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Solução Thomas Cap 10 - Series
Solução Thomas Cap 10 - Series
0, a#
" #!
"c2 ##
c" 4 , a$
" 2
1 c3 3# 1 6
2 c9 , a% 1 4!
1 c4 4#
3 c 16
1, a#
(c1)# #c1
, a$
1 3!
, a%
(c1)% 6c1
" 5
1 24
a"
1, a#
(c")$ 4c1
" c3 , a$
, a%
(c1)& 8c1
" c7
" #
, a#
" #
2# 2$
" #
, a$
3 4
2$ #%
" #
, a%
2% 2& 7 8
" # 2% c " 2%
2c" #
, a#
" # 255 128
2# c 1 2# 3 #
, a$
3 #
2$ c 1 2$
, a%
7 4
15 16 15 8
7. a" 1, a# 1 b
127 64
, a)
" #
, a*
, a$
511 256
, a"!
" ##
1023 512
" 6 4
7 4
, a%
" #$
15 8
, a&
" #%
31 16 , a'
63 32
8. a" 1, a# a*
" 362,880
, a"!
, a$
, a%
" #4
, a&
#"4 5
" 1#0
, a'
" 7#0
, a(
" 5040
, a)
" 40,320
9. a" 2, a# a'
" 16
$ (c1)% c " (c1)# (2) (1) # 1, a$ (c1) c" 2 # # , a% # " " " a( c 3"# , a) c 64 , a* 1# 8 , a"! 256
" , a& c4
(c1)& c " 4 #
" 8
3 c 2 3 4
c" # , a&
4c " # 5
" c2 5 , a' c 3 ,
11. a" 1, a# 1, a$ 1 b 1 2, a% 2 b 1 3, a& 3 b 2 5, a' 8, a( 13, a) 21, a* 34, a"! 55 12. a" 2, a# c1, a$ c " # , a% 13. an (c1)nb1 , n 1, 2, 15. an (c1)nb1 n# , n 1, 2, 17. an
2n c 1 3 an b 2 b , c " # c1
" #
, a&
" # c " #
c1, a' c2, a( 2, a) c1, a* c " # , a"! 14. an (c1)n , n 1, 2, 16. an 18. an
(c")nb1 n# 2n c 5 n an b 1 b
" #
, n 1, 2, , n 1, 2,
n 1, 2,
n 1, 2,
, n 1, 2,
570
25. an
n 1, 2,
n # , n 1, 2,
27. n lim 2 b (0.1)n 2 converges _ 28. n lim _ 29. n lim _ 30. n lim _
n b (c")n n " c 2n 1 b #n
n lim 1b _
" n c2 " n b2
(c1)n n
1 converges
c2 #
n lim _
n lim _
c1 converges
n lim _ n lim _
" 2 n b n " c 3 n
c_ diverges
n"% c 5 1 b 8 n
c5 converges n lim _
" nb#
n lim _ n lim _
0 converges
(n c 1) _ diverges n lim _
n lim _
" cn n# 70 #c4 n
2 c 38. n lim _
" 3 #n
" #n
6 converges
" cn
" #
(c")nb1 #n c 1
0 converges
(c")n #n
2n nb1
44. n lim n1 cos (n1) n lim (n1)(c1)n does not exist diverges _ _ 45. n lim _ 46. n lim _ 47. n lim _
sin n n sin# n #n n #n " 0 because c n sin n n
1 #
1 converges
" n
converges by the Sandwich Theorem for sequences converges by the Sandwich Theorem for sequences
0 because 0
" #n ln 2
sin# n #n
" #n
n lim _
571
n lim _
3n ln 3 3n#
n lim _
" # n
" nb 1
3n (ln 3)# 6n
n lim _
3n (ln 3)$ 6
ln (n b ") n
n lim _
n lim _
2 n nb1
n lim _
50. n lim _
ln n ln 2n
n lim _
" n 2 2n
1 b " n
2 n
ec" converges
(Theorem 5, #2)
" 1
1 converges
58. n lim (n b 4)1nb4 x lim x1x 1 converges; (let x n b 4, then use Theorem 5, #2) _ _ 59. n lim _
ln n n 1 n lim _ ln1n nlim n n
n
_ 1
_ diverges
(Theorem 5, #2)
n nb1
ln 1 0 converges
n! nn
n lim _
(c4)n n! n! 106n
n! nn
0 n lim _
n! nn
0 converges
_ diverges
(Theorem 5, #6)
n! 2n 3n
_ diverges
(Theorem 5, #6)
" c ln n " 1ln n lim exp ln"n ln n n lim ec" converges 67. n lim exp ln 1ln n _ n n_ _
572
ln (3n c 1) b " 3n b " n lim exp n ln 3n n lim 69. n lim exp ln (3n b 1) c " 3n c 1 _ 3n c 1 n_ _ n
3
n#
(n b 1) n n n lim exp n ln n b 70. n lim exp ln n cln exp : n n"b 1 ; n lim n lim " 1 _ nb1 n_ _ _ c # n
" "
n
b 1) " x 1n lim x #n " 1n x lim exp n x lim exp c ln (2n 71. n lim ln #n " b1 b1 n _ 2n b 1 n_ n_ n_ c2 ! x n lim exp 2n b1 xe x, x 0 converges _
n
n lim exp c _
n# n(n b 1)
c"
converges
1 c 72. n lim _
" n n#
exp n ln 1 c n lim _
" n#
exp : n lim _
ln 1 c n"#
" n
exp ; n lim _
73. n lim _
n lim _
36n n!
0 converges
10 n
12 n 11
12 n 10 n 11 11 n 9 12 11 n 10 b 11 n 12
0 converges
e n c e cn e n b e cn
n lim _
2e2n 2e2n
eln n c ec ln n 2
n lim _
_ diverges
2 n$
n lim _
2 n
sin " n c
" n#
n lim _
2 n#
n lim _
c cos " n c# b 2 n
" #
converges
n lim _
n"#
1 sin n
n
1
n lim _
1 cos c n 1 c 3 2n 2
1 2n32
80. n lim a3n b 5n b1n n lim explna3n b 5n b1n n lim exp lna3 nb 5 b n lim exp _ _ _ _ n lim exp _
3 5n ln 3 b ln 5
n 3n 5 n b1
1 #
converges
exp n lim _
3 n 5 ln 3 b ln 5 3 n b 1 5
tanc" n 0
1 #
0 converges
573
(Theorem 5, #4)
(ln n)#!! n
n lim _
n lim _
n lim _
80(ln n)$ n
200! n
0 converges 0 converges
"
(ln n)& n
n lim _
5(lnnn)
%
# n
"
n lim _
10(ln n)% n
n lim _
n lim _
n n b n# c n
3840 n
converges
n lim _
1 b 1 c
" n
88. n lim _
" n# c 1 c n# b n
" c n c 1
" 1 c n"# b 1 b n
n lim _
c2 converges
ln n n
# # " n# c 1 b n# b n n# c 1 c n# b n n c1b n bn
n lim _
n# c 1 b n# b n c1 c n
n lim _
" xpc1 1
n
" n
0 converges
" 1 cp
(Theorem 5, #1)
" p c1
" xp
72 91. Since an converges n lim a L n lim a n lim L _ n _ nb1 _ 1 b an L c9 or L 8; since an 0 for n 1 L 8 an b 6 n lim L 92. Since an converges n lim a L n lim a _ n _ nb1 _ an b 2 L c3 or L 2; since an 0 for n 2 L 2
dx n lim " _ 1 cp
n lim _
np" c1 c 1
if p 1 converges
72 1bL
La1 b Lb 72 L2 b L c 72 0 LaL b 2b L b 6 L2 b L c 6 0
Lb6 Lb2
8 b 2an L 8 b 2L L2 c 2L c 8 0 L c2 93. Since an converges n lim a L n lim a n lim _ n _ nb1 _ or L 4; since an 0 for n 3 L 4 8 b 2an L 8 b 2L L2 c 2L c 8 0 L c2 94. Since an converges n lim a L n lim a n lim _ n _ nb1 _ or L 4; since an 0 for n 2 L 4 5an L 5L L2 c 5L 0 L 0 or L 5; since 95. Since an converges n lim a L n lim a n lim _ n _ nb1 _ an 0 for n 1 L 5 12 c an L 12 c L L2 c 25L b 144 0 96. Since an converges n lim a L n lim a n lim _ n _ nb1 _ L 9 or L 16; since 12 c an 12 for n 1 L 9 97. an b 1 2 b n 1, a1 2. Since an converges n lim a L n lim a n lim 2 b _ n _ nb1 _ L2 c 2L c 1 0 L 1 2; since an 0 for n 1 L 1 b 2
1 an , 1 an
L2b
1 L
574
99. 1, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 1, 2! , 2" , 2# , 2$ , 2% , 2& , x" 1 and xn 2nc2 for n 2 100. (a) 1# c 2(1)# c1, 3# c 2(2)# 1; let f(a b) (a b 2b)# c 2(a b b)# a# b 4ab b 4b# c 2a# c 4ab c 2b# 2b# c a# ; a# c 2b# c1 f(a b) 2b# c a# 1; a# c 2b# 1 f(a b) 2b# c a# c1
2b aab c2 (b) r# n c2 bb #
" # yn
" rn 2 y n a b
and a b b 2b 2n c 2 n yn n. Thus,
1 and b n c 1
101. (a) f(x) x# c 2; the sequence converges to 1.414213562 2 (b) f(x) tan (x) c 1; the sequence converges to 0.7853981635
(c) f(x) ex ; the sequence 1, 0, c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, diverges
1 4
f(?x) x) c f(0) lim b f(0b? f w (0), where ?x 102. (a) n lim nf " lim n ?x _ ?x !b ?x ?x ! " " c" (b) n lim n tanc" n x f w (0) 1 b 0# 1, f(x) tan _
" n
(c) n lim n ae1n c 1b f w (0) e! 1, f(x) ex c 1 _ 2 w (d) n lim n ln 1 b 2 n f (0) 1 b 2(0) 2, f(x) ln (1 b 2x) _
#
(b) a lim _
b 4n b 1 # #
a lim _
2n# b 2n 2n# b 2n b 1
1 or a lim _
a#
# # a#
sin ) a lim _
21 2n 1
) 1 2
lim
sin ) 1
2n1 104. (a) n lim (2n1)1 a2nb n lim exp ln2n n lim exp : _ _ _
(b)
n 40 50 60
n!
n
n e
106. Let {an } and {bn } be sequences both converging to L. Define {cn } by c2n bn and c2nc1 an , where n 1, 2, 3, . For all % 0 there exists N" such that when n N" then kan c Lk % and there exists N# such that when n N# then kbn c Lk %. If n 1 b 2max{N" N# }, then kcn c Lk %, so {cn } converges to L.
ln n " n 105. (a) n lim n lim n lim 0 _ nc _ cncc1 _ cnc (b) For all % 0, there exists an N ecln %c such that n ecln %c ln n c lnc % ln nc ln " % " " " " nc % nc % nc c 0 % lim nc 0 n_
575
109. Assume the hypotheses of the theorem and let % be a positive number. For all % there exists a N" such that when n N" then kan c Lk % c% an c L % L c % an , and there exists a N# such that when n N# then kcn c Lk % c% cn c L % cn L b %. If n max{N" N# }, then L c % an bn cn L b % kbn c Lk % n lim b L. _ n
! 108. n lim x1n n lim exp " n ln x e 1, because x remains fixed while n gets large _ _
111. anb1 an
110. Let % !. We have f continuous at L there exists $ so that kx c Lk $ kf(x) c f(L)k %. Also, an L there exists N so that for n N kan c Lk $ . Thus for n N, kf(an ) c f(L)k % f(an ) f(L). 4 2; the steps are reversible so the sequence is nondecreasing;
(2(n b 1) b 3)! ((n b 1) b 1)! (2n b 3)! (n b 1)! 3(n b 1) b 1 (n b 1) b 1
3n b 1 nb1
3n b 4 nb#
3n b 1 nb1
3n# b 3n b 4n b 4 3n# b 6n b n b 2
3n b " nb1
3 3n b 1 3n b 3
112. anb1 an
(2n b 5)(2n b 4) n b 2; the steps are reversible so the sequence is nondecreasing; the sequence is not (2n b 3)(2n b 2)(n b 2) can become as large as we please
2n 3n n!
(n b 2)! (n b 1)!
reversible so the sequence is decreasing after a& , but it is not nondecreasing for all its terms; a" 6, a# 18, a$ 36, a% 54, a& 324 5 64.8 the sequence is bounded from above by 64.8
2 n b1
2nb1 3nb1 2n 3n
(n b 1)! n!
114. anb1 an 2 c
" # nb 1
2c
2 n
" #n
2 n 2 n
2 " n b 1 # n b1 " #n 2
" #n
2 n(n b 1)
converges because
" n
1c
and 0
" 3n
" #n
" n
; since
1 " 119. an a(c1)n b 1b nb diverges because an 0 for n odd, while for n even an 2 1 b n converges to 2; it n
c 2 3
n
120. xn max {cos 1 cos 2 cos 3 cos n} and xnb1 max {cos 1 cos 2 cos 3 cos (n b 1)} xn with xn 1 so the sequence is nondecreasing and bounded above by 1 the sequence converges. 121. an anb1 and
1 b 2n n 1 b 2n n
" b 2(n b 1) n b 1
n b 1 b 2n# b 2n n b 2n# b 2n n b 1 n
576
122. an anb1
(n b 1) b " nb1
n# b 2n b 1 n# b 2n 1 0 and
nb1 n
123.
124. a" 1, a# 2 c 3, a$ 2(2 c 3) c 3 2# c a22 c "b 3, a% 2 a2# c a22 c "b 3b c 3 2$ c a2$ c 1b 3, a& 2 c2$ c a2$ c 1b 3d c 3 2% c a2% c 1b 3, , an 2nc" c a2nc" c 1b 3 2nc" c 3 2nc1 b 3 2nc1 (1 c 3) b 3 c2n b 3; an anb1 c2n b 3 c2nb1 b 3 c2n c2nb1 1 2 so the sequence is nonincreasing but not bounded below and therefore diverges 125. Let 0 M 1 and let N be an integer greater than n M b nM n M(n b 1)
n nb1 M 1cM
4nb1 b 3n 4b 4n n 3 4 b 4 4;
3 n 3 n 3 nb" 3 n 3 n b1 4 so an anb1 4 b 4 4 b 4 4 4 1
3 4
and
M.
. Then n N n
M 1cM
n c nM M
126. Since M" is a least upper bound and M# is an upper bound, M" M# . Since M# is a least upper bound and M" is an upper bound, M# M" . We conclude that M" M# so the least upper bound is unique. 127. The sequence an 1 b
(c")n #
is the sequence
" #
3 #
" #
3 #
3 #
but it clearly does not converge, by definition of convergence. 128. Let L be the limit of the convergent sequence {an }. Then by definition of convergence, for kam c an k kam c L b L c an k kam c Lk b kL c an k corresponds an N such that for all m and n, m N kam c Lk
% #
% #
% whenever m N and n N.
% #
there
129. Given an % 0, by definition of convergence there corresponds an N such that for all n N, kL" c an k % and kL# c an k %. Now kL# c L" k kL# c an b an c L" k kL# c an k b kan c L" k % b % 2%. kL# c L" k 2% says that the difference between two fixed values is smaller than any positive number 2%. The only nonnegative number smaller than every positive number is 0, so kL" c L# k 0 or L" L# . 130. Let k(n) and i(n) be two order-preserving functions whose domains are the set of positive integers and whose ranges are a subset of the positive integers. Consider the two subsequences akn and ain , where akn L" , ain L# and L" L# . Thus akn c ain kL" c L# k 0. So there does not exist N such that for all m, n N 131. a2k L given an % 0 there corresponds an N" such that c2k N" ka2k c Lk %d . Similarly, a2kb1 L c2k b 1 N# ka2kb1 c Lk %d . Let N max{N" N# }. Then n N kan c Lk % whether n is even or odd, and hence an L. 132. Assume an 0. This implies that given an % 0 there corresponds an N such that n N kan c 0k % kan k % kkan kk % kkan k c 0k % kan k 0. On the other hand, assume kan k 0. This implies that given an % 0 there corresponds an N such that for n N, kkan k c 0k % kkan kk % kan k % kan c 0k % an 0. 133. (a) f(x) x# c a f w (x) 2x xnb1 xn c (b) x" 2, x# 1.75, x$ 1.732142857, x% 1.73205081, x& 1.732050808; we are finding the positive number where x# c 3 0; that is, where x# 3, x 0, or where x 3 .
x# nca #x n
kam c an k %. So by Exercise 128, the sequence an is not convergent and hence diverges.
xnb1
# # 2xn c ax n c ab 2xn
# xn ba 2xn
xn b xa #
n
577
135-146. Example CAS Commands: Mathematica: (sequence functions may vary): Clear[a, n] a[n_]; = n1 / n first25= Table[N[a[n]],{n, 1, 25}] Limit[a[n], n 8] Mathematica: (sequence functions may vary): Clear[a, n] a[n_]; = n1 / n first25= Table[N[a[n]],{n, 1, 25}] Limit[a[n], n 8] The last command (Limit) will not always work in Mathematica. You could also explore the limit by enlarging your table to more than the first 25 values. If you know the limit (1 in the above example), to determine how far to go to have all further terms within 0.01 of the limit, do the following. Clear[minN, lim] lim= 1 Do[{diff=Abs[a[n] c lim], If[diff < .01, {minN= n, Abort[]}]}, {n, 2, 1000}] minN For sequences that are given recursively, the following code is suggested. The portion of the command a[n_]:=a[n] stores the elements of the sequence and helps to streamline computation. Clear[a, n] a[1]= 1; a[n_]; = a[n]= a[n c 1] b (1/5)(nc1) first25= Table[N[a[n]], {n, 1, 25}] The limit command does not work in this case, but the limit can be observed as 1.25. Clear[minN, lim] lim= 1.25 Do[{diff=Abs[a[n] c lim], If[diff < .01, {minN= n, Abort[]}]}, {n, 2, 1000}] minN 10.2 INFINITE SERIES 1. sn 2. sn 3. sn 4. sn 5.
a a1 c r n b (1 c r) a a1 c r n b (1 c r) a a1 c r n b (1 c r) 1 c (c2)n 1 c (c2)
n 2 1 c " 3 1 c " 3
s n lim _ n
2 " 1 c 3
3
9 100
s n lim _ n
" 3 #
" 1 c 100
" 11
n 1 c c " # 1 c c " #
s n lim _ n
2 3
" (n b 1)(n b #)
" nb#
" nb#
" #
" nb#
n lim s _ n
" #
578
6.
n lim s 5 _ n
" 4
5 n
5 nb1
5 nb1
5c
5 nb1
7. 1 c 8.
