DRAFT: DO NOT CITE WITHOUT AUTHORS PERMISSION

Beyond Competing Liberalisms: The WTO as Class Project

Robert Knox and Paavo Kotia o Neoliberalism as theory of politics A! e "a#e! it $%ear in i! introd&$tion' (an)! a$$o&nt o* t e neo%ibera% t&rn doe! not den+ t e i",ortan$e o* "ateria% *or$e! in t e deve%o,"ent o* t e )%oba% trade ,o%i$+ - or' a! e ,&t! it' .t e "ateria% $ondition! o* ,o!!ibi%it+ *or t e ideationa% tran!*or"ation! / i$ i! arti$%e !ee#! to *%e! o&t0 Indeed' a! e ex,%ain! !evera% ,a)e! %ater' t o&) i! ,rin$i,a% intere!t in t i! $ontext %ie! in inve!ti)atin) t e ideationa% $ondition! o* t e neo%ibera% revo%&tion' e doe! not !ee# to $onte!t t e vie/ t at t at t e #ind o* inter!&b1e$tive *ra"e/or#! e !ee#! to de!$ribe are a%/a+! ."ade o,erationa% t ro&) t e $on*%&en$e o* a $ertain !et o* "ateria% *a$tor!' be it t e in!tit&tiona% .environ"ent in / i$ trade ,ro*e!!iona%! %ive and /or# or .t e !trate)i$ ,&r!&it o* 2 $o""er$ia% intere!t! b+ !tate! and ot er a$tor!0 T at bein) !aid' it a,,ear! to &! t at (an)! *o$&! on t e ideationa% a!,e$t! i! not' *or %a$# o* a better /ord' !i",%+ a "atter o* $onvenien$e0 He de!$ribe! t e ideationa% $ an)e! in t e evo%&tion o* t e 3ATT i"a)inar+ a! ,ro$e!!e! o,eratin) at a .dee,er %eve% t at not on%+ !&!tain and tran!*or" .t eir o/n "ateria% $ondition! o* ,o!!ibi%it+ b&t a%!o enab%e "ateria% $ an)e! "ore )enera%%+ 4(an)' 5677: 7580 T i! i! evident in i! initia% de*inition o* neo%ibera%i!" a! a .t&rn a/a+ *ro" an idea o* ,o%iti$! a! t e $reation' "obi%i9ation' and rea%i9ation o* t e $o%%e$tive ,&r,o!e! o* a ,o%iti$a% $o""&nit+' to/ard! an idea o* ,o%iti$! a! t e *a$i%itation o* individ&a%! ,&r!&it o* t eir o/n ,rivate )oa%! and ,&r,o!e 4(an)' 5677: 780 O* $o&r!e' t e ver+ ter"! in / i$ e )oe! on to ex,%ain t e i!tori$a% ba$#)ro&nd be ind t e ri!e o* neo%ibera%i!" !&))e!t a $on!i!tent a/arene!! o* it! "ateria% deter"ination: T e 7:;< oi% $ri!i! and it! attendant e$ono"i$ e**e$t! )ave ri!e to $on$ern! abo&t t e %on)=ter" a**ordabi%it+ o* t e "a1or ,ro)ra""e! o* !o$ia% ,rote$tion a!!o$iated /it /e%*are %ibera%i!"0 T e !a"e !o$ia% ,ro)ra""e! /ere a%!o $riti$i9ed a! en$o&ra)in) de,enden$e' di!$o&ra)in) re!,on!ibi%it+' and i",o!in) 000 .an &n1&!ti*ied b&rden on !e%*=rea%i!ation0 4(an)' 5677: ><8 And +et' o* $o&r!e' not ever+ "ention o* ."ateria%i!" +ie%d! t e !a"e #ind o* $riti$a% in!i) t into t e dia%e$ti$! o* i!tori$a% ,ro$e!!e!0 For a%% it! &ndeniab%e !o, i!ti$ation and $o",%exit+' (an)! $on$e,t o* ."ateria%i!" !ee"! !o"e o/ ! a%%o/ and *&nda"enta%%+ te$ no$rati$0 T e vi!ion o* internationa% %e)a% i!tor+ it en$o&ra)e! &! to deve%o, i! one ,o,&%ated b+ ,%anner! and ,o%i$+ "a#er! re!,ondin) to a !erie! o* externa% event!0 T ere !ee"! to be ver+ %itt%e !,a$e %e*t *or t e di!