, and laser radiation waves from a reflector at the distant station. Chain: Chaining is an older means of measuring distances. The chain is made of metal and has 100 links. Each link is 7.92 inches long, and each chain is 66 feet long 7.92 100 = 792 inches 792 12 = 66 feet. The Surveyors Museum located in the Land Centre at Woolloongabba has examples of these chains that were used in early surveying work in Queensland. I believe only a few remain although many were in existence. Trundle wheel or perambulator: For early surveying work the perambulator was used to measure distances. It was pushed along and the number of revolutions of the wheel counted either manually (room for lots of error) or by an odometer attached to the frame. Depending on the radius of the wheel distance could then be determined by calculating circumference number of revolutions. A perambulator is on display at the Surveyor's Museum located in the Land Centre at Woolloongabba. Trundle wheels, which work in the same manner, should be available in schools. They measure a standard one metre per revolution. Compass: Measurement of Horizontal Angel
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Level: to know elevation of the ground
Theodolite
GXI Digital Theodolite
Swiss Origin Theodolite
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Optical Theodolite
Modern Precise Theodolite
Optical Theodolite: An optical theodolite being used on Montserrat in 1996 to measure the growth of the lava dome (in distance, partially covered in meteoric and ash clouds). A theodolite measures horizontal and vertical angles extremely accurately, and is a common surveying tool. By siting on points on the dome from at least two locations, they can be accurately located in 3 dimensions. Repeated measurements then can define the movement of the dome. Distometer Broad range of measurement (from 0.2m to 200m) easy to use accurate measurements that are simple to read Made of lightweight materials, making it easy to manipulate. 5 second readout instrument. This instrument is ideal for small building companies.
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Ultrasonic Distometer with Lacer Indicator
Tracheometer The electronic tacheometer 4Ta5 is designed for measuring of slant distances, horizontal and vertical angles and elevations in topographic and geodetic works, tacheometric surveys, as well as for solution of application geodetic tasks. The measurement results can be recorded into the internal memory and transferred to a personal computer via RS-232C interface.
Global Positioning System The Global Positioning System (GPS) is an important unequalled technology, accuracy which and provides of flexibility
positioning during movement, surveying and GIS data capture. The GPS is a satellite-based positioning navigation, timing are and 24 system. There
satellites, known as GPS satellites that orbit at 11,000 nautical miles above the Earth. They are continuously monitored by ground stations located worldwide. The satellites transmit signals that can be
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detected by anyone with a GPS receiver. GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day and transmit signal information to earth. GPS receivers take this information and calculate the user's exact location. The GPS provides continuous three-dimensional positioning 24 hrs a day throughout the world. The basic GPS service provides commercial users with an accuracy of 10-15 meters, 95% of the time anywhere on the earth. The GPS technology has tremendous amount of applications in GIS data collection, surveying, and mapping.
Advantages of GPS 1. More time efficient than using the toposheets and recording information by hand 2. Very accurate 3. Easy to use 4. GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world 5. There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS
6. Makes Life of forester much easier
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Limitations of GPS 1. Since a GPS can able to provide information based on the number of satellites, it becomes mandatory that it must not be used in a closed surrounding such as: inside a building, shadowed by tall trees or blocked by high mountains etc. However it can be used inside a building or from inside a vehicle provided that the GPS is connected with a cable to external antennae to receive the signals.
2. Good handheld GPS receivers are expensive, ranging from few thousands
to even sometimes fifty thousands rupees.
3.7.5 Map Preparation

Plans and longitudinal sections (tied to an accurate baseline) prepared as a sequel to the preliminary survey are referred to for detailed study to determine the final centre line of the road. At critical locations, like, sharp curves, hair-pin bends, bridge crossings, etc. the plan should also show contours at 1-3 metre intervals, particularly for roads in tolling or hilly terrain so as to facilitate the final decision. Scales for the maps should generally be the same as adopted for the final drawings. The following scales are suggested: Built up areas and stretches in hilly terrain 1:1,000 for horizontal scale and 1:100 for vertical scale Plain and tolling terrain 1:5,000 for horizontal scale and 1:250 for vertical scale. For study of difficult locations, such as, steep terrain, hair-pin bends, sharp curves, bridge crossings, etc. it may be convenient to have plans to a large scale than recommended above. If necessary these plans may show contours preferably at 2 m interval, though this could be varied to 1.5 m according to site condition.
3.8 Feasibility Report

A Feasibility report is prepared after the preliminary survey is completed. The project is intended to serve as the basis for according Administrative Approval (AA) for the project by the concerned organization. The feasibility report must establish the economic viability and technical soundness of the alternative selected. Thus, it must be preceded by the engineering surveys and investigations of sufficient accuracy and detail as to result in a fairly form estimation of the cost of the project.
The Feasibility Report may include discussion on different alternative alignments, alternative pavement design for deciding the one most suitable as final option.
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A brief outline of the organizational structure of establishing its adequacy in handling the project and giving details of any augmentation support system proposed.
The report should give a brief description of the scope of the project, its need, sources of funding, budget and plan provision, selection or route alignment, cross-sectional elements, drainage facilities and construction technology.
The methodology adopted for the various studies must be described. These include traffic surveys: soils, materials and sub-soil investigation; hydrological and drainage studies.
The design standards and methodology adopted must be explained. The report must contain a reasonably accurate estimate of costs, giving the basis for adopted rates. Any provision for escalation of costs must be explained.
The
implementation
programme
involving
prequalification,
bidding,
construction supervision and contract management must be drawn up and presented in the form of bar chart. The feasibility report must be accompanied by the following drawings: 1. Locality map 2. Plans showing various alternative alignments considered and the selected alignment 3. Typical cross-sections showing pavement details 4. Drawings for cross-drainage and other structures 5. Road junction drawings 6. Strip plan 7. Preliminary land acquisition plans The feasibility study shall have following broad coverage: 1. Executive summary 2. Regional/state socio-economic profile 3. Socio-economic profile of the project influence area 4. Methodology adopted for the studies 5. Traffic surveys and analysis 6. Engineering survey investigations and analysis 7. Project road description and or improvement proposals 8. Environmental impact assessment 9. Resettlement and rehabilitation action plan 10. Project cost estimates including L.A. cost 11. Economic analysis and evaluation including sensitivity 12. Conclusions and recommendations 13. Project road inventory 14. Engineering survey and investigation data 15. Design standards and specifications
16.Pavement and bridge design
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3.9 Final Location Survey

3.9.1 Purpose
The purpose of the final locations survey is to lay out the centre lines of the road in the field based on the alignment selected in the design office and to collect necessary data for the preparation of working drawings. The completeness and accuracy of the project drawings and estimates of quantities depend a great deal on the precision with which this survey is carried out. The accuracy of the survey should be test checked by the senior professionals of the concerned authority. This will also generate the precise land acquisition requirements. The two main operations involved in the survey are the staking out of the final centre line of the road by means of a continuous survey and detailed levelling.
3.9.2 Bench Marks

To establish firm vertical control for location, design and construction, permanent bench marks should be established at intervals of 2 km and temporary bench marks has intervals of 250 meters (exceptionally 500 meters) and at or near all drainage or underpass structures. Reference points for POTs and HIPs could also be used as bench marks. It is particularly important that a single datum, preferably GTS datum, should be used to tie up all the levels. For bench mark levelling, check levels should be run over the entire line back to the first bench mark.
3.9.3 Longitudinal Sections and Cross-Sections

Levels along the final centre line should be taken at all staked stations and at all breaks in the ground. Cross sections should be generally taken at 50-100 metre intervals to plain terrain and 50-75 metre in rolling terrain depending on the nature of work. Preferred distance for existing roads are built-up situations is 50 m. The intervals should be still less in hilly terrain, about 20 m. in addition cross section should be taken at points of beginning and end of spiral transition curves, at the beginning, middle and end of circular curves, and at other critical locations. All cross- sections should be with reference to the final centre line, extended normally up to the right of way limit, and show levels at every 2-5 meters intervals and at all breaks in the profile.
Centre line profile should normally be continued at least 200 metres beyond the limits of the project. This is intended to ensure proper connecting grades at both ends. With the same objective, profile along all intersecting roads should be measured upto a distance of about 150 metres. Further, at railways level crossings, the level of the top of the rails, and in the case of subways, the level of the roof should be noted. On existing roads, levels should be taken at all points of intersection in order to help the fixation of profile.
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3.9.4 Proper Protection of Points of Reference

The final location survey is considered complete when all the necessary information is available and ready for the designer to be able to plot the final road profile and prepare the project drawings. Among other things, field notes should give a clear description and location of all the bench marks and reference points. The information should be transferred to the plan drawings, so that at the time of construction the centre line and the bench marks could be located in the field without any difficulty. At the time of execution, all construction lines will be set out and checked with reference to the final centre line established during the final location survey. It is important, therefore, that not only all the points referencing the centre line should be protected and preserved but these are so fixed at site that there is little possibility of their being disturbed or removed till the construction is completed.
3.10 Soil and Material Surveys

3.10.1 Composition of Soil
Soil is a complex system of solid matter, pore spaces filled with water and oxygen, and numerous bacteria, fungi, and other organisms (Harris 1992). Soil is a mixture of four basic components: Inorganic materials (minerals), including rock, clay, silt, and sand, give structure to the soil. Organic matter, including living and decomposing organisms and plant parts, Air that moves through the pore spaces provides oxygen to the roots. Water and dissolved nutrients, important for a number of the trees life processes, also move through the pore spaces.
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3.10.2 Soil Texture Classification

