Hippie

Singer in the contemporary hippie movement in Russia The hippie subculture was originally a youth movement that began in the United States during the early 1960s and spread around the world. The word hippie derives from hipster and was initially used to describe beatni!s who had moved into San "rancisco#s $aight%&shbury district. These people inherited the countercultural values of the 'eat (eneration created their own communities listened to psychedelic roc! embraced the se)ual revolution and used drugs such as cannabis and *S+ to e)plore alternative states of consciousness. ,n -anuary 196. the $uman 'e%,n in (olden (ate /ar! in San "rancisco populari0ed hippie culture leading to the legendary Summer of *ove on the 1est 2oast of the United States and the 1969 1oodstoc! "estival on the 3ast 2oast. ,n 4e)ico the jipitecas formed La Onda Chicana and gathered at &v5ndaro while in 6ew 7ealand nomadic housetruc!ers practiced alternative lifestyles and promoted sustainable energy at 6ambassa. ,n the United 8ingdom mobile 9peace convoys9 of 6ew age travellers made summer pilgrimages to free music festivals at Stonehenge. ,n &ustralia hippies gathered at 6imbin for the 19.: &;uarius "estival and the annual 2annabis *aw Reform Rally or 4ardi(rass. ,n 2hile 9"estival /iedra Ro<a9 was held in 19.0 =following 1oodstoc!#s success> and was the ma<or hippie event in that country. $ippie fashions and values had a ma<or effect on culture influencing popular music television film literature and the arts. Since the 1960s many aspects of hippie culture have been assimilated by mainstream society. The religious and cultural diversity espoused by the hippies has gained widespread acceptance and 3astern philosophy and spiritual concepts have reached a wide audience. The hippie legacy can be observed in contemporary culture in myriad forms ? from health food to music festivals to contemporary se)ual mores and even to the cyberspace revolution.

Contents

1 3tymology @ $istory o @.1 3arly hippies =1960A1966> o @.@ Summer of *ove =196.> o @.: Revolution =196BA19.:> o @.C &ftershoc!s =19.CApresent> : 3thos and characteristics o :.1 Travel o :.@ /olitics o :.: +rugs C *egacy o C.1 2ulture D 6otes 6 References . "urther reading and resources

Etymology
*e)icographer -esse Sheidlower the principal &merican editor of the E)ford 3nglish +ictionary argues that the terms hipster and hippie derive from the word hip whose origins are un!nown.F1G The term hipster was coined by $arry (ibson in 19C0 F@G in his stage name 9$arry the $ipster9. Hipster was often used in the 19C0s and 19D0s to describe <a00 performers. The word hippie is also <a00 slang from the 19C0s and one of the first recorded usages of the word hippie was in a radio show on 6ovember 1: 19CD in which Stan 8enton called $arry (ibson 9$ippie9.F:GFCG $owever 8enton#s use of the word was playing off (ibson#s nic!name 9$arry the $ipster.9 Reminiscing about late 19C0s $arlem in his 196C autobiography 4alcolm H referred to the word hippy as a term that &frican &mericans used to describe a specific type of white man who 9acted more 6egro than 6egroes9.FDG &lthough the word hippie made isolated appearances during the early 1960s the first clearly contemporary use of the term appeared in print on September D 196D in the article 9& 6ew $aven for 'eatni!s9 by San "rancisco <ournalist 4ichael "allon. ,n that article "allon wrote about the 'lue Unicorn coffeehouse using the term hippie to refer to the new generation of beatni!s who had moved from 6orth 'each into the $aight%&shbury district. New York Times editor and usage writer Theodore 4. 'ernstein said the paper changed the spelling from hippy to hippie to avoid the ambiguous description of clothing as hippy fashions.