$&!!ion o* t e &nder%+in) !tr&$t&ra% !o$ia% ,ro$e!!e!' !&$ a! t e tran!*or"ation! in t e )%oba% divi!ion o* %abo&r and t e "a!!ive tran!*er! o* /ea%t ' ,ro,ert+' and ,o%iti$a% ,o/er t at /ere i",%e"ented a! ,art o* t e neo%ibera% t&rn0 In ot er /ord!' t ere !ee"! to be no !,a$e %e*t *or t e ?&e!tion o* $%a!! !tr&))%e and it! i",a$t on t e internationa% ,o%iti$a% ,ro$e!!e!0 And t at' in o&r vie/' i! / + in t e end (an)! ar)&"ent' de!,ite a%% it! de,t and ,o/er' $o"e! a$ro!! a! notab%+ %e!! $onvin$in) t an it ot er/i!e $o&%d ave been0 In t i! brie* note' /e /o&%d %i#e to !&,,%e"ent (an)! a$$o&nt o* internationa% trade %a/! ex,erien$e o* t e neo%ibera% t&rn b+ o**erin) an a%ternative a$$o&nt )ro&nded in a de$ided%+ di**erent !en!e o* t e $a&!a% re%ation! i, bet/een t e .ideationa% and t e ."ateria%0

DRAFT: DO NOT CITE WITHOUT AUTHORS PERMISSION It i! not ,o!!ib%e to )o t ro&) t e a%% /a+! in / i$ neo%ibera%i!" /a! dee,%+ intert/ined /it $%a!! anta)oni!"!0 @&t !evera% ! o&%d be noted0 Neo%ibera% idea! /ere !,read /it t e "ateria% and !+"bo%i$ !&,,ort o* 4$ertain !e$tion!8 o* t e $a,ita%i!t $%a!!0 In !o"e in!tan$e! ,arti$&%ar%+ in t e US - t i! /a! entire%+ $on!$io&! 4Harve+' 566>: 7:-5580 Aet in a%% $a!e!' t e !tate /a! eavi%+ /edded to t e intere!t! o* t i! $%a!! *ra$tion0 Se$ond%+' t e di!"ant%in) o* t e /e%*are !tate /a! not 1&!t a te$ ni$a% "atter' it a%!o o,ened &, ne/ vi!ta! for the accumulation of capital and !o a! been extre"e%+ ,ro*itab%e *or !o"e $a,ita%i!t! 4D&"Bni% C (Bv+' 5677: ;-<<80 Fina%%+' a $entra% a!,e$t o* neo%ibera%i!" /a! t e a!!a&%t on t e /or#in) $%a!!0 A%% neo%ibera% tran!*or"ation! /ere a$$o",anied b+ atta$#! on trade &nion ri) t!' and t e &!e o* &ne",%o+"ent to &nder"ine t e bar)ainin) ,o/er o* /or#er!0 A%% o* t i! )ive! $reden$e to Harve+! de!$ri,tion o* neo%ibera%i!" a! a .political ,ro1e$t to re=e!tab%i! t e $ondition! *or $a,ita% a$$&"&%ation and to re!tore t e ,o/er o* e$ono"i$ e%ite! 4Harve+' 566>: 7:80 In a $%a!!=*o$&!ed a$$o&nt' /e /o&%d !ee neo%ibera%i!" not !i",%+ a! a ,o%i$+ $ oi$e' or a t eor+ o* ,o%iti$! - b&t rat er a political project t at /a! driven b+ a !e$tion o* $a,ita%' in re!,on!e to an e$ono"i$ $ri!i! and de!i)ned to ro%% ba$# t e ,arti$&%ar $%a!! $o",ro"i!e re,re!ented b+ .e"bedded %ibera%i!"0 A! /i%% be ! o/n be%o/' !&$ an a,,roa$ i! not !i",%+ a ."ateria%i!t one $o&nter,o!ed to (an)! ideationa% oneD rat er !&$ a $%a!! ,er!,e$tive ! ed! %i) t on a n&"ber o* t e ideationa% i!!