" 16
b
" 64
" 16
c
" 256
" 64
" " 1 b 4
4 5
1 c " 4 7 4
" 16
7 3
" 1#
9.
7 4
7 16
7 64
1 c " 4
10. 5 c
5 4
5 16
5 1 c c " 4
" " 1 c 3
10 b
3 #
23 #
" " 1 c 3
10 c
3 #
17 #
" " 1 b 5
2b
" 25 5 17 6 6
b 1 8 c
2 5
" 1#5
14. 2 b
8 25
16 125
b 2 1 b
2 5
4 25
8 125
10 3
2 5 1 Converges to
1 1c 2 5
5 3
1 8 1 Converges to
1c 1 8
1 8
1 7
c2 3 1 c c 2 3
c2 5
_
n0
23 100
" n 10 #
1 c 100
"
23 100
23 99
n0
234 1000
" n 10 $
" 1 c 1000
234 1000
234 999
n0 _
7 10
" n 10
" 1 c 10
7 10
7 9
n0
d 10
" n 10
" 1 c 10
d 10
d 9
" 1 c 10
6 100
" 15
24. 1.414 1 b !
n0
414 1000
" n 10 1b $
" 1 c 1000
414 1000
1b
414 999
"413 999
579
b!
_
n0
123 10&
" n 10 $
124 100
1c
123 &
10
" 10$
124 100
124 100
123 99,900
123,999 99,900
41,333 33,300
n0
142,857 10'
" n 10 3b '
1c
142,857 '
10
" 10'
3b
142,857 10' c 1
3,142,854 999,999
116,402 37,037
1 n_ 1
1 0 diverges
n2 b n 2 n_ n b 5n b 6
lim
lim
2n b 1 n_ 2n b 5
lim
2 n_ 2
1 0 diverges
0 test inconclusive
n lim ne n_ e b n
lim
en n n_ e
lim
1 n_ 1
1 0 diverges
n_
lim ln 1 n c_ 0 diverges
n_
" " " " " " " 35. sk 1 c " 2 b 2 c 3 b 3 c 4 b b kc1 c k b k c
lim 1 c
k_
" kb1
1, series converges to 1
3 16
1c
" kb1
k_
lim sk
3 3 3 3 36. sk 3 1 c 4 b 4 c 9 b 9 c
lim 3 c
k_
3 ak b 1 b 2
3, series converges to 3
3 b b ak c c 1 b2
3 k2
3 b k 2 c
3 ak b 1b2
3c
3 ak b 1b2
k_
lim sk
37. sk ln2 c ln1 b ln3 c ln2 b ln4 c ln3 b b lnk c lnk c 1 b lnk b 1 c lnk lnk b 1 c ln1 lnk b 1
k_
c1 1 c1 1 c1 1 39. sk cosc1 1 b cosc1 1 b cosc1 1 b 2 c cos 3 3 c cos 4 4 c cos 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 c 1 c 1 c 1 c 1 c 1 b cos k c cos k b 1 b cos k b 1 c cos k b # 3 c cos k b #
38. sk atan 1 c tan 0b b atan 2 c tan 1b b atan 3 c tan 2b b b atan k c tan ak c 1bb b atan ak b 1b c tan kb tan ak b 1b c tan 0 tan ak b 1b lim sk lim tan ak b 1b does not exist; series diverges
k_
k_
k_
1 3
1 2
1 6 , series converges to
1 6
40. sk 5 c 4 b 6 c 5 b 7 c 6 b b k b 3 c k b 2 b k b 4 c k b 3 k b 4 c 2
k_
580
41.
b 4k " c7 c
" 4k c 3
42.
k_
3 " 1 c
A 2n c 1
B 2n b 1
lim 3 1 c
" 3
" #k b 1
" 3
" 5
3 b
" 5
" 7
b c
" #(k c 1) b 1
" 2k c 1
" #k b 1
3 1 c
" #k b 1
the sum is
" #n b 1
43.
A(2n c 1)(2n b 1)# b B(2n b 1) b C(2n b 1)(2n c 1) b D(2n c 1) 40n A a8n$ b 4n# c 2n c 1b b B a4n# b 4n b 1b b C a8n$ c 4n# c 2n b 1b D a4n# c 4n b 1b 40n (8A b 8C)n$ b (4A b 4B c 4C b 4D)n# b (c2A b 4B c 2C c 4D)n b (cA b B b C b D) 40n 8A b 8C 0 8A b 8C 0 4A b 4B c 4C b 4D 0 Ab BcCb D 0 Bb D 0 4B 20 B 5 c b c c c b 2A 4B 2C 4D 40 A 2 c c c 2D 20 B C 2D 20 2B cA b B b C b D 0 cA b B b C b D 0
k
A (2nc1)
B (2nc1)#
C (2nb1) #
D (2nb1)#
" 5 ! ( #n c 1)# c
5 1 c 44.
2n b 1 n# (n b 1)#
n1
" (#nb1)#
" 5 1 c
" 9
" 9
" #5
" #5
c c 5
" (#kc1)#
" (2kb1)#
" (#kb1)#
k_
lim sk lim 1 c
k_
" 2 " b c 2
" (n b 1)#
" 16
" b b (k c 1)# c
" k#
" b k # c
" (k b 1)#
k_
lim sk lim 1 c
k_
" 3
k_
lim sk
" #"#
" 1
" k b 1
" b c 3
" 4
b b "
kc1
" k
" b c k
" k b 1
1c
" k b 1
" b #"$ c
" #"%
b b #1" kc1 c
" #1k
" b #1 k c
" #1kb1
" #
" #1kb1
47. sk ln"3 c
c ln"# b
" ln #
" ln (k b 2)
b ln"4 c
k_
lim sk c ln"#
" ln 3
b ln"5 c
" ln 4
b b ln (k"b 1) c
" ln k
b ln (k"b 2) c
" ln (k b 1)
48. sk ctanc" (1) c tanc" (2)d b ctanc" (2) c tanc" (3)d b b ctanc" (k c 1) c tanc" (k)d b ctanc" (k) c tanc" (k b 1)d tanc" (1) c tanc" (k b 1) lim sk tanc" (1) c
k_
1 #
1 4
1 #
c1 4
" " 1 c
2
2 2 c1
581
5 6
" e#
e# e # c1
56. n lim ln _
c_ 0 diverges
2 " 1 c 10 " 1 c " x
c2
x xc1
20 9
18 9
2 9
59. difference of two geometric series with sum 1 c " n lim 1 b 60. n lim n _ n_ 61. n lim _ 63. !
_ _
" 1 c 2 3
" " 1 c 3
3c
3 #
3 #
n! 1000n
_ 0 diverges
2n 4n
c" n n
nn n!
n lim _
_
nnn 1#n
n _ diverges n lim _
n1
2n b 3n 4n
since r !
2n b 3n 4n
!
1 2
n1
n1
1 2
b!
n1
3n 4n
1 and r
3 4
3 4
1, respectivley
n1
! 1 n 2
n1
1c 1 2
1 2
1 and ! 3 4
n
n1
1c 3 4
3 4
64.
2n b 4n n n n_ 3 b 4
lim
n_
_
lim
b" b"
lim
1 n b " 2 n 3 n_ 4 b "
1 1
n ! cln (n) c ln (n b 1)d sk cln (1) c ln (2)d b cln (2) c ln (3)d b cln (3) c ln (4)d b 65. ! ln n b 1
n1
" 66. n lim a n lim ln 2n n b 1 ln # 0 diverges _ n _ 67. convergent geometric series with sum 68. divergent geometric series with krk
_ _ n0 _ n0
n1
k_
" e 1 c 1
1 1ce
e1 1e
23.141 22.459
1
" 1 c (cx)
" 1bx
for kxk 1
" 1 b x#
for kxk 1
582
71. a 3, r 72. !
_
; converges to
_
3 " 1 c x c #
6 3cx
for c1
xc" #
1 or c1 x 3
" #
n0
(c1)n #
3 b" n ! sin x
3 b sin x 8 b 2 sin x
n0
" #
" #
,r
c" 3 b sin x
; converges to
" 3 b sin x
" # " #
" 1 c c" #
x
for all x
c" 1 c 3 b sin x
" 1 b (x b 1)
; converges to
2 xc1
x for 3 c 1 or 1 x 5 #
for kx b 1k 1 or c2 x 0
" 1 c ln x
nc2
" (n b 4)(n b 5)
" (n b 2)(n b 3)
(c) ! (c) !
_
n5
" (n c 3)(n c #)
nc1
5 (n b 2)(n b 3)
n3
5 (n c 2)(n c 1)
n20
5 (n c 19)(n c 18)
" #
" 4
b
3 4
" 8
b
3 8
" 16
b
3 16
c
" 4
c
" 8
c
" 16
1 c " #
" #
1 c3
1 c " # " #
" #
c 1c
1 c " #
c 3 #
0.
k #
1 c " #
" 3
AB.
" 3
an " n , B ! bn 1 and ! b 1 ! # n
n1 n1 n1
A B
" an
583
2 5
1cr r
3 5
13 10
3 1 c r r c 10 ; " 1 ce b
3 b ; 2 b 2 3 5 b2 5
13 2
13 #
90. 1 b eb b e2b b
" 9
1 c eb eb
3 10 b 8 9
13 #
91. sn 1 b 2r b r# b 2r$ b r% b 2r& b b r2n b 2r2nb1 , n 0, 1, sn a1 b r# b r% b b r2n b b a2r b 2r$ b 2r& b b 2r2nb1 b n lim s _ n 1 b 2r # 1 c r# , if kr k 1 or krk 1 92. L c sn
a 1cr
b ln 8 9
3 # 10 c
13 #
3 $ 10 b
" 1 c r#
2r 1 c r#
a a1 c r n b 1cr #
arn 1 cr # " #
4 1c
" #
8 m#
nc1
nc1
(b) Using the fact that the area of an equilateral triangle of side length s is A% A$ b 3a4b2
k2
3 " 2 4 3
n_
lim
3 8 5 4
An
b ! 3a4bkc2 8 5 A"
3 " 2 4 33
3 4
3 lim n_ 4
3 " k c1 4 32
, A5 A4 b 3a4b3
3 4
n k2 n
3 1#
n lim L n lim 34 3 _ n _
3 " 2 4 32
, A$ A# b 3a4b
b 33!
k2
4 9kc1 99
kc$
" k c1 b ! 33a4bkc$ 9
3 " 2 4 34 , 3 4
3 2 4 s , we see that 3 3 3 4 b 12 b #7 , 3 4
A"
3 4 ,
...,
b 3 3 1 c 4 9
1 36 9
3 4
b 33!
n k2
1 b 33 20
4kc$ . 9kc1 9
3 4 1
b3 5
lim c 1 b b_
1 x0.2
_1
x2
_1 b 1 1 '1 x
dx converges !
dx lim
b_
'1b x1
dx lim
b_
n 1
1 n2
converges
c 1 x
b 1
2. faxb
lim 5 b0.8 b_ 4
_ _ '1 x1
0.2
dx diverges !
1 x0.2
dx lim
b_
'1b x1
0.2
dx lim
b_
n 1
1 n0.2
diverges
5 0.8 x 4
b 1
584
3. faxb
lim 1 tanc1 b 2 b_ 2
1 xb4
1 4
1 c1 1 2 tan 2
'1
1 x2 b 4
dx lim
_ n 1
1 x2 b 4
dx converges !
b_
'1b x 1 b 4 dx
2
b_
lim
1 n2 b 4
converges
c1 x 1 2 tan 2
b 1
4. faxb
lim
b_
1 xb4
dx lim
b_
1 '1b x b 4 dx
b_
lim
lnlx b 4l
b 1
5. faxb ec2x is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x 1; '1 ec2x dx lim
1 2e2
1 2e2
b_
b_
lim
c2x c 1 2e
b 1
6. faxb
lim
b_
1 c ln b b
1 ln 2
_ 1 '2 xaln xb
dx converges !
n 2
1 naln nb2
1 xaln xb2
dx lim
b_
dx lim
b_
converges
1 c ln x
b 2
7. faxb
2
! 2n diverges ! n2 n n b4 b 4 diverges
n 3 n 1
'3_ x x b 4 dx
x x2 b 4
b_
lim
'3b x x b 4 dx
2
b_
lim
1 lnax2 b 4b lim 2
b 3
4 c x2 ax 2 b 4 b 2
1 5
2 8
b ! n2 n b 4 diverges
n 3 2 c ln x2 x2
b_
x x2 b 4
dx
8. faxb
'3
_ ln x2
x
ln x2 x
dx lim
_ n 3
'3
ln x x
dx lim
_ n 2
b_
2aln xb lim
b 3
ln 4 2
2 b ! lnnn diverges
b_
_ ln x2
x
dx
n 3
9. faxb
'7
x ex3
dx lim
x2 e x 3
lim
_ n 1
b_
2
! 10. faxb
n en3
c 18b 3ac6b b e b 3
'7
x e x 3
dx lim lim b
16 e43
b_
327 e 7 3 9 e1
b_
1 e 1 3
4 e23
cb54 b 3
e
3x c e x3 c
2
18x ex3
c x ax c 6 b 3ex3
b
327 e73 _
327 e73
2
54 ex3 7
'7
lim
x2 ex3
25 e53
36 e2
b !
dx converges !
c3b
c 18b c 54 eb3
327 e73
n 7
n2 converges en3
n 7
n en3
converges
7cx ax c 1 b 3
b
xc4 x2 c 2x b 1
xc4 ax c 1 b 2
b_
nc4 n2 c 2n b 1 diverges
lnlx c 1l b
xc4 ax c 1 b 2
b
3 x c 1 8
lim
b_
n 2
nc4 n2 c 2n b 1
lnlb c 1l b c2 c 1
1 4
'8
xc1 ax c 1 b 2
dx c '8 b
3 bc1
b0b
3 c ln 7 c 7 _ '8 1 16 2 25
3 ax c 1 b 2
dx lim '8 b_
1 xc1
3 36
b !
n 8
nc4 n2 c 2n b 1
xc4 ax c 1b2
3 ax c 1 b 2
dx diverges
dx
diverges
" e
" 10
1
10
585
5 xb1
dx 5 ln (n b 1) c 5 ln 2 '1
5 xb1
dx _
3 n
3!
n1
" n
_
16. converges; !
n1
c2 n n
c2 !
n1
" n$#
1
_
n1
c8 n
c8 !
n1
1 n
and since !
n1
" n
diverges, c8 !
n1
1 n
21. converges; a geometric series with r 22. diverges; n lim _ 23. diverges; !
_
'2_ lnxx dx
'ln_ tet2 dt 2
b_
1
5n 4n b 3
n lim _
_
5n ln 5 4n ln 4
ln 5 5 n _ 0 n lim 4 _ ln 4
n0
c2 n b1
c2 !
n0
" nb1
24. diverges by the Integral Test: 25. diverges; n lim a n lim _ n _ 26. diverges by the Integral Test:
n ln n
n lim _
2n ln 2 1
_0 x b "
dx x
u dx '1n x ; x b 1
" 2 n
du
'2
nb1 du
u
ln n b 1 c ln 2 _ as n _
n lim _
" n
n lim _
n #
_0
" ln #
1.44 1 0.91 1
" x
30. converges; a geometric series with r 31. converges by the Integral Test:
" ln 3
u ln x " du x dx
'ln_ 3
" u u# c 1
du
586
b_
b_
1 #
b_
1 #
c0
1 #
dx;
u ln x " du x dx
sin " n " n
" tan n " n
" '0_ 1b u
du
33. diverges by the nth-Term Test for divergence; n lim n sin " n n lim _ _ 34. diverges by the nth-Term Test for divergence; n lim n tan " n n lim _ _
# n lim sec# " n sec 0 1 0 _ e '1_ 1 b e
x
lim
x0
sin x x
10
n lim _
c n"#
2x
1 #
c tanc" e 0.35
dx;
u ex du ex dx
'e_
" 1 b u#
du n lim ctanc" ud e _
2 '1_ 1 b e
b e e e lim 2 ln b b 1 c 2 ln e b 1 2 ln 1 c 2 ln e b 1 c2 ln e b 1 0.63
b_
2 ub1
du
du
#
1 b x#
" #
2 1 '1142 8u du c4u# d 1 14 4 4
1# 16 "
31 # 4
ux '1_ x x b1 dx;
#
2 lim atanc" eb c tanc" eb 1 c 2 tanc" e 0.71 40. converges by the Integral Test: 1 c tanh 1 0.76 41.
a " '1_ x b 2 c x b 4 dx (b b 2)a b _ bb4
b1 du 2x dx
b_
'2_ du 4
x x #
b_
b_ #
(ln b c ln 2) _
lim
'1b 1 beae b
dx 2 lim ctanc" ex d 1
b_
b_
lim
'1b sech# x dx
b
b_
lim
a 1. If a 1, the terms of the series eventually become negative and the Integral Test does not apply. From that point on, however, the series behaves like a negative multiple of the harmonic series, and so it diverges. 42.
" 2a '3_ x c 1 c x b 1 dx
b_
(b b 2)a bb4
c ln 3 5 ;
a
b_
lim
b_
bc1 (b b 1)2a
; lim c ln 42 2a
2a b _ (b b 1)
bc"
" #
and diverges to _ if
587
. If a
" #
, the terms of the series eventually become negative and the Integral Test does not apply.
From that point on, however, the series behaves like a negative multiple of the harmonic series, and so it diverges. 43. (a)
(b) There are (13)(365)(24)(60)(60) a10* b seconds in 13 billion years; by part (a) sn 1 b ln n where n (13)(365)(24)(60)(60) a10* b sn 1 b ln a(13)(365)(24)(60)(60) a10* bb 1 b ln (13) b ln (365) b ln (24) b 2 ln (60) b 9 ln (10) 41.55 44. No, because !
_ n1 _
n 1
" nx
" x
n1
" n
and !
n1
" n
diverges
_
_
! an ! a#n also diverges and 45. Yes. If ! an is a divergent series of positive numbers, then " #
n1
n1
an #
an .
There is no smallest" divergent series of positive numbers: for any divergent series ! an of positive numbers !
