127

The Basic

Gamma- Function and

By

the Elliptic Functions

the Eev. F. H. Jackson,

RN,
LL.D.j, F.R.S.

(Communicated by Professor A. E. Forsyth, Sc.D.,

Eeceived

November

12,

Eead December
Introduction,

15,

1904)

In this paper I propose to discuss certain product functions.

I.

Functions of which the typical factor

is

[^-f^co],

that

is

to

say

(^+^'- 1)/0 1).

II.

Functions of which the typical factor

is

\x-\'mwi-f-no)^.

The functions belonging

which appear in

to the first class are substantially the q products,

Elliptic Function theory.

Many

different notations

have

been used in the discussion of such functions, notably the notations of Jacobi,
Weierstrass, Halphen, Tannery, and Molk.

Halphen*

discusses the notations

used by various writers, and compares their respective advantages.

following

In the

work the products

will be discussed

under a notation analogous to

will be used
is

that of the gamma-function.

The function Vp {x, w), which

the simplest function satisfying the difference equation

f{x^-w)

= {x-\f{x),
gamma

(A)

is

termed the base, and

o>

is cd)

termed the parameter of the function.

degenerates into the

In

casejp

1,

the function r^(^,

function with

parameter

&>.

From r^ {x, )

a function S^

{x,

w) will be derived.

^^
It
is

Vp{wx)Vp{x)

manifest that

when ^

1,

this

function

will

degenerate into

siuTTx/dOy also that for special values of jp it will differ

from the a functions

only by an exponential factor of the second degree.

are discussed

Functions of this nature

by Halphen.f
of the

In the discussion
functions Gp
{x, oo)

products with a typical factor [^

analogous to the

+ mft)^ + ?^ft)3],

and Gp

(x, co^ co^)

function and the

double-gamma function
denoted T^
for the
ft)

will be
0)3)

formed, and from these, certain functions

((35, ft)),

(^,

ft)i,

will be derived, satisfying difference equations

parameters, with elliptic function coefficients.

"^
-*

Fonctions Elliptiques,'
Fonctions Elliptiques,'

vol. 1, p. 252. vol. 1, pp. 240, et seq.

128

Rev. F. H. Jackson.
of q series,

The Basic

[Nov. 12,

For general investigations

Elliptic

not specially in connection with

Function

tlieory,

refer

to

Heine,* to

memoirsf by Professor

L. J. Eogers, It

and

to

sundry papers^: by the author.

may

be useful to state here the principal transformations which appear

in this paper.

V^ix,

^\

=const.

n
'/'

=o L ^

T^ix + ,(a]
V
I

Vy

n~-l

Sjpf^,

=const.

J S^(^^

+ ~,

ft)

G^fni^ix.m)

= XC*
=
0^^

n n

i GL(a?H

ft>,

&>

T^^^^,

ft))

i
r

n n
=
1.

^ T^^^+^-^ft),ft)jp

Function V^ {x,

m\
satisfying the

In order to bring the function r^([^]) into line with more general
products,

we

introduce a parameter,

ft),

and form a function

difference equation

and such that

V^ (ft),
is

ft))

1.

The function

r, (.,)=
in which

A
[i;^J,c

M[2a,][3a,]
^

[/cH
.

r^^-,.,,..

(-^)

= a>L^+ft)JL;r-f
I

2ft)J[a:J+Oft;J

\X-\-K(i)\

j?^

<

1.

The

infinite

product

is also

convergent when

\f\ >
we

1,

but the function

does not then satisfy the difference equation /(^4-ft))

ducing, however, an exponential
factor, p^^^+'^^Z^",

= [^]/(^)'
j

^1
^*^
j

intro-

have, in case

>

1,

a function

*
t
}
*

'

Kugelf unctionen,' chap. 2, vol. 1, Appendix, London Math. Socy. Proc.,' vols. 24 and 25. London Math. Socy. Proc.,' series 2, vols. 1, 2, and 3
vol. 27.

*
;

R.

S.