History

The foundation of the hippie movement finds historical precedent as far bac! as the counterculture of the &ncient (ree!s espoused by philosophers li!e +iogenes of Sinope and the 2ynics.F6G $ippie philosophy also credits the religious and spiritual teachings of -esus 2hrist $illel the 3lder 'uddha St. "rancis of &ssisi $enry +avid Thoreau and (andhi.F6G The first signs of what we would call modern 9proto%hippies9 emerged in fin de siIcle 3urope. 'etween 1B96%190B a (erman youth movement arose as a countercultural reaction to the organi0ed social and cultural clubs that centered around (erman fol! music. 8nown as Der Wandervogel =9migratory bird9> the movement opposed the formality of traditional (erman clubs instead emphasi0ing amateur music and singing creative dress and communal outings involving hi!ing and camping.F.G ,nspired by the wor!s of "riedrich 6iet0sche (oethe $ermann $esse and 3duard 'alt0er 1andervogel attracted thousands of young (ermans who re<ected the rapid trend toward urbani0ation and yearned for the pagan bac!%to%nature spiritual life of their ancestors.FBG +uring the first several decades of the twentieth century (ermans settled around the United States bringing the values of the 1andervogel with them. Some opened the first health food stores and many moved to Southern 2alifornia where they could practice an alternative lifestyle in a warm climate. Ever time young &mericans adopted the beliefs and practices of the new immigrants. Ene group called the 96ature 'oys9 too! to the 2alifornia desert and raised organic food espousing a bac!%to%nature lifestyle li!e the 1andervogel. Songwriter 3den &hbe0 wrote a hit song called Nat re !oy inspired by Robert 'oot0in =(ypsy 'oots> who helped populari0e health consciousness yoga organic foodin the United States. *i!e 1andervogel the hippie movement in the United States began as a youth movement. 2omposed mostly of white teenagers and young adults between the ages of 1D and @D years old F9GF10G hippies inherited a tradition of cultural dissent from bohemians and beatni!s of the 'eat (eneration in the late 19D0s.F10G 'eats li!e &llen (insberg crossed%over from the beat movement and became fi)tures of the burgeoning hippie and anti%war movements. 'y 196D hippies had become an established social group in the U.S. and the movement eventually e)panded to other countries F11GF1@G e)tending as far as the United 8ingdom and 3urope &ustralia 2anada 6ew 7ealand -apan 4e)ico and 'ra0il.F1:G The hippie ethos influenced The 'eatles and others in the United 8ingdom and other parts of 3urope and they in turn influenced their &merican counterparts.F1CG $ippie culture spread worldwide through a fusion of roc! music fol! blues and psychedelic roc!J it also found e)pression in literature the dramatic arts fashion and the visual arts including film posters advertising roc! concerts and album covers.F1DG Self%described hippies had become a significant minority by 196B representing <ust under 0.@K of the U.S. populationF16G before declining in the mid%19.0s.F11G &long with the 6ew *eft and the &merican 2ivil Rights 4ovement the hippie movement was one of three dissenting groups of the 1960s counterculture.F1@G $ippies re<ected established institutions critici0ed middle class values opposed nuclear weapons and the Lietnam 1ar embraced aspects of 3astern philosophy F1.G championed se)ual liberation were often vegetarian and eco%friendly promoted the use of psychedelic drugs to e)pand one#s consciousness and created intentional communities or communes. They used alternative arts street theatre fol! music and psychedelic roc! as a part of their lifestyle and as a way of e)pressing their feelings their protests and their vision of the world and life. $ippies opposed political and

social orthodo)y choosing a gentle and nondoctrinaire ideology that favored peace love and personal freedom F1BGF19G perhaps best epitomi0ed by The 'eatles# song 9&ll Mou 6eed is *ove9.F@0G $ippies perceived the dominant culture as a corrupt monolithic entity that e)ercised undue power over their lives calling this culture 9The 3stablishment9 9'ig 'rother9 or 9The 4an9.F@1GF@@GF@:G 6oting that they were 9see!ers of meaning and value9 scholars li!e Timothy 4iller describe hippies as a new religious movement.F@CG

Early hippies (19601966)

3scapin# through the lily fields , came across an empty space ,t trembled and e)ploded *eft a bus stop in its place The bus came by and , got on That#s when it all began There was cowboy 6eal &t the wheel Ef a bus to never%ever land % (rateful +ead lyrics from 9That#s ,t for the Ether Ene9F@DG +uring the early 1960s novelist 8en 8esey and The 4erry /ran!sters lived communally in 2alifornia. 4embers included 'eat (eneration hero 6eal 2assady 8en 'abbs 2arolyn &dams =a!a 4ountain (irl> 1avy (ravy /aul 8rassner Stewart 'rand +el 2lose /aul "oster (eorge 1al!er Sandy *ehmann%$aupt and others. Their early escapades were documented in Tom 1olfe#s boo! The "lectric #ool$%id %cid Test. 1ith 2assady at the wheel of a school bus named "urthur the 4erry /ran!sters traveled across the United States to celebrate the publication of 8esey#s novel &ometimes a 'reat Notion and to visit the 196C 1orld#s "air in 6ew Mor! 2ity. The 4erry /ran!sters were !nown for using mari<uana amphetamines and *S+ and during their <ourney they 9turned on9 many people to these drugs. The 4erry /ran!sters filmed and audiotaped their bus trips creating an immersive multimedia e)perience that would later be presented to the public in the form of festivals and concerts. (rateful +ead wrote a song about the 4erry /ran!sters# bus trips called 9That#s ,t "or The Ether Ene9.F@6G +uring this period 2ambridge 4assachusetts (reenwich Lillage in 6ew Mor! 2ity and 'er!eley 2alifornia anchored the &merican fol! music circuit. 'er!eley#s two