_ n1
n1
a#n
46. No, if ! an is a convergent series of positive numbers, then 2 ! an ! 2an also converges, and 2an an .
n1 n1 n1
47. (a) Both integrals can represent the area under the curve faxb integral
1 x b 1 ,
each sub interval. The area of each rectangle overestimates the true area, thus '1 manner, s50 underestimates the integral '0
50
each subinterval for ci ) and because f is a decreasing function, the value of f is a maximum at the left-hand endpoint of
51
'151 x1b 1 dx. The sum s50 represents a left-hand sum (that is, the we are choosing the left-hand endpoint of
1 x b 1 dx
1 n b 1
is an overestimate of the
f is a decreasing function, the value of f is aminimum at the right-hand endpoint of each subinterval. The area of each
50
1 x b 1 dx.
!
50
n1
1 n b 1 .
In a similar
In this case, the sum s50 represents a right-hand sum and because '0
50
11.6 !
50
n1
1 n b 1
50
1 n b 1
12.3.
1 x b 1 dx
1 x b 1 dx.
51
1 x b 1 dx
nb1
n 251415.
1 x b 1 dx
2x b 1
nb1
1
588
1 n4
each subinterval. Since f is a decreasing function, the value of f is a minimum at the right-hand endpoint of each subinterval, thus ! Thus the error 1.23 10c5
1 lim c 3b 3 b b_
n31
to estimate !
1 x4
n1
1 n4 ,
n31
1 n4 .
'30
1 x4 dx
lim '30
b_ 1 x4 dx
b_ b
1 3a30b3
1.23 10c5 .
b
n
1 3n3 _
1 x4 dx
69.336 n 70.
b 1 x3 dx
lim 'n
b_
1 x4 dx
1 lim c 3x 3 b_
1 x3 dx
1 x3 dx
0.01 n 50 7.071 n 8 S s8 !
8
lim 'n
b_ 1 n3
n1
1.195
1 1 lim c 2x lim c 2b 2 2 b b
n
b_
b_
1 2n2
1 x2 b 4 dx
!
10
n1
1 n2 b 4
0.57
b_ 1 c1 n 2 tan 2
1 x2 b 4 dx
1 x lim 2 tanc1 2 b_
b
n
1 x1.1 dx
0.00001 'n
_
1 x1.1 dx
lim 'n
b_
1 x1.1 dx
b_
b_
10 n0.1
1 lim c 2aln b b b2
n
1 2aln nb2
n
0.01 'n
1 2aln nb2
0.01 n e
1 dx xaln xb3
50
lim 'n
b_
1177.405 n 1178
1 dx xaln xb3
b
n
53. Let An ! ak and Bn ! 2k aa2k b , where {ak } is a nonincreasing sequence of positive terms converging to
k1 k1
0. Note that {An } and {Bn } are nondecreasing sequences of positive terms. Now, Bn 2a# b 4a% b 8a) b b 2n aa2n b 2a# b a2a% b 2a% b b a2a) b 2a) b 2a) b 2a) b b 2aa2n b b 2aa2n b b b 2aa2n b 2a" b 2a# b a2a$ b 2a% b b a2a& b 2a' b 2a( b 2a) b b b 2nc1 terms b 2aa2nc1 b b 2aa2nc1 b1b b b 2aa2n b 2Aa2n b 2 ! ak . Therefore if ! ak converges,
k1 _
Therefore, if ! 2 aa2k b converges, then {An } is bounded above and hence converges.
k
k1
An a" b aa# b a$ b b aa% b a& b a' b a( b b b an a" b 2a# b 4a% b b 2n aa2n b a" b Bn a" b ! 2k aa2k b .
k1
" 2n n(ln 2)
! 2 n a a2 n b ! 2 n
n2 n2
" #n n(ln 2)
" ln #
n2
" n
, which diverges
n 2
diverges.
589
converges if
dx '2_ x(ln x)
! 2 n a a2 n b ! 2 n
#p c 1 "
n1 n1
1 or p 1, but diverges if p 1.
" #np
n1
a2n bpc1
"
55. (a)
p 1.
For p 1:
" pc1
u ln x du dx x
'ln_ ucp du 2
b_
'2_ x dx ln x
u lim c pb1
cpb1
b ln 2
b_
b_
lim cln (ln x)d b lim cln (ln b) c ln (ln 2)d _, so the improper integral diverges if 2
_ n2
(b) Since the series and the integral converge or diverge together, ! 56. (a) p 1 the series diverges (b) p 1.01 the series converges (d) p 3 the series converges 57. (a) From Fig. 10.11(a) in the text with f(x) 1 b '1 f(x) dx ln (n b 1) 1 b
n
(c) !
n2
" n aln n$ b
" 3
n2
" n(ln n)
1 and below by 0. 0
" nb1
1 b
" #
" 3
" #
" x
and ak
" 3
b b
" k
" n
, we have '1
nb1
1 b ln n 0 ln (n b 1) c ln n
" #
" x
dx 1 b
" 3
" #
" 3
b b
" n
(b) From the graph in Fig. 10.11(b) with f(x) If we define an 1 b nonnegative terms. c cln (n b 1) c ln nd 1 b
" #
" 3
" n
'n
nb1
" n b1
" x
c ln (n b 1) c 1 b
dx ln (n b 1) c ln n
" #
" 3
b b
" n
c ln n .
# # b 58. ecx ecx for x 1, and '1 ecx dx lim ccecx d " lim cecb b ec1 ec1 '1 ecx dx converges by
# the Comparison Test for improper integrals ! ecn 1 b ! ecn converges by the Integral Test. #
b_
b_
n0
n1
_1 '10 x
n1
" n3
1.97531986;
b_
1.97531986 b
_
n1
dx lim
" n3
1 242
b '10 xc3 dx
_1 '11 x
dx lim
b_
c2 b
10
s 1.97531986 b
b_
lim c x2
b '11 xc3 dx
b_
1 200
1.20166 s 1.20253
1.20253 c 1.20166 2
b '11 xc4 dx
1 lim c 2b 2 b
lim c x2
1 200
c2 b
11
b_
1 200
1 lim c 2b 2 b
b_
1 242
1 242
and
(b) s !
" n4
1.20166 b 1.20253 2
1.202095; error
0.000435 lim c x3
1 3000
_1 '10 x
n1
1.082036583;
b_
1.082036583 b
_
n1
dx lim
" n4
b '10 xc4 dx
_1 '11 x
dx lim
c3 b
10
b_
b_
c3 b
11
1 3993
s 1.082036583 b
b_
lim c x3
1 3000
1 lim c 3b 3 b
b_
1 3000
1 lim c 3b 3 b
b_
1 3993
1 3993
and
(b) s !
1.08229 b 1.08237 2
1.08233; error
1.08237 c 1.08229 2
590
n1
" n2 ,
which is a convergent p-series, since p 2 1. Both series have nonnegative terms for n 1. For
1 n2
n 1, we have n2 n2 b 30
_
1 n2 b 30 .
n1
1 n2 b 30
converges.
n1
" n3 ,
which is a convergent p-series, since p 3 1. Both series have nonnegative terms for n 1. For
1 n4
n 1, we have n4 n4 b 2
1 n 4 b2
n n4
n n 4 b2
1 n3
n n 4 b2
nc1 n 4 b2 .
n1
nc1 n 4 b2
3. Compare with !
n2
n 2, we have n c 1 n
_ n2
" n ,
" #
1 n .
1 n c 1
diverges.
4. Compare with !
" n,
which is a divergent p-series, since p 1 1. Both series have nonnegative terms for n 2. For
1 n2 c n
n 2, we have n2 c n n2
_
1 n2
n n2 c n
n n2
1 n
nb2 n2 c n
n n2 c n
1 n . Thus !
n2
nb2 n2 c n
diverges.
5. Compare with !
n1
" , n32
3 2
n 3 2
cos2 n n32
converges.
6. Compare with !
n1
" 3n ,
n 1. For n 1, we have n 3n 3n
_
which is a convergent geometric series, since lrl 1 3 1. Both series have nonnegative terms for
1 n 3 n
1 3n .
7. Compare with ! 5 !
_ n1
n1
5 . n32
n1
1 n 3 n
converges.
1 n 3 2
converges by Theorem 8 part 3. Both series have nonnegative terms for n 1. For n 1, we have
nb4 n4 b 4
The series !
n1
1 n 3 2
n1
5 n32
5
_
5 n3
nb4 5 n 4 b 4 n3
5 n32
5.
8. Compare with !
n 1, we have n 1 2n 2 2n b 1 3 n2n b 1 3n 3 2 nn b n 3 n2 b 2 nn b n n2 b 3
n b 1 n2 b 3 n n b 2 n b 1 n2 b 3
n1
" n ,
" #
1 n .
n b 1 n2 b 3 n1
_
n b 2 n b 1 n2 b 3
1 n
1 n
diverges.
1 n
591
an n_ bn
" n2 ,
which is a convergent p-series, since p 2 1. Both series have positive terms for n 1. lim lim
3n2 c 4n 2 n_ 3n c 2n
n_
nc2 n3 c n2 b 3 1n2
lim
n1
nc2 n3 c n2 b 3
n3 c 2n2 3 2 n_ n c n b 3
lim
6n c 4 n_ 6n c 2
lim
6 n_ 6
converges.
_
n1
" n , n_
" #
an n_ bn
bn lim n n2 b 2 lim
n2 b n 2 n_ n b 2
lim
n_
2n b 1 2n
lim
n2
" n,
which is a divergent p-series, since p 1 1. Both series have positive terms for n 2. lim
n3 + n2 3 2 n_ n c n b n c 1
an n_ bn
n_
b 1an c 1b
1n
Test, !
n2
n an b 1 b an2 b 1ban c 1b
_
lim
lim
3n2 b 2n 2 n_ 3n c 2n b 1
lim
6n b 2 n_ 6n c 2
lim
6 n_ 6
diverges.
1 which is a convergent geometric series, since lrl 2 1. Both series have positive terms for
2n 3 b 4n
n1
" 2n ,
lim
_
n n_ 12
lim
4n n n_ 3 b 4
lim
4n ln 4 n n_ 4 ln 4
n1
2n 3 b 4n
converges.
n1
n 4n
5n
" n ,
an n_ bn
lim
_
5n n n_ 4
5n n 4 n
diverges.
2 n 14. Compare with ! 2 5 , which is a convergent geometric series, since lrl 5 1. Both series have positive terms for
n1
n 1. lim exp
exp lim
n b 15 n b 15 lim 10n b 15 exp lim ln 10n exp lim n ln 10n n 10n b 8 10n b 8 n_ a25b n_ 10n b 8 n_ n_ b 15 10 10 ln 10n 70n2 70n2 10n b 8 15 c 10n b 8 lim exp lim 10n bc exp lim a10n b 15 2 2 ba10n b 8b exp nlim 1 n 1 n n_ n_ n_ _ 100n b 230n b 120 an n_ bn 140n n_ 200n b 230
_
lim
b 3 n 2n 5n b 4
exp lim
140 n_ 200
n2
" n,
which is a divergent p-series, since p 1 1. Both series have positive terms for n 2. lim lim
1 n_ 1n
lim
_
n n_ ln n " n2 ,
an n_ bn
n2
" ln n
diverges.
n1
which is a convergent p-series, since p 2 1. Both series have positive terms for n 1. lim
1 1b " n2
lim
n_
c n23
c n23
an n_ bn
lim
1 " n_ 1 b n2
" n2
converges.
592
17. diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) when compared with ! lim n_
# n b $ n9 n
" "
n lim _
n $ n 2 n b
" n
, a divergent p-series:
" # 3 n b n
18. diverges by the Direct Comparison Test since n b n b n n b n b 0 term of the divergent series !
n1
" n
" n
" n
19. converges by the Direct Comparison Test; 20. converges by the Direct Comparison Test; 21. diverges since n lim _
2n 3n c 1
" #n
1 b cos n n#
2 3
" n#
converges
22. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with lim n_ " $#
n
nn#b "n
" n$#
n lim _
10n# b n n# b 3n b 2
n lim _
20n b 1 2n b 3
n lim _
10
" n#
lim
: n# (n c 2) n# b 5 ; n"#
5n$ c 3n
n lim _
5n$ c 3n n$ c 2n# b 5n c 10
n lim _
n
n lim _
n
30n 6n c 4
n " 3n 3 25. converges by the Direct Comparison Test; 3n n , the nth term of a convergent geometric series b1 n
" n$#
lim
" $# n
" n$ b 2
2 n nb 1 b n lim n lim $ _ _
$
2 n$
1
" n
" n#
" ln n
" ln (ln n)
and !
n3
" n
diverges
28. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 2) when compared with ! lim n_
n) (lnn$
n"#
n lim _
(ln n)# n
n lim _
2(ln n) " n 1
n1
, a convergent p-series:
2 n lim _
" n
ln n n
lim
1 n ln n " n
n lim _
n ln n
n lim _
2 n " n
"
n lim _
593
lim
n)# (ln$# n
" n&%
n lim _
n lim _
" $% 4n
n 2 ln n
8 n lim _
" n
8 n lim _
" 4n$%
" n
32 n l im _
" n"%
32 0 0
lim
1 b"ln n " n
n lim _
n 1 b ln n
n lim _
" " n
" # 33. converges by the Direct Comparison Test with n$ # , the nth term of a convergent p-series: n c 1 n for " " n 2 n# an# c 1b n$ nn# c 1 n$# $ or use Limit Comparison Test with # n n n# c 1
ab# c ln# 3b _
1 n# .
34. converges by the Direct Comparison Test with n# b 1 nn$# 35. converges because !
n1 _ n1
n# b 1 n
_
n$#
" n2n
" n$# n n# b 1
" . n$#
"cn n2n
" n2n
n1
b!
n1
c" #n
" #n
, and !
" n#
n1
c" 2n
n 1
n b 2n n# 2n
" ! n2 n b
n1
and
" n2n
" #n
" n#
, the sum of
" 3 n c1
b" 3n
" b n lim _ 3
" 3
0
_
n 39. converges by Limit Comparison Test: compare with ! 1 5 , which is a convergent geometric series with lrl
n1
1 5
1,
lim n_
a 1 5 b n
n lim _
nb1 n2 b 3n
n lim _
1 2n b 3
0.
n 40. converges by Limit Comparison Test: compare with ! 3 4 , which is a convergent geometric series with lrl lim n_
b3 2 3n b 4n
a34b
n n n
n lim _
8n b 12n 9n b 12n
n lim _
8 n 12 b1 9 n 12 b1
n1
1 5
1,
1 1
1 0.
1 0.
n1
1 n,
cnn 2n 2
n
1n
2 cn n lim _ 2n
n
n ! <ln n c ln an b 1b, sk aln 1 c ln 2b b aln 2 c ln 3b 42. diverges by the definition of an infinite series: ! ln n b 1
n1
n1
594
1 1 1 sk 1 c 1 2 b 2 c 3 b b kc2 c
1 n an c 1 b
1 kc1
1 k
1 n an c 1 b
n2
1 n an c 1 b
1 1 ! nc 1 c n , and
n2
n lim _
" n
n1
1 n3 ,
an b 2b x
c 1b
1n3
2n 2n b3
10
lim
x0
sin x x
" n
x0
47. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: convergent p-series and a nonzero constant
tanc" n n1.1
n1.1
and !
n1
n1.1
1 #
n1
" n1.1
is the product of a
1 #
secc" n n1 3
1 # n1 3
and !
n1
1 # n1 3
1 #
n1
" n1 3
is the
: n lim _
1
" n#
n"#
e n b e cn e n c e cn
: n lim _
n tanh n#
n"#
e n c e cn e n b e cn
51. diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with 1 n : n lim _ 52. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with
" 1b2b3bbn
1 n n n
1 n
n lim _
1 n n
1.
" n# : n lim _
n"#
nn n#
n n lim n1 _
53.
lim n_ 54.
n an 2 b 1b n"#
n lim _
"
" b 1) n(n #
2 n(n b 1) .
" n# :
2n# n# b n
n lim _
n lim _
6 n$
4 2
2.
" 1 b 2# b 3# b b n #
n(n b 1)(2n b 1) 6
6 n(n b 1)(2n b 1)
595
56. Yes, !
n1
an n
an n
an
an bn
an _ there exists an integer N such that for all n N, 57. n lim _ bn then ! bn converges by the Direct Comparison Test
1 an bn . If ! an converges,
" 60. Since an 0 and n lim lim a n2 an b 0, compare !an with ! n # , which is a convergent p-series; _ n_
59. Since an 0 and n lim a _ 0, by nth term test for divergence, ! an diverges. _ n n lim a n2 an b 0 !an converges by Limit Comparison Test _
_ n2
# 58. ! an converges n lim a 0 there exists an integer N such that for all n N, 0 an 1 an an _ n # ! an converges by the Direct Comparison Test
an 1n2
aln nbq np
1 nr
aln nbq
1nr
np
n lim _
n2
1 np ,
n lim _
qaq c 1baln nb qaq c 1baln nb qaq c 1b n lim . If q c 2 0 2 c q 0 and n lim n lim 0; otherwise, we _ ap c rb2 npcr _ ap c rb2 npcr _ ap c rb2 npcr aln nb2cq apply L'Hopital's Rule again. Since q is finite, there is a positive integer k such that q c k 0 k c q 0. Thus, after k
qc2
lim n _ ap c rbnpcr
qaln nb
n lim _
0. If q 0, n lim _
q ap c rbnpcr aln nb1cq
n lim _
If q c 1 0 1 c q 0 and
qaq c 1baln nbqc2 1 n ap c rb2 npcrc1
applications of L'Hopital's Rule we obtain n lim _ 0 in every case, by Limit Comparison Test, the
qaq c 1baq c k b 1baln nbqck qaq c 1baq c k b 1b n lim _ ap c rbk npcr aln nbkcq a p c r b k n pc r _ bq series ! alnnn converges. p n 1 aln nbq np
aln nbq
where 0 p r 1. n lim _
n _ acqbaln nbcqc1 1 n
n2
n2
1 np ,
1 np ,
1np
np
lim
ar c pbn
rcpc1
n lim _
1 n r
np
a r c pb n aln nb n lim _, otherwise, we acqbacq c 1b _ apply L'Hopital's Rule again. Since q is finite, there is a positive integer k such that cq c k 0 q b k 0. Thus, after
ar c p b n . acqbaln nbcqc1
rcp
n lim _
If cq c 1 0 q b 1 0 and n lim _
a r c pb2 nrcpc1 acqbacq c 1baln nbcqc2 1 n
2 rcp qb2
n lim _
1 nr ,
_, If
n lim _
_.
596
nb Since the limit is _ if q 0 or if q 0 and p 1, by Limit comparison test, the series ! aln npcr diverges. Finally if q 0
n 2
aln nbq np
aln nbq n
1 n . Thus !
n2
aln nbq n .