&e! e%d dear b+ (an) i"!e%*0 Evil T ins! Embedded Liberalism as a Class Project (an)! a$$o&nt o* e"bedded %ibera%i!" *ee%! !i"i%ar%+ te$ no$rati$0 He ar)&e! t at ,o!t=/ar ,%anner! /anted to avoid t e ,rob%e"! o* t e inter/ar ,eriod 4(an)' 5677: 7:68 and !o ai"ed to te",er *ree "ar#et!' en$e avoidin) t e ,rob%e"! o* &ne",%o+"ent and e$ono"i$ in!tabi%it+ 4(an)' 5677: 7:E80 A)ain' / i%!t t i! i! tr&e' it i! !tron)%+ ar)&ab%e t at ot er event! to / i$ (an) )ive! on%+ brie* $on!ideration to - .t e ,o%iti$a% revo%&tion! o* t e *ir!t a%* o* t e t/entiet $ent&r+ - are vita% to &nder!tandin) t e *or"ation o* e"bedded %ibera%i!"0 T at i! to !a+' e"bedded %ibera%i!" too "&!t be !een *ro" a $%a!! ,er!,e$tive0 It !ee"! di**i$&%t to ar)&e t at t e .,o!t=/ar ,%anner! /ere a*raid o* &ne",%o+"ent and in!tabi%it+ !i",%+ on t eir o/n ter"!0 In t e ,eriod be*ore t e Fir!t Wor%d War' and d&rin) t e inter/ar ,eriod' t e!e *a$tor! ad %ed to t e )ro/in) !tren)t o* radi$a% %abo&r "ove"ent!' $&%"inatin) in a n&"ber o* revo%&tionar+ !it&ation!0 T e end o* t e Se$ond Wor%d War /a! a !i"i%ar !it&ation' /it t e added ,re!!&re o* a !&$$e!!*&% and ,o,&%ar .!o$ia%i!t b%o$0 E"bedded %ibera%i!" re,re!ented an atte",t to in$or,orate t i! %abo&r "ove"ent into $a,ita%i!t !o$ia% re%ation!0 In t i! re!,e$t' it /a! a $%a!! ,ro1e$t t at ai"ed to ,re!erve $a,ita%i!t $%a!! ,o/er t ro&) t e $reation o* a i!tori$ b%o$ and dea% /it t e ,rob%e"! o* &nder$on!&",tion 4and $ri!i!8 t ro&) Ke+ne!ian de"and "ana)e"ent0 One ! o&%d a%!o note t at neo%ibera%i!" a%!o atte",ted to $e"ent a i!tori$ b%o$ bet/een it! $a,ita%i!t and /or#in) $%a!!e!0 One $an !ee t i! in T at$ er! atte",t to $reate a . o"e= o/nin) de"o$ra$+ 4Harve+' 566>: F78' and in t e *&n$tion o* debt to a$t a! .Privati!ed Ke+ne!iani!"' / i$ in$or,orated t e /or#in) $%a!! into neo%ibera% $a,ita%i!" b+ enab%in) a $ertain !tandard o* %ivin) to be "aintained via $ ea, $redit 4Cro&$ ' 566:80 T &!' t e i",ortant ,oint to re$o)ni!e ere' and one t at a! )reat !i)ni*i$an$e *or o&r &nder!tandin) o* t e 3ATT re)i"e' i! t at e"bedded %ibera%i!" a! a ver+ dee, *or" o*

DRAFT: DO NOT CITE WITHOUT AUTHORS PERMISSION $ontin&it+ /it neo%ibera%i!"0 @ot re,re!ent $%a!! ,ro1e$t! arti$&%ated o&t o* $a,ita%i!t !o$ia% re%ation!0 T i! $ontin&it+ &nder"ine! !o"e/ at (an)! $%ai"! *or t e radi$a% $ontin)en$+ o* t e trade %a/ re)i"e0 W i%!t t ere "a+ be a n&"ber o* in!tit&tiona% arran)e"ent! on t e tab%e' t e %eve% o* $ontin)en$+ re"ain! constrained0 At %ea!t in i!tori$a% ter"!' t e internationa% trade re)i"e a! a%/a+! re"ained /edded to t e !tr&$t&re! and attendant $%a!! ,ro1e$t! o* capitalism0 Whose Technocracy? T i! $ontin&it+ a%!o o,erate! in t e vario&! .! i*t! in ideationa% and in!tit&tiona% *a$tor! t at (an) identi*ie!0 (an) ar)&e! t at t e brea# bet/een e"bedded %ibera%i!" and neo%ibera%i!" i! $a,t&red b+ t e ! i*t *ro" ,o%iti$! a! t e .$reation' "obi%i9ation' and rea%i9ation o* t e $o%%e$tive ,&r,o!e! o* a ,o%iti$a% $o""&nit+ to one o* t e .*a$i%itation o* individ&a%! ,&r!