Edin. Trans.,'

vol.

41

Amer. Jour. Math.,'

'

Boy. Soc.

Proc.,' vol. 74, p. 61.

1904.]

Gamma- Function and

the Elliptic Functions,

129

which

satisfies

the difference equation (A). In terms of the function rp([a?]);*

we

find

r^
analogous to
It is easily

ix, 0))

[ft>](^/")-i

Fj (x, )

= ct)^^/")~^r (^/g^) =
_^^e2'^2a;/a,p^

.f

deduced that
r^ ( a?,

ft))

(^^^

^)^

The function

(1)

may

be expressed in other forms, for example,

00

(B)

These expressions are absolutely convergent of

|

^'^
|

<

1,

but they are not

convergent in case

|>

1.
:

We
,-Qx.

can, however,

form an expression convergent

in this limiting case, viz.

_L_ ^
V^(x,
ft))

^^^ ff
,<?=
1

I A +^,. M^ ^^
l-_p

[sw]

(C)

Q
ft)

l02^

2 -^
1

[Sft)]

similar expression in case

|

jo^

>

1, is

easily written

down.

As ^

approaches the value unity from either

a limiting form,
viz.,

side,

the two expressions converge into

Weierstrass' expression for the

gamma-f auction.
the
nx/ib)

Midti;plicaUon Theorem

amd TraTtsformation of
Vp\{nx,
ft))

Parameter

ft).

Consider

r
71.
,

(<)

n
r

\
"^

r^(^+
n

ft)

ft)

=
x-\

Then, since

Tpi(nx + n(o,Q))

n1 n
^11
.^n-

r^H (nx -}-(% 1)

ft), ft)),

we

find
d!>

(l>(x-i-Q)) =^
(a?)

(j>

(x).
is

The function
^

has no singularities
Proe.,' vol. 74, p. 61.
*

when x

positive, it is finite

and

'

Eoy. Soc.

t Of. Barnes,

Messenger

of Mathematics,' 1899, p. 71.

130

Rev. F. H. Jackson.

The Basic

[Nov. 12,

single-valued since only principal values of [x] are denoted by that symbol,
therefore,

by

Lionville's theorem,

^(x)
_ ^^^*

is

constant,

and by putting x=-, we

It/

0)

are able to write

r
Tpi(nx,
ft))

n1 r

^-zi

rJ^+ n

ft)

(6)

^^0 L

\^
{x,
ft)),

which

is

a quasi-multiplication theorem for the function V^

reducing to

the multiplication theorem of Gauss and Legendre in case j?=l, ft)=l.

It is easily

shown that
V^{nx,(d)
1
W
i.

m\Xy

n.

I.

a)
form

If

we apply

this to equation (6), it reduces that equation to the

^/}

'

p[Xf

-1

(8)

in

which

r,p?,
m) by

0,

Denoting the derivatives of log r^

{x,

'^^ (x, m), it is

seen that

(9)

These expressions

form transformation

theorems for V^ (x,

co)

and

its

logarithmic derivatives.

Function Sp (x^

co).

Consider the absolutely convergent product

f(x)

X[x]^

-iL

^J

[2a)-j-x][2Q)

x]

(10)
[2a>J
TTX

which reduces, in case^

(1) as

1, to

sin

00

The product may be expressed by

X
r^ (x,
ft))

Vp (co

X,

ft))

Choose X*

Fp

ft)

(-r, .2

ft)

and now denote the function by the symbol

Sp {x,
ft)).

'

1904.]

Gamma-Function and

the Elliptic Functions.

LO

JL

It is at once evident that

S^(0,6))

= 0,

ft)

S^
(

2'

-^

also

by means

of the difference equation of the

V^ function

Sp(^+ft))
O/o \pC)

[j::]

^_^-^ I?
(11)

so that

Sp (a?+ 2mft))

= -p-2m;-m(2m~l)cog^ (^)^
co.