Soil in texture a soil of the by a refers to the The sizes
amount of sand, silt, and clay sample. particle soil distribution determines field or
texture,
which can be assessed in the particle-size analysis in the laboratory. A field analysis is carried out in the following way: a small soil sample is taken, water is added to the sample, it is kneaded between the fingers and thumb until the aggregates are broken down. The guidelines to determine the particle class are as following: Sand: Sand particles are large enough to grate against each other and they can be detected by sight. Sand shows no stickiness or plasticity when wet. Silt: Grains cannot be detected by feel, but their presence makes the soil feel smooth and soapy and only very slightly sticky. Clay: A characteristic of clay is the stickiness. If the soil sample can be rolled easily and the sample is sticky and plastic when wet (or hard and cloddy when dry) it indicates a high clay content. Note that a high organic matter content tend to smoothen the soil and can influence the feeling for clay. A variety of systems are used to define the size ranges of particles, where the ranges of sand, silt, and clay that define a particle class. The classification of particle sizes are the following (units: mm): Clay: < 0.002 Silt: 0.002 - 0.05 Fine sand: 0.05 - 0.1 Medium sand: 0.1 - 0.5 Coarse sand: 0.5 - 1.0 Very coarse sand: 1.0 - 2.0 x Gravel: 2.0 - 762.0 Cobbles: > 762.0
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Soil texture in the field is determined using a texture triangle (Figure below). For example, a particle size distribution of 33 % clay, 33 % silt, and 33 % sand would result in the soil texture class 'clay loam'.
3.10.3 Soil Investigation

Investigations for soil and other materials required for construction are carried out in respect of the likely sources and the availability and suitability of materials. Some other investigations, for instance in respect of landslide prone locations may also be conducted at this stage. In particular soil and materials surveys are required: To determine the nature and physical characteristics of soil and soil profile for design of embankment and pavement To determine the salt content in soil in areas known to have problems or where the composition of the design crust requires such testing To determine the proper method(s) of handling soils To classify the earthwork involved into various categories such as rock excavation, earthwork in hard soil etc. To gather general information regarding sub-soil water level and flooding and To locate sources for aggregates required for pavement and structures and to ascertain their availability and suitability for use Locate source of good quality water suitable for use in different items and work particularly the current work
Note: For more information Appendix 3.
3.10.4 Degree of Expansion of Fine Grades Soils

Fine grained soils depending upon the presence of clay mineral exhibit low to very high degree of expansion. Based upon Atterbergs limits and free swell of the soils the degree of expansion and degree of severity for soils is shown in following table3.4 Table 3.4: Degree of expansion and degree of severity for soils
Liquid Limit (WL) 20-35 35-50 50-70 70-90 Plasticity Index (IP) <12 12-23 23-32 >32 Shrinkage Index (IS) <15 15-30 30-60 >60 Free Swell (Percent) <50 50-100 100-200 >200 Degree of Expansion Low Medium High Very High Degree of Severity Non-critical Marginal Critical Severe
Source: IRC- SP: 19, 2001
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Table 3.5 Soil Classification include Field Identification and Description
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Table 3.6 Characteristics pertinent to roads and airfields
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Table 3.7 Characteristics pertinent to embankment and foundation
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3.11 Road Drainage Studies

3.11.1 General
Drainage of road refers to the satisfactory disposal of surplus water within the road limits. The water involved may be precipitation falling on the road, surface runoff form the adjacent land, seepage water moving through sub-terrain channels, or moisture rising by capillary action. Adequate information about drainage patterns is necessary to devise an effective drainage system, which brings into focus the need for requisite studies and investigations
Drainage studies have the following principal objectives 1. fixing the grade line of the road 2. design of pavement and 3. design of the surface/sub-surface drainage system
Main components of drainage investigation are determination of HFL and ponded water level, depth of water table, range of tidal levels and amount of surface runoff. Besides this, for cut sections in rolling and hilly areas, it would be necessary to carry out special investigations for sub-terrain flows and seepage of irrigation water from fields situated above the road.
Extent of studies and the data to be collected will depend on the type and scope of the project. Usually good deal of information could be collected through site inspection, simple measurements and local enquiry. Most appropriate time for such enquiries is during the stage of preliminary survey so that the information gathered can be of use in fixing the alignment and finalizing the broad strategy for improving the drainage. Detailed investigations could continue till the final location survey when any adjustment in the light of further data could still be made before the projects in finally ready. In the case of cut sections, investigations for seepage and sub-terrain flows may generally have to be done again at the stage of formation cut when new features may come to light warranting modifications in design or the need for special measures.
3.11.2 High Flood Level

HFL governs the grade line of a road and its reasonably precise estimation is particularly important. The design HFL should be based on a return period depending upon the importance of the structure. Information in this regard can normally be had from the irrigation department who maintain and analyze such data. Inspection and local enquiry can often provide very useful information, such as marks left on tress or structure indicating the maximum flood level. HFLs so determined should also be compared with those for the adjoining sections of the road or nearby railway/irrigation embankments to correct any mistake.
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Construction of a road embankment may sometime block the natural drainage paths and cause a heading up on the water on upstream side. In finalizing the HFL, due allowance for the possible afflux in such circumstances must be made. Adequate number of openings shall be provided.
3.11.3 Depth of Water-Table

Knowledge of the high water-table (for various return periods) is necessary for fixing the sub grade level deciding the thickness of pavement, and taking other design measures such as provision of capillary cut-offs or interceptor drains. Depth of water-table may be measured at open wells along the alignment or at holes specially bored for the purpose. Usually observations should be taken at intervals of one Kilometre or less, preferably at the time of withdrawal of the monsoon, when the water-table is likely to be the highest. If there is any evidence of spring flow in the test holes, this should be carefully recorded. The depth of water-table should be measured with reference to a common datum Besides high water table it may be helpful to know the fluctuations in water-table. For this purpose, measurements of the lowest water-table in the driest month should also be made.
In areas where the climate is arid and the water-table is known to be at least one metres below the general ground level, depth of water table need not be measured.
3.11.4 Ponded Water Level

In situation where water stagnates by the roadside for considerable period, e.g. irrigated fields etc., information about the level of standing water should also be collected and considered for design in conjunction with HFL and water-table.
3.11.5 Surface Run-off

Surface run-off to be catered for included precipitation on the road itself and flow from the adjoining areas. Run-off ultimately led away from the road area to the natural drainage channels by means of side drains. For the design of these drains, the following investigations would need to be carried out: Study of ground contours of the land adjacent to the road for determining the catchments contributing to the flow in side drains. Determination of the surface characteristics of catchments area, i.e. the type of soil, vegetation, slopes etc. and Study of ground contours for locating the outfall points
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3.12 Cross- Drainage Structures

For cross-drainage structures, i.e. culverts, surveys and investigations are carried out essentially for: 1. selection of site and 2. collection of data for design of the structure
4.0 Water Supply Project

4.1 Desk Studies
A desk study, including a walkover survey, should be carried out for every development prior to any intrusive site investigation. The desk study examines and draws together existing information from a variety of sources to form an initial appraisal of possible ground conditions and to consider past uses and current status of a site. This provides a preliminary assessment of the geotechnical and geo-environmental risks which may be associated with the site. The walk-over survey of a site can give valuable insight into potential ground condition problems (for example slope instability or shallow groundwater) and contamination issues (revealed for example by vegetation dieback). Such site visits often give rise to anecdotal contributions by local residents. The combination of desk study and walk-over survey is an extremely costeffective first stage in an investigation. It provides early warning of potential problems and a sound basis for the scope of intrusive investigation which is to follow. It should also identify physical and other constraints to such investigation. It provides the first information for the development of the conceptual models for the site. The conceptual ground model characterises the site in terms of its geological, hydro-geological and geotechnical conditions. The conceptual site model for potentially contaminated sites illustrates the possible relationships between contaminant sources, pathways and receptors. The desk study and walk-over survey can also provide early recognition of site issues such as ecology (for example infestation by Japanese Knotweed) and archaeology which may have profound implications in both programme and financial terms.
4.2 Pre-design Stage

For the effective implementation of urban Water Supply Project, availability of basic information is an essential pre-requisite. The Statistical information about the success or failure of the project can be assessed either by conducting census or sample surveys or obtaining data through implementing agencies. The guidelines for the survey should be formulated in such a way that the maximum information on ground realities can be ascertained within limited time frame and with minimum cost. In order to conduct the survey, detailed planning
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is necessary. The planning exercise would draw up a time frame for all the activities to be completed. Following main activities are to be planned to be undertaken for the Survey: PRINTING OF SURVEY FORMAT PARTICIPANTS IN THE SURVEY The actual survey may be conducted by field level officers of the nodal Department assisted by field officers of other Departments/ Organisations and public enlisted specially for this TRAINING Since this survey involved understanding of technical terms, a very comprehensive training on all aspects of the Survey and the data to be collected for all those involved in the training is essential REPORTING SYSTEM It is suggested that this may be done within a week of compilation of the survey.
4.2.1 After Field Survey

1. Conduct field reviews and review existing drawings where appropriate; 2. Identify design criteria and prepare preliminary calculations; 3. Evaluate all feasible alternatives and develop a preferred scheme;
4. Check applicable codes, standards, regulations and restrictions, insurance

requirements and other factors affecting the design of the Project
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Chart 4.1 The main surveys required for Water Supply project
Water Demand
Residential/Commercial/Indus trial/Institutional: HH Survey, Ward Wise Map, Census etc.
Source/Availability
Ground Water /Surface Water: Well, Canal, Tubewell, River, Reservoir etc. Toposheets, Geohydrological Maps,
Treatment Plant
Site Selection, Size, etc: Toposheet, Location maps, Landuse Plan, Found Soil Investigation, Material Survey, Detail of Sub Soil Water, Seismic Zone Map, Construction Material & Quantity Survey, EIA
Storage
ESR/GSR: Toposheet, Location maps, Landuse Plan, Found Soil Investigation, Material Survey, Detail of Sub Soil Water, Seismic Zone Map
Distribution
1. Procuring of pipe: Market Rate & BIS Standard 2. Laying Pipeline: Trial Pits, Alignment Survey, Geometric Survey, L/S& Cross section survey, Investigation of foundation soil, Ground Water Table, Existing under ground utility services,
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4.3 Design Development Stage