&it o* t eir o/n ,rivate )oa%! and ,&r,o!e! 4(an)' 5677: 780 In t e e"bedded %ibera% ,eriod t i! $o%%e$tive ,&r,o!e /a! invo#ed to di!tin)&i! bet/een trade di!tortion! and %e)iti"ate re)&%ation 4(an)' 5677: 7:6-5<:80 Ab!ent t i! it /a! ne$e!!ar+ to t&rn to te$ ni$a% and !$ienti*i$ bodie! o* #no/%ed)e 4(an)' 5677: ;' 5E;-5><80 W i%!t t i! ,oint i! /e%% ar)&ed' it !ee"! ,%a&!ib%e to ar)&e t at a)ain t ere i! a "&$ dee,er %eve% o* $ontin&it+0 T e rea!on *or t i! i! !i",%e0 A! E%%en Wood a! ar)&ed' one o* t e #e+ e%e"ent! o* $a,ita%i!" i! t e .!e,aration o* t e e$ono"i$ *ro" t e ,o%iti$a%0 In non=$a,ita%i!t !o$ietie! e$ono"i$ !&r,%&! i! extra$ted t ro&) dire$t%+ ,o%iti$a% "ean!: i0e0' t e *e&da% ,ea!ant /o&%d /or# a *ar"' /it t e %ord extra$tin) a !&r,%&! dire$t%+ t ro&) i! $&!to"ar+ ,o!ition0 A! !&$ ' e$ono"i$ and ,o%iti$a% ,o/er $annot be !aid to be di!tin$t0 @+ $ontra!t' &nder $a,ita%i!"' dire$t ,rod&$er! $reate a !&r,%&! t ro&) ,&re%+ .e$ono"i$ "ean!' t e+ %abo&r in ex$ an)e *or a /a)e0 It i! on%+ in !&$ $ir$&"!tan$e! t at one $an i"a)ine .t e e$ono"i$ a! di!tin$tive *ro" .t e ,o%iti$a% 4Wood' 566<: 76-7580 A $oro%%ar+ o* t i! i! t at &nder $a,ita%i!" !o$ia% need! are not "et dire$t%+ t ro&) ,rod&$tion' b&t rat er ,rod&$tion i! $arried o&t in order to "axi"i!e ,ro*it' / i$ t en indire$t%+ !ati!*ie! !o$ia% need!0 Anti=$a,ita%i!"' in / atever variant' a! $%a!!i$a%%+ &nder!tood it! "i!!ion a! over$o"in) t i! !e,aration bet/een t e ,o%iti$a% and e$ono"i$' and ab!orbin) t e e$ono"i$ into de"o$rati$ ,o%iti$a% $ontro% 4Wood' 7:::: 7<6-7E680 T i! /a! t e vi!ion t at ani"ated t e ear%+ *or"! o* !o$ia% de"o$ra$+' /it even it! non=revo%&tionar+ variant! ar)&in) *or a )rad&a% tran!ition to !&$ a !o$iet+ 4Hob!ba/"' 5677: :-7680 E"bedded %ibera%i!" never a$$e,ted t i!' vie/in) bot $o%%e$tive *or"! o* ,rod&$tion and "ar#et! a! too%!0 A! !&$ ' t e ro%e o* t e !tate in e"bedded %ibera%i!" /a! not to dire$t%+ rea%i!e .t e $o%%e$tive ,&r,o!e! o* a ,o%iti$a% $o""&nit+ b&t rat er !et t e $ondition! in / i$ t e a$tivitie! o* a$tor! "i) t rea%i!e t e!e )oa%!' ,re$i!e%+ be$a&!e it /a! $o""itted to a !+!te" / ereb+ t e ,o%iti$a% and t e e$ono"i$ re"ained !e,arate0 At t i! %eve%' neo%ibera%i!" i! not !o di**erent0 Evident%+' it a$$e,t! %e!! o* a ro%e *or direct !tate intervention0 At t e !a"e ti"e' o/ever' it i! not a$$&rate to !a+ t at neo%ibera% t eor+ ar)&ed t at t ere /a! no $o%%e$tive intere!t0 T o!e $o""itted to neo%ibera%i!" ! ared !i"i%ar !tated )oa%! to t o!e $o""itted to e"bedded %ibera%i!" - in ,arti$&%ar i) e$ono"i$ )ro/t and %o/ &ne",%o+"ent 4Harve+' 566>: ><->E80 T e ar)&"ent /a! !i",%+ t at !&$ $o%%e$tive )oa%! could best be achieved t ro&) .individ&a% enter,ri!e and dere)&%ation0 Hen$e t e ro%e o* t e !tate /a! to $reate t e $ondition! t at /o&%d ,ro"ote t i!0