Transformation of the Parameter

It has

been shown that

CO

L p\Xf

= en |r^/^+

ft))T,

n.

therefore
ft)

ft)\
?ly

ft)

ft)

?l

71/

;2?~|('^+^>^ft)W^---i.^!i> ,ft)
i^^
??.

n
^r^(ft)+a:5)rp(ft)---aj).
)

=
Since

C2

|ria^+ ^jrift)-a?-

(12)

S^ {x,

ft))

=
r^
(ft)

XM
+ a?) Fp
(ft)

x)

and

X^

= ri'l^'/'
*^
'

we are
S^f.2?,

able to write this equation (12)

= A.Sj5(a?, ft))S^(^+, )
n
Q
ri
/ft)

S^(^4- ^^'''~^^ ^^

ft)

(13)

A=<^
n2^

ft)
,

/2ft)

In ^")}''

ft)

We

notice that
00
'ft)

1~JP

mw

Denoting the
derivative

first

derivative of log S^ (a?,

it

ft))

by Zp(^,
\ "A

ft)),

and the second

by

<I>^

{x,

ft)),

follows that
i
ft)

Zpix.A
r
ft)^

%Zp[x'\
=

rft)
,ft)
-^l

^
J

(14)

$^(^,
*
Cy.

^\=

V$/^ + r^,a)
Elliptiques,' vol.
1, p.

Halphen, *Fonctions

198.

'

132

Rev. F. H. Jackson.
the infinite product expression for

The Basic
r^(a?, q>) it

[Nov. 12,

From

follows that

(16)

It is easily

deduced that

S 21

X
,

ii-(^2_l)-ir^^3(l),-2-^-2;;;;^(^)^
ft)

TT

i'_iffa;_%a;'2

>

v2ft)

\^ft)o ft)3

^
/ /
CWi
ft)i

(16)

5^

^ ,1")= _i5l^%4ft,33^(^).
.2ft) '3
/
ft)i "'I

y
(f>

Various series expressions for the functions

S, Z,

and

may
S-^

be obtained,
connec-

either directly from their forms given above, or from

tion with the functions
cr,

known
Sp

series in

S,

or the functions S^,

of

Halphen's

Treatise

Since

^p (^, Sp {y,

ft>)

ft))

r^ (y) r^ (co -3/) r^ {x) Tp (ft) a?)

(17)
in a

and the quotient of the basic-gamma functions may be expanded

series.f
1

Heinean

^ W-y-^l
-.

^v

[^^/J .^g j^-^^-^] [2ft)-3^-^] \p-y\\x-y^r^'\

M[ft)-y]

^^

'

[ft)][2ft)][ft)-y][2ft)-2,]
ft)

also
it

S^ (-,

ft)

[ft>

1,

follows that
i /^ ,.x 1 ^. (^,ft))l+^
,

V
S

[^~-2^][2^-^]
^.^^j.^^^

+i.

.^2a>

- 2a?]

^____^^^^

[2ft)

- 2^] [2^ -

ft)]

[2^ -f ft)]
.

Similarly,

(18)

'-'"("''">

-2^] ^+^"[2][2 -2.] +

[ft)

and by taking account of the expression

2(

in

which

5-

e""!^'"i,

we

find

2
0)3
e2<o

^+

(19)

[2]

2-1<c

-^

Q^.
'

Halphen, vol. 1, p. 393. Amer. Journal Math.,' vol.

27, p.

1.

1904.]

Gamma-Function and

the Elliptic Functions.

133

3.

Series involving q

Forms of

Bessel's

and

Legendre's Coefficients.

have shown* that

T
.

n-T\ ^
'"

(l-!>s)(l-px)
o(l

....

(l-p-'x)

-rx) (1 -!?+%)

.... (1 -p-'+'ic)

- _ W ^^ W[,-l] [T]^^ [2]!

1

o_

(-iypk(^-.)