Compare with !
aln nbq n
n2
1 n,
n 1
n2
and p 1 2.
65. Converges by Exercise 61 with q 1000 and p 1.001. 66. Diverges by Exercise 62 with q
1 5
and p 0.99.
69. Example CAS commands: Maple: a := n -> 1./n^3/sin(n)^2; s := k -> sum( a(n), n=1..k ); # (a)] limit( s(k), k=infinity ); pts := [seq( [k,s(k)], k=1..100 )]: # (b) plot( pts, style=point, title="#69(b) (Section 10.4)" ); pts := [seq( [k,s(k)], k=1..200 )]: # (c) plot( pts, style=point, title="#69(c) (Section 10.4)" ); pts := [seq( [k,s(k)], k=1..400 )]: # (d) plot( pts, style=point, title="#69(d) (Section 10.4)" ); evalf( 355/113 ); Mathematica: Clear[a, n, s, k, p] a[n_]:= 1 / ( n3 Sin[n]2 ) s[k_]= Sum[ a[n], {n, 1, k}] points[p_]:= Table[{k, N[s[k]]}, {k, 1, p}] points[100] ListPlot[points[100]] points[200] ListPlot[points[200] points[400] ListPlot[points[400], PlotRange All] To investigate what is happening around k = 355, you could do the following. N[355/113] N[1 c 355/113] Sin[355]//N a[355]//N N[s[354]]
597
1 ! 1 converges to 1. By Theorem 8, 70. (a) Let S ! n 2 , which is a convergent p-series. By Example 5 in Section 10.2, nan b 1b
S!
n1
n1 _
1 n2
n1
1 n an b 1 b
b!
n1
1 n2
c!
n1
1 n an b 1 b
n1
1 n an b 1 b
b!
n1
n1
1 n 2
1 n an b 1 b
_ n1
also converges.
1 n an b 1 b
n 1
1 n2
1 n 2 an b 1 b
! 13 , n
1 so it will converge faster because its terms 0 faster than the terms of ! n 2.
n1 1000 n1
1 b ! n2 an1b 1b
n1
1 n 2 an b 1 b
1.644933568, while
1.
anb"b!
2nb" 2n n!
9
3
n_
n! 2n
n_
n 1
2.
nb2 3n
an
b 1b b 2 3nb1 nb2 9 n
aan aan
n_
3 lim n3b n 3
3n nb2
1 3
b2 1 ! n3 converges n n 1
2
3.
an c 1 b ! an b 1 b 2
b1bc1b! b 1 b b 1 b2 c 1 b! 9 anb1b2
an
n_
an c 1 b ! lim nan b 2 b2
3n b 4n b 1 b 2n b n lim n n2 b 4n b 4 lim 2n b 4 n_ n_
4.
2nb1 n3nc1
! n2 3nc1 converges
nb 1
an
n_
lim anb21b3n2 c1 3
nb1
n3nc1 2nb1
2 3
1
n 1
5.
n4 4n
lim 1 4 b
n_
an
b 1 b4 4nb1 n4 4n
3 2n2
1 4n4
n_
1 4
1 !n 4n converges
4
1b lim an4b n 4
4
4n n4
lim n
n_
n 1
6.
3nb2 ln n
! 3 diverges lim 3 1 3 1 ln n
n_
nb2
n_
3 lim ln3an b 1b
nb2
ln n 3 n b2
ln n lim ln 3 an b 1b lim n_ n_
3 n 1 nb 1
b3 lim 3n n n_
7.
n 2 an b 2 b ! nx32n
an
an
n 2 a n b 2 b! nx32n
n_ 1 9
n_
n_
b 2 b! 1 ! n annx3 converges 2n
2
nx32n n 2 an b 2 b !
lim n
n_
n 1
598
8.
0 for all n 1;
lnan b 1b lnan b 2b
an
n_
n_
lim
n_
a2an b 1b b 3b lnaan b 1b b 1b
b 1 b 5n
n_
n_
a2n b 3b lnan b 1b n 5 n
1 nb1 1 nb2
n_
9.
n_
n 1
10.
n_
n 1
n_
b3 lim 4n 3n c 5 n b1
n_
lim 4 3
4 3
b3 diverges 1 ! 4n 3n c 5 n n 1 1 b1 n
12. lne2 b 1 n
_ n 1
n b1
! lne2 b 1 n
n b1
n_
n_
diverges
lim lne2 b 1 n
lnae2 b 2 1
13.
8 3 b 1 2n n
n_
lim
n
n 8 2 9 3b 1 n
1 9
1 !
8 1 2n n 1 3 b n
converges
_
n_
n_
n_
n_
16.
" n1bn
n_
n_
lim n1n 1 b1
n
n 2
lim anb1 n _ an
n lim _
(n b 1) 2 2 n b1
n 2
#n
" #
1
a nb 1 an
n lim _
b 1) (n enb1
# n en
n lim _
(n b 1)2 enb1
en lim n2 n _
1 b " # " n e _ _
" e
1
a nb 1 an
b 1)! (n enb1
n! e n
(n b ")! enb1
en n!
n lim _ n lim _
nb" e
a nb 1 an
b 1)! (n 10nb1
n! 10 n
(n b ")! 10nb1
10n n!
n 10
lim anb1 n _ an
b 1) (n 10nb1
"! "! n 10n
(n b ")"! 10nb1
10n n"!
" 10
1
599
ec# 0
n n
2b(c1)n (1.25)n
c3 n n
ec$ 0.05 0
c"$ 0.72 0 ; e n
1b n lim _ :
ln n n$
c " 3 n
n n$
" n#
n lim _
ln n n
n lim _
" n 1
01
" n
" n#
nc1 n#
31. diverges by the Direct Comparison Test: 32. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ 33. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ 34. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ 35. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ 36. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ 37. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ 38. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ n lim _
1 b " n n
" a nb 1 an a nb 1 an a nb 1 an a nb 1 an anb1 an a nb 1 an a nb 1 an
ln n n
" n
for n 3
" c n lim _ n
" n#
01
2n n ln (n)
" #
1
n! (n b 1)(n b 2) " e
01
1 n lim _
nb4 3(n b 1)
3! n! 3n (n b 3)!
" 3
1
2 3
3n n! n2n (n b 1)!
(2n b 1)! n! nn n!
n lim _
1
01
" n nb n
" e
1
"
n n n 39. converges by the Root Test: n lim an n lim n lim _ _ (ln n)n _
n n ln n
01
600
n n n 40. converges by the Root Test: n lim an n lim n lim _ _ (ln n)n2 _
n n 1 n lim _
n n lim n ln n lim n
_ _
01
n! ln n n(n b 2)!
ln n n(n b 1)(n b 2)
n n(n b 1)(n b 2)
" (n b 1)(n b #)
" n#
which is the nth-term of a convergent p-series 42. diverges by the Ratio Test: n lim _
a nb 1 an
n lim _
n $ 2n 3n a2nbx <nx2
n lim _ n lim _
n3 (n b 1)3
3 #
3 #
1
n2 b 2n b 1 4n2 b 6n b 2
43. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ 44. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _
n n
a nb 1 an
n lim _ n lim _
an b 1 b 2 (2n b 2)(2n b 1)
n lim _
1 4
1
a nb 1 an
n
2 3
1
3n b 2 a2n b 3ba2n b 3b
n lim 2n b 5 _ 2n b 3
2 6 n b 4 2 n b 3 3 n b 6 3 6 n b 9 3 n b 2 2 n b 6
n lim _
sin n 1 bn an an
01 n lim _
" b tanc" n n
a nb 1 46. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim n lim _ an _ 1 approaches 1 b # while the denominator tends to _ a nb 1 an
1 b tan n
c" n
an
an
n lim _
c1 3n 2n b 5 an an
n lim _
3n c 1 2n b 5
3 #
n 1 1 nc2 n nc n nc 48. diverges; anb1 n b 1 an anb1 n b 1 n anc1 anb1 n b 1 n n c 1 anc2 a c c " n n 1 n 2 3 " anb1 n b 1 n n c 1 # a" anb1 n b 1 anb1 n b 1 , which is a constant times the
2 n an an
n n
n lim _
2 n
01
n n
50. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ 51. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ 52.
n b ln n n b 10
a nb 1 an
an
9 an
n lim _
" #
1
" n
a nb 1 an
1 bnln n an an
n lim _
"bln n n
n lim _
01 1
anb1
0 and a"
n b ln n n b 10
an an ; thus anb1 an
" 3
" #
an 0; ln n 10 for n e"! n b ln n n b 10
" #
n b ln n n b 10
n! " n! " n " an a 1 because 3 n lim 3 is a subsequence of 3 whose limit is 1 by Table 8.1 _ n
601
" which is the nth-term of a convergent geometric series an " # # 55. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ nb" " n lim # 1 _ 2n b 1
a nb 1 an
# $
'
' %
#%
n lim _
n lim _
(3n b 3)! 1)! (n b 2)! a nb 1 56. diverges by the Ratio Test: n lim n lim n! (n b(3n)! _ an _ (n b 1)! (n b 2)! (n b 3)! (3n b 3)(3 b 2)(3n b 1) b 2 3n b 1 n lim n lim 3 3n nb# n b 3 3 3 3 27 1 _ (n b 1)(n b 2)(n b 3) _
n (n!) n 57. diverges by the Root Test: n lim an n lim n lim _ _ ann b# _ n n n
n! n#
_1
n! nn 1 n " 2 3 n c n lim n n n n _ n
n (n!) n (n!) 58. converges by the Root Test: n lim n lim n lim an n b n _ _ _ n n# " n lim 01 _ n n n n 59. converges by the Root Test: n lim an n lim n lim _ _ 2n# _ n
n #n
n lim _ _1
" #n ln 2
01
n 4
61. converges by the Ratio Test: n lim _ 62. converges by the Ratio Test: an n lim _ n lim 4n b 6n b 2 _ 4n# b 8n b 4
#
anb1 an
n lim _
4n 2n n! 13 (2n c 1)
n lim _
2n b " (4#)(n b 1)
" 4
1
c2nb1 (n
a1 b 3 c n b a3 b 3cn b
n lim _
" 3
1
a nb 1 an
n lim _
" (n b 1)p
np 1
" (1)p
1 no conclusion
p
a nb 1 an
n lim _
(1)p 1 no conclusion
(ln n)p 1
n lim _
"
p
ln n ln (n b 1)
n lim _
n b 1 n lim _ " n
"
nb" n
ln (ln n) n ln n n lim ln f(n) n lim n lim n lim n 1 _ _ _ _ " ln fn ! n n lim e e 1; therefore lim a n _ n_
ln (ln n) n
65. an
n 2n
n #n
2n n
" #
1
602
66.
2n n!
2
_ 1 ! 2n! diverges
n 1
n_
2 lim a nb1bn!
n2 b2nb1
n! 2n2
n_
n_
10.6 ALTERNATING SERIES, ABSOLUTE AND CONDITIONAL CONVERGENCE 1. converges by the Alternating Convergence Test since: un
1 n b1 1 n
1 n
unb1 un ;
n_
lim un
lim 1 n_ n
0.
0 for all n 1; n 1 n b 1 n n b 1 n
_ _
n1
" n$#
which is a
convergent p-series
1 n 3n
unb1 un ;
n_
lim un
1 n3n
4. converges converges by Alternating Series Test since: un ln an b 1b ln n aln an b 1bb2 aln nb2
n_
lim un
lim 4 2 n_ aln nb
0.
1 aln anb1bb2
1 aln nb2
4 aln nb2
0 for all n 2; n 2 n b 1 n
4 aln anb1bb2
4 aln nb2
unb1 un ;
n n2 b 1
unb1 un ;
n_
lim un
lim 2 n n_ n b 1
0.
6. diverges diverges by nth Term Test for Divergence since: 7. diverges diverges by nth Term Test for Divergence since:
2 lim n2 b 5 n_ n b 4
n_
n lim 22 n_ n
_
_
n_
8. converges absolutely converges by the Absolute Convergence Test since ! kan k ! Ratio Test, since lim
anb1 n_ an
lim 10 n_ n b 2
01
n1
n1
10n an b 1bx ,
n 10
10. converges by the Alternating Series Test because f(x) ln x is an increasing function of x un unb1 for n 1; also un 0 for n 1 and
" lim n _ ln n ln x x
is decreasing
f w (x)
ln n n
1 c ln x x#
n lim _
603
f w (x)
n b " nb1 3 1 b
"
un unb1 ; also un 0 for n 1 and n lim u n lim _ n _ 14. diverges by the nth-Term Test since n lim _
3 n b 1 n b 1
0
" n
1 c x c 2 x 2x (x b 1)#
0 f(x) is decreasing
n lim _
1 b n
30
16. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since (c1) of a convergent geometric series 17. converges conditionally since is a divergent p-series 18. converges conditionally since
n1
nb 1
(0.1)n
" (10)n n
" n
" n b 1
0 and n lim _
" n
n1
" n"#
! kan k !
_ _
n1
" 1 b n
" 1 b n
" 1 b n b 1
0 and n lim _
" # n
" 1 b n
and !
n1
n1
n n $ b1
and
n n $ b1
" n#
20. diverges by the nth-Term Test since n lim _ 21. converges conditionally since !
_
n! #n
_ 0 and n lim _
" n " n b3
" (n b 1) b 3 " 4n
_
n1
" nb3
diverges because
and !
_
is a divergent series
n1
n n 22. converges absolutely because the series ! sin converges by the Direct Comparison Test since sin n# n#
n1
" n#
3bn 5bn
10
nb 1
2nb1 n b5 n
" x#
" x
2 f w (x) c x $ b
" x#
1 bn n#
!
_
n1
" n#
b!
_
n1
" n
604
(nb")# 2 3 n n# 2 3
n b1
2 3
1
'2_ x dx ln x
_ n1
" x ln x
lim
! kan k !
n1
" n ln n
'2b : ln x ; dx
" x
" n ln n
b_
diverges
atan " 29. converges absolutely by the Integral Test since '1 atanc" xb 1 b x# dx lim #
lim atan
b_
c"
bb c atan
c"
1b
" #
# 1 #
1 # 4
31 # 32
b_
c" xb#
b 1
(x c ln x)# " n
x x b ln x
ln x x c ln x
f w (x)
(x c ln x)#
1 c ln x (x c ln x)#
ln n n c ln n
n lim _
_ n1
! kan k !
n1
1 c " n
" n
ln n ncln n
" n
so that
ln n n c ln n
10
("00)nb1 (nb1)!
n! (100)n
n lim _
"00 nb1
01
n1
" n# b 2n b 1
and
" n# b 2n b 1
" n#
which is the
n1
n1
n1
" n$#
is a convergent p-series
n1
cos n1 n
! kan k !
_ _
n1
" n
!
_
n1
(c1)n n
diverges
1 n
b 1) n 37. converges absolutely by the Root Test: n lim kan k n lim (n(2n) n _ _
n
n lim _
nb" #n
" #
1
605
(2n)! (n!)#
n lim _
" 4
1
n lim _
(n b ")(n b 2)(2n) 2n n
n lim _
3 4
1
(2n b 1)! n! n! 3n
n b 1 c n 1
n b 1 b n n b 1 b n
" n b 1 b n
n 1
! kan k !
_ _
n1
"
lim n_ : n lim _
n b 1 b n lim " n ; n _
n lim _
" n b 1 b n
n lim _
1 1 b 1 n b1
" #
bn b n 42. diverges by the nth-Term Test since n lim n# b n c n n lim n# b n c n n _ _ n # bn b n n n # bn b n " 1b " n b1
" #
n b n b n
n lim _
1 b
"
n b 1
"
" #
44. converges conditionally since n b " n b 1 is a decreasing sequence of positive terms converging to 0 !
_ n1 _
(c")n n b n b 1
n b " n b 1
so that !
n1
" n b n b 1
" n
n lim _
n n b n b 1
_ n1
n lim _
" n
1 b 1 b " n
"
" #
45. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since sech (n) nth term of a convergent geometric series
2 e n b e cn
2en e2n
2 en
which is the
46. converges absolutely by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1): ! kan k !
_ _ n1
n1
2 e n ce c n
1 en ,
lim c
2 en c ecn 1 en
9 n lim _ b
1 12
2en e n c e cn
n lim _
_
2 0 for all n 1;
47.
1 4
1 6
1 8
1 10
1 14
n b 2 n b 1 2an b 2b 2an b 1b
b !
n1
(c")nb1 2 an b 1 b ;
1 2 aa n b 1 b b 1 b
unb1 un ;
n_
lim un
lim 1 n_ 2anb1b
1 2 an b 1 b
0.
606
48. 1 b
1 9
1 16
1 25
1 36
1 49
1 64
which is a convergent p-series 0.2 49. kerrork (c1)' " 5 51. kerrork (c1)'
(0.01)& 5
n1
" n#
2 10c""
1 an b 1 b 2 b 3 nb1 an b 1 b 2 b 1
53. kerrork 0.001 unb1 0.001 54. kerrork 0.001 unb1 0.001 998.9999 n 999 55. kerrork 0.001 unb1 0.001
2
n b 1 b 3n b 1 c 10 0 n b 1 c 3 b 29 b 40 2 n 3 n 4 1 lnalnan b 3bb
1 3 an b 1 b b 3 n b 1
which is the maximum arbitrary-precision number represented by Mathematica on the particular computer solving this problem..
" (2n)! " n!
1000
57. 58.
5 10'
(2n)!
10' 5
10' 5
200,000 n 5 1 c
" #!
" #!
b
" 5!
" 4!
c
" 6!
" 6!
b
" 7!
" 8!
0.54030
" 8!
5 10'
n! n 9 1 c 1 b
" 3
" 3!
" 4!
0.367881944
" n " n " n " n b # ! 3 b ! # (b) Since ! kan k ! < 3 is the sum of two absolutely convergent
_ _ n1 n1
" #
60. s#! 1 c
" 3 b
series, we can rearrange the terms of the original series to find its sum:
" 9 " #
" 27 " 3
" b c # b " 4
" 4
" 8
b b
" 19
" 20
0.6687714032 s#! b
1 c " 3
" 3
" 1 c #
" #
" #
" #
0.692580927
61. The unused terms are ! (c1)jb1 aj (c1)nb1 aanb1 c anb2 b b (c1)nb3 aanb3 c anb4 b b
jnb1
(c1)nb1 caanb1 c anb2 b b aanb3 c anb4 b b d . Each grouped term is positive, so the remainder has the same sign as (c1)nb1 , which is the sign of the first unused term.