DRAFT: DO NOT CITE WITHOUT AUTHORS PERMISSION @ot %ibera%i!"! ! are a !i"i%ar ar)&"ent0 T e .$o%%e$tive )ood i! not dire$t%+ rea%i!ed t ro&) or)ani!in) and dire$tin) ,rod&$tion' b&t "&!t be indire$t%+ $reated t ro&) !tate a$tion0 T e i!!&e i! !i",%+ t e type and extent o* !tate invo%ve"ent0 T e!e indire$t intervention! are ne$e!!ari%+ "ediated t ro&) .ex,ert!0 T i! !i"i%arit+ i! i",ortant / en $ontra!tin) t e ro%e t at .te$ ni$a% #no/%ed)e ,%a+ed in neo%ibera%i!" and e"bedded %ibera%i!"0 Certain%+' t e i!tori$a% ex,erien$e o* e"bedded %ibera%i!"' and it! re)&%ation o* ,&b%i$ ea%t ' ed&$ation and t e e$ono"+ /a! ,re"i!ed on t e $reation o* a n&"ber o* re%ative%+ &na$$o&ntab%e te$ ni$a% !,e$ia%i!t!0 T i! i! a%!o evident in t e $a!e o* t e WTO0 It !ee"! di**i$&%t to dra/ a *&nda"enta% di!tin$tion bet/een !$ienti*i$Gte$ ni$a% di!$i,%ine! on t e one and' and t e /or%d o* di,%o"a$+ and .,o%iti$! on t e ot er' a! (an) doe!0 In bot in!tan$e! t ere are !,e$ia%i!ed' re%ative%+ e%ite in!tit&tion!' o,eratin) /it t eir o/n interna% $ode! and ,ra$ti$e! t at are i) %+ ina$$e!!ib%e to t o!e not trained in t e"0 7 Indeed' (an) ex,%i$it%+ ar)&e! t at t e .$o%%e$tive !o$ia% ,&r,o!e / i$ di,%o"at! /ere a!!i)ned required t e" to be in!&%ated *ro" bot do"e!ti$ and internationa% ,o%iti$a% $on$ern! 4(an)' 5677: 7F80 On t i! ba!i!' /e "i) t ar)&e in!tead t at bot t e t&rn to .!$ien$e and t e o%d *or" o* di,%o"a$+ ! are a !i"i%ar %o)i$' ina!"&$ a! both are !tr&$t&red in !&$ a /a+ a! to be radi$a%%+ o,a?&e to *or"! o* ,o,&%ar ,o%iti$a% "obi%i!ation0 T e ?&e!tion i! !i",%+ / i$ type o* ex,ert! r&%e0 Blue Eyed aith and the Lo!ic of Transformismo Si"i%ar i!!&e! ,er$o%ate t ro&) to (an)! a$$o&nt! o* t e !,e$i*i$ *or"! o* re!i!tan$e to .neo%ibera% e$ono"i$ )%oba%i9ation di!$&!!ed in C a,ter < 4(an)' 5677: F780 (an) ar)&e! t at b+ virt&e o* t e ri!e o* t e .)%oba% 1&!ti$e "ove"ent and t e ,o,&%ari!ation o* a ri) t! di!$o&r!e contra trade %ibera%i!ation !in$e t e 7:H6!' internationa% %a/+er! ave a$?&ired a )reat abi%it+ to $onte!t /or%d trade0 Aet ab!ent t e ?&e!tion o* $%a!! i! a$$o&nt i! ,rob%e"ati$0 A$$ordin) to (an)' de!,ite t e /ide!,read a,,ea% o* t e )%oba% 1&!ti$e "ove"ent' .,er a,! t e "o!t i",ortant )eo)ra, i$a% area a! been t e (atin A"eri$an re)ion 4(an)' 5677: HF80 Re%+in) on De9a%a+ and 3art ' (an) ar)&e! t at it i! in t e So&t ern (atin Cone / ere *or $o",%ex . i!tori$a% and in!tit&tiona% *a$tor! &"an ri) t! /ere &!ed .a! a $o&nter to t e e$ono"i$ ex,erti!e de,%o+ed in t e neo%ibera% tran!*or"ation o* !tate! 4(an)' 5677: HF-H;80 A"on)!t t e!e *a$tor! are t e $%o!e %in#a)e bet/een t e &"an ri) t! "ove"ent and t e !tr&))%e a)ain!t o,,re!!ion' it! %in#a)e to t e Cat o%i$ C &r$ ' and t e %e)a% in!tit&tiona%i!ation o* &"an ri) t!' a%% %eadin) to t e e"er)en$e o* &"an ri) t! .in t e %ate 7::6! a! a %an)&a)e o* $riti?