4.4.

Antenna
Anten l thit b thc hin vic chuyn i nng lng gia sng c dn hng (v d trong cp ng trc) v sng trong mi trng khng gian t do, hoc ngc li. Anten c th c s dng pht hoc thu tn hiu v tuyn. Trong thng tin di ng, vic s dng anten thch hp s c vai tr rt quan trng, quyt nh ti cht lng h thng.

4.4.1. Kiu loi anten:

Trong thng tin di ng ngi ta thng dng hai loi anten chnh l: Anten v hng (omni anten): Pht x tn hiu theo mi hng (3600). Anten nh hng (sector anten): Ch pht x theo mt hng nht nh. S dng Anten nh hng c hiu qu chng nhiu ng knh cao hn so vi Anten v hng. Gim nhiu ng knh s dng anten nh hng (Sector ha) Ta bit vn nhiu giao thoa ng knh thng lin quan n vic s dng li tn s v mt trong nhng dng ca loi nhiu ny l t cc thu bao ang hot ng nhng v tr cao (cc qu i, trn cc to nh cao t ng...) gy nhiu ti cc cell c cng t n s lm vic. Khi dng Omni Antenna:

Hnh 4-22 Anten v hng (Omni antenna) Ta gi thit hai cell E1 v E2 s dng chung mt tn s v E1 c a th cao hn so vi E2. Mt thu bao MS ang di chuyn t E1 ti E2. Khi thu bao di chuyn cng gn E2, kh nng gy nhiu ca n ti E2 cng ln.

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Khi dng Sector Antenna:

Hnh 4-23 c Sector ha By gi ta cng vn dng E1 v E2. Nhng c sector ho thnh: EA1, EB1, EC v EA2, EB2, EC2. MS di chuyn v pha E2, xut pht t EA1 (c khong cch ln nht ti E2). Khi MS vt qua v tr trm EA1, n c chuyn giao ti EB1 v khong cch t MS ti E2 gn hn. EB1 cng tn s vi EB2 nhng nh a hnh ta thy, cc nhiu n to ra u nm pha sau anten c a EB2 (v l anten nh hng nn c t s nng lng hng trc trn hng sau = 6 nng chng nhiu ca h thng tng t 6 15 dB). iu ny c ngha l kh 15 dB. Tng t nh vy khi MS i

ti EA2 n ch to nhiu cho EA1 t pha sau ca anten EA1. Tm li dng sector anten l m t bin php lm tng t s C/ I ca h thng.

4.4.2. tng ch anten (Gain of an Antenna)

tng ch ca mt anten l t s, thng tnh bng dB, gia cng sut cn thit ti u vo ca mt anten chun khng suy hao vi cng sut cung cp u vo ca anten sao cho mt hng cho trc to ra cng trng hay mt thng lng cng sut nh nhau ti cng mt c ly. Nu khng c ghi ch g thm, th tng ch anten c tnh i vi hng pht x ln nht. Ty thuc vo s la chn vo anten chun, c cc loi tng ch anten sau: 1. Tng ch tuyt i hay tng ch ng hng (Gi) khi anten chun l mt anten ng hng bit lp trong khng gian.

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2. tng ch ng vi mt dipol na bc sng (Gd) khi anten chun l mt dipol na bc sng bit lp trong khng gian v m t phng vung gc ca n cha hng pht x. 3. tng ch ng vi mt anten thng ng ngn (Gv) khi anten chun l mt dy dn thng ngn hn nhiu so vi mt phn t bc sng, vung gc vi mt phng dn in l tng cha hng pht x.

4.4.3. Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng - EIRP

Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng - EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power) l tch s ca cng sut sinh ra cung cp cho mt anten vi tng ch ca anten hng nht nh ng vi anten ng hng ( tng ch ng hng hay tng ch tuyt i) EIRP c xc nh bi cng thc:

PEIRP (W) = Pt (W)* 10(G - L)/10

Hay

PEIRP (dB) P (dB)

t

L G

Trong : - PEIRP (dBm): cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng; - Pt (dBm): tng cng sut ca cc my pht; - L (dB): tng suy hao t cc my pht n anten (v d do combiner, feeder); - G (dBi): tng ch cc i ca anten tng ng vi anten ng hng.

4.4.4. cao v gc nghing (down tilt) ca anten:

Khi anten t thng ng, hng bp sng chnh s nm trn mt ng thng nm ngang.

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Hnh 4-24 Anten v hng c gc nghing bng 0 nhng khu vc th trn nh hay nng thn, lu lng ca h thng thp nn vic ti s dng tn s l khng cn thit. Do vy, ta nn s dng cc v tr cao hay t anten cao ti a ho vng ph sng. Tuy nhin nhng khu vc th ln, lu lng h thng cao, kch thc cell hp th c l thch hp nht l gim cao anten c lm gim can nhiu knh chung. Tuy nhin, nu t qu thp, cc vt cn (nh cao tng...) s c nh hng ln ti cht lng h thng. Do vy, hin nay cao anten cc th thng l 30 50 m. gii quyt phm vi vng ph sng hp, mt k thut c a ra l lm nghing hng bp sng chnh ca anten (down tilt). thy r hiu qu ca downtilt i vi cht lng h thng ta xt minh ha sau: Chng ta bit rng cng sut bc x ca anten cng gim khi cng ri xa bp sng chnh. th thc nghim sau y (c xy sng t c tnh bc x ca anten trong mt phng ng) ch r quan h . th ny s dng cho 3 loi anten c rng bp sng trong mt phng ng ln lt l 70 , 140 , 280 . Trong : Trc X biu din gc l gc gia hng ta ang xt v hng bc x chnh trn mt phng ng (Vertical Angle - Degree 0C). Trc Y biu din s suy hao cng trng (Gain Reduction - dB).

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Hnh 4-25 th quan h gia gc thng ng v suy hao cng trng Gi thit c hai cell A v B s dng cng tn s. Bn knh mi cell r = 500m, khong cch hai cell l d = 4 km, cao anten l h = 30 m, rng bp sng l 70 .

Hnh 4-26 V d v hiu qu ca downtilt S dng th thc nghim ta tnh c: Suy hao tn hiu nhiu ca cell A gy ra ti cell B:

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h 30 0 ) arctg( ) 0,43 d 4000 T th thc nghim ta c Gain Reduction = 0,2 (dB). arctg( Suy hao tn hiu ca anten A ti bin ca cell A: h arctg( ) r arctg ( 30 500
0

3,44

Nn Gain Reduction = 4 (dB). By gi ta nghing gc ca anten A i mt gc 4,930, khi hng bp sng chnh lch i gc 4,930 . Lc ny: Suy hao tn hiu nhiu ca cell A gy ra ti cell B: = dt = 4,930 - 0,430 = 4,50

Nn Gain Reduction = 6,2 (dB). Suy hao tn hiu ca anten A ti bin ca cell A: = dt - = 4,930 - 3,440 = 1,490 Nn Gain Reduction = 0,5 (dB). Nh vy ta thy, tn hiu nhiu do cell A gy ra cho cell B lc ny b suy hao ng k (suy hao thm 6 dB), ng thi suy hao tn hiu trong cell A gim ng k ngha l cht lng ph sng cell A c ci thin. Qua th d trn ta thy, vi vic nghing gc ca anten th cht lng ph sng ca c hai cell A v B u c ci thin. Va lm cht lng thu cell A tng ln, va lm gim nhiu do cell A gy ra cho cell B. Vic nghing gc anten c th dng gii quyt vn ph sng. Tuy nhin vic p dng nghing gc anten cn c s phn tch k cng nhng yu t lin quan c th xy ra trong vng ph sng.

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