coffee houses the 2abale 2reamery and the -abberwoc! sponsored performances by fol! music artists in a beat setting.F@.G ,n &pril 196: 2handler &. *aughlin ,,, co% founder of the 2abale 2reamery F@BG established a !ind of tribal family identity among appro)imately fifty people who attended a traditional all%night 6ative &merican peyote ceremony in a rural setting. This ceremony combined a psychedelic e)perience with traditional 6ative &merican spiritual valuesJ these people went on to sponsor a uni;ue genre of musical e)pression and performance at the Red +og Saloon in the isolated old%time mining town of Lirginia 2ity 6evada.F@9G ,n the summer of 196D *aughlin recruited much of the original talent that led to a uni;ue amalgam of traditional fol! music and the developing psychedelic roc! scene. F@9G $e and his cohorts created what became !nown as 9The Red +og 3)perience9 featuring previously un!nown musical acts ? 'ig 'rother and the $olding 2ompany -efferson &irplane Nuic!silver 4essenger Service The 2harlatans The (rateful +ead and others ? who played in the completely refurbished intimate setting of Lirginia 2ity#s Red +og Saloon. There was no clear delineation between 9performers9 and 9audience9 in 9The Red +og 3)perience9 during which music psychedelic e)perimentation a uni;ue sense of personal style and 'ill $am#s first primitive light shows combined to create a new sense of community. F:0G *aughlin and (eorge $unter of the 2harlatans were true 9proto%hippies9 with their long hair boots and outrageous clothing of nineteenth%century &merican =and 6ative &merican> heritage.F@9G *S+ manufacturer Ewsley Stanley lived in 'er!eley during 196D and provided much of the *S+ that became a seminal part of the 9Red +og 3)perience9 the early evolution of psychedelic roc! and budding hippie culture. &t the Red +og Saloon The 2harlatans were the first psychedelic roc! band to play live =albeit unintentionally> loaded on *S+.F:1G 1hen they returned to San "rancisco Red +og participants *uria 2astell 3llen $arman and &lton 8elley created a collective called 9The "amily +og.9F@9G 4odeled on their Red +og e)periences on Ectober 16 196D the "amily +og hosted 9& Tribute to +r. Strange9 at *ongshoreman#s $all.F:@G &ttended by appro)imately 1 000 of the 'ay &rea#s original 9hippies9 this was San "rancisco#s first psychedelic roc! performance costumed dance and light show featuring -efferson &irplane The (reat Society and The 4arbles. Two other events followed before year#s end one at 2alifornia $all and one at the 4atri).F@9G &fter the first three "amily +og events a much larger psychedelic event occurred at San "rancisco#s *ongshoreman#s $all. 2alled 9The Trips "estival9 it too! place on -anuary @1A-anuary @: 1966 and was organi0ed by Stewart 'rand 8en 8esey Ewsley Stanley and others. Ten thousand people attended this sold%out event with a thousand more turned away each night.F::G En Saturday -anuary @@ the (rateful +ead and 'ig 'rother and the $olding 2ompany came on stage and 6 000 people arrived to imbibe punch spi!ed with *S+ and to witness one of the first fully developed light shows of the era.F:CG

,t is nothing new. 1e have a private revolution going on. & revolution of individuality and diversity that can only be private. Upon becoming a group movement such a revolution ends

up with imitators rather than participants...,t is essentially a striving for reali(ation of one#s relationship to life and other people... ?Bob Stubbs 9Unicorn /hilosophy9F:DG