In the Design Development Stage, when the selected scheme is developed in sufficient detail to enable commencement of the final design and construction documents, the Engineer may: 1. Review results of studies by specialist consultants, such as geotechnical, fire protection, etc.; 2. Provide preliminary analysis and design calculations and select appropriate equipment; 3. Prepare preliminary design drawings, as required, depending on the complexity of the design, based on information coordinated with other consultants; 4. Prepare or edit the "Outline Specifications"; 5. Submit design development documentation for review and approval by the Client; 6. Carry out an investigation, analysis and/or studies to determine the user requirements and subsequently the system design criteria for materials and performance; 7. Provide analysis of long range plans as defined by the Client and attendant preliminary sketches and reports (master planning).
4.4 Prior Studies & Choice of Location Water Resources

Several studies and investigations were performed to determine the best location to locate resources for surface water and to install tube well in terms of ground water resources. Tube well to minimize transmission lines and pumping needs. The following phases of investigation should be performed: Site Reconnaissance Geophysical survey Pilot drilling
Site reconnaissance determines the site conceptual hydrogeology model and location for the best places for a geophysical survey. The geophysical survey should be involved several kilometres of resistivity and seismic lines to find conductive fracture zones. The pilot drilling program drilled three core wells, of which, only suitable can be confirmed as a good target for installing a largecapacity tube well.
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4.5 Route Alignment of Transmission Line

In Any water supply project for proposal of new transmission line route alignment shall be done using survey of India topographical maps (scale 1:50,000). Three alternative route alignments shall be identified and one optimal route alignment between the terminal points shall be finalized All alignment should be easily accessible both in dry and rainy seasons to enable maintenance throughout the year. Certain areas such as quarry sites, tea, tobacco and saffron field and rich plantations, gardens and nurseries which will present the Owner problems in acquisition of way leave clearance during construction and maintenance should be avoided. The line routing should avoid animal/bird sanctuary, reserve coal belt areas; oil pipe line/under ground inflammable pipe lines etc. to the extent possible.
4.6 Ground Investigation

Ground investigation should be designed and undertaken in accordance with current best practice and following the Code of Conduct for Site Investigation. The design of the investigation should be based on the desk study and the preliminary conceptual ground model and also on the clearest possible understanding of the proposed development. At an early stage the scope of the investigation in terms of methods and strategies should be discussed and agreed with the appropriate regulatory and statutory authorities (Environment Agency, Local Authority etc). A wide range of investigation techniques is available and it is the responsibility of the geospecialist to determine those best suited to particular problems and conditions which are anticipated. It is important that the ground investigation is a flexible operation which can respond to changing circumstances as they are revealed and that it is an iterative process which accumulates information in a structured way. For this reason it is best to begin the investigation process well before other project design activities and preferably in advance of design to allow the maximum benefit to be gained. The investigation must provide sufficient and reliable data to define the geotechnical and contamination risks so that the conceptual ground model can be revised and qualitative and quantitative risk assessments can be made for the site. The investigation is a phased operation with each stage building on the results of the preceding stages (see flowchart).
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Phase 1: Desk study walk-over survey- preliminary conceptual ground model preliminary risk assessment Phase 2: Intrusive investigation insitu testing laboratory testing monitoring - evaluation reporting revised risk assessment revised conceptual ground model. Further investigation if required quantitative risk assessment.
5.0 Sewerage Project

The objectives of public waste collection and disposal system is to ensure that sewage or excreta and sullage discharge from communities is properly collected, transported, treated to the required degree and finally disposed off without causing any health or environmental problems. To determine a technical and economically viable sewerage and sewage treatment project, a precise survey and investigations play vital role. Survey and Investigation are pre-requisites both for framing of the preliminary report and the preparation of a detailed sewerage project. The engineering and policy decisions taken are dependent on the correctness of the data collected and its proper evaluation.
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Chart 4.2 Outline of sewerage
Sewage Discharge (Quantity)

Residential/ Commercial/ Industrial/ Institutional: Census, H/H survey
Conveyance
1. Procuring of Pipes: Market survey, BIS standard 2. Laying Of Pipe: Trial pits, Fixing of alignment, Geometric Survey (L/S & C/S), Investigation of foundation soil, Subsoil water data, Existing underground utility services 3. Land Acquisition: Land record maps / City Maps, Site Selection, Size, etc:
Pumping Station
1. Providing Pumps: BIS Standard Market Survey & 2. Land Acquisition: Land Revenue Map, Toposheets, Foundation soil in detail, sub soil water table detail, EIA Study, Construction material Study
Sewage Treatment Plant

Land Acquisition: Land Revenue Map, Toposheets, Foundation soil in detail, sub soil water table detail, EIA Study, Construction material Study, Quality Survey
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5.1 Basic Information

For an effective investigation, a broad knowledge of the problems likely to be faced during the various phases of implementation of the project is essential. Information on physical, developmental, fiscal and other aspects has to be collected.
5.1.1 Physical Aspects

These would necessitate the collection of information relating to: a) Topography or elevation difference needed for design of design of sewers and location of out fall and disposal works. b) Subsoil conditions, such as types of strata likely to be encountered, depth of ground water table and its fluctuations. In the absence of any records, preliminary data should be collected by putting at least 3 trail bores or trial pits per hectare. c) Underground structures like storm drains and appurtenances, city survey stones; utility services like house connections for water supply and sewerage, electric and telephone cables, gas lines and d) Location of streets and adjoining areas likely to be merged or annexed. Possible sources of information are existing maps and plans showing streets from revenue or town surveys or Survey of India maps. Other sources are topographical maps of Survey of India if available with existing spot-levels, aerial photographs of complex surfaces for supplementing the existing instrumental surveys by concerned authorities like Municipalities and Roads Departments.
5.1.2 Developmental Aspects

The following should be taken into account: a) b) c) d) Types of land use, such as commercial industrial, residential and recreational; extent of area to be served Density of population, trends of population growth and demographic studies Type and number of industries for determining quantity and nature of wastes and location of their discharge points. Existing drainage and sewerage facilities and data relating to them Flow in existing sewers and sewers of similar areas to assess the flow characteristics f) g) h) Historical and socio-economic data Basis of design and information on the maintenance of existing sewers and Effluent disposal sites and their availability
e)
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Possible sources of information are census records, town and metropolitan master plans, regional planning records, land use plan, flow gauging stream flow records, meteorological data and Pollution Control Boards.
5.2 Project Surveys

5.2.1 Preliminary Project Surveys
This is concerned with the broad aspects of the project. Data on aspects such as capacity required, basic arrangement and size, physical features affecting general layout and design, availability of effluent disposal facilities, probable cost and possible methods of financing, shall be collected to prepare an engineering report describing the scope and cost of the project with reasonable accuracy.
5.2.2 Detailed Project Surveys

Surveys for this form the basis for the engineering design as well as for the preparation of plans and specifications for incorporation in the detailed project report. In contract to preliminary survey this survey must be precise and contain contours of all the areas to be served giving all the details that will facilitate the designer to prepare design and construction of plan suiting the field conditions. It should include, inter-alia, network of bench marks and traverse surveys to identify the nature as well as extent of the existing underground structures requiring displacement, negotiation or clearance. Such detailed surveys are necessary to establish rights of way, minimize utility relocation costs, obtain better bids and prevent changing and rerouting of lines.
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6.0 Solid Waste Management

Most urban areas in the country are plagued by acute problems related to solid waste. Due to lack of serious efforts by town/city authorities, garbage and its management has become a tenacious problem and this notwithstanding the fact that the largest part of municipal expenditure is allotted to it. It is not uncommon to find 30-50% of staff and resources being utilized by Urban Local Bodies for these operations. Despite this, there has been a progressive decline in the standard of services with respect to collection and disposal of municipal solid waste including hospital and industrial wastes. Barring a few progressive municipal corporations in the country, all other local bodies suffer due to non-availability of adequate expertise and experience; thereby the solid waste is not properly handled resulting into creation of environmental pollution and health hazards.
6.1 Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management