" 1 2
62. sn
of the first series, hence the two series are the same. Yes, for
" sn ! k c
n k1
" #3
" 34
b b
" n(n b 1)
!
n
k1
" k(k b 1)
" ! k c
n k1
" nb1
" kb1
" " " " " " " " " " 1 c # b # c3 b 3 c4 b 4 c5 b b nc 1 c n b n c
1c
" nb1
607
63. Theorem 16 states that ! kan k converges ! an converges. But this is equivalent to ! an diverges ! kan k diverges
_ _ _ _ n1 n1 n1 n1
64. ka" b a# b b an k ka" k b ka# k b b kan k for all n; then ! kan k converges ! an converges and these imply that
_ _ n1 n1
! an ! kan k
_ _ n1 n1 _ n1 _ n1 _ n 1 _ n1 _ n1
65. (a) ! kan b bn k converges by the Direct Comparison Test since kan b bn k kan k b kbn k and hence (b) ! kbn k converges ! cbn converges absolutely; since ! an converges absolutely and
_ _ n1 _ n1 _ n1
(c) ! kan k converges kkk ! kan k !kkan k converges ! kan converges absolutely
_ _ n1 n1 n1
! cbn converges absolutely, we have ! can b (cbn )d ! aan c bn b converges absolutely by part (a)
n1 _
66. If an bn (c1)n
" n
, then ! (c1)n
_ n1
" n
converges, but ! an bn !
_ _ n1
n1
" n
diverges
s$ c b 1 c s% s$ b s' s& b
" #
s& s% c s( s' c
" 3 c0.1766, " " " #4 c #6 c #8 c " 5 c0.312, " " " 46 c 48 c 50 c
" 4
" 6
" 8
" #
" 10
c
" 3# " 54
" 1#
c
" 34 " 56
" 14
c
" 36 " 58
" 16
c
" 38 " 60
" 18
c
" 40 " 62
" #0
c
" 42 " 64
" 2#
c0.5099,
" 44 " 66
" 30 " 52
c c
c c
c c
c c
c c
c c
c c
c0.512, c0.51106
68. (a) Since ! kan k converges, say to M, for % 0 there is an integer N" such that ! kan k c M
n1
N" c1
% #
that ksN# c Lk
converges to L for % 0 there is an integer N# (which we can choose greater than or equal to N" ) such
% #
N" c1
N" c1
% #
c ! kan k
nN"
% #
! kan k
nN"
% #
. Also, ! an
. Therefore, ! kan k
nN"
% #
and ksN# c Lk
% #
608
(b) The series ! kan k converges absolutely, say to M. Thus, there exists N" such that ! kan k c M % sum ! kbn k so obtained. Then ! kbn k c M % as well !kbn k converges to M.
N# N# n1 n1 n1 _
whenever k N" . Now all of the terms in the sequence ekbn kf appear in ekan kf. Sum together all of the N" terms in ekbn kf, in order, until you include all of the terms ekan kf n 1 , and let N# be the largest index in the
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is c1 x 1 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c1 x 1 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
nb1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is c6 x c4 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c6 x c4 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
nb1
n1
a divergent series " (a) the radius is " 4 ; the interval of convergence is c # x 0 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c " # x 0
nb1
have ! (c1)n (c1)n ! (c1)2n ! 1n , a divergent series; when x 0 we have ! (c1)n (1)n ! (c1)n ,
n1 n1 n1 n1 n1
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
2) nb 1 4. n lim uu 1 n lim (3xnc b1 _ _ n
c1 3x c 2 1
" 3
x 1; when x
_
n (3x c 2)n
conditionally convergent; when x 1 we have ! (a) the radius is " 3 ; the interval of convergence is (b) the interval of absolute convergence is (c) the series converges conditionally at x
c 2) nb 1 5. n lim uu 1 n lim (x 10 nb1 _ _ n
nb1
we have ! x1
n1
(c")n n
n1
" 3
x1
" 3
(a) the radius is "0; the interval of convergence is c8 x 12 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c8 x 12 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
c8 x 12; when x c8 we have ! (c")n , a divergent series; when x 12 we have ! 1, a divergent series
n1 n1
10n (x c 2)n
_
1
kx c 2 k 10
1 kx c 2k 10 c10 x c 2 10
_
609
n1
" #
" #
" #
" #
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
(n b 2) nxn
_ n1
have !
1 kxk n lim _
n nb#
(n b 1)(n b 2) (n b 3)(n)
1 kxk 1
(a) the radius is "; the interval of convergence is c" x " (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c" x " (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
nb1
n nb#,
a divergent series
b 2) nb 1 8. n lim uu 1 n lim (x n b1 n _ _
_
(a) the radius is "; the interval of convergence is c3 x c" (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c3 x c" (c) the series converges conditionally at x c1
x nb 1 9. n lim uu 1 n lim n _ _ (n b 1)n b 1 3nb1
nb1
n1
n (x b 2)n
1 kx b 2k n lim _
_ n1
" n,
n nb1
1 kx b 2k 1
a convergent series
kx k 3
when x 3 we have !
n n 3n xn
1
kx k 3
n lim _
1
n1
1 , n$#
a convergent p-series
(a) the radius is 3; the interval of convergence is c3 x 3 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c3 x 3 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
nb1
we have !
c1 x c 1 1 0 x 2; when x 0 we have !
n1
n (x c 1)n
1 kx c 1k n lim _
_ n1
n nb1
(c")n , n"#
1 kx c 1k 1
1 , n"#
a divergent series
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 0 x 2 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is 0 x 2 (c) the series converges conditionally at x 0
nb1
nb 1 " 1 for all x 11. n lim n! 1 kxk n lim uu 1 n lim x _ _ (n b 1)! xn _ nb1 n (a) the radius is _; the series converges for all x
610
(b) the series converges absolutely for all x (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
nb 1 " 1 for all x 12. n lim uu 1 n lim 3 x 3nn! xn 1 3 kxk n lim _ _ (n b 1)! _ nb1 n (a) the radius is _; the series converges for all x (b) the series converges absolutely for all x (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally nb1 n b1
nb1 2nb2
x nb1
n1
n 4n x2n
_ n1
1 4 1 2
1 n
we have
n1
1 n,
a divergent p-series
1 2
1 2
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
nb 1 14. n lim uu 1 n lim (x c 1) _ _ an b 1b2 3nb1 n nb1
(a) the radius is 3; the interval of convergence is c2 x 4 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c2 x 4 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
x nb 1 15. n lim uu 1 n lim n _ _ (n b 1)# b 3
nb1
n1
n2 3n (x c 1)n
1 1 lx c 1l n lim lx c 1l 1 n 3 _ 3 an b 1 b 2
2
n 1
n1
n1
n1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is c1 x 1 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c1 x 1 (c) the series converges conditionally at x c1
nb1
c1 x 1; when x c1 we have !
" n# b 3
n# b 3 xn
n1
(c")n n# b 3
1 kxk n lim _
n# b 3 n# b 2n b 4
" kxk 1
, a divergent series
a conditionally convergent series (a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is c1 x 1 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c1 x 1 (c) the series converges conditionally at x 1
c1 x 1; when x c1 we have !
n# b 3 xn
n1
" n# b 3
1 kxk n lim _
n# b 3 n# b 2n b 4
" kxk 1
_ n1
(c")n n# b 3
611
kx b 3k 5 c5 x b 3 5 c8 x 2; when x c8 we have !
_ n1
5n n(x b 3)n
1
kx b 3 k lim 5 n_
" nb 1 n
_ n1
n(c5)n 5n
n5n 5n
(a) the radius is 5; the interval of convergence is c8 x 2 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c8 x 2 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
nb1
! n, a divergent series
n1
! (c1)n n, a divergent
n1
kx b 3k 5
_
1
a divergent series (a) the radius is 4; the interval of convergence is c4 x 4 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c4 x 4 (c) the series converges conditionally at x c4
nb 1 19. n lim uu 1 n lim n _ _
c4 x 4; when x c4 we have !
n1
n(c1)n n# b 1
4 n an # b 1 b nxn
1
kx k 4 n lim _
b 1) an b 1b (n n an# b 2n b 2b 1 kxk 4
#
n1
n n# b 1
n b 1 xnb1 3nb1
(a) the radius is 3; the interval of convergence is c3 x 3 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c3 x 3 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
nb 1 20. n lim uu 1 n lim _ n _ nb 1
3n n xn
1
kx k 3
1 nb 1 n lim n _
kxk 3
1 kxk 3
_
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is c3 x c2 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally 21. First, rewrite the series as ! a2 b (c1)n bax b 1bnc1 ! 2ax b 1bnc1 b ! (c1)n ax b 1bnc1 . For the series
n1
nb1 series ! (c1)n ax b 1bnc1 : n lim 1 lx b 1l 1 uu 1 n lim (c1) axb1b 1 lx b 1ln lim _ _ (c1)n axb1bnc1 _ n n1 nb1 n
n b 1 (2xb5)nb1 n n (2xb5)n
1 k2x b 5k n lim _
nb 1
nb1 n n
_
1
! 2ax b 1b
_
n1
n1
n1
n c1
nb 1 lim uu n_ n
1
c2 x 0; when x c2 we have ! a2 b (c1)n bac1bnc1 , a divergent series; when x 0 we have ! a2 b (c1)n b, a divergent series
_ n1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is c2 x 0 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c2 x 0 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
n1
612
17 9
x
19 9 ;
when x
_ n1
17 9
n1
(a) the radius is 1 9 ; the interval of convergence is (b) the interval of absolute convergence is (c) the series converges conditionally at x
nb 1 lim uu n_ n
(c1)n 32n 1 n 3n 9
(c1)n 3n ,
we have !
3 ax c 2bnb1 3 an b 1 b
_ n1
(c1)n 32n 1 n c9 3n
1 lx c 2ln lim _
1 3n ,
9n nb1
9lx c 2l 1
19 9
!
19 9
n1
we have
x
19 9
17 9
19 9
"
t
23.
(a) the radius is "; the interval of convergence is c1 x 1 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c1 x 1 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
b 1)x nb 1 24. n lim uu 1 n lim ln (n xn ln n n _ _
_
nb1
lim 1 b n_
n c1 x 1; when x c1 we have ! (c1)n 1 b " n , a divergent series by the nth-Term Test since
n1
1 n lim _
1 b
" xn 1 b n
n
" nb1
nb1
xnb1
_
" n n
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is c1 x 1 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c1 x 1 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
x " n nb 1 1 b n 25. n lim (n b 1) 1 uu 1 n lim (n b 1) 1 kxk n lim n lim nn xn _ _ _ _ n e kxk n lim (n b 1) 1 only x 0 satisfies this inequality _
nb1 nb1
c1 x 1; when x c1 we have ! (c1)n ln n, a divergent series by the nth-Term Test since n lim ln n 0; _
n1
(a) the radius is 0; the series converges only for x 0 (b) the series converges absolutely only for x 0 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
nb1
1)! (x c 4) nb 1 26. n lim (n b 1) 1 only x 4 satisfies this inequality uu 1 n lim (n bn! 1 kx c 4k n lim (x c 4)n _ _ _ n (a) the radius is 0; the series converges only for x 4 (b) the series converges absolutely only for x 4 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
nb 1 27. n lim uu 1 n lim (x b 2) _ _ (n b 1) 2nb1 n nb1
the alternating harmonic series which converges conditionally (a) the radius is 2; the interval of convergence is c4 x 0 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c4 x 0 (c) the series converges conditionally at x 0
n2n (x b 2)n
1
kx b 2 k lim # n_
_
n nb 1 1
kx b 2k #
1 kx b 2k 2
_
nb1
613
kx c 1k
_
" #
c" # xc1
" #
" #
x 3 # ; when x
" #
3 #
(a) the radius is " # ; the interval of convergence is (b) the interval of absolute convergence is
" #
x
" #
x
3 #
3 #
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
x nb 1 29. n lim uu 1 n lim _ _ (n b 1) aln (n b 1)b# n
nb1
(a) the radius is "; the interval of convergence is c1 x 1 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c1 x 1 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
x nb 1 30. n lim uu 1 n lim _ _ (n b 1) ln (n b 1) n
nb1
n1
" n " 9 nb 1
1 kxk n lim _
n(ln n)# xn
nb1 n
1 kxk n lim _
#
_
n ln n n b 1 n lim _ ln (n b 1)
1
which converges
when x 1 we have !
n ln (n) xn
1 kxk n lim _
1
n2
" n ln n
(a) the radius is "; the interval of convergence is c1 x 1 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c1 x 1 (c) the series converges conditionally at x c1
2nb3
k4x c 5k 1 c1 4x c 5 1 1 x
3 #
(a) the radius is " 4 ; the interval of convergence is 1 x (b) the interval of absolute convergence is 1 x
3 #
we have !
n1
(")2nb1 n$#
; when x 1 we have !
3 #
n nb1
$#
1 (4x c 5)# 1 !
_ n1
n1
(c1)2nb1 n$#
c" n$#
which is
, a convergent p-series
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
b 1) nb 1 32. n lim uu 1 n lim (3x 2n b 4 _ n _
nb2
when x 0 we have !
2 ! c1 3x b 1 1 c 2 3 x 0; when x c 3 we have
_ n1
2n b 2 (3x b 1)nb1
(c1)nb1 2n b 1
(")nb1 2n b 1
n1
" #n b 1
, a divergent series
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is c 2 3 x 0 (c) the series converges conditionally at x c 2 3
614
a2nb x nb 1 1 1 for all x 33. n lim 246x uu 1 n lim 1 kxk n lim n _ _ 246a2nba2an b 1bb _ 2n b 2 n (a) the radius is _; the series converges for all x (b) the series converges absolutely for all x (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally 1ba2an b 1b b 1bx 2n b 3bn 2 nb 1 357an2n 34. n lim uu 1 n lim 357a2nab a2 1 only b 1bxnb1 1 kxk n lim _ n _ _ an b 1 b 2 n b 1b2 2nb1 x 0 satisfies this inequality (a) the radius is 0; the series converges only for x 0 (b) the series converges absolutely only for x 0 (c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally
nb2 2 n 2
n1
1b2bbn n 12 b 22 b b n2 x ,
_
na n b 1 b
ba
recall 1 b 2 b b n
_
b
n an b 1 b 2
and 12 b 22 b b n2
nan b 1ba2n b 1b 6
so that we can 1
nb1 nb1 n rewrite the series as ! n n b 1 2 2n b 1 9xn ! 2n 3 uu 1 n lim a2an3x b 1 x ; then n lim b1 b b 1 b _ _ n 6 n1 n1
a
convergent series; when x 1 we have ! 2n 3 b 1 , a divergent series. (a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is c1 x 1 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is c1 x 1 (c) the series converges conditionally at x c 1
_ n1
a2n b 1b 3xn
n b 1 c n 1
n 1
n b 1 b n n b 2 b n b 1
ax c 3 b n n b 1 b n ;
1 lx c 3l 1 2 x 4; when x 2 we have !
_ n1
n b 1 b n n b 1 b n
n b 1 b n ax c 3 b n
1 n b 1 b n
so that we
n1
ac 1 b n n b 1 b n ,
1
a conditionally
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 2 x 4 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is 2 x 4 (c) the series converges conditionally at x 2
nb1
1 n b 1 b n ,
a divergent series;
369a3nb nx x n
2 nb1
lx l 3
1 lxl 3 R 3
2
4 lx l 9
1
2n a2nbx a n xb 2 x n
lx l 8
1 lxl 8 R 8
615
1 3
_
n0
1 3
c1 3
1 1 c1 3 x 3 ; at x c 3 we have
_
x
1 3
1 1 c 3x .
diverges. The series ! ae c 4b is a convergent geometric series when ln 3 x ln 5 and the sum is
x n
n0
1 1 c ae x c 4 b
1 5 c ex .
2nb2
we have !
n0
c2 x c 1 2 c1 x 3; at x c1 we have !
n0
4n (x c 1)2n
1
(x c 1)# lim 4 n_
_ n0
(c2)2n 4n
22n 4n
(x c ")2n 4n "
#
" 1 c xc #
!
"
n0
4 c (x c ")# 4
n 1 # x c #
n0
4n 4n
n ! 1, which diverges; at x 3 !4 4n
k1k 1 (x c 1)# 4 kx c 1k 2
_ _ n0
n0
4 4 c x# b 2x c 1
2nb2
n0 _ n0
c3 x b 1 3 c4 x 2; when x c 4 we have !
3 9n
2n
9n (x b 1)2n
1
(x b 1)# lim 9 n_
_ n0
(c3)2n 9n
k1k 1 (x b 1)# 9 kx b 1k 3
_ n0
(x b 1)2n 9n "
#
1 1 c xb 3
9 c (x b 1)# 9
"
9 9 c x# c 2x c 1
9 8 c 2x c x#
x c 2nb1 2nb1
_
series; the interval of convergence is 0 x 16; the series ! 0 x 16 and its sum is
1c " x c 2
0 x 16; when x 0 we have ! (c1)n , a divergent series; when x 16 we have ! (1)n , a divergent
n0 _ n0
2n x c 2 n
1 x c 2 2 c 2 x c 2 2 0 x 4
_
2c
" x b 2
n0
2 4 c x
x c 2 n #
x) c" nb 1 46. n lim x e; when x ec" or e we uu 1 n lim (ln (ln x)n 1 kln xk 1 c1 ln x 1 e _ _ n
nb1
obtain the series ! 1n and ! (c1)n which both diverge; the interval of convergence is ec" x e; ! (ln x)n when ec" x e
n 0 n0 n0
" 1 c ln x
616
c2 x 2 ; the series ! x
" # b1 1 c x 3
b1 3
n b1
n x# 3 b1 1
ax # b 1 b lim 3 n_
_
k1k 1
x# b " 3
1 x# 2
" # 3 c x3 c 1
n0
3 # c x#
b1 3
have ! 1n , a divergent series; the interval of convergence is c3 x 3 ; the series ! x convergent geometric series when c3 x 3 and its sum is
" # c1 1 c x 2
# c 1bnb1 2nb1
2n ax # b 1 b n
1 kx# c 1k 2 c3 x 3 ; when x 3 we
_
#
2 c x # c 1
"
n0
2 3 c x#
c1 2
is a
nb1
when x 5 we have ! (c1)n which also diverges; the interval of convergence is 1 x 5; the sum of this
_ n1
2n (x c 3)n
" " " then f w (x) c # b# (x c 3) b b c # n(x c 3)nc1 b is convergent when 1 x 5, and diverges n c2 (x c 1)#
" 3 1 b xc #
2 x c1
, the derivative of
n
xc
(x c 3)# 4
_
(x c 3)$ 12
1) 2 the series ! (c nb1 converges. Therefore the interval of convergence is 1 x 5 and the sum is
n
b b c " #
2 xc1
n (x c 3)nb1 n b1
2 xc1
n1
dx 2 ln kx c 1k b C, where C 3 c ln 4 when x 3.