W[^-i]

[^-^+1] ^.^

(bl<l)Changing the base |? into p^y and replacing ^ by p^xX, we write

(i-/.x)_,

n^

i^f^) = 1-ty /..+/L=jilL_3]^w

Writing X

e^^^,

we have
X
(1 -p^xe-'^'^)_r^^

(1 '-p^xe^^)_^

=
__

(1

- V'^^^ cos 26 -'rp^x%^

(l'-2p^'^xGos26-^p^w^)
1

^
=
(1

2p'^-ia? cos 2(9+^^- V)

The

coefficient of

x*^

in the product of these

two

series is

[2]TT"[2ti]

^[2] ... [2^-2]

[2]

= ^" ([2] [4/'^^ i2nw {' ^" ^^^-^ [2]gJ^] ^ ^' ' ^""-'^ '
'
I

[2n][2^-2] [2'i-l] [2*1-3] PTF]

[3]

^^

= P'^n (cos 2^).

In case p P
cos 2d.

=1,

this coefficient is a

well-known form

of Legendre's coefficient

'

Lond. Math. Socy. Proc., series

2, vol. 2, p.

193.

134

Rev.

H. Jackson.

The Basic

[Nov. 12,
(21)

{l-2p^xGOB2e-\-p^x^)-.x^l^xp'^^{Qo^2e)-\-xY'^c^{G0^2e)+ ....

Making ^
VIZ.
:-

1,

we

obtain at once from this a series for Jacobi*s function sn,

^^^^"^^ =
because

l+<?Pi(cos2^)

+ q^,{coB2d)+

...,

(22)

fi ^-^_2pHo.2e+fU= ^"1(12jp2-i cos 26* + p*-2)

(l-2i>^'"cos2^+/'")

It follows that

^=
ill

+ 2^i(l)H-?^^,(l)+

+?''P(1)+

(23)

which
, 1^nK^)-P

m-^.^

[^] -Til + {^21 .[2n-]}^\ ^[2][2^-l] [2][4]-[27.-l][2,i-3]

I

[2^]'
.

[2^3

l2n-\[2n-2-\

...
In precisely the same way we see that

...}.

-1+^
we
find

[2]^^+^

[2] [4]

+-^

^'
[2][4]..[2]

and by taking the product

of

two such

series, viz.,

(1j)^X^)_|(l ^^X''')_|,

i,(-T^^5^^^F^) =
P/ (cos 20) =
M[g+2]...[5 + 2n-2]
PJf4j
.
. .

+ 2.y"-'^/(cos 2.).
.

(24)

-._ 2^0 2 ^ ^^ '"^+

W [s+ 2]

[s+2^-4]

^2.]
.f|-3

-p][4r7r[2^^=2T-

2cos2(,-2)e+ ...

(25)

In case

be an odd integer, the infinite product

may be

written

= <ir i)/2
^|^\

" (1 - 2xf''' cos 2g + .^V*") 1 (l-2icp^-*cos20+a^y~2)" ,ifi(l-2^^2"'-icos20 + a^^*"-2)'

in powers of

The expansion

x of the

first of

these products

is

well

known

"

"^

[2] [4]

[27^]

^2 cos 2w(9 + \

[s- 1] 2 cos ,P,^3 [2][s+2,-3]

2(n-2)6+ ^
'

\ }'

1904.]

Gamma 'Function and

the Elliptic Functions.

135
c
:

hence the following relation will hold among the coefficients p^, p/,

f / = f + ^if .i + %f -3 +
.

+ Cn.

(26)

Series involving q

Forms of

BesseVs Coefficients,

In this section certain

series expressions for elliptic functions will

be found

which will contain

coefficients

denoted

1^,^], Jj;^^],

etc.

J[.^]

being the generalised Bessel function.*

I[.,^],

If

we

invert the base

in the

function

that

is,

replace

p by

p~^,

we

obtain

^-,fo{2^^ + 2r}!{2r}^

which we denote
Similarly,

i^'^^-^M {^)-

by inversion

of

the base

in the function

J[^],

we

obtain

^ "^

{2^^+2r}!{2r}!^

= i^^'iw (4
and not ^j^ 3w(^/p),
as is erroneously stated.f

(29)

From

the well-known equation

we deduce

that

U{l+X(p~l)p-'^}

= l + ^^+^j+

= E,(\).

ip

>

1).