Proper survey and investigation is an essential component for solid waste management and disposal. But to select proper type of survey or investigation, one need to understand the functional elements of Municipal Solid Waste Management, which include (a) waste generation; (b) waste handling and sorting, storage, and processing at the source; (c) collection; (d) sorting, processing and transformation; (e) transfer and transport; and (f) disposal. Waste Generation: Waste generation encompasses activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of value (in their present form) and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposal. Waste generation is, at present, an activity that is not very controllable. In the future, however, more control is likely to be exercised over the generation of wastes. Reduction of waste at source, although not controlled by solid waste managers, is now included in system evaluations as a method of limiting the quantity of waste generated.
Waste Handling, Sorting, Storage, and Processing at the Source: The second of the six functional elements in the solid waste management system is waste handling, sorting, storage, and processing at the source. Waste handling and sorting involves the activities associated with management of wastes until they are placed in storage containers for collection.
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Chart 6.1 Outline of Solid Waste Management Project
Collection
Population/HH: Census Quantity: Sample Survey
Transportation
Quantity: Container Survey Route : Road Map
Storage
Dust Bin : Location Map etc. Container : Equipment Capacity
Final Transportation
Quantity: Machinery, Trucks,Trippers
Route: Road Map
Treatment
Selection: Recyclable, Non biodegradable
Disposal
Location of Landfill Site: Topo Sheets Study Ground Water Table Land Use Map Location of Landfill Hydrology Map
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Handling also encompasses the movement of loaded containers to the point of collection. Sorting of waste components is an important step in the handling and storage of solid waste at the source. For example, the best place to separate waste materials for reuse and recycling is at the source of generation. Households are becoming more aware of the importance of separating newspaper and cardboard, bottles/glass, kitchen wastes and ferrous and non-ferrous materials. On-site storage is of primary importance because of public health concerns and aesthetic consideration. Unsightly makeshift containers and even open ground storage, both of which are undesirable, are often seen at many residential and commercial sites. The cost of providing storage for solid wastes at the source is normally borne by the household in the case of individuals, or by the management of commercial and industrial properties. Processing at the source involves activities such as backyard waste composting. Collection: The functional element of collection, includes not only the gathering of solid wastes and recyclable materials, but also the transport of these materials, after collection, to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied. This location may be a materials processing facility, a transfer station, or a landfill disposal site. Sorting, Processing and Transformation of Solid Waste: The sorting, processing and transformation of solid waste materials is the fourth of the functional elements. The recovery of sorted materials, processing of solid waste and transformation of solid waste that occurs primarily in locations away from the source of waste generation are encompassed by this functional element. Sorting of commingled (mixed) wastes usually occurs at a materials recovery facility, transfer stations, combustion facilities, and disposal sites. Sorting often includes the separation of bulky items, separation of waste components by size using screens, manual separation of waste components, and separation of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Transfer and Transport: The functional element of transfer and transport involves two steps: (i) the transfer of wastes from the smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment and (ii) the subsequent transport of the wastes, usually over long distances, to a processing or disposal site. The transfer usually takes place at a transfer station. Disposal: The final functional element in the solid waste management system is disposal. Today the disposal of wastes by landfilling or uncontrolled dumping is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they are residential wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site, residual materials from Materials Recovery Facilities (MRFs), residue from the combustion of solid waste, rejects of composting, or other substances from various solid waste-processing facilities. A
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municipal solid waste landfill plant is an engineered facility used for disposing of solid wastes on land or within the earths mantle without creating nuisance or hazard to public health or safety, such as breeding of rodents and insects and contamination of groundwater.
6.2 Composition, Characterization and Quantification of Solid Waste

The information on the nature of wastes, its composition, physical and chemical characteristics and the quantities generated are basic needs for the planning of a Solid Waste Management system. Composition refers to the limited list of components or constituents, such as paper, glass, metal, plastic and garbage, into which an aggregate of municipal waste may conveniently be separated. Characteristics on the other hand, refers to those physical and chemical properties, which are relevant to the storage, collection, treatment and disposal of waste such as density, moisture content, calorific value and chemical composition. In order to plan, design and operate a solid waste management system, a thorough knowledge of the quantities generated, the composition of wastes and its characteristics are essential. As a first step, a proper definition of the terms is necessary to avoid the general confusion that is common in the usage of these terms as mentioned below. (Please refer to CPHEEO manual for detail information of different kind of solid waste) Domestic/Residential Waste Municipal Waste Commercial Waste Institutional Waste Garbage Rubbish Ashes Bulky Wastes Street Sweeping Dead Animals Construction and Demolition Wastes Industrial Wastes Hazardous Wastes Sewage Wastes
Because of the heterogeneous nature of solid wastes, no single method of classification is entirely satisfactory. In some cases it is more important for the solid waste specialist to know the source of waste, so that classifying wastes as domestic, institutional or commercial, for example, is particularly useful. For other
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situations, the types of waste, garbage, rubbish, ashes, street waste is of greater significance because it gives a better indication of the physical and chemical characteristics of the waste. The principal classification is given in Table 6.1 below.
Table 6.1: Classification of Solid Wastes Types of Solid Waste Description Food waste (garbage) Wastes from the preparation, cooking, and serving of food. Market refuse, waste from the
Sources
handling, storage, and sale of produce and meats and vegetable Rubbish Combustible (primary organic) paper, cardboard, cartons wood, boxes, plastics, rags, rubber, trimmings Noncombustible (primary inorganic) metals, tin cans, metal foils dirt, stones, bricks, ceramics, crockery, Ashes and Residues glass bottles, other mineral refuse Residue from fires used for cooking and for heating buildings, cinders, clinkers, thermal power plants. Bulky waste Large auto parts, tyres, stoves refrigerators, others large appliances, furniture, large crates, trees, branches, palm fronts, stumps, flotage Street waste Street sweepings, Dirt, leaves, Streets, sidewalks, alleys, vacant lots, etc. catch basin dirt, animal droppings, contents of litter receptacles dead animals Dead animals Small animals: cats, dogs, poultry etc. Large animals: horses, cows etc. Construction molition waste & de Lumber, roofing, and sheathing scraps, crop residues, rubble, broken concrete, plaster, conduit pipe, wire, insulation etc. Industrial sludges waste & Solid wastes resulting from industry processes and manufacturing operations, such as food processing wastes, boiler Construction demolition remodeling, sites Factories, power plants, treatment plants, etc. and sites, repairing cloth, bedding, leaves, leather, yard grass, Households, institutions and commercial such as hotels, restaurants, etc. stores, markets,
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Types of Solid Waste
Description house cinders, wood, plastic and metal scraps and shaving, etc. Effluent treatment plant sludge of industries and sewage treatment plant sludges, coarse screening, grit & septic tank
Sources
Hazardous wastes
Hazardous waste,
wastes:
pathological radioactive waste
industry, etc.
explosives,
material, toxic waste etc. Horticulture Wastes Tree-trimmings, leaves, Parks, gardens, roadside trees, etc. from parks and gardens, etc.
Source: Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries by Bhide & Sunderasan, INSDOC April, 1983
6.3 Field Investigations

Field investigations are necessary for providing the basic data on solid wastes and are carried out in three ways: Weighing of vehicles at disposal sites Sorting of wastes into predetermined components for weighing and sampling in order to determine the percentage of each component and the physical and chemical characteristics of the wastes. Visiting institutional and industrial sites to identify wastes being generated and disposal methods being used.
6.3.1 Sample Survey

Solid waste is very heterogeneous in nature and its composition varies with place and time. Even samples obtained from the same place (sampling point) on the same day, but at different time may show totally different characteristics. Due to this reason the method by which the sample is collected and the number of samples collected is critical. In the planning of sample survey, a stage is always reached at which some decision must be made about the size of the sample. This decision is extremely important as unduly large number of samples result in waste of resources, while less number of samples diminish the accuracy and utility of the results. A method of determining the number of samples by statistical technique has been suggested by Dennis E. Carruth and Albert J. Klee, which is wel described in CPHEEO Manual for Solid Waste Management, 2000 (Please refer to the CD circulated with this volume). Number of samples can be calculated separately for nitrogen and carbon. The number of samples required in case of nitrogen is about 380 and that for carbon
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is one. Similarly number of samples can be calculated for Phosphorus, Potassium and other chemical parameters.
6.3.2 Quantification
The information regarding waste quantity and density coupled with waste generation rate (by weight), is important while assessing the payload capacity of the collection equipment. It is possible to estimate the number of vehicles required for the collection and transportation of waste each day. While per capita waste generation is a statistic, which is necessary for indicating trends in consumption and production, the total weight and volume of wastes generated by the community served by the management system are of greater importance in planning and design. As in all other aspects of data collection for the planning and design phases, data on waste generation, weight and volume should be collected by each authority for application in its own area of operation. For this purpose ward wise population data and income level of residents need to be collected for proper quantification. Quantity of Municipal Solid waste generation in Indian urban centres is given below in table 6.2. Table 6.2: Quantity of Municipal Solid waste generation in Indian urban centers
Population Range (in million) <0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 5.0 > 5.0 Number of Urban Centers (samples) 328 255 31 14 6 3 68.3 56.914 21.729 17.184 20.597 26.306 0.21 0.21 0.25 0.27 0.35 0.50* 14343.00 11952.00 5432.00 4640.00 7209.00 13153.00 Total population (in million) Average per capital value (kg/capital/day) Quantity (tones/day)
0.6 kg/capita/day generation of MSW observed in metro cities Source: Background material for Manual on SWM, NEERI, 1996
6.3.4 Chemical Characterisation