3x# 3!
5x% 5!
7x' 7!
9x) 9!
11x"! 11!
(b) sin 2x 2x c
128x 512x 2048x b 32x 5! c 7! b 9! c 11! b " " $ # (c) 2 sin x cos x 2 <(0 1) b (0 0 b 1 1)x b 0 c" # b 1 0 b 0 1 x b 0 0 c 1 # b 0 0 c 1 3! x " " " " " " " % & b 0 4! b 1 0 c 0 # c 0 3! b 0 1 x b 0 0 b 1 4! b 0 0 b # 3! b 0 0 b 1 5! x 2$ x$ 3! 2& x& 5! 2( x( 7! 2"" x"" 11! 8x$ 3!
& ( * ""
b 2x c
b 0
2x c
" 6!
b10b0
$ $
2 x 3!
2 x 5!
& &
" 4!
b0 b
" 3!
2 x 7!
( (
2 x 9!
* *
b0
" #
b0
2 x 11!
"" ""
" 5!
b 0 1 x' b 2 x c
x# #!
4x$ 3!
16x& 5!
' ex dx ex b C x b x#
x$ 3! " #! " #!
d x
aex b 1 b
2x 2!
3x# 3!
x$ x% x& x 3! b 4! b 5! b b C, which is the general antiderivative of e % x& " cx x " bx 4! c 5! b ; e e 1 1 b (1 1 c 1 1)x b 1 #! c 1 1 b #! " " " " " " " % 1 c 3! 1 x$ b 1 4! c 1 3! b# ! #! c 3! 1 b 4! 1 x " " " " " & 3! c 3! #! b 4! 1 c 5! 1 x b 1 b 0 b 0 b 0 b 0 b 0 b
#
4x$ 4!
5x% 5!
b 1bxb
x$ 3!
x% 4!
617
x #
x 1#
x 45
'
x
17x 2520 1 #
b x
1 #
d dx
x b
31x 14,175 1 # x$ 3
"!
b b C; x 0 C 0 ln ksec xk
2x& 15
2x& 15
17x( 315
62x* 2835
b dx
x# #
b b
x% 12
x' 45
17x) 2520
31x"! 14,175
b ,
17x( 315
62x* 2835
b 1 b x# b b b
61 ' 720 x x# #
2x% 3
17x' 45
62x) 315
b , converges
x# #
b ,c
5 % 24 x
5x% 24
b
1 #
61x' 720
61 720
x
x# 2
b 1 b
5 48 1 # 5 48
5x% 24
61x' 720
b b
x 24 x 24
&
&
b b
b b
5x% 24
61x' 720
b dx
1 #
x
d(sec x) dx 1 #
d dx
1 b
5x% 24 " 6
5x% 24
61x' 720
b xb
x$ 3
5x$ 6
61x& 120
277x( 1008
b , converges
" $ 2 x b " 3 b # x b 15 b
x# #
x
1 #
61x' 720
5 & 24 x
b x b
17 b 315 b
" 15
b
5 72
2x& 15
17x( 315
61 ( 720 x
b xb
5x$ 6
61x& 120
277x( 1008
b ,
55. (a) If f(x) ! an xn , then f k (x) ! n(n c 1)(n c 2)(n c (k c 1)) an xnck and f k (0) k!ak
_ _ n0
ak
(0) k!
(b) If f(x) ! an xn 0 for all x, then f k (x) 0 for all x from part (a) that ak 0 for every nonnegative integer k
_ n0
nk _
f k (0) k!
10.8 TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES 1. f(x) e2x , f w (x) 2e2x , f ww (x) 4e2x , f www (x) 8e2x ; f(0) e2a0b ", f w (0) 2, f ww (0) 4, f www (0) 8 P! (x) 1, 3 P" (x) 1 b 2x, P# (x) 1 b x b 2x# , P$ (x) 1 b x b 2x# b 4 3x 2. f(x) sin x, f w (x) cos x , f ww (x) csin x , f www (x) ccos x; f(0) sin 0 0, f w (0) 1, f ww (0) 0, f www (0) c1 3 P! (x) 0, P" (x) x, P# (x) x, P$ (x) x c 1 6x 3. f(x) ln x, f w (x)
" " # # $ P" (x) (x c 1), P# (x) (x c 1) c " # (x c 1) , P$ (x) (x c 1) c # (x c 1) b 3 (x c 1) " 1bx c# " x " www , f ww (x) c x # , f (x) 2 x$ ;
1, f ww (0) c(1)
P$ (x) x c
x# #
x$ 3
5. f(x)
P$ (x)
P! (x)
" #
618
6. f(x) (x b 2)c" , f w (x) c(x b 2)c# , f ww (x) 2(x b 2)c$ , f www (x) c6(x b 2)c% ; f(0) (2)c" P$ (x) c
x 4
x 8
" #
, P" (x)
" #
cx 4 , P# (x)
" #
" #
, f w (0) c(2)c#
x 4
x# 8
7. f(x) sin x, f w (x) cos x, f ww (x) c sin x, f www (x) c cos x; f 1 4 sin f ww 1 4 P# (x) c sin
2 #
1 8. f(x) tan x, f w (x) sec2 x, f ww (x) 2sec2 x tan x, f www (x) 2sec4 x b 4sec2 x tan2 x; f 1 4 tan 4 1 , 2 1 ww 1 2 1 www 1 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 fw 1 4 sec 4 2 , f 4 2sec 4 tan 4 4 , f 4 2sec 4 b 4sec 4 tan 4 16 P! (x) 1 , 1 1 2 1 1 2 8 3 P" (x) 1 b 2 x c 1 b3 xc 1 4 , P# (x) 1 b 2 x c 4 b 2 x c 4 , P$ (x) 1 b 2 x c 4 b 2 x c 4 4
" c$# www c"# , f ww (x) c 4 c&# ; f(4) 4 2, 9. f(x) x x"# , f w (x) " x , f (x) 3 # x 8 x " c"# " " c$# " 3 c&# 256 4 c 32 P! (x) 2, P" (x) 2 b " f w (4) # 4 , f ww (4) c 4 4 ,f www (4) 3 8 4 4 (x c 4), " P# (x) 2 b 4 (x c 4) c " 64 " (x c 4)# , P$ (x) 2 b 4 (x c 4) c " 64
(x c 4)# b
" 51#
(x c 4)$
" c"# ww c&# 10. f(x) (1 c x)"# , f w (x) c " , f (x) c 4 (1 c x)c$# , f www (x) c 3 ; f(0) (1)"# 1, # (1 c x) 8 (1 c x) " " 3 3 c"# ww c$# f w (0) c " , f www (0) c 8 (1)c&# c 8 c" c4 P! (x) 1, # (1) # , f (0) c 4 (1) " " # " " # P" (x) 1 c " 2 x, P# (x) 1 c 2 x c 8 x , P$ (x) 1 c 2 x c 8 x c 1 16
x$
11. f(x) ecx , f w (x) cecx , f ww (x) ecx , f www (x) cecx f k (x) ac1bk ecx ; f(0) eca0b ", f w (0) c1,
1 3 # ! f ww (0) 1, f www (0) c1, f k (0) (c1)k ecx 1 c x b 1 2x c 6x b
_ n0
(c1)n n n! x
12. f(x) x ex , f w (x) x ex b ex , f ww (x) x ex b 2ex , f www (x) x ex b 3ex f k (x) x ex b k ex ; f(0) a0bea0b 0,
3 ! f w (0) 1, f ww (0) 2, f www (0) 3, f k (0) k x b x# b 1 2x b
_ n0
1 n an c 1 b ! x
13. f(x) (1 b x)c" f w (x) c(1 b x)c# , f ww (x) 2(1 b x)c$ , f www (x) c3!(1 b x)c% f k (x) (c1)k k!(1 b x)ckc1 ; f(0) 1, f w (0) c1, f ww (0) 2, f www (0) c3!, f k (0) (c1)k k! 1 c x b x# c x$ b ! (cx)n ! (c1)n xn
_ _ n0 n0
14. f(x)
f w (0) 3, f ww (0) 6, f www (0) 18, f k (0) 3ak!b 2 b 3x b 3x# b 3x$ b 2 b ! 3xn
_ n1
2bx 1cx
f w (x)
3 ww (1 c x)# , f (x)
6(1 c x)c$ , f www (x) 18(1 c x)c% f k (x) 3ak!b(1 c x)ckc1 ; f(0) 2,
15. sin x !
_
n0 _
sin 3x !
_
n0
!
_
n0
3x c c
3$ x$ 3!
3& x& 5!
16. sin x !
n0
sin
_
x #
!
_
n0
!
_
n0
x #
x$ 2$ 3!
x& 2& 5!
n 0
7c
7x# #!
7x% 4!
7x' 6!
619
n0
5 cos 1x 5 !
_
n0
5c
51 # x# 2!
51 % x % 4!
c
x$ 3!
51 ' x ' 6!
b c 1 b
x# #!
19. cosh x !
_ n0
e x b e cx #
" #
x2n (2n)!
1 b x# b
x# #!
x$ 3!
x% 4!
b b 1 c x b
x# #!
x% 4!
x% 4!
x' 6!
20. sinh x !
_ n0
e x c e cx #
" #
1 b x b
x# #!
x$ 3!
x% 4!
b c 1 c x b
x# #!
x$ 3!
x% 4!
c x b
x$ 3!
x& 5!
x' 6!
21. f(x) x% c 2x$ c 5x b 4 f w (x) 4x$ c 6x# c 5, f ww (x) 12x# c 12x, f www (x) 24x c 12, f 4 (x) 24 f n (x) 0 if n 5; f(0) 4, f w (0) c5, f ww (0) 0, f www (0) c12, f 4 (0) 24, f n (0) 0 if n 5 24 % $ % $ x% c 2x$ c 5x b 4 4 c 5x c 12 3! x b 4! x x c 2x c 5x b 4 22. f(x)
x# xb1
f w (x)
2x b x# ; f ww (x) ax b 1 b 2
2 ; ax b 1 b 3
f www (x)
c6 ax b 1 b 4
f n (x)
ac 1 b n n x ; ax b 1bnb1
23. f(x) x$ c 2x b 4 f w (x) 3x# c 2, f ww (x) 6x, f www (x) 6 f n (x) 0 if n 4; f(2) 8, f w (2) 10, 6 # $ f ww (2) 12, f www (2) 6, f n (2) 0 if n 4 x$ c 2x b 4 8 b 10(x c 2) b 12 2! (x c 2) b 3! (x c 2) 8 b 10(x c 2) b 6(x c 2)# b (x c 2)$ 24. f(x) 2x$ b x# b 3x c 8 f w (x) 6x# b 2x b 3, f ww (x) 12x b 2, f www (x) 12 f n (x) 0 if n 4; f(1) c2, f w (1) 11, f ww (1) 14, f www (1) 12, f n (1) 0 if n 4 2x$ b x# b 3x c 8 12 # $ # $ c2 b 11(x c 1) b 14 2! (x c 1) b 3! (x c 1) c2 b 11(x c 1) b 7(x c 1) b 2(x c 1) 25. f(x) x% b x# b 1 f w (x) 4x$ b 2x, f ww (x) 12x# b 2, f www (x) 24x, f 4 (x) 24, f n (x) 0 if n 5; f(c2) 21, f w (c2) c36, f ww (c2) 50, f www (c2) c48, f 4 (c2) 24, f n (c2) 0 if n 5 x% b x# b 1 48 24 # $ % # $ % 21 c 36(x b 2) b 50 2! (x b 2) c 3! (x b 2) b 4! (x b 2) 21 c 36(x b 2) b 25(x b 2) c 8(x b 2) b (x b 2) 26. f(x) 3x& c x% b 2x$ b x# c 2 f w (x) 15x% c 4x$ b 6x# b 2x, f ww (x) 60x$ c 12x# b 12x b 2, f www (x) 180x# c 24x b 12, f 4 (x) 360x c 24, f 5 (x) 360, f n (x) 0 if n 6; f(c1) c7, f w (c1) 23, f ww (c1) c82, f www (c1) 216, f 4 (c1) c384, f 5 (c1) 360, f n (c1) 0 if n 6 216 384 360 # $ % & 3x& c x% b 2x$ b x# c 2 c7 b 23(x b 1) c 82 2! (x b 1) b 3! (x b 1) c 4! (x b 1) b 5! (x b 1) c7 b 23(x b 1) c 41(x b 1)# b 36(x b 1)$ c 16(x b 1)% b 3(x b 1)& 27. f(x) xc# f w (x) c2xc$ , f ww (x) 3! xc% , f www (x) c4! xc& f n (x) (c1)n (n b 1)! xcnc2 ; " f(1) 1, f w (1) c2, f ww (1) 3!, f www (1) c4!, f n (1) (c1)n (n b 1)! x # 1 c 2(x c 1) b 3(x c 1)# c 4(x c 1)$ b ! (c1)n (n b 1)(x c 1)n
_ n 0
28. f(x) !
_
1 a1 c x b 3
f w (x) 3(1 c x)c4 , f ww (x) 12(1 c x)c5 , f www (x) 60 (1 c x)c6 f n (x)
an b 2 b ! 2
an b 2ban b 1b n x 2
1 a1 c x b 3
1 b 3x b 6x# b 10x3 b
an b 2 b ! 2
(1 c x)cnc3 ;
620
e# n!
(x c 2)n
30. f(x) 2x f w (x) 2x ln 2, f ww (x) 2x (ln 2)# , f www (x) 2x (ln 2)3 f n (x) 2x (ln 2)n ; f(1) 2, f w (1) 2 ln 2, f ww (1) 2(ln 2)# , f www (1) 2(ln 2)$ , , f n (1) 2(ln 2)n 2x 2 b (2 ln 2)(x c 1) b
2(ln 2)# #
(x c 1)# b
2(ln 2)3 3!
(x c 1)3 b !
_
n0
1 ww 1 www 1 w 31. f(x) cos2x b 1 2 , f (x) c2 sin 2x b 2 , f (x) c4 cos 2x b 2 , f (x) 8 sin 2x b 2 , w 1 ww 1 www 1 a4 b 1 4 a5b axb c25 sin2x b 1 1 f a4b axb 24 cos2x b 1 2 f 2 . . ; f 4 c1, f 4 0, f 4 4, f 4 0, f 4 2 , n 2n 1 1 2 1 4 2n 1 f a5 b 1 c2 b... 4 0, . . ., f 4 ac1b 2 cos 2x b 2 c1 b 2 x c 4 3 xc 4
!
_
n0
2n c1 4
c12 ww c32 www c 5 2 a4 b c7 2 32. f(x) x b 1, f w (x) 1 , f (x) c 1 , f (x) 3 , f (x) c 15 , . . .; 2 ax b 1b 4 ax b 1b 8 ax b 1b 16 ax b 1b 1 1 3 15 1 1 2 1 3 5 4 w ww www a4 b f(0) 1, f (0) , f (0) c , f (0) , f (0) c , . . . x b 1 1 b x c x b x c x b 2 4 8 16 2 8 16 128
n0
by !
_
2 1cx
n0
ac1bn 2n a2nbx x
is 2 ! xn which converges on ac1, 1b. Thus the Maclaurin series generated by faxb cos x c
n0 _ n0
ac1bn 2n a2nbx x
is given by
n0
xn nx
xn nx
a c 1 b nc 1 n x n
n0
the intersection of ac_, _b and ac1, 1b, so the interval of convergence is ac1, 1b.
_ n0
n0
2 7 45 x
n0
37. If ex !
a) ex ea (x c b 0!
!
n0
f n (a) n!
(x c a)# 2!
b ea 1 b (x c a) b
(x c a)# 2!
b at x a
621
(x c 1)# b
ww
e 3!
(x c 1)$ b e 1 b (x c 1) b
www
(x c 1)# 2!
(x c 1)$ 3!
f (a) f (a) # $ w # (x c a) b 3! (x c a) b f (x) (a) f w (a) b f ww (a)(x c a) b f 3! 3(x c a)# b f ww (x) f ww (a) b f www (a)(x n 2 f n (x) f n (a) b f nb1 (a)(x c a) b f # (a) (x c a)# b w w n n
www b
c a) b
(a) 4!
4 3(x c a)# b
(a) f
(a) b 0
40. E(x) f(x) c b! c b" (x c a) c b# (x c a)# c b$ (x c a)$ c c bn (x c a)n 0 E(a) f(a) c b! b! f(a); from condition (b),
xa
lim
xlim a
f (x) c n! bn " n f www (a) xlim 0 bn n! f (a); therefore, n! a n (a) g(x) f(a) b f w (a)(x c a) b f 2! (x c a)# b b f n!(a) (x c a)n Pn (x) " 3!
b$
f (x) c 2b c 3! b (x c a) c c n(n c ")bn (x c a)n b" f w (a) xlim n(n c 1)(x c a)n 2 a f (x) c 3! b c c n(n c 1)(n c 2)bn (x c a)n 3 " ww b# # f (a) xlim n(n c 1)(n c #)(x c a)n 3 a
ww # $ c www c $ c
n c1
ww
41. f(x) ln (cos x) f w (x) c tan x and f ww (x) c sec# x; f(0) 0, f w (0) 0, f ww (0) c1 L(x) 0 and Q(x) c x 2 42. f(x) esin x f w (x) (cos x)esin x and f ww (x) (c sin x)esin x b (cos x)# esin x ; f(0) 1, f w (0) 1, f ww (0) 1 L(x) 1 b x and Q(x) 1 b x b
c"# x #
#
43. f(x) a1 c x# b
ww
f w (x) x a1 c x# b
x #
#
c$#
and f ww (x) a1 c x# b
c$#
b 3x# a1 c x# b
c&#
; f(0) 1, f w (0) 0,
44. f(x) cosh x f w (x) sinh x and f ww (x) cosh x; f(0) 1, f w (0) 0, f ww (0) 1 L(x) 1 and Q(x) 1 b 45. f(x) sin x f w (x) cos x and f ww (x) c sin x; f(0) 0, f w (0) 1, f ww (0) 0 L(x) x and Q(x) x 46. f(x) tan x f w (x) sec# x and f ww (x) 2 sec# x tan x; f(0) 0, f w (0) 1, f ww 0 L(x) x and Q(x) x 10.9 CONVERGENCE OF TAYLOR SERIES 1. ex 1 b x b 2. ex 1 b x b 3. sin x x c 4. sin x x c
x$ 3! x# #!
x #
b !