'y "ebruary 1966 the "amily +og became "amily +og /roductions under organi0er 2het $elms promoting happenings at the &vralon 'allroom and the "illmore &uditorium in initial cooperation with 'ill (raham. The &valon 'allroom the "illmore &uditorium and other venues provided settings where participants could parta!e of the full psychedelic music e)perience. 'ill $am who had pioneered the original Red +og light shows perfected his art of li;uid light pro<ection which combined light shows and film pro<ection and became synonymous with the San "rancisco ballroom e)perience.F@9GF:6G The sense of style and costume that began at the Red +og Saloon flourished when San "rancisco#s "o) Theater went out of business and hippies bought up its costume stoc! reveling in the freedom to dress up for wee!ly musical performances at their favorite ballrooms. &s &an )rancisco Chronicle music columnist Ralph -. (leason put it 9They danced all night long orgiastic spontaneous and completely free form.9F@9G Some of the earliest San "rancisco hippies were former students at San "rancisco State 2ollegeF:.G who became intrigued by the developing psychedelic hippie music scene.F@9G These students <oined the bands they loved living communally in the large ine)pensive Lictorian apartments in the $aight%&shbury.F:BG Moung &mericans around the country began moving to San "rancisco and by -une 1966 around 1D 000 hippies had moved into the $aight.F:9G The 2harlatans -efferson &irplane 'ig 'rother and the $olding 2ompany and the (rateful +ead all moved to San "rancisco#s $aight% &shbury neighborhood during this period. &ctivity centered around the +iggers a guerrilla street theatre group that combined spontaneous street theatre anarchistic action and art happenings in their agenda to create a 9free city9. 'y late 1966 the +iggers opened free stores which simply gave away their stoc! provided free food distributed free drugs gave away money organi0ed free music concerts and performed wor!s of political art.FC0G En Ectober 6 1966 the state of 2alifornia declared *S+ a controlled substance which made the drug illegal.FC1G ,n response to the criminali0ation of psychedelics San "rancisco hippies staged a gathering in the (olden (ate /ar! panhandle called the *ove /ageant Rally FC1G attracting an estimated .00AB00 people.FC@G &s e)plained by &llan 2ohen co%founder of the &an )rancisco Oracle the purpose of the rally was twofoldO to draw attention to the fact that *S+ had <ust been made illegal ? and to demonstrate that people who used *S+ were not criminals nor were they mentally ill. The (rateful +ead played and some sources claim that *S+ was consumed at the rally. &ccording to 2ohen those who too! *S+ 9were not guilty of using illegal substances...1e were celebrating transcendental consciousness the beauty of the universe the beauty of being.9FC:G

Summer of Lo e (196!)

$omemade tie%dyed t%shirts added a psychedelic flavor to hippie dress En -anuary 1C 196. the outdoor $uman 'e%,n organi0ed by 4ichael 'owenFCCG helped to popularise hippie culture across the United States with @0 000 hippies gathering in San "rancisco#s (olden (ate /ar!. En 4arch @6 *ou Reed 3die Sedgwic! and 10 000 hippies came together in 4anhattan for the 2entral /ar! 'e%,n on 3aster Sunday.FCDG The 4onterey /op "estival from -une 16 to -une 1B introduced the roc! music of the counterculture to a wide audience and mar!ed the start of the 9Summer of *ove.9FC6G Scott 4c8en0ie#s rendition of -ohn /hillips# song 9San "rancisco9 became a hit in the United States and 3urope. The lyrics 9,f you#re going to San "rancisco be sure to wear some flowers in your hair9 inspired thousands of young people from all over the world to travel to San "rancisco sometimes wearing flowers in their hair and distributing flowers to passersby earning them the name 9"lower 2hildren.9 'ands li!e the (rateful +ead 'ig 'rother and the $olding 2ompany =with -anis -oplin> and -efferson &irplane continued to live in the $aight but by the end of the summer the incessant media coverage led the +iggers to declare the 9death9 of the hippie with a parade.FC.GFCBG &ccording to the late poet Susan #Stormi# 2hambless the hippies buried an effigy of a hippie in the /anhandle to demonstrate the end of hisPher reign. Regarding this period of history the -uly . 196. Time maga0ine featured a cover story entitled 9The $ippiesO The /hilosophy of a Subculture.9 The article described the guidelines of the hippie codeO 9+o your own thing wherever you have to do it and whenever you want. +rop out. *eave society as you have !nown it. *eave it utterly. 'low the mind of every straight person you can reach. Turn them on if not to drugs then to beauty love honesty fun.9FC9G ,t is estimated that around 100 000 people traveled to San "rancisco in the summer of 196.. The media was right behind them casting a spotlight on the $aight%&shbury district and populari0ing the 9hippie9 label. 1ith this increased attention hippies found support for their ideals of love and peace but were also critici0ed for their anti%wor! pro%drug and permissive ethos. 'y the end of the summer the $aight%&shbury scene had deteriorated. The neighborhood could not accommodate the influ) of crowds =mostly naive youngsters> with no place to live. 4any too! to living on the street panhandling and drug%dealing. There were problems with malnourishment disease and drug addiction. 2rime and violence s!yroc!eted. 'y the end of 196. many of the hippies and musicians who initiated the Summer of *ove had moved on. 4isgivings about the hippie culture particularly with regard to drug abuse and lenient morality fueled the moral panics of the late 1960s.FD0G

"e olution (196#19!$)