Knowledge of chemical characteristics of waste is essential in determining the efficacy of any treatment process. Chemical characteristics include (i) chemical; (ii) bio-chemical; and (iii) toxic. Chemical: Chemical characteristics include pH, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (N-P-K), total Carbon, C/N ratio, and calorific value. Bio-Chemical: Bio-Chemical characteristics include carbohydrates, proteins, natural fibre, and biodegradable factor.
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Toxic: Toxicity characteristics include heavy metals, pesticides, insecticides, Toxicity test for Leachates (TCLP), etc. After proper quantification of generation of solid waste it is important to identify community level as well as cluster level storage facilities and strategic location. A detail household survey is useful to quantify as well as identify location of storage bins. A sample household survey questionnaire is presented in table 6.3. Table 6.3: Sample Household Survey Questionnaire for SWM
Sr. no. 1 2 Questions Registration code for QA Full name of house occupant 3 Postal address of the house 4 Housing type Bungalow Apartment (Flat) Row house Other Answers
Locality as per survey requirements
HIG
MIG
LIG
JJ Cluster
Built up Area/floor space
House _____________M / f 1 2 3
2 2
Garden/open space _______________M2/ f2 4 5 >5
Numbers of room in the house
Occupation of occupant
Service
Business
Other
Number of occupants in the house
Adults
Children (0-12 yrs)
10
Type of dustbin used for collection of waste
Plastic containers
Metal containers
Plastic bag
No dustbin
11
Housing cleaning frequency
Twice a day
Once a day
occasional
Festive occasions
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Sr. no. 12
Questions Do you follow source separation practice Yes
Answers No
13
Type of source separation
Wet
Dry
Organics
Hazardous
14
Source separation encouraged by
MCD
NGO
Self
Others
15
Present disposal mechanism
Door step collection system
Dumping at Dhalao
Dumping at open space
16
Door step collection by
MCD
Private
Others (give details)
17
Present waste collection frequency
Daily
Alternate days
Specific
18
How much are you paying for waste collection
Per month
Specific
No payments
19
Do you follow the house hold recycling system
Weekly
Monthly
Occasional
Specific2
20
Where do you dispose your recyclables
Doorstep
Local recycle market
Kabadibazar (Bulk recycle Market)
Charity
21
How often do you dispose your recyclables News papers Other paper, packing materials Glass Plastic bags Plastic Metal ferrous, utensils Garden waste/ vegetable matter Cloths, textiles
Weekly
Monthly
Occasional
Specific
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Sr. no.
Questions Miscellaneous/ other
Answers
22
What is the quantity of recycles generated in kg/number News papers Other materials Glass Plastic bags Plastic Metal ferrous, utensils Garden matter Cloths, textiles Miscellaneous/ other waste/ vegetable paper, packing
Kg.
Numbers
23
Revenue generation Exchanges generation
Weekly
Monthly
Occasional
Specific
24
What is the role of the MCD in SWM within your neighborhood?
25
Do you need additional services from the MCD in SWM?
Yes
NO
26
What are these services?
27
Are you willing to pay foe these cervices?
Yes
No
28
How much money are you ready to pay
Rs. / month
29
Brief reasons for willingness / no willingness
30
Are you willing to pay for biodegradable plastic bags for used and waste disposal
Yes
No
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Sr. no. 31
Questions
Answers
Brief comment on present collection system
Positive
Negative
32
Brief comment on bhagidari (source separation) concept
Positive
Negative
Source: Solid Waste Management Report of Delhi
6.3.5 Solid Waste Collection Routing

In cities and towns, by and large, transportation net work is ill designed. Waste storage depots are not cleared at regular intervals and more or less fire fighting operations are carried out by local bodies. These sites are attended to more on the basis of the complaints received or pressure brought on local staff rather than following a system of regular removal of waste from waste storage depots. The system of routing of the vehicles and the clearance of the bins on day to day basis thus generally breaks down. Therefore, after identification of locations for storage of collected waste, it needs to be transferred into a map form to find out best possible routing for collection and transportation to final disposal facility. Depending on the containers to be cleared each day, the route for lifting containers may be worked out avoiding zigzag movement of vehicles to the extent possible. This will save a lot of fuel and time. A sample map showing storage locations is given below in figure 6.1.
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2.5 Km
2.5 Km
Figure 6.1 Sample map showing locations of storage facility
Figure 6.2 :Sample map showing waste collection routing for four clusters
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6.4 Surveys for Identification of Disposal Sites

The term landfill is used herein to describe a unit operation for final disposal of Municipal Solid Waste on land, designed and constructed with the objective of minimum impact to the environment. This term encompasses other terms such as secured landfill and engineered landfills which are also sometimes applied to municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal units. Landfilling is done for the following types of waste: (i) Co-mingled waste (mixed waste) not found suitable for waste processing; (ii) Pre-processing and post-processing rejects from waste processing sites; (iii) Non-hazardous waste not being processed or recycled. Landfilling is usually not done for the following waste streams in the municipal solid waste: (i) Bio-waste/garden waste; (ii) Dry recyclables. While selecting the site for landfill, several maps and other information need to be studied to collect data. Commonly used surveys for this purpose have been discussed below. (a) Topographic Maps: The topography of the area indicates low and high areas, natural surface water drainage pattern, streams, and rivers. A topographic map will help find sites that are not on natural surface water drains or flood plains. Topographical maps may be procured from Survey of India. (b) Soil Maps: These maps, primarily meant for agricultural use, will show the types of soil near the surface. They are of limited use as they do not show types of soil a few metre below the surface. They can be procured from Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI). (c) Land Use Plans: These plans are useful in delineating areas with definite zoning restrictions. There may be restrictions on the use of agricultural land or on the use of forest land for landfill purposes. These maps are used to delineate possible sites that are sufficiently away from localities and to satisfy zoning criteria within the search area. Such maps are available with the Town Planning authority or the Municipality. (d) Transportation Maps: These maps, which indicate roads and railways and locations of airports, are used to determine the transportation needs in developing a site. (e) Water Use Plans: Such maps are usually not readily available. However, once potential areas are delineated, the water use in those areas must be investigated. A plan indicating the following items should be developed: private and public tube wells indicating the capacity of each well, major and minor
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drinking water supply line(s), water intake wells located on surface water bodies, and open wells. (f) Flood Prone Maps: These maps are used to delineate areas that are within a 100 year flood plain. Landfill siting must be avoided within the flood plains of major rivers. (g) Geologic Maps: These maps will indicate geologic features and bedrock levels. A general idea about soil type can be developed from a geologic map. Such maps can be procured from Geological Survey of India. They may be used to identify predominantly sandy or clayey areas. (h) Aerial Photographs/Satellite Imagery: Aerial photographs or satellite imageries may not exist for the entire search area. However such information may prove to be extremely helpful. Surface features such as small lakes, intermittent stream beds, and current land use, which may not have been identified in earlier map searches, can be easily identified using aerial photographs. (i) Ground Water Maps: Ground water contour maps are available in various regions, which indicate the depth to ground water below the land surface as well as regional ground water flow patterns. Such maps should be collected from Ground Water Boards or Minor Irrigation Tube well Corporations. (j) Rainfall Data: The monthly rainfall data for the region should be collected from the Indian Meteorological Department. (k) Wind Map: The predominant wind direction and velocities should be collected from the Indian Meteorological Department. (l) Seismic Data: The seismic activity of a region is an important input in the design of landfills Seismic coefficients are earmarked for various seismic zones and these can be obtained from the relevant BIS code or from the Indian Meteorological Department.
6.4.1 Preliminary Boreholes and Geophysical Investigation

At each solid waste land fill site, as a part of preliminary data collection, one to two boreholes will be drilled and samples collected at every 1.5 m interval to a depth of 20 m below the ground surface. The following information will be obtained: (i) soil type and stratification; (ii) permeability of each strata; (iii) strength and compressibility parameters (optional); (iv) ground water level and quality and (v) depth to bedrock. In addition to preliminary boreholes, geophysical investigations (electrical resistivity/ seismic refraction/others) may be undertaken to assess the quality of bedrock at different sites.
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6.4.2 Site Investigation and Site Characterization

The data collected during site selection is not sufficient for landfill design. To be able to undertake detailed design of a landfill at a selected site, it is essential to characterise the landfill site and evaluate the parameters required for design. It is necessary that all data listed under section 17.4.4 on Data Collection is collected for site characterisation. If some data has not been collected, the same should be obtained before site investigations are undertaken for site characterisation. A proper site investigation programme comprises of subsoil investigation, ground water/hydro-geological investigation, hydrological investigation, topographical investigation, geological investigation, environmental investigation, traffic investigation and leachate investigation. The following table indicates the types of investigations to be carried out for site characterisation table 6.4. Table 6.4 Type of Investigation and scope of work
Type of Investigation Ground water/ Hydrogeological Investigations Suggested Scope of Work (a) One ground water well (per acquifer) for every of land; minimum four wells - one hectare upgradient, three down-
including
suggested
minimum
requirements
of
such
investigations. The output expected from each investigation is listed below in
gradient (b) Observations of g.w. level fluctuations and ground water flow (c) Collection of groundwater samples (monthly/bi-monthly) for g.w. quality testing for 1 year prior to landfill construction. Topographical Investigation Hydrological Investigation Surveying of landfill area and preparation of a topographical map with 0.3m contour interval. (a) Collection of detailed topographical maps of surrounding area from Survey of India. (b) Collection of hydrometeorological data from India Meteorogical Department (c) Performance of flood routing analysis for one in 100 year flood (d) Collection of surface water samples (monthly/bimonthly) for water quality testing one year prior to landfill construction
Geological Investigations
&
Seismic
(a) Geophysical survey -seismic refraction or microgravity for bedrock profiling (b) Joint mapping of exposed rock outcrop/quarry face. (c) Collection of seismic data
Environmental basis
Investigation
(a) Collection of samples on monthly/bimonthly surface water samples ground water samples, and air samples (b) Transportation to certified testing laboratory and testing for regulatory parameters (c) Vegetation/ecology mapping survey
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Type of Investigation Traffic Investigation
Suggested Scope of Work (a) Collection of data on existing traffic - daily traffic volume and peak hour traffic volume -for six months (b) Road condition survey for existing road with suggestions for strengthening/widening.
Waste
&
Leachate
(a) Waste characterisation of fresh waste collected from bins (b) Waste characterization of old waste collected from different depths in existing waste dumps or sanitary landfills. (c) Collection and laboratory testing of at least 6samples of leachate from just beneath existing waste dumps or sanitary landfills. (d) Estimate of leachate quality from laboratory testing.
Investigation
6.4.3 Subsoil Investigation

The suggested minimum recommended investigations is listed in Table A detailed investigation plan may be drawn up in consultation with agro-technical engineer.
6.4.4 Ground Water/Hydro-geological Investigation