_
n0 _
xn n!
ec5x 1 b (c5x) b
x ecx2 1 b c b # (c1)n x2nb1 (#nb1)!
(c5x)# #!
x # c # #!
b 1 c 5x b b 1c
(cx)$ 3!
5# x# #!
5$ x$ 3!
b !
_ _
n0
(c1)n 5n xn n!
x# #!
b !
x& 5!
n0
xn n!
x #
x# 2# #!
x$ 2$ 3!
b !
_
n0
(c1)n xn 2n n!
b b
c !
_
n0 _
(cx)& 5!
1) x c ! 5(c (#nb1)!
n0 _
nb1 2nb1
x$ 3!
x& 5!
c !
n 0
1x #
x $ 1 # 3!
x & 1 # 5!
x ( 1 # 7!
1) 1 x b ! (c 22nb1 (#nb1)!
n0
n 2nb1 2nb1
622
5. cos x ! 6. cos x !
_
n0
cos 5x2 !
_
n0
2n
!
_
n0
1c
$ "#
25x4 #!
625x8 4!
15625x12 6!
1c
n0
x$ 22!
2# 4!
x'
2$ 6!
x*
$# cos x 2
$ cos x #
"#
9!
_
ac1bn x# (#n)!
2n
n0
n 0
7. lna1 b xb !
_
n1
a c 1 b nc 1 x n n
lna1 b x2 b !
_ _
n1
ac1bnc1 x2 n
!
_
n1 _
ac1bnc1 x2n n
x2 c
x4 2
x6 3
x8 4
b... c b...
8. tanc1 x !
_ _
n0
ac1bn x2nb1 2n b 1
tanc1 a3x4 b !
_
n0
ac1bn 3x4 2n b 1
2nb1
n0
3x4 c 9x12 b c
243 20 5 x
2187 28 7 x
9.
1 1bx
! ac1bn xn
n0 _
1 3 1b 3 4x
3 3 3 3n ! ac1bn 3 ! ac1bn 3 4x 4 x 1 c 4x b n
_
n0
n0
9 6 16 x
27 9 64 x
b...
10.
1 1cx
! xn
n0 _
1 2cx
" 1 # 1c " #x _
" #
1 2 b1 4x b 8x b
1 3 16 x
b...
11. ex !
n0
xn n!
xex x !
(c1)n x2nb1 (2nb1)!
n 0
xn n! 9
!
_
n0
xnb1 n!
x b x# b
x$ #!
x% 3!
x& 4!
b b b c c b b
x) 8!
12. sin x !
_ _
n0
x# sin x x# !
_
n0
!
_
n0
x$ c
x& 3!
x( 5!
x* 7!
13. cos x !
x% 4!
n0
x"! 10!
x# #
c 1 b cos x
_
n 2n
x# #
x' 6!
x) 8!
1) x b ! (c (#n)!
n2
c1b!
_
n0
x# #
c1b1c
x# 2
x% 4!
x' 6!
x"! 10!
14. sin x !
_
n0
sin x c x b
x( 7!
x$ 3!
x c
x$ 3!
x& 5!
x* 9!
x"" 11!
b c xb
_
!
_
n0
x$ 3!
cxb b
x* 9!
x$ 3!
x& 5!
x( 7!
x"" 11!
b !
_
n2
15. cos x !
_
n0 _
x cos 1x x !
n0
!
_
2n
n0
xc
1 # x$ 2!
b b
1 % x& 4!
c c
1 ' x( 6!
n0
x# cos ax# b x# !
_
n0
!
_
n0
x# c
(2x)' 6!
x' 2!
x"! 4!
x"% 6!
" #
" #
n0
(2x)# 22!
(2x)' 26!
b
" #
" #
(2x)) 28!
c 1b!
_
b" # 1 c
n1
(2x)# 2!
(2x)% 4!
c
_ n1
(2x)) 8!
1b! c
(2x)' 6!
" #
cos 2x
" #
!
_
n1
!
_
n1
c" # 1 c
(2x)# #!
(2x)% 4!
(2x)# 22!
(2x)% 24!
(2x)' 26!
623
n1
(c1)nc1 (2x)n n
!
_
n1
(c1)nc1 2n xnb1 n
2x# c
2# x$ #
2$ x% 4
2% x& 5
b
_
! xn 1 b x b x# b x$ b
n0
d dx
" 1c x
" (1cx)#
n 0
22.
2 a1 c x b $
d# dx#
! (n b 2)(n b 1)x
_ n0
" 1c x
d dx n
d dx
ac1bn x4nc1 2n c 1
24. sin x x c xc
4 x3 3!
x3 3!
x5 5!
x7 7!
16 x5 5!
c
x3 3! x3 3!
64 x7 7!
b xc
1 1bx
a2xb3 3!
a2xb5 5!
a2xb7 7!
2x5 15
4 x7 315
b !
_
n0
x2 2! x2 2!
b b
b and
1 c x b x2 c x3 b ex b
5 3 2 b b a1 c x b x2 c x3 b b 2 b 3 2x c 6x b x7 7!
1 1bx
25 4 24 x
1 b ! n! b ac1bn xn
_ n0
x 2!
x3 3!
b
x 4!
4
x5 5!
c
x 6!
6
1) x ! (c (2n)! c
n 2n
b c x c
b and cos x 1 c
x 3!
3
x 5!
x2 2! x 7!
7
b 1c xc
x4 4!
x6 6!
b cos x c sin x
x2 2!
x3 3!
x4 4!
x5 5!
x6 6!
x7 7!
1 3 1 4 2 27. lna1 b xb x c 1 2x b 3x c 4x b 1 5 1 7 3 1 3x c 6x b 9x c
_
1 9 12 x
b 2nb1 b ! ac1 3n x
nc1
x 3
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 lna1 b x2 b x 3 x c 2 a x b b 3 a x b c 4 a x b b 2 3 4
n1
29. ex 1 b x b 1 b x b
x2 2! x2 2!
x3 3! x3 3!
b x c
b and sin x x c
x3 3!
x5 5!
x3 3! x7 7!
3 b x b x2 b 1 3x c
x5 5!
x7 7!
b ex sin x
1 5 30 x
c
" 1cx
624
32. sin x x c
x3 3!
x5 5!
x7 7!
b and cos x 1 c
x2 2!
x4 4!
x6 6!
b 2x c
x2 2!
x2 2!
x4 4!
a2xb3 3!
x6 6!
a2xb7 7!
3 b x c 7 6x b
61 5 120 x
1247 7 5040 x
33. sin x x c
x5 5!
x7 7!
b and ex 1 b x b
x5 5!
b
x3 3!
x3 3!
b
x5 5!
1 4 2 1bxb 1 2x c 8x b
x3 3!
x7 7!
1 b b 2 x c
x7 7!
b b 1 6 x c
2
x3 3!
x5 5!
x7 7!
b b
3 1 7 c7 x b
b
7
c 0l 35. Since n 3, then f a4b axb sin x, lf a4b axbl M on 0, 0.1 lsin xl 1 on 0, 0.1 M 1. Then lR3 a0.1bl 1 l0.14 x
36. Since n 4, then f a5b axb ex , lf a5b axbl M on 0, 0.5 lex l e on 0, 0.5 M 2.7. Then
c 0l lR4 a0.5bl 2.7 l0.55 7.03 10c4 error 7.03 10c4 x
5
37. By the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem, the error is less than 5 kxk 6 10c# 0.56968 38. If cos x 1 c Theorem 39. If sin x x and kxk 10c$ , then the error is less than
a10c$ b 3!
$
kx k & 5!
x# #
and kxk 0.5, then the error is less than (.5) 24 0.0026, by Alternating Series Estimation Theorem;
%
x# #
The Alternating Series Estimation Theorem says R# (x) has the same sign as c x 3! . Moreover, x sin x
$
40. 1 b x 1 b
c $
1.25 10c&
x# 8
x$ 16
(0.01)# 8
301 (0.1)$ 3!
(0.1)$ 3! " #
2x c
d dx
asin# xb
(2x) 3!
$
d dx
&
(2x) 5!
2x 2! c
(2x) 7!
" #
cos 2x
2$ x% 4!
" #
2& x' 6!
c 2x c
c" # 1 c
(2x)# 2!
(2x)% 4!
(2x)' 6!
(2x)$ 3!
(2x)& 5!
b
(2x)( 7!
b 2 sin x cos x
2x# #!
2$ x% 4!
2& x' 6!
625
2 x 4!
2 x 6!
&
'
% b 1 c x# b " 3 x c
(2x)# #!
(2x) 4!
(2x) 6!
'
2 45
x' b
(2x) 8!
" 315
b b 2x #! c
#
x) c
2 x 4!
2 x 6!
&
'
2 x 8!
45. A special case of Taylor's Theorem is f(b) f(a) b f w (c)(b c a), where c is between a and b f(b) c f(a) f w (c)(b c a), the Mean Value Theorem. 46. If f(x) is twice differentiable and at x a there is a point of inflection, then f ww (a) 0. Therefore, L(x) Q(x) f(a) b f w (a)(x c a). 47. (a) f ww 0, f w (a) 0 and x a interior to the interval I f(x) c f(a) (b) similar reasoning gives f(x) c f(a) local minimum at x a f(x) f(a) throughout I f has a local maximum at x a
f (c ) #
# ww
f (c ) #
#
ww
(x c a)# 0 throughout I
48. f(x) (1 c x)c" f w (x) (1 c x)c# f ww (x) 2(1 c x)c$ f 3 (x) 6(1 c x)c% f 4 (x) 24(1 c x)c& ; therefore
%
x % 10 0.00016935 0.00017, since f (1c the error e$ max f 4! (x) x (0.1)% 10 x)& x 9 9
4 %
&
" 1 cx
1 b x b x# b x$ . kxk 0.1
&
10 11
" 1 cx
10 9
(x) 4!
49. (a) f(x) (1 b x)k f w (x) k(1 b x)kc1 f ww (x) k(k c 1)(1 b x)kc2 ; f(0) 1, f w (0) k, and f ww (0) k(k c 1)
c ") # Q(x) 1 b kx b k(k # x " " 3 2 $ (b) kR# (x)k 3! x 100 kx$ k " 100
0x
" 100"$
or 0 x .21544
50. (a) Let P x b 1 kxk kP c 1k .5 10cn since P approximates 1 accurate to n decimals. Then, P b sin P (1 b x) b sin (1 b x) (1 b x) c sin x 1 b (x c sin x) k(P b sin P) c 1k ksin x c xk
_ n0
kx k $ 3!
0.125 3!
51. If f(x) ! an xn , then f k (x) ! n(n c 1)(n c 2)(n c k b 1)an xnck and f k (0) k! ak
nk
ak
f k (0) k!
for k a nonnegative integer. Therefore, the coefficients of f(x) are identical with the corresponding
coefficients in the Maclaurin series of f(x) and the statement follows. 52. Note: f even f(cx) f(x) cf w (cx) f w (x) f w (cx) cf w (x) f w odd; f odd f(cx) cf(x) cf w (cx) cf w (x) f w (cx) f w (x) f w even; also, f odd f(c0) f(0) 2f(0) 0 f(0) 0 (a) If f(x) is even, then any odd-order derivative is odd and equal to 0 at x 0. Therefore, a" a$ a& 0; that is, the Maclaurin series for f contains only even powers. (b) If f(x) is odd, then any even-order derivative is odd and equal to 0 at x 0. Therefore, a! a# a% 0; that is, the Maclaurin series for f contains only odd powers. 53-58. Example CAS commands: Maple: f := x -> 1/sqrt(1+x); x0 := -3/4; x1 := 3/4; # Step 1: plot( f(x), x=x0..x1, title="Step 1: #53 (Section 10.9)" );
626
# Step 2: P1 := unapply( TaylorApproximation(f(x), x = 0, order=1), x ); P2 := unapply( TaylorApproximation(f(x), x = 0, order=2), x ); P3 := unapply( TaylorApproximation(f(x), x = 0, order=3), x ); # Step 3: D2f := D(D(f)); D3f := D(D(D(f))); D4f := D(D(D(D(f)))); plot( [D2f(x),D3f(x),D4f(x)], x=x0..x1, thickness=[0,2,4], color=[red,blue,green], title="Step 3: #57 (Section 9.9)" ); c1 := x0; M1 := abs( D2f(c1) ); c2 := x0; M2 := abs( D3f(c2) ); c3 := x0; M3 := abs( D4f(c3) ); # Step 4: R1 := unapply( abs(M1/2!*(x-0)^2), x ); R2 := unapply( abs(M2/3!*(x-0)^3), x ); R3 := unapply( abs(M3/4!*(x-0)^4), x ); plot( [R1(x),R2(x),R3(x)], x=x0..x1, thickness=[0,2,4], color=[red,blue,green], title="Step 4: #53 (Section 10.9)" ); # Step 5: E1 := unapply( abs(f(x)-P1(x)), x ); E2 := unapply( abs(f(x)-P2(x)), x ); E3 := unapply( abs(f(x)-P3(x)), x ); plot( [E1(x),E2(x),E3(x),R1(x),R2(x),R3(x)], x=x0..x1, thickness=[0,2,4], color=[red,blue,green], linestyle=[1,1,1,3,3,3], title="Step 5: #53 (Section 10.9)" ); # Step 6: TaylorApproximation( f(x), view=[x0..x1,DEFAULT], x=0, output=animation, order=1..3 ); L1 := fsolve( abs(f(x)-P1(x))=0.01, x=x0/2 ); # (a) R1 := fsolve( abs(f(x)-P1(x))=0.01, x=x1/2 ); L2 := fsolve( abs(f(x)-P2(x))=0.01, x=x0/2 ); R2 := fsolve( abs(f(x)-P2(x))=0.01, x=x1/2 ); L3 := fsolve( abs(f(x)-P3(x))=0.01, x=x0/2 ); R3 := fsolve( abs(f(x)-P3(x))=0.01, x=x1/2 ); plot( [E1(x),E2(x),E3(x),0.01], x=min(L1,L2,L3)..max(R1,R2,R3), thickness=[0,2,4,0], linestyle=[0,0,0,2], color=[red,blue,green,black], view=[DEFAULT,0..0.01], title="#53(a) (Section 10.9)" ); abs(`f(x)`-`P`[1](x) ) <= evalf( E1(x0) ); # (b) abs(`f(x)`-`P`[2](x) ) <= evalf( E2(x0) ); abs(`f(x)`-`P`[3](x) ) <= evalf( E3(x0) ); Mathematica: (assigned function and values for a, b, c, and n may vary) Clear[x, f, c] f[x_]= (1 b x)3/2 {a, b}= {c1/2, 2}; pf=Plot[ f[x], {x, a, b}]; poly1[x_]=Series[f[x], {x,0,1}]//Normal poly2[x_]=Series[f[x], {x,0,2}]//Normal poly3[x_]=Series[f[x], {x,0,3}]//Normal Plot[{f[x], poly1[x], poly2[x], poly3[x]}, {x, a, b}, PlotStyle {RGBColor[1,0,0], RGBColor[0,1,0], RGBColor[0,0,1], RGBColor[0,.5,.5]}];
627
The above defines the approximations. The following analyzes the derivatives to determine their maximum values. f''[c] Plot[f''[x], {x, a, b}]; f'''[c] Plot[f'''[x], {x, a, b}]; f''''[c] Plot[f''''[x], {x, a, b}]; Noting the upper bound for each of the above derivatives occurs at x = a, the upper bounds m1, m2, and m3 can be defined and bounds for remainders viewed as functions of x. m1=f''[a] m2=-f'''[a] m3=f''''[a] r1[x_]=m1 x2 /2! Plot[r1[x], {x, a, b}]; r2[x_]=m2 x3 /3! Plot[r2[x], {x, a, b}]; r3[x_]=m3 x4 /4! Plot[r3[x], {x, a, b}]; A three dimensional look at the error functions, allowing both c and x to vary can also be viewed. Recall that c must be a value between 0 and x, so some points on the surfaces where c is not in that interval are meaningless. Plot3D[f''[c] x2 /2!, {x, a, b}, {c, a, b}, PlotRange All] Plot3D[f'''[c] x3 /3!, {x, a, b}, {c, a, b}, PlotRange All] Plot3D[f''''[c] x4 /4!, {x, a, b}, {c, a, b}, PlotRange All] 10.10 THE BINOMIAL SERIES 1. (1 b x)"# 1 b " # xb 2. (1 b x)"$ 1 b " 3 xb
" c " # # # x
#!
2 # " c 3 x 3
b b
#!
3 $ " c " c # x # #
3!
" 16
x$ c x$ c
5 16
#!
2 5 $ " c 3 c3 x 3
3!
5 81
3 c " c # (cx)# #
b b
" 3 5 c # c # c # (cx)$
3!
3 # b 1b " # xb 8 x b
x$ b
#!
3!
$
1 $ # b 1cxc 1 2 x c 2 x c
(c2)(c3) x #
#!
b b
x (c2)(c3)(c4) #
3!
" $ # b 1cxb 3 4 x c # x
4 1 b 4 c x 6. 1 c x 3 3 b 7. a1 b x$ b 8. a1 b x# b
c"# $ 1c " # x b " # 1c 3 x b
(4)(3) c x 3
#!
(4)(3)(2) c x 3
3!
(4)(3)(2)(1) c x 3
4!
4 2 2 b0b 1c 3 xb 3 x c
4 27
x3 b
1 4 81 x
3 $ # c " c # ax b #
#!
b b
" 3 5 $ $ c # c # c # ax b
3!
5 16
x* b x' b
c"$
c " c 4 # # 3 3 ax b
#!
c " c 4 c 7 # $ 3 3 3 ax b
3!
14 81
"# 1 b " 1 9. 1 b 1 x # x b
" c " 1 # # # x
#!
3 1 $ " c " c # # # x
3!
b 1b
1 8x#
" 16x$
628
10.
4 # c " c 3 x 3
#!
4 7 $ c " c 3 c3 x 3
3!
2 3 # b 9 xc 1 3x b 9x c
14 4 81 x
11. (1 b x)% 1 b 4x b
$
(4)(3)(2)x$ 3!
#
(4)(3)(2)x% 4!
$
1 b 4x b 6x# b 4x$ b x%
12. a1 b x# b 1 b 3x# b
(3)(2) ax# b #!
(3)(2)(1) ax# b 3!
(3)(2)(c2x)# #!
b
#
(3)(2)(1)(c2x)$ 3!
(4)(3) c x #
#!
x (4)(3)(2) c #
3!
x (4)(3)(2)(1) c #
4!