$ippies rela)ing at the 1969 1oodstoc! "estival ,n &pril 1969 the building of /eople#s /ar! in 'er!eley 2alifornia received international attention. The University of 2alifornia 'er!eley had demolished all the buildings on a @.B%acre =11 000 m@> parcel near campus intending to use the land to build playing fields and a par!ing lot. &fter a long delay during which the site became a dangerous eyesore thousands of ordinary 'er!eley citi0ens merchants students and hippies too! matters into their own hands planting trees shrubs flowers and grass to convert the land into a par!. & ma<or confrontation ensued on 4ay 1D 1969 when (overnor Ronald Reagan ordered the par! destroyed which led to a two% wee! occupation of the city of 'er!eley by the United States 6ational (uard.FD1G "lower power came into its own during this occupation as hippies engaged in acts of civil disobedience to plant flowers in empty lots all over 'er!eley under the slogan 9*et & Thousand /ar!s 'loom9. ,n &ugust 1969 the 1oodstoc! 4usic and &rt "estival too! place in 'ethel 6ew Mor! which for many e)emplified the best of hippie counterculture. Ever D00 000 people arrivedFD@G to hear the most notable musicians and bands of the era among them Richie $avens -oan 'ae0 -anis -oplin The (rateful +ead 2reedence 2learwater Revival 2rosby Stills 6ash Q Moung 2arlos Santana The 1ho -efferson &irplane and -imi $endri). 1avy (ravy#s $og "arm provided security and attended to practical needs and the hippie ideals of love and human fellowship seemed to have gained real%world e)pression. ,n +ecember 1969 a similar event too! place in &ltamont 2alifornia about :0 miles =CD !m> east of San "rancisco. ,nitially billed as 91oodstoc! 1est9 its official name was The &ltamont "ree 2oncert. &bout :00 000 people gathered to hear The Rolling StonesJ 2rosby Stills 6ash and MoungJ -efferson &irplane and other bands. The $ells &ngels provided security that proved far less beneficent than the security provided at the 1oodstoc! eventO 1B%year%old 4eredith $unter was stabbed and !illed during The Rolling Stones# performance.FD:G

%ftersho&'s (19!(present)

&t the Rainbow 1orld (athering @006 in 2osta Rica 'y the mid%19.0s the 1960s 0eitgeist that had spawned hippie culture seemed to be on the wane.FDCGFDDG The events at &ltamont shoc!ed many &mericans including those who had strongly identified with hippie culture. &nother shoc! came in the form of the Sharon Tate and *eno and Rosemary *a'ianca murders committed in &ugust 1969 by 2harles 4anson and his 9family9 of followers. 6evertheless the turbulent political atmosphere that featured the bombing of 2ambodia and shootings by 6ational (uardsmen at -ac!son State University and 8ent State University still brought people together. These shootings inspired the 4ay 19.0 song by Nuic!silver 4essenger Service 91hat &bout 4eR9 where they sang 9Mou !eep adding to my numbers as you shoot my people down9 as well as 6eil Moung#s 9Ehio9 recorded by 2rosby Stills 6ash and Moung . 4uch of hippie style had been integrated into mainstream &merican society by the early 19.0s.FD6GFD.GFDBG *arge roc! concerts that originated with the 196. 4onterey /op "estival and the 196B ,sle of 1ight "estival became the norm. ,n the mid%19.0s with the end of the draft and the Lietnam 1ar and a renewal of patriotic sentiment associated with the approach of the United States 'icentennial the mainstream media lost interest in the hippie counterculture. &cid roc! gave way to heavy metal disco and pun! roc!. $ippies became targets for ridicule. 1hile many hippies made a long% term commitment to the lifestyle some younger people argue that hippies 9sold out9 during the 19B0s and became part of the materialist consumer culture.FD9GF60G &lthough not as visible as it once was hippie culture has never died out completelyO hippies and neo%hippies can still be found on college campuses on communes and at gatherings and festivals. 4any embrace the hippie values of peace love and community and hippies may still be found in bohemian enclaves around the world.F1:G

Ethos an) &hara&teristi&s

$ippies sought to free themselves from societal restrictions choose their own way and find new meaning in life. Ene e)pression of hippie independence from societal norms was found in their standard of dress and grooming which made hippies instantly recogni0able to one another and served as a visual symbol of their respect for individual rights. Through their appearance hippies declared their willingness to ;uestion authority and distanced themselves from the 9straight9 and 9s;uare9 =i.e. conformist> segments of society. F61G

& 196. L1 8ombi bus decorated with hand%painting &s in the beat movement preceding them and the pun! movement that followed soon after hippie symbols and iconography were purposely borrowed from either 9low9 or 9primitive9 cultures with hippie fashion reflecting a disorderly often vagrant style.F6@G &s with other adolescent white middle%class movements deviant behavior of the hippies involved challenging the prevailing gender differences of their timeO both men and women in the hippie movement wore <eans and maintained long hair F6:G and both genders wore sandals or went barefoot.F:9G 4en often wore beards F6CG while women wore little or no ma!eup with many going braless.F:9G $ippies often chose brightly colored clothing and wore unusual styles such as bell%bottom pants vests tie%dyed garments dashi!is peasant blouses and long full s!irtsJ non%1estern inspired clothing with 6ative &merican &sia ,ndian &frican and *atin &merican motifs were also popular. 4uch of hippie clothing was self%made in defiance of corporate culture and hippies often purchased their clothes from flea mar!ets and second%hand shops.F6DG "avored accessories for both men and women included 6ative &merican <ewelry head scarves headbands and long beaded nec!laces.F:9G $ippie homes vehicles and other possessions were often decorated with psychedelic art.