The output from such an investigation should yield the following: (a) (b) Stratification of subsoil type of soil and depth Depth to ground water table and bedrock (if located within 10m of base of landfill) (c) (d) (e) (f) Permeability of various strata beneath the landfill Strength and compressibility properties of subsoil Extent of availability of liner material, drainage material, top soil, and protective soil in adjacent borrow areas Subsoil properties along approach road.
The suggested minimum investigation is listed in Table 17.1. A detailed investigation plan may be drawn up in consultation with a ground water specialist/water resources engineer or a hydro-geologist. The output from such an investigation should yield the following: Depth to groundwater table and its seasonal variations Ground water flow direction Baseline ground water quality parameters all drinking water quality parameters
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6.4.5 Topographical Investigation

Construction of a landfill involves a large quantity of earthwork. It is essential to have an accurate topographical map of the landfill site to compute earthwork quantities precisely. A map of 0.3m contour interval is considered desirable.
6.4.6 Hydrological Investigation

The objective of a hydrological investigation is to estimate the quantity of surface runoff that may be generated within the landfill to enable appropriate design of drainage facilities. If additional run off from areas external to the landfill is likely to enter the landfill, this quantity should also be estimated to design interception ditches and diversion channels. Such an investigation should yield estimates of peak flows. If seasonal rivers or streams run close to the site, hydrological investigation should indicate the possibility of flooding of the site under one in 100 year flood flows. Surface water samples for water quality analysis may be collected from during hydrological studies.
6.4.7 Geological Investigation and Seismic Investigation

Geological investigations should delineate the bedrock profile beneath the landfill base, if not confirmed by subsoil investigations. Geophysical surveys may be designed in consultation with a geologist. In hilly areas or in quarried rocks, geological investigations should indicate the quality of surface rock, depth to sound rock and the possibility of interconnected aquifers beneath the landfill base in the rock mass. Detailed seismic data may be obtained as a part of geological investigations (if required). 1. Environmental Investigation 2. Traffic Investigation The following baseline parameters must be established for a one year period prior to construction of a landfill: (a) (b) Ground Water Quality: Minimum of 3 samples from each aquifer analysed in monthly basis for drinking water quality parameters. Surface Water Quality: Minimum of 3 samples from a stream/storm water drain analysed on a monthly basis and for parameters relevant for waste water drains. (c) Landfill Gas: Sampling and analysis for methane, hydrogen sulphide and other gases on a monthly basis.
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(d) (e) (f) (g)
Dust: PM 10 (Particle size less than 10 Microns) monitoring on a monthly basis, specifically at noon, during hot, dry, windy days. Odour: Monthly analysis at the site and at 200m intervals from the landfill boundary to the nearest inhabited zone. Noise: Peak noise analysis at the site and nearby inhabited zone on a monthly basis. Vegetative Cover: Vegetative mapping on a seasonal basis.
Traffic investigations must be conducted to identify peak traffic volume as well as the quality of existing roads near the landfill. The influence of increased heavy vehicle traffic due to landfilling should be analysed with a view to widening the existing road.
6.4.8 Waste Characterisation

Waste characterisation is normally conducted as a part of waste management studies or environmental impact assessment studies. Waste from all sources must be tested for the following properties: (a) composition; (b) physical properties; (c) chemical properties; (d) biological properties; (e) thermal properties; (f) toxic properties and (g) geo-technical properties.
6.4.9 Leachate Investigation

Leachate quality can be assessed from both laboratory studies and field studies. Laboratory leachate tests may be performed. In addition, (if feasible), leachate samples should be analysed from existing waste dumps or landfills near the new site. This will help in a leachate treatment strategy.
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References
Indian Practical Civil Engineers Handbook by Khanna, P. N. Publisher: New Delhi-Engineers Publisher, 1993 Highway Engineering by Khanna S.K. & Jasto C.E.G. Publisher: Roorkee Nemchand & Brothers, 1998 Soil Mechanics & Foundations. Rev. by Ashok Kumar Jain By Punmai B.C. Publisher: New Delhi: Lakshmi Pvt. Ltd. 1991 Text Book of Building Construction by Punmia B. C. Publisher: New DelhiLakshmi Pub., 1987 Project Planning & Control with PERT & CPM by Punmia B. C. & Khandelwala K.K. Publisher: New Delhi- Lakshmi Pub.,1992 Soil Mechanics & Foundations by Punmia B. C. Publisher: New Delhi- Lakshmi Pub., 1991 Engineering Survey Manual by American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Publisher: ASCE, 1985 Engineering Survey Technology by Kennie T. J. M.Ed. & Petrie; G. Ed. Publisher: London: Blackie & Sons Ltd. 1990 Surveying and Leveling by S.C.Rangwala, Publisher: Anand-Charotar Book Stall, 1979 Surveying and Leveling by Kanetkar T.P., Publisher: Pune: Pune Vidyarthi Griha Prakashan, 1989 Surveying for Construction by Irvine Willian H. Publisher: New Delhi: MacGraw Hill Pub, 1995 Surveying Vol. 2 by S.K. Duggal Publisher: New Delhi: Tata MacGraw Hill Pub. Co. Ltd. 1996 Hand Book on Road Construction Machinery by India, Ministry of Shipping and Transport Publisher: New Delhi: IRC, 1985 Road & Bridge Construction Handbook by Lapinski Michael, Publisher: New York: Ban Nostrand Reinhold, 1978 Surveying for Civil Engineers by Philip Kissan Publisher: MacGraw Hill Book Company Water Supply Engineering by Garg, Santosh Kumar Publisher: Delhi Kanna Pub, 1996
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Electronic References
www.sunsurveysystems.com www.dehilster.info www.jupiterimages.com www.globalsecutiry.org www.gps.gov www.triginstruments.co.nz www.smartstart-toys.co.uk www.stanleylondon.com www.epa.gov www.faxswitch.com www.starfireusa.com www.airshow.ru www.grunwald.ifas.ufl.edu www.soils.usda.gov www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/01/11/stories/2007011105861000.htm Source: www.satimagingcorp.com/svc/urban_and_land_development.html Source: www.satimagingcorp.com/svc/urban_and_land_development.html
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Annex I:
Guiding Principles Covering Route Selection
General The location should result in minimum interference to agriculture and industry. The location should, as far as possible, facilitate easy grades and curvature. The location should steer clear of obstruction, such as cemeteries, burning ghats, places of worship, archaeological and historical monuments, and as far as possible, from public facilities like, hospitals, schools, play grounds, etc. Where the proposed location interferes with utility, services, like, overhead transmission lines. Water supply lines, etc., decision between changing the road alignment or shifting the utility services should be based on study of the relative economics and feasibility. As far as possible, frequent crossing and re-crossing of a railway line should be avoided. For design requirements in such cases, reference may be made to IRC: 39 Standards for Road-Rail Level Crossings An important obligatory point in the selection of the route is the location of river crossings. While crossings of major rivers (waterway exceeding 200 m.) may have to be as normal to the river flow if possible, with road alignment sub-ordinated to considerations of the bridge sitting. Crossings of medium/minor streams should be generally governed by the requirements of the road proper. If necessary, such structures could be made skew/located on curves. The location should be such that the road is fully integrated with the surrounding landscape of the area. In this connection, it would be necessary to study the environmental impact of the road and ensure that the adverse effects of it are kept to the minimum. The road should, as far as possible, be located along edges of properties rather than through their middle so as to cause least interference to cultivation and other activities and to avoid the need for frequent crossing of the road by the local people. The location should be, such as to avoid unnecessary and expensive destruction of wooded areas. Where intrusion into such areas is unavoidable the road should be aligned on a curve if possible so as to preserve an unbroken background. The location should, as far as possible, be close to sources of embankment and pavement materials so that haulage of these over long distances is avoided and the cost minimized. A preferred location is one which passes through areas having better type of soil and permits a balancing of the cost of cut and fill for the formation.
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Marshy and low-lying land, and areas having poor drainage and very poor embankment material should be avoided, as far as possible. Also, areas susceptible to subsidence due to mining operations should be by-passed.
Areas liable to flooding should be avoided, as far as possible. As far as possible, area likely to be unstable due to toe-erosion by rivers, shall be avoided. During fixing of alignment by the side of a river, the direction of flow of the river and HFL records for past 50 years shall be kept in view. In spite of all conscious effort to avoid running through forest area many times roads are required to be aligned passing through the forest land. With increase in traffic roads require to be widened often leading to cutting of trees on one or both sides of the road. All these unavoidable feeling need to be made good by provision of compensatory aforestation in equal or additional areas at suitable locations. Project preparation needs to keep this aspect in view and make necessary provisions for compensatory aforestation where the same is warranted.
If prior to project preparation it is known that a facility under construction is to be widened to additional lanes, the project should be prepared by locating the first embankment and pavement in an eccentric position with respect to the total land available and also freeze the total land required for the entire envisaged facility right in the beginning. The subsequent construction may then be undertaken symmetrically with respect to the centre line of the land.
If provision of additional lanes has to be made to an old road, it can be done either by addition of half the requirements symmetrically on each side on the entire new addition on one side only. The points to be considered in such a case are: 1. The availability of land and convenience of additional acquisition in view of presence of buildings and existing constructions on each side 2. Felling of trees that may be involved on either side 3. The width of new construction and facility of compaction equipment to operate and 4. Technical convenience for construction of additional structures and necessary protection works for the same in the vicinity of the existing structures 5. Technical convenience for locations of additional two lane carriage way preferably on up stream side of the flow of water, providing better protection to the existing facility.
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Special Problems of Locating Hilly Areas Steep terrain and other inaccessible area should be avoided, as far as possible. Unstable hilly features, areas having frequent landslide or settlement problems and up slope benched agricultural field with potential for standing water may be avoided as far as possible. The alignment should involve least number of hair-pin bends. Where unavoidable, the bends should be located on stable and gentle hill slopes In crossing mountain ridges, the location should be such that the road preferably crosses the ridge at their lowest elevation Areas liable to snow drift should be avoided. As far as possible, needless rise and fall must be avoided, specially where the general purpose of the route is to gain elevation from a lower point to a higher point.
Areas of valuable natural resource and wild live sanctuaries shall be avoided.
Special Considerations in Expansive Soils Suitable forms of stabilization, especially mixing of lime in pulverized soil may be necessary to achieve desired gain in strength. Special Considerations of Road in Saline Soils Locations where large salt deposits occur should be bypassed In locating the road in medium and highly saline soil precautions for diversion of water away from road bed should be taken. On wet saline soils, road embankment should be constructed of good imported soil free from salts. Special Considerations in Marine Clay In case the marine clay site is under the influence of tide rise and fall of water, the sub grade should be 1.0 meter above the highest tidal water level.
Marine clay are soft and compressible. Therefore, stability of fill and the magnitude and time rate of settlement needs to be evaluated and considered. If these factors are not within the acceptable limit ground improvements methods may be adopted.
Special Considerations in Water Logged Areas Embankment height should be adequately above level of standing water Provision of capillary cut-off or blanket drainage facility below pavement may be necessary
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Points of Guidance of Prevention of Soil Erosion needing attention in the Construction of Road in Hilly Areas The road construction project estimates should provide for not only the requisite scale of investigation but also the necessary measures against soil erosion so that these can be built into the project with adequate financial provision. Before finalizing the alignment erosion potential of each alternative should be carefully examined and the one involving least disturbance to the natural ground should be preferred. Roads should not be located in geological by unstable strata, if this can be avoided. Study of the geological maps of the area and consultation with the local Geological Department will be helpful in this regard. It will be advisable, at least for important roads, to have consultation with officers of Forest Department at the stages of route alignment selection, surveys and investigations, etc., so as to ensure that the selected alignment has minimum potential for soil erosion and that the project designs and estimates provide for the necessary soils erosion control measures. On hill slopes half cut and half fill type of cross-sections which involves least disturbance to the natural ground, should be adopted subject to consideration of economy and road stability being satisfied. The cut slope should be made stable for the type of strata in the initial construction stage itself by resorting to stable cut slopes with benches, etc. including the use of slope stabilizing structures, like, breast walls, pitching, etc. Area for clearing and grubbing should be kept minimum subject to technical requirements of the road. The clearing area should be properly demarcated to save desirable trees and shrubs and to prevent over clearing. Location and alignment of culverts should be so chosen as to avoid adverse erosion at outlets and siltation at inlets. The crossing-drainage structures should discharge safely on the valley side and in this connection all necessary precautions/safe guards should be taken to ensure that the discharging water does not cause erosion even when they flow for long period. Drainage of water from the roadside must be given top attention and necessary system of drains will be received to deal the run-off to natural water courses.
Appropriate
mitigating
measures,
like,
ground
cover
planting
and
compulsory aforestation may be catered for.
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Annex II:
Checklist of major operations involved in the Survey and Investigation
1. Reconnaissance Survey 1. Map Study 2. Aerial reconnaissance
3. Ground reconnaissance
2. Preliminary Survey 1. Collection of general information about traffic, soil, subsoil and surface drainage, etc. 2. Establishment of reference bench marks 3. Traverse survey 4. Fly levels and cross-sections
5. Map preparation
3. Determination of final Center-Line in the Design Office 4. Final location Survey 1. Staking of final centre line 2. Referencing Horizontal Intersection Points (HIP)s, Points of Transit (POTs) etc. 3. Establishment of permanent bench marks
4. Longitudinal and cross-sections