" $ # 1 c 2x b 3 2 x c # x b
$
" 16
x%
15.
"!
16.
kE k
(.2)( 73!
0.0000003
c dx x 3 c
$
x( 73!
!# !
x 3
!# !
" x
17.
'00 1 "
cx b
x# 4
x$ 18
18.
'!!#&
kE k kE k
1 b x% (0.1)& 10 $
0.000001
dx '0 1 c
01 025
1 c x b
!# !
x# #!
x$ 3!
x% 4!
c c 1 dx '0 c1 b
02
x #
x# 6
x$ 24
(0.2)% 96
0.00002
!" !
c dx
x% 2
c dx x c c
x% 9
x& 10
b
x$ 9
1 b x# dx '0
&
(0.25) 45
0.0000217
1 b
%
x# 3
b dx x b
$
x& 45
b
(
!#& !
x b
!#& x$ 9 !
19.
20.
(0.1)7 77!
2.8 10
%
c12
'
x& 10
x( 42
(0.1)9 216
4.6 10c12
!" !
x c
$
x$ 3
x& 10
!" x( 42 !
21. a1 b x% b b
"#
(1)"# b c
" # 1
'0
4!
01
22.
" x x x x x x x x x '01 1 cxcos x dx '01 " # c 4! b 6! c 8! b 10! c dx # c 34! b 56! c 78! b 910!
# % ' ) $ & ( * #
1 b
x% #
x) 8
(1)c(# ax% b b 1 b b
x"# 16
(1)c"# ax% b b
%
" c " # #
#! x% #
(1)c$# ax% b b
x) 8
3 " c " c # # #
3!
5x"' 128
b dx x b
x& 10 !
x"# 16 !"
5x"' 128
(1)c&# ax% b
0.100001, kEk
(0.1)9 72
1.39 10c11
23.
0.4863853764, kEk
1 1112!
1.9 10c10
kerrork
" 136!
.00011
629
kerrork kerrork
x
" 58!
0.000004960 b
t"! 5!
" 157!
t' 3!
t"% 7!
0.000013
t' 2!
b dt t3 c
$
t( 73!
t"" 115!
t"& 157!
b c
t* 93!
x$ 3
x( 73!
x"" 115!
c b
t& 5
t) 3!
t"! 4!
t"# 5!
x& 5
x( 72!
x
x* 93! t$ 3
x"" 114!
kerrork
x# #
b dt t3 c
$
t& 5
" 135!
#
t( 72!
t"" 114!
t"$ 135!
0.00064
t% 1#
t( 7
b dt t2 c c b dt t c F(x) x c
x# # x# ##
b
x' 56
t' 30
x% 34
c
x
x) 78
b b (c1)"& b
t& 55
x
x# #
x% 1#
kerrork
x$# 3132 x# ##
(0.5)' 30
.00052
t# 3
t$ 4
t# 22
b c
t$ 33
t% 44
c xc
! x$" 31#
x$ 3#
x% 4#
x& 5#
x$ 3#
x% 4#
b b (c1)$"
" #
lim " # b
x0
aex c (1 b x)b
x 3! " x
1 b x b b
x# #!
x$ 3!
" #
b c 1 c x b c 1 c x b
x 3!
x# 4!
b lim
x0
ex c (1 b x) x#
30.
" x
2b
" t%
aex c ecx b
2x# 3!
2x% 5!
1 b x b
2x' 7!
x$ 3!
x% 4!
b lim 1 c
x0
ex c ecx x
x# #!
x$ 3!
b
2x% 5!
x% 4!
x lim 2 b _ c
t' 6!
2x# 3!
c
2x' 7!
" x
b 2
2x b
2x$ 3!
2x& 5!
2x( 7!
31.
" lim c 4! b
1 c cos t c t#
#
" t%
t0
t 6!
t 8!
" b c 24
t# #
c 1 c
t# #
t% 4!
" b c 4! b
t# 6!
t% 8!
b lim
t0
" c cos t c t#
#
t%
32.
" )&
" y$
c) b
)$ 6
lim " ) 0 5!
" 3
b sin ) c
)# 7!
" )&
)% 9!
c) b
)$ 6
b)c
)$ 3!
)& 5!
" 1 #0
c
" 3
" 5!
)# 7!
)% 9!
c lim
)0
sin ) c ) b )6
$
)&
33.
ay c tanc" yb
y c
" y$
y c y c
y& 5
y$ 3
y& 5
c
c 9 c 9
y# 5
y% 7
c lim
y0
y c tanc" y y$
" lim 3 c
y0
y# 5
y% 7
34.
y$ 3
c 9 c y c y$ cos y
y$ 3!
y& 5!
y$ 6
23y& 5!
y$ cos y
c 9
" c 6 b
23y# 5!
cos y
c 9
lim
y0
" c 6 b
23y# 5!
cos y
c" 6
" 6x'
" 6x%
b c1
" x#
" #x %
b c1 b
" #x #
" 6x%
b x lim x# ec1x c 1 _
#
630
c 1c
" 5!(x b 1)%
c 1 lim
x0
x# c 4 1 c
x# #
37.
ln a1 b x# b 1 c cos x x# c 4 ln (x c 1)
1 c 1 c (x c 2) c
# x c
x% #
x' 3
x# #!
x% 4!
c 9
1 c
x# #
b
x# 4!
x% 3
" # !
c 9
a1 b x # b lim ln 1 cos x c x0
b
x# 4!
x% 3
" # !
c 9
2! 2
38.
(x c 2)(x b 2)
(x c 2)# #
lim
(x c 2) 2 x 2 1 c x c c # b 3
x b2
(x c 2)$ 3
1 c
xc2 #
xb2
(x c 2)# 3
lim
x 2 ln (x c 1)
81 10 40 x
4 6 45 x
c . . . lim
lim
81 10 6 3x2 c 9 2 x b 40 x c . . . 2 c 2 x4 b 4 x6 c . . . 2x x0 3 45
lim
x12 4
3 2
x6 2
b
9
x9 3
12
7 b . . . and x sin x2 x3 c 1 6x b
1 11 120 x
1 15 5040 x
b lim
lim
x 0 1c
3 6 1 c x2 b x3 c 1 4 1 8 6 x b 120 x c
x9 4 b. . . 1 12 5040 x b
ln1 b x3 2 x 0 x sin x
41. 1 b 1 b
1 3x
1 4x
b e1 e
1 1 64 1 c 14
1 4 64 3
1 48
b b b b
34 44 4x 1 3 2 3 15 35 5x 25 3 5 5
c c c c
36 4 6 6x 1 42 4 17 3 7 7x 27 3 7 7
b 1 c
1 3 2 2x 4
1 3 4 4x 4
1 3 6 6x 4
b cos 3 4
c c c
1 1 3 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 2 b 3 b 1 c4 b ln1 b 2 ln 2 2 c 2 # # #
1 3
2 3
1 47. x3 b x4 b x5 b x6 b x3 a1 b x b x2 b x3 b b x3 1 c x
1 2 3 b 1 2 5 c 1 2 7 b tanc1 2 b 2 3 c 3 3 5 3 7 3 3
x3 1cx
1 1 3 3x 3
1 1 5 5x 3
1 1 7 7x 3
b sin 1 3
3 2
48. 1 c
32 x2 2x
34 x4 4x
36 x6 6x
b 1 c
2 1 2x a3xb
4 1 4x a3xb
6 1 6x a3xb
b cosa3xb
x3 1 + x2
50. x2 c 2x3 b
22 x4 2x
23 x5 3x
24 x6 4x
c x2 1 c 2x b
d dx a1
a2xb2 2x
a2xb3 3x
a2xb4 4x
c x b x2 c x3 b x4 c x5 b b c
x3 3
c x2 ec2x
d 1 dx 1 b x
c1 a1 b xb2 lna1cxb x
x2 3
x3 4
x4 5
b c1 x cx c
x2 2
x4 4
x5 5
1 c c x lna1 c xb c
631
x$ 3
x% 4
b c cx c
x# #
x$ 3
x% 4
c 2 x b
x$ 3
x& 5
54. ln (1 b x) x c
" n10n
" 10)
x# #
x$ 3
c
)
x% 4
b b
(c1)nc1 xn n
b kerrork (c")n
n c1 n
" n10n
when x 0.1;
55. tanc" x x c
" #n c 1
" 10$
n
x$ 3
x& 5
x( 7
1001 # x& 5
500.5 the first term not used is the 501st we must use 500 terms b
x* 9
x* 9
c b
nc1 2nc1
" #n c1
when x 1;
56. tanc" x x c
x( 7
c b
we have !
b and n lim x _ 2n b 1
2nb1
n 1
(c1)n 2nc1
2n c 1 x2nc1
2n c 1 x# x# n lim _ #n b 1
(c1)nc1 2nc1
which is a convergent series the series representing tanc" x diverges for kxk 1
" tanc" 18 has an
57. tanc" x x c
(c1)nc1 x2nc1 x$ x& x( x* b and when the series representing 48 3 b 5 c 7 b 9 c b 2n c 1 " c' error less than 3 10 , then the series representing the sum " " " 48 tanc" 18 also has an error of magnitude less than 10c' ; b 32 tanc" 57 c 20 tanc" #39
thus
kerrork 48
" 18
2nc1
#n c 1
" 310'
2t& 15
59. (a) a1 c x# b
c"#
b dt
x# #
x% 12
x' 45
b
5x( 112
1b
(b)
3x& 40
cosc" x
1 #
c sinc" x
c x b b
x$ 6
3x& 40
5x( 112
1 #
cxc
x$ 6
3x& 40
5x( 112
60. (a) a1 b t# b 1c
" 384
35t' 2$ 3!
3 40,960 " 4
sinhc" x '0 1 c
x
0.24746908; the error is less than the absolute value of the first unused
5 " 4 112
(
3t% 8
5t' 16
dt x c
3x& 40
5x( 112
, evaluated at t
61.
1 c 2x b 3x# c 4x$ b
# $ c 1 c" (cx) c1 b x c x b x c
2.725 10c'
d dx
ac1 b x c x# b x$ c b
62.
" 1 c x#
1 b x# b x% b x' b
d dx
" 1c x#
2x a1 c x # b #
d dx
632
44668(2n c 2)(2n) 63. Wallis' formula gives the approximation 1 4 32 35577(2n c 1)(2n c 1) to produce the table
n 1 10 3.221088998 20 3.181104886 30 3.167880758 80 3.151425420 90 3.150331383 93 3.150049112 94 3.149959030 95 3.149870848 100 3.149456425 At n 1929 we obtain the first approximation accurate to 3 decimals: 3.141999845. At n 30,000 we still do not obtain accuracy to 4 decimals: 3.141617732, so the convergence to 1 is very slow. Here is a Maple CAS procedure to produce these approximations: pie := proc(n) local i,j; a(2) := evalf(8/9); for i from 3 to n do a(i) := evalf(2*(2*ic2)*i/(2*ic1)^2*a(ic1)) od; [[j,4*a(j)] $ (j = nc5 .. n)] end
_ _ _
k1
Thus, a1 b xb f axb m b !
_
k1
! m k xk c 1 k
_
bx
k1
! m k xkc1 k
_ _
k1
! m k xk c 1 k
_
k1
! m k xk k
0 m 1 a1b x
k c1 b ! m k b ! m k kx k kx
k2 k1
k2
m Note that: k m b 1 ak b 1b b k k
mam c "bam ckb k!
m k ! m ak b 1b b m k xk . m k m b ! k b 1 ak b 1b x b k k x m b kb1 k
k1
m kc1 k kx
b!
k1
m k k kx
_
m k ! m k xk m b ! kb 1 ak b 1b x b k
k1 k1
k1 _
! m m xk m b m! m xk m k Thus, a1 b xb f w axb m b ! k m k k b 1 ak b 1b b k k x m b
k1 k1 k1
mam c "bam c ak b 1b b 1b am c k b 1b ak b 1b b mam c "b k ak b 1 b ! k! mam c "bam c k b 1b mam c "bam c k b 1b mam c "bam c k b 1b aa m c k b b k b m k k! k! k!
_ _ _
m m k .
(b) Let gaxb a1 b xbcm faxb gw axb cma1 b xbcmc1 faxb b a1 b xbcm f w axb (c) gw axb 0 gaxb c a1 b xbcm faxb c faxb
_
w k m1 b ! m k x 9 m faxb f axb
k1
mfaxb a1 bx b
if c" x 1.
mfaxb a1 b x b
c a1 b x b c m
65. a1 c x# b b
c"#
a1 b acx# bb
3!
c"#
b 1b
13x% 2# #!
135x' 2$ 3!
b 1b!
#!
n1
135(2nc1)x2n #n n!
633
c"#
dt '0 1 b !
x
n1
135(2n c 1)x2n 9 #n n!
dt x b !
n1
1 # " t%
c tanc" x 'x b
1 # " t'
dt 1 b t#
c
" x " 3t$
" t)
tanc" x
b c_
lim
x c1
<c " t b
" 3x$
b dt lim
" 5t&
1 #
t#
" t#
" 5x&
" 7t(
b , x 1; ctanc" td c_ tanc" x b
b_
" c b c x b
x x
<c " t b
" 3t$
" 5t&
" 7t(
c x
b
1 c
" t#
" t% " x
c c
" t'
" 3x$
" 5x&
" 7x(
c tan
1 #
dt 'c_ 1 b t
x
" 3x$
b dt b
" 5x&
" 7x(
b b
" 3x$
c"
xc1 # c
" x
" 5x&
b ,
67. (a) eci1 cos (c1) b i sin (c1) c1 b i(0) c1 1 (b) ei14 cos 1 4 b i sin 4
" 2
i 2
" (1 b i) 2
68. ei) cos ) b i sin ) eci) ei(c)) cos (c)) b i sin (c)) cos ) c i sin ); ei) b eci) cos ) b i sin ) b cos ) c i sin ) 2 cos ) cos ) ei) c eci) cos ) b i sin ) c (cos ) c i sin )) 2i sin ) sin ) 69. ex 1 b x b
x# #! ei) b eci) ; # i) c i) e e c #i
eci) 1 c i) b
ei) b eci) # % )# 1 c #! b ) 4!
x$ 3! (ci))# 2!
b b
x% i) 4! b e $ % (ci)) (ci)) 3! b 4! b
1 b i) b
1 c i) b
#
(i))# #!
(i))# 2!
1 b i) b
(i))# #!
(i))$ 3!
(i))% 4!
)' 6!
b cos );
$ %
b b 1 c i) b
#
(i)) #!
(i))$ 3!
#
c
b
(i)) 3!
(i))% 4!
(i))% 4!
$
(i))% 4!
b and c
(i))$ 3!
ei) c eci) #i
)c
)$ 3!
1 b i) b
)& 5!
(i))# #!
)( 7!
b sin )
#i
70. ei) cos ) b i sin ) eci) eic) cos (c)) b i sin (c)) cos ) c i sin ) (a) ei) b eci) (cos ) b i sin )) b (cos ) c i sin )) 2 cos ) cos ) (b) ei) c eci) (cos ) b i sin )) c (cos ) c i sin )) 2i sin ) i sin ) 71. ex sin x 1 b x b
" " $ " " % " (1)x b (1)x# b c 6 b# x b c 6 b6 x b 1# 0 c
_
x# #!
x$ 3!
x% 4!
ex eix e1bix ex (cos x b i sin x) ex cos x b i aex sin xb e sin x is the series of the imaginary part
" " " " " # $ $ % & & ' #! a2ix b b 3! a2ix c 2x b b 4! ac4x b b 5! ac4x c 4ix b b 6! ac8ix b b the imaginary 2 # 2 $ 4 & 8 ' " $ " & " ' # #! x b 3! x c 5! x c 6! x b x b x b 3 x c 30 x c 90 x b in agreement with our x
n 0
b x c
x$ 3!
x& 5!
x( 7!
" 1#
b b
" & #4 x x
" $ b x b x# b 3 x c (x b ix)# #!
" 30
x& b ; b
(xbix)n n!
1 b (x b ix) b
(x b ix)$ 3!
(x b ix)% 4!
part
of e
is x b
product calculation. The series for e sin x converges for all values of x. 72.
d dx
ae (cos bx b i sin bx) b bieax (cos bx b i sin bx) aeabibx b ibeabibx (a b ib)eabibx
ax
eabib
d dx
ceax (cos bx b i sin bx)d aeax (cos bx b i sin bx) b eax (cb sin bx b bi cos bx)
634
73. (a) ei)" ei)# (cos )" b i sin )" )(cos )# b i sin )# ) (cos )" cos )# c sin )" sin )# ) b i(sin )" cos )# b sin )# cos )" ) cos()" b )# ) b i sin()" b )# ) ei)" b)# " " ) b i sin ) (b) eci) cos(c)) b i sin(c)) cos ) c i sin ) (cos ) c i sin )) cos cos ) b i sin ) cos ) b i sin ) ei) 74.
a c bi abbix bi ax b C" b iC# aa# c a# b b # e b b# e (cos bx b i sin bx) b C" b iC# ax a# eb b# (a cos bx b ia sin bx c ib cos bx b b sin bx) b C" b iC# ax a# eb b# [(a cos bx b b sin bx) b (a sin bx c b cos bx)i] b C" b iC# ax ax b b sin bx) bx c b cos bx) e (a cosa#bx b C" b ie (a sina# b iC# ; b b# b b#
eabbix eax eibx eax (cos bx b i sin bx) eax cos bx b ieax sin bx, so that given
bi abbix ' eabbix dx aa c b C" b iC# we conclude that ' eax cos bx dx e bb e c b cos bx) and ' eax sin bx dx e (a sinabx b C# bb
# #
ax
b C"
ax
1
2 n
, n lim 0 0, n lim _ _
n
e0 1 0 c1 0 1 f
6. converges to 0, since {sin n1} {0 0 0 } 7. converges to 0, since n lim a n lim _ n _ 8. converges to 0, since n lim a n lim _ n _
ln n# n
2 n lim _
" n 1
0 0 1 n lim _
n
ln (2nb") n
n lim _
2n 2 b1 1 1 b " n 1
n bnln n lim 9. converges to 1, since n lim a n lim _ n _ n_ 10. converges to 0, since n lim a n lim _ n _
ln a2n$ b 1b n
n lim _
6n# 2n$ b 1
12n 6n#
n lim _
2 n
12. converges to
" e
(c5) n
ec5 by Theorem 5
" e
" 1 b " n n
by Theorem 5
3 n 1 n 31n n1n
3 1
3 by Theorem 5 1 by Theorem 5
1 1