&e o* %ate t/entiet =$ent&r+ e$ono"i$ %ibera%i!" 4(an)' 5677: H;80 (an) o/ever' e%ide! t e /a+ in / i$ De9a%a+ and 3art ! o/ t e ro%e o* &"an ri) t! in facilitatin! t e neo%ibera% ,ro1e$t0 W i%!t t e "ove"ent did en!&re it! ,o,&%arit+ and vita%it+ t ro&) it! $o""it"ent to ne&tra%it+' i",artia%it+' and inde,enden$e 4De9a%a+ C 3art ' 5665: F5-FE8' a $oro%%ar+ o* t i! $o""it"ent /a! t e tota% abandon"ent o* t e e$ono"+ a! a !ite o* $onte!tation0 T i! /a! a$ ieved t ro&) t e ,ro"otion o* .te$ no$rat!' no/
7

It "a+ be t e $a!e t at di,%o"a$+ i! a "ore .*%exib%e *or" o* ar)&"ent t an !$ien$e' and !o "ore re!,on!ive to ,o%iti$a% i!!&e!' b&t (an) ! o/! $onvin$in)%+ in C a,ter 76 t at !$ien$e /a! ard%+ an in*%exib%e or ne&tra% too%0

DRAFT: DO NOT CITE WITHOUT AUTHORS PERMISSION !&,,ortive o* &"an ri) t! and de"o$ra$+' a! /e%% a! *ree "ar#et! / o /ere re=ba,ti!ed a! .te$ no,o%! 4De9a%a+ C 3art ' 5665: 7;F80 A! Do"in?&e9 ,oint! o&t IJoKn%+ / en t ere /a! a de"o$ra$+ $o""it"ent to "ar#et! and )overn"ent o* t e $enter=%e*t $o&%d t e rationa% inve!tor be $ertain t at "ar#et nor"! /o&%d ,revai%L 4De9a%a+ C 3art ' 5665: 7;;80 In t i! $%a!!=*o$&!ed a$$o&nt t en' t e e"er)en$e o* &"an ri) t! i! %e!! a! a $ a%%en)e to neo%ibera%i!"' t en a! a deve%o,"ent t at bot *a$i%itated it! ri!e and e"bedded it! %o)i$0 W at /e $an !ee ere - a$ro!! t e ,eriod o* e"bedded %ibera%i!" to neo%ibera%i!"' and e"bra$in) "an+ di**erent %e)a% re)i"e! - i! t e ba!i$ $ontin&it+ o* a $%a!! ,ro1e$t de!i)ned to "aintain $a,ita%i!t !o$ia% re%ation! b+ in$or,oratin) and tran!*or"in) re!i!tan$e0 T i! t+,e o* i!tori$a% deve%o,"ent /a! ana%+!ed b+ 3ra"!$i &nder t e r&bri$ o* transformiso' 3ra"!$i !o&) t to &nder!tand o/ *or"er%+ divided $%a!!e! $o&%d be bro&) t to)et er in !,e$i*i$ i!tori$a% $on1&n$t&re!0 In t e $ontext o* i! o/n !t&d+ o* 7: t $ent&r+ Ita%ian ,o%iti$! 3ra"!$i identi*ied t/o !te,! in t i! "ove"ent0 T e *ir!t /a! a ."o%e$&%ar !ta)e / ereb+ !,e$i*i$ individ&a%! o* t e de"o$rati$ o,,o!ition /ere in$or,orated .into t e $on!ervative= "oderate ,o%iti$a% $%a!!0 In t e !e$ond .or)ani$ !ta)e' / o%e !/at e! o* t e o,,o!ition *o%%o/ t e!e "o%e$&%ar in!tan$e! o* $o=o,tation and ave t eir a)enda! "oved *ro" tran!*or"ation to $on!ervation o* t e status quo 43ra"!$i' 7:;7: >H80 Whither Politics! Whither Criti"#e! T e *ore)oin) ana%+!i! $a!t! do&bt on (an)! ana%+ti$a% !trate)+ o* .derei*i$ation 4(an)' 5677: 7580 For (an)' ,revio&! debate! ave tended to i)nore t e $onte!ted $ ara$ter o* t e WTO0 Indeed' !in$e .JdKe!