5. Survey of Economic Profile 1. States and road influence areas socio-economic profile
2. Transport system in the State

6. Traffic Survey 1. Study of data from records 2. Traffic counts, OD Surveys, etc. 3. Traffic projections 4. Collection of traffic particulars for railway level crossings and road junctions 5. Axle load surveys
6. Analysis of accidental records

7. Soil and Materials Surveys 1. Study of available information 2. Soil investigations for low embankments and demarcation of borrow areas 3. Special investigations for high embankment 4. Detailed investigations for flexible pavement/rigid pavement 5. Survey and evaluation of naturally occurring aggregates 6. Manufactured aggregates/items
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7. Water for construction purposes

8. Drainage Studies 1. HFL and ponded water level 2. Depth of sub-soil water table 3. Special investigations for cut sections and seepage glows
4. Surface run-off
9. Cross-drainage Structures 1. Site selection
2. Collection of hydraulic and foundation data
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Annex III:
List of Laboratory Test to be conducted for Road Embankments A BOREHOLE SAMPLES
1. Test on Undisturbed Samples Undisturbed samples are those collected in 100 mm dia. thin walled tubes conforming to IS: 2132-1972. These should be tested in the laboratory for the determination of the following soil properties: 1. Grain size analysis (as per IS: 2720 part IV-1975) 2. Natural moisture content (as per IS: 2720 Part II-1973) and dry density 3. LL & PL (as per IS: 2720 Part V 1970) (for soils suspected to be organic in nature, by virtue of colour, odour, texture, etc. LL on fresh as well as on oven-dry specimens may be separately found out) 4. CS, CV, and PC (pre consolidation pressure) from consolidation test (according to IS: 2720 PartXV-1965) 5. C & from unconsolidated, un-drained (UU) triaxial test (according to IS: 2720 Part XI-1971). Bulk density, void ratio and moisture content before/after UU test should also be determined.
6. Shrinkage limit-free swell and swelling pressure (particularly in case of

black cotton soil) as per Indian Standard. 2. Tests on Selected Undisturbed Samples Where the method of stage construction of embankment based on the effective stress method of design requires to be kept in view, selected and representative undisturbed samples should be further tested in the laboratory for the determination of the following soil properties: C/ and A-factor from consolidated undrained tri-axial tests with measurement of pore pressure i.e. C-U tests (according to IS: 2720 Part XII-1981). Bulk density, void ratio and moisture content before/after C-U test should also be determined. 3. Tests on Disturbed Samples Samples from test pits must be tested for the following test. Samples recovered from the SPT spoon should be retained in sealed air-tight glass jars. These samples may be treated as disturbed samples and should be tested in the laboratory for the determination of following soil properties: 1. Grain size analysis (as per IS: 2720 part IV-1975)
2. Natural moisture content (as per IS: 2720 Part II-1973) and dry density
3. LL & PL (as per IS: 2720 Part V 1970) (for soils suspected to be organic in nature, by virtue of colour, odour, texture, etc. LL on fresh as well as on oven-dry specimens may be separately found out)
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B. On fill Material to Be Used for Formatting High Embankments