(30)

n u+Mi-P)r'} =
=
If

i+ii^+i^|-,+
Ei(X).

+i''-<-^>^^f^+

.,

0^
for X,

<

1)

we change
"=**

the base

j^

into p^,

and write xt/p + 1

we

find

w/'ai3__i\

i\V+
X
exp-i

p+1

w ^3/3 1 /-^^[2]^[2][4]^

.and, as in the case of Bessel's coefficients,

'

|(^ +

ri)

io(^)+

S
=1

(2^'^+r^0^.(^X

-^

Roy. Soc.

Proc.,' vol. 74, p. 67.

t Ibid,

VOL. LXXVI.

A.

136
so

Eev. F. H. Jackson.

The Basic

[Nov.

12^

n
m=
1

{(1

+xt (p- 1 )p-"~"') (1 +xt-^ (p-i)p-'-^)} =

E,,

^) m
we

E,=

(^^
(31)

and by a change

of the variable x,

on replacing

by

e^'^,

find

n
X by
m=

{1

- 2^|7"3. COS 26 +

^^i^-'^'^^}

I[03(

rz + S
)

{P'-

+ r)
1,

X
.

If,,3

:j-
;

(32)
q~'^,.

The convergence

of the infinite product requires

p >

Eeplace

p by

m
{l-2a;?3cos25' + a;224j.
1

=j

/&]+

2'''i-

cos 2w(9 J,
.

/-^p
(33)

(?

<

1).

In the notation of Tannery and Molk;* this

may

be written
(34)

2^^^ =
H (2K0/7r)
2fofi sin X

3.,

[^) + 2 J ^,-.- CO. ^.3^ iJL

q%
00
/

or in terms of Jacobi's functions.

^^'
\

^\q'-'l,

+ 22^^^*'^" m^2nx.%.W\

^^

(35)

The functions denoted

similarly expressed as

B^{v)y S-^{v), B^iy)

by Tannery and Molk may be

U")
^%(^ cos
ITV

n ~ %f^Al %q qi + 222'*-"cos2j.7r.J, --^''\l-qr

3\

h {v)
?o

~^M-?.
.g'-l-

+ 2tq'"%~''^ cos 2i'7r ^ w\i_^/'

.

(36>

^* ^"^
fo

- Smfjir) + 2^2"^^-" <5os 2i'7r

/
.

3f3

.? 1/

more general

series

than the foregoing, but of similar type,

maybe

obtained from the expression

+ 00
^^^ r (li) \[2]/

^ ^^

i^) = J-J"''-''^^-^
^ X =
w
(30

(^^^^">

^"'

from which we deduce

+^2m+2.^^.-l)} (1 +p2ma;;) (1

j9 <-'>/[]

f^ 1 p j

) it".

(37)

Foiictions EUiptiqiies,' vol. 2, p. 18.

1904.]
Eeplacing
V

Gamma-Function and
t

the Elliptic Functions. be a positive integer,

137

by
00

e'^, 2^

by

d"^,

we
cos

find that

if

z/

\
(1
+jj2'^^6'^'^)

{1

2xp^'''

+y'''}

In case z^=l we find on replacing x by p^x that the theorem

with
(33).

is

in agreement

great

number
in

of interesting relations

may

be found among

the various

coefficients

the

expansion of

the

products of the

form

n(l + 2p2^"aJcos^+^^^a^^),

but the investigation of these would not be in line

with the rest of this paper.

4.
G:p {X,
ft)).

This function

is

the simplest function satisfying a difference equation

.f{x + w)^V,{x,m)f{xl

(39)
of

and

is

in

function theory the analogue of the

G function

Alexiewsky,

which

satisfies

the difference equation

f{x^l)^V{x)f{x).

A history of this function is given by E. W. Barnes in the

of Mathematics,' vol. 31, p.* 264,
et seq.