*ra el
Travel domestic and international was a prominent feature of hippie culture becoming =in this communal process> an e)tension of friendship. School busses similar to 8en 8esey#s "urthur or the iconic L1 bus were popular because groups of friends could travel on the cheap. The L1 'us became !nown as a counterculture and hippie symbol and many buses were repainted with graphics andPor custom paint <obs ? these were predecessors to the modern%day art car. & peace symbol often replaced the Lol!swagen logo. 4any hippies favored hitchhi!ing as a primary mode of transport because it was economical environmentally friendly and a way to meet

new people. $and%crafted $ippie Truc! 196B

$ippies tended to travel light and could pic! up and go wherever the action was at any timeJ whether at a 9love%in9 on 4ount Tamalpais near San "rancisco a demonstration against the Lietnam 1ar in 'er!eley one of 8en 8esey#s 9&cid Tests9 or if the 9vibe9 wasn#t right and a change of scene was desired hippies were mobile at a moment#s notice. /re%planning was eschewed as hippies were happy to put a few clothes in a bac!pac! stic! out their thumbs and hitchhi!e anywhere. $ippies seldom worried whether they had money hotel reservations or any of the other standard accoutrements of travel. $ippie households welcomed overnight guests on an impromptu basis and the reciprocal nature of the lifestyle permitted freedom of movement. /eople generally cooperated to meet each other#s needs in ways that became less common after the early 19.0s.9F@1G This way of life is still seen among the Rainbow "amily groups new age travellers and 6ew 7ealand#s housetruc!ers.F66G & derivative of this free%flow style of travel were hippie truc!s and buses hand%crafted mobile houses built on truc! or bus chassis to facilitate a nomadic lifestyle. Some of these mobile gypsy houses were ;uite elaborate with beds toilets showers and coo!ing facilities. En the 1est 2oast a uni;ue lifestyle developed around the Renaissance "aires that /hyllis and Ron /atterson first organi0ed in 196:.

$ippie Truc! interior +uring the summer and fall months entire families traveled together in their truc!s and buses par!ed at Renaissance /leasure "aire sites in Southern and 6orthern 2alifornia wor!ed their crafts during the wee! and donned 3li0abethan costume for wee!end performances and to attend booths where handmade goods were sold to the public. The sheer number of young people living at the time made for unprecedented travel opportunities to special happenings. The pea! e)perience of this type was the 1oodstoc! "estival near 'ethel 6ew Mor! from &ugust 1D to 19 1969 which drew over D00 000 people. Ene travel e)perience underta!en by hundreds of thousands of hippies between 1969A19.1 was the $ippie trail overland route to ,ndia. 2arrying little or no luggage and with small amounts of cash almost all followed the same route hitch%hi!ing across 3urope to &thens and on to ,stanbul then by train through central Tur!ey via 3r0urum continuing by bus into ,ran via Tabri0 and Tehran to 4ashad across the &fghan border into $erat through southern &fghanistan via 8andahar to 8abul over the 8hyber /ass into /a!istan via Rawalpindi and *ahore to the ,ndian frontier. Ence

in ,ndia hippies went to many different destinations but gathered in large numbers on the beaches of (oa F6.G or crossed the border into 6epal to spend months in 8athmandu. ,n 8athmandu most of the hippies hung out in tran;uil surrounding of a place called "rea! StreetF6BG =6epal 'hasaO -hoo 2hhen> which still e)ists near 8athmandu +urbar S;uare.