Laboratory tests to be done A) Tests to be done on each sample 1. Grain size analysis (as per IS: 2720 part IV-1975) 2. Natural moisture content (as per IS: 2720 Part II-1973) and dry density 3. LL & PL (as per IS: 2720 Part V 1970) (for soils suspected to be organic in nature, by virtue of colour, odour, texture, etc. LL on fresh as well as on oven-dry specimens may be separately found out) 4. Moisture-density Part VII 1980) B) On the basis of tests conducted as per above, the samples may be categorized into types, each showing the same or closely similar soil characteristics. One or two samples out of each category may be judiciously selected so as to be representative and subjected to the following tests: 1. For cohesive fill material (e.g. clay or soil/sandy clay mixed with silt/sand), c and may be determined from unconsolidated undrained (UU) triaxial test (according to IS: 2720 Part: XI-1972) on specimens remoulded to 95% proctor density at OMC plus 2%. 2. If the fill material is cohesionless, may be determined from direct shear test (according to IS: 2720 Part-XIII-1972) on specimens remoulded to 95% proctor density at OMC 3. For cohesive fill materials which may be used for forming embankments likely to be subjected to submergence and drawdown, effective stress parameters c and as also A-factor, may be determined from consolidated undrained test with measurements of pore pressure i.e. CU tests (according to IS: 2720 Part-XII-1981) on specimens remoulded to 95% proctor density at OMC plus 2%. The test specimens in the tri-axial cell need to be saturated by applying back pressure before shearing. This test will be in addition to that mentioned in (b) (i) above and may be carried out for selected few representative samples only. relationship using light/heavy compaction, commonly known as Standard/modified proctor test (as per IS: 2720
4. For any of the types of strength tests mentioned above, the actual
bulk density, void ratio and moisture content of the specimens before/after the test should be found out and recorded.
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Annex IV:
Seismic Zones of India
Seismic zoning map of a country is a guide to the seismic status of a region and its susceptibility to earthquakes. India has been divided into five zones with respect to severity of earthquakes. Of these, Zone V is seismically the most active where earthquakes of magnitude 8 or more could occur. Recent strong motion observations around the world have revolutionized thinking on the design of engineering structures, placing emphasis also on the characteristics of the structures themselves.
Section 1.01
Zone 5: Zone 5 is the worst prone zone in the country. It covers the area with the highest risk zone that suffers earthquakes of intensity.. The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.36 for Zone-5. Structural designer uses this factor for earthquake
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resistant design of structure in zone-5. The zone factor of 0.36 is indicative of effective (zero period) peak horizontal ground accelerations of 0.36 g (36 % of gravity) that may be generated during MCE level earthquake in this zone. It is referred to as the Very High Damage Risk Zone. The state of Kashmir, the western and central Himalayas, the North-East Indian region and the Rann of Kutch fall in this zone
Section 1.02
Zone 4: This zone is called the High Damage Risk Zone. The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.24 for Zone-4. The Indo-Gangetic basin and the Rajasthan region fall in Zone 4.
Section 1.03
Zone 3: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, parts of Kashmir, Western Himalayas and Punjab fall under this zone. This zone is classified as Moderate Damage Risk Zone. The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.16 for Zone-3.
Section 1.04
Zone 2: This region is classified as the Low Damage Risk Zone. The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.10 (maximum horizontal acceleration that can be experienced by a structure in this zone is 10 % of gravitational acceleration) for Zone-2.
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Annex V:
Sample Road Sections
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Annex VI:
SATELITTE DATA ORDER FORM NRSA DATA CENTER, SATELLITE DATA REQUEST FORM
(IRS, LANDSAT, SPOT, ERS & NOAA) Please remember incomplete forms will not be processed & will be returned
1.
Name : Mr./Ms./Dr. Organisation : Address : City : Phone : Pin/Zip : Telex :
Designation
Country: Fax:
Contact Person :
(List your address including PIN/ZIP code clearly. Listing of Telephone, Telex/Fax number or Cable/Telegraphic address will help NDC contact you faster in times of need.)
2. 3.
Your reference : SHIPPING ADDRESS (if different from above) Name : Mr./Ms./Dr. Address : City Phone : : : Central Govt. State Govt. Academic Inst. Industrial Individual Foreign Pin/Zip : Telex : Designation Country: Fax:
4.
Contact Person : (a) User Organisation
(Tick the category to which your organization belongs.) (b) Funding organization if different from User Organisation: 5. 6. (a) NDC Account no : (Ex: 6-8888)
(b) New account to be opened Yes No
(a) In case of non-availability of good quality data for the requested date one can specify the alternative dates (either a period or a specific date). Please be sure to refer item 8 of guide lines and check column 8 on the next page (a) Have you checked the browse print(s) Yes (b) If no, tick the acceptable cloud cover : Note: Cloud cover % mentioned in accession Catalogue is only approximate Enhancement required: Common specific) (Only for photographic products) No Approx. 0-10% Approx. 11-25% Irrespective of cloud cover (Default option is Scene
7.
8.
Scene specific
9. Nature of application & Remark (if any) :
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Data Request Details Please read all of the following guidelines before filling the table and use a separate row for each product, dont club several products in one row. Guidelines Specify the satellite: (IRS, LANDSAT, SPOT, NOAA, etc.) Specify the sensor: (MSS, Tmfor LANDSAT, MLA, PLA for SPOT, LISS-I, LISS-II for IRS) or the subscene in case of IRS (LISS-I), for eg. LII-A1, L-II-A2, LII-B1, LII-B2 Specify the Path or Orbit (Orbit in case of NOAA) Specify the Row or Sector (Sector in case of NOAA) Specify the Topp sheet No. or Quadrant No. (Quadrant No. in case of TM Standard CCT/Cartridge or Toposheet No. in case of geocoded product). To order floppy products specify lat-long values and segement size(A-512x512, Bfor 1024x1024) do Specify the date of pass required. Alternative dates can be mentioned incase of non availability of
Sensor/ Subscene 2 Path/ Orbit 3 Row/ Sector 4 Topo Sheet/ Quadrant 5 Latitude From To 6 Longitude From To Segme nt Size A or B 7 Date of Pass 8 Product Code 9 Bands/Band Combination B&W BGR 10a 10b Unit Price Rs. 11 Value Rs. 13
Good quality data for the requested date. Indicate the alternative dates (period or specific date) in paranthesis just below the date of pass requested initially 9. Specify the product code as per the current price list. 10. (a) Specify one band number for Black & White paper print OR 1k x 1k segment floopy and 4 band numbers in case of 512x512 segment floppy (b)Specify the band combination for False Color Composite 11. Specify the Unit price 12. Specify the Quantity 13. Specify the Value of the products ordered by multiplying columns 11 and 12
Satellite 1
Quantity 12
TOTAL
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GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SUPPLY OF DATA PRODUCTS

ORDERS The order will be entertained only when the required information is furnished in full and payment made in advance. Once the order is processed, NDC sends a confirmation copy to the purchaser. Order once processed and confirmed cannot be amended or cancelled unless technical problems are encountered during data generation. NDC reserves the right to refuse/cancel any order in full or part. PRICE The price applicable to each order is the one in effect on the date of confirmation of the order at NDC. NDC publishes a price list of data products at periodic intervals. PAYMENTS All orders must be accompanied by full advance payment for processing to be initiated. For Indian users, payment may be made by demand draft in rupees payable to National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad-500037, Andhra Pradesh, India. For foreign users, payment may be made by telecredit in US$ payable to ANZ GRINDLAYS BANK, Account no Madras 001313.00001 chips 232293 for credit to NRSA, Hyderabad, India. For continued operation, a standing account can be opened by users by depositing a suitable amount. The user may add to the balance or obtain a refund of the balance at any time. Processing of data at any time will be limited to the balance amount in user's account. Same Organisation/individual can open more than one account if required.
CONDITIONS OF SALE All products are sold for the sole use of purchasers and shall not be loaned, copied or exported without express permission of and only in accordance with terms and conditions if any, agreed with the NRSA data Centre, National Remote Sensing Agency, Dept. of Space, Govt. of India.
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Compliants and inspection : No compliant related to the quality and/or quantity of the products will be entertained unless the complaint is lodged at NDC within 30 days from the date of despatch. On acceptance of the compliant, product can be returned after confirmation by NDC. If the rejections are accepted by NDC, all attempts will be made to provide similar/equivalent data products.
The purchaser is responsible for any use of the data products purchased from NDC, which has no liability and responsibility for the fitness of the products for any particular use. Consequently, the purchaser waives all claims against NDC.
In general, all the data products will be despatched by registered insured post/air parcel. products can be despatched by courier service/speed post on specific request and at NDC's discretion.
Supply of data products on the price list are governed by these general terms. No contrary terms or conditions of the purchaser are binding on the NRSA Data Centre. The undersigned has verified the correctness of the order and accepted the General Terms and Conditions of supply listed above. Signature:___________________ Name:______________________ Date:_______________________
Completed
order
form
and
payment
may
be
mailed
to:
Head, NRSA Data Centre National Remote Sensing Agency Balanagar, Hyderabad-500 037, INIDA Phone : 040-23878560, 040-23879572 Ext. 2318 Telex : 0425-8080, 0425-8039 Fax : 040-23878664, 23878158
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Module 2.5: Survey & Investigation
For NDC use only 1. Received at NDC on______________________ 2. 3. Special instructions (if any) :
4. Account No: Signature:
Opening balance : Date :
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JNNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPR
Module 2.5: Survey & Investigation
Annex VII:
Sample TOR for Surveying
Subject: HUDA-Jawaharnagar Township-Preparation of Detailed Base Map by carrying out Topographical and Detailed Survey Work. Ref: Your Quotation on Dated:________________________________________ Your quotation for the work mentioned in the subject is hereby accepted. Your are requested to take up the above works as per the following specifications, terms and conditions Sr. No. Falling in to
Description of Work Preparation of Detailed Base Map of the Land Various are about of Survey (total 1475 s ha) Nos. in of the area the Jawaharnagar extending amount
Qty 1012 Ha (approx)
Rate/Ha Rs. 700/-
Total Amount Rs. 7,08,400/-
covering
following components: Preparation marking of detailed topographical various other survey plan of the area along with the boundary drains, covering and Structures, trees,
plantations and any other developments existing on ground. Carrying out contour survey by taking levels at 10 m X 10 m interval and preparation of 1 m contour interval map. Marking of visible physical features like buildings, trees, utilities etc. Marking of private properties boundaries Boundary survey of water bodies (including fixing of the FTL) Levels provided will be connected to the MSL (Mean Sea LEVEL)/GTS. GPS markings for 5 points at the site Provision of Terrain Modeling including slope analysis Ruppes Seven Lakhs Eight Thousand Four Hundreds only Terms and Conditions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The above rates are inclusive of all taxes, duties etc. The above should be completed with in 25 days from the date of receipt of this order. The out put/deliverables should be provided in the format of which three (3) sets of hard copies and one (1) soft copy. Payment will be made after satisfactory completion of work and after deliverable are made. Bills in triplicate shall be submitted to the VC, HUDA for arranging payment. Payment will be made to the actual extent surveyed.
The expenditure is chargeable to the project development expenses/proceeds of Jawaharnagar Township.
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Module 2.

5: Survey & Investigation

6.4.8 Waste Characterisation .............................................................. 83 6.4.9 Leachate Investigation ............................................................... 83

List of Annex Annex I: Guiding Principles Covering Route Selection

2.0 Types of Survey & Investigation

2.1 Socio-Economic Survey

Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation

2.1.1 Level of Presentation

2.1.2 List of Tables available with Census Department

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation

Castes and Scheduled Tribes

2.1.3 List of State Publications

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation

2.1.4 Soft Data

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation

Sample Input Window

Sample Output Datasheet

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation

Map showing Temporal Change in Population and Density

Map showing Temporal Demographic Indicators

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation

2.2 Engineering Survey and Investigations

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation

2.2.1 Use of Satellite Images and Remote Sensing Technology

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation

Original near-infrared image

Color-classified by surface type

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation

2.2.2 Online Satellite Images

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation

2.2.3 Total Station Survey

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation

Contour Map of Project Area

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation

Land Use Map

Three Dimensional Terrain Modeling

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs

Module 2.5: Survey and Investigation

Table 2.1: Survey & Investigation for Urban Works

JnNURM - Rapid Training Programme Preparation of DPRs