'

Quarterly Journal

In case

|^"

>1, the expression

defining G^

{x, &>) is
'

r?? (ft)) Tj? (^ft)) '^p (^ft>) f T. p (icai-^m^\^l'^ ^^ ^^^^^'^''^^"i^.r^(^+ft,)r^(^+2ft,)...r^(a.+/.ft))^^^

G- (x-A-(,i m'i

'

'

in

which Tp

is

the function defined in (l,a).

In case
|

^'^
|

<

1,

the proper
is

expression for the function satisfying the difference equation (39)

^^
^^

^
K

= OOT^(. + ft))r^(^+2ft))

... r^(r

+ ^ft))

^^

[:&)

+ ft)]^(^'-->/2-^

(41)

in which Tp

is

the function defined by the expressions (1) and (B),

viz.,

the

expressions for the simplest function satisfying

/(^ + ft))

[^]/(^) in case

As

in

'

Proc. E.

S.,'

vol. 74, p. 72, it

may

be shown that
ft))

G^ (x +

ft), ft))

= Tp (x,

G^

(x,

ft)),

(42)
for this function,
satisfies

we proceed
and thence

to investigate a quasi-multiplication to deduce a transformation

theorem

theorem for a function which

a difference equation

f{x)=:(T(x)f(X-^(0),
L 2

138

Rev. F. H. Jackson.

The Basic

[Nov.

12^

Mtdtiplicatiooi Theorem,

The theorem
E.

to be discussed is a generalisation of a
viz.
:

theorem given by

W.

Barnes,*

We

have shown that

r^L(W,G))

=A 1
\

71
. .

1
ft)

.h

n p

ih "7"

T
in

which

n'lr,(^J = L
^>^xfiw

T
n
'p

Consider

f(x)
G^l (nx,
ft))

Now
Gpym)-hncOyCo)

r^i;(%;3?)

T^i 0^^

+ ^)
,
.
.

'^ji:

{nx-^7i'-l(o)Gp}^(nx^ co\

n
r

=
^

I'

i.

m\ p

Tm X -f~ n
J

M.

/i^

\X "J"

r + nl

n
.

0)) >

X Gpl{nx,

ft)),

An
therefore

n n
r

Vplx-j-'^m

M.

G-^;H^^^),

/ {X 4-

ft))

__ Aw(a;+w)/w-M^/w-

(wa;+ n w) {nx+n(x^ ~ ft))/2a)2+ :<: {nx~(a)l2<a^ + n^x/(a + -Ji

(?i

1)/2

1.

The function /(a?) has no

is also

singularities in the positive part of the

plane, it
values.

a single- valued function, since

by |?^ we always denote absolute

By
ft)

Lionville's
).

theorem f{x)

is

constant, and

we may

write

its

value as

/( -

Finally

GplinsG.G))

1
XC^*

a;

{nx--<jo)/2(jo^

n n
r

Lnj

G-,,(.+^'w,),
^l

(43)

in

which
nl

n
x=

r
(

f^rft)
^\

i^

n
ftp
I

ll-l
,

n~l %~1 II TL < Gr

and

A''/'^

w
r>

i^

/J

/T-\
^J
^
J. M.,' 1899, p. 291.

/,-
72/

n/ibi

^ *Q.

'

1904,]

Gamma- Function and

is

the Elliptic Functions,

139

This theorem

consistent in form with the multiplication theorem of the

if

function and reduces to Barnes' expression

J

we make ^

1, o)

= 1.

*-/?