+oliti&s

The peace symbol was developed in the U8 as a logo for the 2ampaign for 6uclear +isarmament and was embraced by U.S. anti%war protestors in the 1960s. $ippies were often pacifists and participated in non%violent political demonstrations such as civil rights marches the marches on 1ashington +.2. and anti%Lietnam 1ar demonstrations including draft card burnings and the 196B +emocratic 6ational 2onvention protests.F69G The degree of political involvement varied widely among hippies from those who were active in peace demonstrations to the more anti% authority street theater and demonstrations of the Mippies the most politically active hippie sub%group.F.0G 'obby Seale discussed the differences between Mippies and hippies with -erry Rubin who told him that Mippies were the political wing of the hippie movement as hippies have not 9necessarily become political yet9. Regarding the political activity of hippies Rubin said 9They mostly prefer to be stoned but most of them want peace and they want an end to this stuff.9F.1G ,n addition to non%violent political demonstrations hippie opposition to the Lietnam 1ar included organi0ing political action groups to oppose the war refusal to serve in the military and conducting 9teach%ins9 on college campuses that covered Lietnamese history and the larger political conte)t of the war.F.@G Scott 4c8en0ie#s 196. rendition of -ohn /hillips# song 9San "rancisco ='e Sure to 1ear "lowers in Mour $air>9 which helped inspire the hippie Summer of *ove became a homecoming song for all Lietnam veterans arriving in San "rancisco from 196. on. 4c8en0ie has dedicated every &merican performance of 9San "rancisco9 to Lietnam veterans and he sang at the @00@ @0th anniversary of the dedication of the Lietnam Leterans 4emorial. 9San "rancisco9 became a freedom song worldwide especially in 3astern 3uropean nations that suffered under Soviet%imposed communism.F.:G $ippie political e)pression often too! the form of 9dropping out9 of society to implement the changes they sought. /olitically motivated movements aided by hippies include the bac! to the land movement of the 1960s cooperative business enterprises alternative energy the free press movement and organic farming.F.CGFD.G

The political ideals of the hippies influenced other movements such as anarcho%pun! rave culture green politics stoner culture and the new age movement. /enny Rimbaud of the 3nglish anarcho%pun! band 2rass said in interviews and in an essay called The Last Of The Hippies that 2rass was formed in memory of his friend 1ally $ope.F.DG Rimbaud also said that 2rass were heavily involved with the hippie movement throughout the 1960#s and seventies with +ial $ouse being established in 196.. 4any pun!s were often critical of 2rass for their involvement in the hippie movement. *i!e 2rass -ello 'iafra was influenced by the hippie movement and cited the yippies as a !ey influence on his political activism and thin!ing though he did write songs critical of hippies.

,rugs

Tah;uit0 2anyon /alm Springs 2alifornia 1969 sharing a <oint "ollowing in the well%worn footsteps of the 'eats the hippies also used cannabis =mari<uana> considering it pleasurable and benign. They enlarged their spiritual pharmacopeia to include hallucinogens such as *S+ psilocybin and mescaline. En the 3ast 2oast of the United States $arvard University professors Timothy *eary Ralph 4et0ner and Richard &lpert =Ram +ass> advocated psychotropic drugs for psychotherapy self%e)ploration religious and spiritual use. Regarding *S+ *eary said 93)pand your consciousness and find ecstasy and revelation within.9F.6G

&ccording to the hippies *S+ was the glue that held the $aight together. ,t was the hippie sacrament a mind detergent capable of washing away years of social programming a re%imprinting device a consciousness%e)pander a tool that would push us up the evolutionary ladder. ?-ay Ste ensF..G

En the 1est 2oast of the United States 8en 8esey was an important figure in promoting the recreational use of psychotropic drugs especially *S+ also !nown as 9acid.9 'y holding what he called 9&cid Tests9 and touring the country with his band of 4erry /ran!sters 8esey became a magnet for media attention that drew many young people to the fledgling movement. The (rateful +ead =originally billed as 9The

1arloc!s9> played some of their first shows at the &cid Tests often as high on *S+ as their audiences. 8esey and the /ran!sters had a 9vision of turning on the world.9F.6G $arder drugs such as amphetamines and heroin were also used in hippie settingsJ however these drugs were often disdained even among those who used them because they were recogni0ed as harmful and addictive.F61G

Lega&y
6ewcomers to the ,nternet are often startled to discover themselves not so much in some soulless colony of technocrats as in a !ind of cultural 'rigadoon % a flowering remnant of the #60#s when hippie communalism and libertarian politics formed the roots of the modern cyberrevolution... ?Ste.art Bran) 91e Ewe ,t &ll To The $ippies9.F.BG

The legacy of the hippie movement continues to permeate 1estern society. ,n general unmarried couples of all ages feel free to travel and live together without societal disapproval. "ran!ness regarding se)ual matters has become more common and the rights of homose)ual bise)ual and transse)ual people as well as people who choose not to categori0e themselves at all have e)panded. Religious and cultural diversity has gained greater acceptance. 2o%operative business enterprises and creative community living arrangements are more accepted than before. Some of the little hippie health food stores of the 1960s and 19.0s are now large%scale profitable businesses due to greater interest in natural foods herbal remedies vitamins and other nutritional supplements.F.9G &uthor Stewart 'rand argues that the development and populari0ation of the ,nternet finds one of its roots in the anti%authoritarian ethos promoted by hippie culture.F.BG +istinct appearance and clothing was one of the immediate legacies of hippies worldwide. +uring the 1960s and 19.0s mustaches beards and long hair became more commonplace and colorful while multi%ethnic clothing dominated the fashion world. Since that time a wide range of personal appearance options and clothing styles including nudity have become more widely acceptable all of which was uncommon before the hippie era.FB0GF6DG $ippies also inspired the decline in popularity of the nec!tie and other * siness clothing which had been unavoidable for men during the 19D0s and early 1960s.