$ri,tive $%ai"! are .intervention! into t e interna% $onte!t! /it in t e re)i"e 4(an)' 5677: 758' b+ treatin) t e WTO a! neo%ibera% .b+ de*a&%t' ,ro)re!!ive! are $ontrib&tin) to t e do"inan$e o* neo%ibera%i!"0 T e ai" i! to ! o/ a$tivi!t! t at anot er trade re)i"e i! ,o!!ib%e0 Rei*i$ation ere i! a #ind o* )enera% inte%%e$t&a% ,rob%e" / ereb+ ,eo,%e .$ea!e to re$o)ni9e t e !o$ia% /or%d a! t e o&t$o"e o* &"an endeavo&r and be)in to !ee it a! *ixed and &n$ an)eab%e 4Mar#!' 566<: 5780 T i! idea o* rei*i$ation a! a )enera% inte%%e$t&a% ,rob%e" $ontradi$t! t e a&t or / o did t e "o!t to ,o,&%ari!e t e ter"' 3eor) (&#M$!0 (&#M$! ar)&ed t at rei*i$ation /a! not a .ti"e%e!! "ode% o* &"an re%ation! b&t /a! b&i%t &,on .rea% $a,ita%i!t *o&ndation! 4(&#aN$!' 7:;7: :>80 He %in#ed rei*i$ation /it $o""odit+ *eti! i!"D ar)&in) t at t e !e,aration o* t e !o$ia% and e$ono"i$ $ ara$teri!ti$ o* $a,ita%i!" "ean! individ&a%! are $on*ronted /it t e ,rod&$t o* t eir o/n a$tion .a! i* it /a! a !tr&$t&re entire%+ di!$onne$ted *ro" t e"0 (&#M$! a$$o&nt !&))e!t! t at rei*i$ation i! not just an inte%%e$t&a% , eno"enon' b&t a%!o a "ateria% ,ro$e!!0 In %i) t o* t e $%a!! ?&e!tion o&t%ined above' t i! %ead! to !evera% ?&e!tion!0 Even i* t e WTO /a! - in t eor+ - radi$a%%+ $ontin)ent in ter"! o* idea!' / + ave on%+ certain idea! $o&ntedO W + i! it t at t e %e)a% ,ro1e$t! o* e"bedded %ibera%i!" and neo= %ibera%i!" ave been !o a"enab%e to t e ,ro1e$t o* transformismoO (an) i%%&!trate! t i! /e%% / en e ! o/! o/ substantive ,rob%e"! /it t e trade re)i"e! o&t$o"e! are $ontin&a%%+ re$a!t a! i!!&e! o* procedure0 (an) treat! t i! a! an i!!&e o* *ra"in)' b&t t i! !ee"! &nab%e to ex,%ain t e end&rin) $ ara$ter o* t i! ,ro$e!!0 Here (&#M$! ,o!ition i! &!e*&%0 He ex,%i$it%+ ar)&e! t at %a/ - b+ virt&e o* it! *or" - i! one o* t e ,ri"e !ite! o* rei*i$ation 4(&#aN$!' 7:;7: :>-:H80 T e %e)a% *or" - a! "an+ $riti$a% !$ o%ar! ave ar)&ed - i! one t at ab!tra$t! b+ it! ver+ nat&re0 T &!' t e ,ro,en!it+ *or t e bot t e WTO and &"an ri) t! re)i"e! to $o=o,t re!i!tan$e and arti$&%ate !&b!tantive de"and! t ro&)

DRAFT: DO NOT CITE WITHOUT AUTHORS PERMISSION a%ienated ex,ert ,o%iti$! i! o$$a!ioned b+ t e a%ienated le!al *or" o* t e!e re)i"e! 4Knox' 566:: E5:-E<<80 T i! *or" i! rooted in $a,ita%i!t !o$ia% re%ation!0 A $oro%%ar+ o* t i! a$$o&nt i! t at t e )oa% o* $riti$a% t eor+ i! not ne$e!!ari%+ to ! o/ t at anythin! i! ,o!!ib%e 4Mar#!' 566:80 3iven t e %i"ited ener)+ o* ,ro)re!!ive "ove"ent!' it i! !o"eti"e! i",ortant to ! o/ t at t e %o)i$ o* a ,arti$&%ar *ie%d "a+ "a#e it in$redib%+ di**i$&%t to "a#e ead/a+ t ere0 W i%!t one ! o&%d not !i",%+ reduce idea! to "ateria% $ondition!D a "ateria%i!t a$$o&nt i! re?