\"^^

w/

By means

of the function

G-^, (a?,

m) we can form a function satisfying a

difference equation

Take

T^

{x)

= |4^^. = =
^ ^^^^^
,

(44)

then

T^ {w--m)

Combining these with Gp(a?+e)

J-|j

Tp{x,m)0-p{x),
1 p
(ce)

we

find that

\X

W)
{x)

= =

1^ \X)

Xj Lp \X)^
(a?

which

is

%
\x) {x)

X"iS^ {x)

% ).
= S,/
j^^^s ( |

X*

T^J -^,

&>

(45)

Now

Kp S^,

may

"* <r {x) expresseu as iir"* be oe expressed Ae^+*^*^V \x)

'

-^, 1

(Eesult (16))

in which
2(|

ct

= ^''+^^+T^^T

4irw
tai y

SO that on writing

f{x)

/-^

t4/

(46)

we can determine

the constants a,

/3,

7,

that

fix) =cr(x)f{x-2m^l

f{x2m^
Choosing ^
a o^ftjg _,! o

+ =
+a

a U,

A nnd we 4^

Vi -------0=

.,

1Jg)j:G)3

4;8,2- 127<

0,

^ = - -i^:

^
y
^'"i

+ 10>A=0,

^""i

^^"2

^'"s

l0g(<?2-l)---l0g
2 (Oct

(47)

140

Rev. F. H. Jackson.
f{x)

The Basic

[Nov. 12,

f{x2a)^

= = = =

(r{x)f{x-2a)^\
or

{x'2m^)f {x4:()d<^,

f{X'^2n2(o<^
f(x)

a{x 2n 2(o^f{X'-2na)^,

{x)

cr

{x

2w^

a {x 2n 2w^f{x 2n(t)^)y
(48)

and since

we

obtain

/(^)

{a{x)Y{--'l)-2this function,

/%-2-^^-%

''^xf{x-2nay;). (49)

In connection with
F(^),

we

notice that Picard has given a function,

such that

F {z + 2ft)i)
in

= F (4

F {z + 2ft)3)

G^^-^'l^^

S (^) F {z),
first

which S

(^) is

a given doubly periodic function of the

kind.*

Transformation Theorem for the Function

T^;(^', c).

By means

of the quasi-multiplication

theorem of the
n\ n~\

G^^

function,

G/(^ia?,

ft))

1XO*'

n n a
r

x+Lo,
7^

'i^

s --

we

derive

T^-X'^ix)

Qp-i^ + nx,

Q))/Gjjl(Q)nQ3, co)

r
.n

n n

a f^+!:i

co)/GJx~}-^^^^m]

(50)

Cf.

Forsyth,

'

Theory

of Functions, p. 296, Ex. 3.

1904.]

Gamma- Function and

the Elliptic Ftmctions.

functions as

141

Writing the donble product of the quotient of the

Q1

G-

^-f-

n
ft)

Gr

iXJ-f-

%
o
\

...

(jr

(^ +

Oft)\ xG(^+ )Gr(^+

G(^'

n1
ft)

X G(a? + -

ft)

j..

G[a?+

2^-2
%
0)

2^-1
ft)

^1/

^^

>

(51)

o> ^-

eo

Gift)

-a:?

^
n

ft)

G(ft)-jt)

xG(ft) ft) 5C'

ti

2
ft)
^2^

G
/

ft) ^
\

ft)

...

ft) 0+> n.

xG(ft)-~^)G(ft) a?4-

G(q)'x +
first

%'
ft)

we

take the last term of the

row in the numerator with the

first

first

term of

the last row in the denominator, the last but one of the

row with the

and so

second of the last row.

In the same way we

last

collect the

terms of the second

row
on,

of the

numerator and the

row but one

of the denominatorj

and

finally obtain the expression

*^

T{m)T{m
X X

'

ft)

n
X \w
) t

til'

"T~

r(^

ft)

'?Z'/

(52)

K'^ix+''!^(o\
SO that
T^A(?ia?,ft))=: C^*'
\jfh.

Tl{x)

y
'-^

n
v^^

n
s

TJa3+!'
%

ft),

=0

(53)

This theorem

is

the extension of the theorems

)

S^/ i^,-

CS^,

(a;, ft)) Sj,;/i?J4-

-,ft)]

^Ax-\-'^~

ft),

ft)],

sin(%i:c)

= csina?sinf^+~|

sin

fi:c

+ ~-H~.?rj.

