BRITISH EMPIRE

Names: Dani Abella, Ins Fojo, st Grade: 1 of batxillerat Date: 10 0! !01"

T#e Be$$inin$ of T#e E%&ire

D'rin$ t#e A$e of Dis(o)er* in t#e 1+t# an, 1-t# (ent'ries, Port'$al an, S&ain &ioneere, E'ro&ean ex&loration of t#e $lobe, an, in t#e &ro(ess establis#e, lar$e o)erseas e%&ires. En)io's of t#e $reat /ealt# t#ese e%&ires $enerate,, En$lan,, Fran(e, an, t#e 0et#erlan,s be$an to establis# (olonies an, tra,e net/or1s of t#eir o/n in t#e A%eri(as an, Asia.2+3 A series of /ars in t#e 14t# an, 15t# (ent'ries /it# t#e 0et#erlan,s an, Fran(e left En$lan, 6an, t#en, follo/in$ 'nion bet/een En$lan, an, S(otlan, in 1404, 7reat Britain8 t#e ,o%inant (olonial &o/er in 0ort# A%eri(a an, In,ia. After #is na&oleoni( )i(tor* in 151+, Britain enjo*e, a (ent'r* of al%ost 'n(#allen$e, ,o%inan(e an, ex&an,e, its i%&erial #ol,in$s a(ross t#e $lobe. In(reasin$ ,e$rees of a'tono%* /ere $rante, to its /#ite settler (olonies, so%e of /#i(# /ere re(lassifie, as ,o%inions.

Martin 9'tero
Martin Luther /as a 7er%an %on1, for%er :at#oli( &riest, &rofessor of t#eolo$* an, se%inal fi$'re of a refor% %o)e%ent in 1-t# (ent'r* :#ristianit*, s'bse;'entl* 1no/n as t#e Protestant Refor%ation. He stron$l* ,is&'te, t#e (lai% t#at free,o% fro% 7o,<s &'nis#%ent for sin (o'l, be &'r(#ase, /it# %onetar* )al'es. He (onfronte, in,'l$en(e sales%an=o#ann Tet>el, a Do%ini(an friar, /it# #is 0inet*?Fi)e T#eses in 1+14.

A'stralia: :on)i(ts in A'stralia

D'rin$ t#e late 15t# an, 1@t# (ent'ries, lar$e n'%bers of (on)i(ts /ere trans&orte, to t#e )ario's A'stralian &enal (olonies b* t#e Britis# $o)ern%ent. Ane of t#e &ri%ar* reasons for t#e Britis# settle%ent of A'stralia /as t#e establis#%ent of a &enal (olon* to alle)iate &ress're on t#eir o)erb'r,ene, (orre(tional fa(ilities. A)er t#e 50 *ears %ore t#an 1-+,000 (on)i(ts /ere trans&orte, to A'stralia. T#e n'%ber of (on)i(ts &ales in (o%&arison to t#e i%%i$rants /#o arri)e, in A'stralia in t#e 15+1B1541 $ol, r's#. In 15+! alone, C40,000 i%%i$rants arri)e, in A'stralia. B* 1541 t#e total &o&'lation #a, nearl* ;'a,r'&le, fro% "C0,000 to 1.4 %illion &eo&le.T#e last (on)i(ts to be trans&orte, to A'stralia arri)e, in Destern A'stralia in 15-5. A((or,in$ to Robert H'$#es in T#e Fatal S#ore, t#e &o&'lation of En$lan, an, Dales, /#i(# #a, re%aine, stea,* at - %illion fro% 1400 to 14"0, rose ,ra%ati(all* after 14"0. B* t#e ti%e of t#e A%eri(an Re)ol'tion, 9on,on /as o)er(ro/,e,, fille, /it# t#e 'ne%&lo*e,, an, floo,e, /it# (#ea& $in. :ri%e #a, be(o%e a %ajor &roble%. In 145" a Fren(# obser)er note, t#at Efro% s'nset to ,a/n t#e en)irons of 9on,on be(a%e t#e &atri%on* of bri$an,s for t/ent* %iles aro'n,.E Ea(# &aris# #a, a /at(#%an, b't Britain ,i, not t#en #a)e a &oli(e for(e as /e 1no/ it. =ere%* Bent#a% a)i,l* &ro%ote, t#e i,ea of a (ir('lar &rison, b't t#e &enitentiar* /as seen b* %an* $o)ern%ent offi(ials as a &e('liarl* A%eri(an (on(e&t. Firt'all* all %alefa(tors /ere (a'$#t b* infor%ers or ,eno'n(e, to t#e lo(al (o'rt b* t#eir )i(ti%s.2(itation nee,e,3 D'e to t#e Bloo,* :o,e, b* t#e 1440s, t#ere /ere !!! (ri%es in Britain /#i(# (arrie, t#e ,eat# &enalt*, al%ost all of t#e% for (ri%es a$ainst &ro&ert*. Man* e)en in(l',e, offen(es s'(# as t#e stealin$ of $oo,s /ort# o)er + s#illin$s, t#e ('ttin$ ,o/n of a tree, stealin$ an ani%al or stealin$ fro% a rabbit /arren. T#e Bloo,* :o,e ,ie, o't in t#e 1500s be(a'se j',$es an, j'ries t#o'$#t t#at &'nis#%ents /ere too #ars#. Sin(e t#e la/ %a1ers still /ante, &'nis#%ents to s(are &otential (ri%inals, b't nee,e, t#e% to be(o%e less #ars#, trans&ortation be(a%e t#e %ore (o%%on &'nis#%ent. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ! A(tober 15-@B C0 =an'ar* 1@"58 /as t#e &ree%inent lea,er of In,ian nationalis% in Britis#?r'le, In,ia. E%&lo*in$ non)iolent (i)il ,isobe,ien(e, 7an,#i le, In,ia to in,e&en,en(e an, ins&ire, %o)e%ents for (i)il ri$#ts an, free,o% a(ross t#e /orl, Ass'%in$ lea,ers#i& of t#e In,ian 0ational :on$ress in 1@!1, 7an,#i le, nation/i,e (a%&ai$ns for easin$ &o)ert*, ex&an,in$ /o%en<s ri$#ts, b'il,in$ reli$io's an, et#ni( a%it*, en,in$ 'nto'(#abilit*, b't abo)e all for a(#ie)in$ Swaraj or self?r'le.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ! A(tober 15-@B C0 =an'ar* 1@"58 /as t#e &ree%inent lea,er of In,ian nationalis% in Britis#?r'le, In,ia. E%&lo*in$ non)iolent (i)il ,isobe,ien(e, 7an,#i le, In,ia to in,e&en,en(e an, ins&ire, %o)e%ents for (i)il ri$#ts an, free,o% a(ross t#e /orl, Ass'%in$ lea,ers#i& of t#e In,ian 0ational :on$ress in 1@!1, 7an,#i le, nation/i,e (a%&ai$ns for easin$ &o)ert*, ex&an,in$ /o%en<s ri$#ts, b'il,in$ reli$io's an, et#ni( a%it*, en,in$ 'nto'(#abilit*, b't abo)e all for a(#ie)in$ Swaraj or self?r'le.