& hippie in Stoc!holm Sweden in &ugust 19.1. &strology including everything from serious study to whimsical amusement regarding personal traits was integral to hippie culture. FB1G

Culture
The hippie legacy in literature includes the lasting popularity of boo!s reflecting the hippie e)perience such as The "lectric #ool$%id %cid Test.FB@G ,n music the fol! roc! and psychedelic roc! popular among hippies evolved into genres such as acid roc! world beat and heavy metal music. /sychedelic trance =also !nown as psytrance> is a type of electronic music music influenced by 1960#s psychedelic roc!. The tradition of hippie music festivals began in the United States in 196D with 8en 8esey#s &cid Tests where the (rateful +ead played stoned on *S+ and initiated psychedelic <amming. "or the ne)t several decades many hippies and neo%hippies became part of the +eadhead community attending music and art festivals held around the country. The (rateful +ead toured continuously with few interruptions between 196D and 199D. /hish and their fans =called +hish Heads> operated in the same manner with the band touring continuously between 19B: and @00C. 4any contemporary bands performing at hippie festivals and their derivatives are called <am brands since they play songs that contain long instrumentals similar to the original hippie bands of the 1960s. 1ith the demise of (rateful +ead and /hish nomadic touring hippies attend a growing series of summer festivals the largest of which is called the 'onnaroo 4usic Q &rts "estival which premiered in @00@. The Eregon 2ountry "air is a three%day festival featuring hand%made crafts educational displays and costumed entertainment. The annual Starwood "estival founded in 19B1 is a si)%day event indicative of the spiritual ;uest of hippies through an e)ploration of non%mainstream religions and world%views and has offered performances and classes by a variety of hippy and counter%culture icons. The 'urning 4an festival began in 19B6 at a San "rancisco beach party and is now held in the 'lac! Roc! +esert northeast of Reno 6evada. &lthough few participants would accept the hippie label 'urning 4an is a contemporary e)pression of

alternative community in the same spirit as early hippie events. The gathering becomes a temporary city =:6 D00 occupants in @00D> with elaborate encampments displays and many art cars. Ether events that en<oy a large attendance include the Rainbow "amily (atherings 2ommunity /eace "estivals and the 1oodstoc! "estivals.

$ippies at the 6ambassa 19B1 "estival in 6ew 7ealand ,n the U8 there are many new age travellers who are !nown as hippies to outsiders but prefer to call themselves the /eace 2onvoy. They started the Stonehenge "ree "estival in 19.C but 3nglish $eritage later banned the festival resulting in the 'attle of the 'eanfield in 19BD. 1ith Stonehenge banned as a festival site new age travellers gather at the annual (lastonbury "estival. ,n 6ew 7ealand between 19.6 and 19B1 tens of thousands of hippies gathered from around the world on large farms around 1aihi and 1ai!ino for music and alternatives festivals. 6amed Nam*assa the festivals focused on peace love and a balanced lifestyle. The events featured practical wor!shops and displays advocating alternative lifestyles self sufficiency clean and sustainable energy and sustainable living. FB:G ,n the U8 and 3urope the years 19B. to 19B9 were mar!ed by a large%scale revival of many characteristics of the hippie movement. This later movement composed mostly of people aged 1B to @D adopted much of the original hippie philosophy of love peace and freedom. The summer of 19BB became !nown as the Second Summer of *ove. &lthough the music favored by this movement was modern electronic music especially house music and acid house one could often hear songs from the original hippie era in the chill o t rooms at raves. ,n the U8 many of the well%!nown figures of this movement first lived communally in Stroud (reen an area of north *ondon located in "insbury /ar!. /opular films depicting the hippie ethos and lifestyle include Woodstock "asy ,ider Hair The Doors %cross the -niverse and Cr m*. ,n the animated TL show &o th +ark the character 3ric 2artman is !nown for his hatred for hippies fre;uently ma!ing statements such as 9drugs are bad because if you do drugs you#re a hippie and hippies suc!.9 ,n @00@ photo<ournalist -ohn 'assett 4c2leary published a 6D0%page 6 000%entry unabridged slang dictionary devoted to the language of the hippies titled The Hippie Dictionary. % C lt ral "ncyclopedia of the /012s and /032s. The boo! was revised and e)panded to .00%pages in @00C.FBCG 4c2leary believes that the hippie counterculture added a significant number of words to the 3nglish language by

borrowing from the le)icon of the beat generation shortening words and populari0ing their usage.FBDG