142

Bev. F. H. Jackson.
6.
Gr^,

The Basic

[Nov. 12,

(Xj

m^

eOg).

Consider the doubly infinite product

G^

(^,

i )
<*

=
i*

Mn

n-^i^^^5^l
,
.

(54

<

simultaneous zero values of

This product
is

m and n being excluded from the product.

if
j

absolutely convergent

j?^

< 1.

By means

of the expression

we

are enabled to write the double product as

[wiwi]

[mi + w3]/[w3]

= (1 -fr^i'^^ Tf^ {X, i) n /

i)(^.+^2''"2)

(1

_^)-.v.

xfmn

so that finally

we have
,)r,
(*,,)

G,

(a.,

j/ r fa+'2?i
|

(i-i^)-^^- j>

(55)

carried out in the above

and a similar equation obtained by transposing m^, mo. The transformation work is on the same lines as a transformation given by E. W. Barnes for a function G (x r),^' but is simpler owing to the fact that

the products are convergent in the above case without necessity arising for
the introduction of exponential factors to secure convergence.
^
'

Loud. Math. Socy. Proc./

vol. 31, p. 360.

1904,]

Gamma-Function and

the Elliptic Functions,

143

There are two difference equations for the function

>

(56)

Gr^,

{X -f

CDg, tOitOo)
00

G^ {X,

tOitOg)

T^

('^> ft>i)
00

^^

-^

in which

X^

11 (1 --f"^^\

\ = 11 (1 p"^^^).
:/<

Since
M

CO

M
= ~F'' (
If

[^41)''''''

ft)]

[x-h/cft)]
ft))

\
^.'^62;r^a./<u

p1

r^ (X,

now we form
T {x
I

a function r {x\,

co^, ft)o)

= = G(x +
Grp (
(

p^^ (^^^

^^
(x,
co^,

(57^
coo)r

(Oi,

(o^(02)G

we

see that
ft)x ft)2)

T (^ 4- ft>i

ft>ift>2)

G (^ __ ~ Gip (x + 2cDi,
j)

-f- ft>i? ft)ift)2)

0)^, CO^)

Gp

^^'

g;, ft)|,
ft)|,

coo)
ft)p

'

(58)

ft)3)

and by means

of the difference equation

Gp

(X

+ ft)p (OiCO^) =

G^

{X,

ft)ift>3)

r^; (X, CO^)

:^

(69)

we

are able to reduce the right side of Equation (58) to

r^(^^

ft>j, ft>2)

(l^p)(^+o^lV^2

'

Consider

now
Q)^, ft)^)

T (^1

__

T (^ + ft)2

COi, CO 2)

Gp {X + 0)^, Gp {X + ft>i + 6)35

ft>lft)2)

G^)

(X.COi,' (O^)
ft>i,

ft>ift>3) Gp {X (Oo,

ft>3)

We know that G( ^
G
therefore
(o?

ft)2, ft)^,

0)3)

= =

Tp(x,
r^(a;-f

ft)^)

G( ^,

ft)]^,

ft)3)

x^^

ft)i

+ 0)3,

ft)ift)o)

ft)i, ft>i)

G(^ + ft)p

ft)ift)o)

x^-

^^
,

T {x, T
(,1?

6)^6)3)
1

X^{l-p)~'^-^^^l^^

X^ (1 ~^)^/^

ft)2

0)16)3)

rp(+ft)pft)i)

rp( a',ft)i)

(1 ~j^) ~'

S/;

(^ H-

ft) |,

ft)iX

fvl^irS
(61)

It is

now

quite clear from the difference equations (59)

of

and (60) that we

the function

can,

by the introduction

an exponential

factor, construct

denoted

F {x) by

Picard*
*
Cf.

Forsyth,

'

Theory

of Functions,' p. 296.

144

Basic

Gamma

Function and the Elliptic Functions.

F {x + 20)3)

==

6*^^^'^/^^

{x)

F {x\

where

is

a constant and

tt (^)

denotes

the summation extending over

subject to the relation

all points by

and the constants B^

being

^7^