&ired to in*or" o/ and / ere one! inte%%e$t&a% ener)+ ! o&%d be !,ent0 T i! a%!o a%%o/! &! to t in# abo&t ,re$i!e%+ / at audience it i! t at (an)! boo# i! !,ea#in) to0 W i%!t it re"ain! $%ear t at (an)! ,o%iti$! are *ir"%+ on t e !ide o* ,ro)re!!ive!' e ex,%i$it%+ ,o!ition! t e boo# a! ta%#in) to internationa% %a/+er!' and *ra"in) / at t e+ $an do as international la"yers 4(an)' 5677: <EH8# Aet' )iven t e /a+! in / i$ i! o/n a$$o&nt !ee"! to ,rob%e"ati!e "ediatin) ?&e!tion! in t i! /a+' / + a! e $ o!en to do t i!O Mi) t it not be better to *ra"e i! /or# a! a %e)a% a$$o&nt aimed at pro!ressive constituencies in !eneralO T i! i! i",ortant0 (an) i! ri) t / en e ar)&e! a)ain!t t o!e %oo#in) *or "ore .re)&%ator+ a&tono"+ !in$e t i!: JRKadi$a%%+ &ndere!ti"ate! t e extent to / i$ a !tate! re)&%ator+ $ oi$e! are a%read+ !tr&$t&red' $on!trained' and $on!tit&ted b+ internationa% e$ono"i$ *or$e! and internationa% e$ono"i$ %a/0 4(an)' 5677: <EE8 @&t (an) !ee"! to "i!&nder!tand t e i",et&! be ind $a%%! *or re)&%ator+ a&tono"+0 T e+ are not !i",%+ %e)a% $a%%! *or nationa% !tate! to .re)&%ate t eir o/n !,a$e0 Rat er t e i!!&e i! one o* de"o$rati$ $ontro%0 T i! i!!&e i! ,%a+in) o&t toda+ a%% over E&ro,e' / ere a di!$o&r!e o* ,o,&%ar !overei)nt+ i! bein) "obi%i!ed a)ain!t &nde"o$rati$ !&,ranationa% in!tit&tion!0 I* t e above a$$o&nt i! $orre$t' not in) in (an)! i!tori$a% /or# !&))e!t! !&$ de"o$rati$ $ontro% i! ,o!!ib%e /it in t e WTO0 An+ rea% atte",t to dea% /it t e !&b!tantive i",a$t! o* /or%d trade /i%% not )o t ro&) t e WTO b&t be+ond it0 Bibliography Cro&$ C 4566:8 Privati!ed Ke+ne!iani!": An Una$#no/%ed)ed Po%i$+ Re)i"e0 The British $ournal of Politics % &nternational 'elations' 774<8' <H5-<::0 De9a%a+ A and 3art @ 456658 The &nternationali(ation of Palace Wars) La"yers* Economists* and the Contest to Transform Latin +merica0 C i$a)o' Univer!it+ o* C i$a)o Pre!!0 D&"Bni% 3 and (Bv+ D 456778 The Crisis of ,eoliberalism0 Harvard Univer!it+ Pre!!0 3ra"!$i A 47:;78 -elections from the Prison ,oteboo.s0 Hoare P and S"it 3N 4ed!8' Internationa% P&b%i! er! Co0 Harve+ D 4566>8 + Brief /istory of ,eoliberalism0 Ox*ord Univer!it+ Pre!!0

DRAFT: DO NOT CITE WITHOUT AUTHORS PERMISSION Hob!ba/" E 456778 /o" to Chan!e the World) Tales of 0arx and 0arxism0 (itt%e' @ro/n0 Knox R 4566:8 Marxi!"' Internationa% (a/' and Po%iti$a% Strate)+0 Leiden $ournal of &nternational La"' 5546<8' E7<-E<F0 (an) A 456778 World trade la" after neoliberalism) reima!inin! the !lobal economic order 0 Ox*ord Univer!it+ Pre!!'0 (&#aN$! 3 47:;78 /istory and Class Consciousness) -tudies in 0arxist 1ialectics0 Mer%in Pre!!0 Mar#! S 4566:8 Fa%!e Contin)en$+0 Current Le!al Problems' F5478' 7-570 Mar#! S 4566<8 The 'iddle of +ll Constitutions) &nternational La"* 1emocracy* and the Critique of &deolo!y0 Ox*ord Univer!it+ Pre!!0 Wood EM 4566<8 Empire of Capital0 Qer!o0 Wood EM 47:::8 The 'etreat from Class) + ,e" 2True3 -ocialism0 Qer!o0