Biology 11 Vertebrate Classes

Name:_________________________

Jawless Fishes (Agnatha) (p.687) Includes two groups: lampreys and hagfish. As we saw in the video, hagfish secrete copious amounts of slime. Question: What could be the function of hagfish slime? In other words how does it benefit the hagfish? - Deter predators (any others?)

As adults, lampreys are parasites that latch on to the skin of other fish and scrape at the skin with teeth and a rasping tongue. They then suck up the hosts tissues and body fluids. Current Case Study: The sea lamprey is an invasive species that has entered the Great Lakes through shipping lanes humans have built. It parasitizes native fish, and usually only 1 in 7 fish will survive. During its parasitic phase, one sea lamprey can destroy an average of 18 kilograms of fish. Question: Why do you think fisheries scientists are concerned about the invasion of sea lampreys in the Great Lakes? - Ecological problems as they injure/kill fish that are native to the Great Lakes - Economic problems for commercial fisheries - Reduce fish populations that we use for food

Sharks and Their Relatives (Class Chondrichthyes) (p. 688) Includes ________rays__, ______skates____________ and ________sharks_______ Endoskeleton built of _______cartilage_______. Bony Fishes (Class Osteichthyes) (p. 689) There are more species in this class than any other vertebrate class. About _____40_______% of all vertebrates are bony fishes! Endoskeleton built of _____bone (calcified)__________. Fins are adapted for a variety of functions what are two of these functions? 1. modified to be poison spines (e.g. stonefish, scorpionfish) 2. flying wing-like pectoral fins of flying fish help them glide over the water Others: mudskippers have fins evolved into a suction cup for climbing Amphibians (Class Amphibia) (p. 692) Examples include ________________frogs___, _____newts___________, and _____salamanders_______. Amphi = ____both_____; bio = ________life______ They must return to water to breed. The larvae are aquatic and breathe with gills; adults breathe with lungs. The eggs of amphibians are not shelled. Question: Why must amphibians return to the water to breed? - Their eggs have no shell and so can become desiccated (dried out) if laid on land - Young are adapted to living in the water (e.g. tadpoles have gills)

Question: What ecological roles do amphibians play? (Hint How Amphibians Fit into the World p. 701) - Adults generally consume insects - Larvae eat algae help keep waterways clear

Because of their moist, permeable skin, amphibians are especially vulnerable to pollution in the environment. For this reason, researchers sometimes use frogs as a bioindicator: the health of frog populations is used to evaluate the overall health of an ecosystem.
An ecological indicator they are An ecological indicator they are The most accurate so far Pollution, destruction and disease so far The most accurate We need to hear their pleas Pollution, destruction and disease -- Frog Poetry by Shruti Sengupta, 25, India

We need to hear their pleas

Reptiles (Class Reptilia) (p. 707) Examples include ______snakes_____, _______lizards__________ and _____turtles_______. Vertebrate animals with _______scaly______, ______waterproof____ skin, and an _____amniotic___ egg. Question: What do these characteristics enable reptiles to do? - Live AND breed on land

Birds (Class Aves) (p. 723) Examples include _______robins_______, _____eagles________ and _______penguins_______. Birds evolved from ancient _____reptiles_______. Important characteristics that separate them from reptiles are that birds are _____endothermic____ (they can generate their own body heat) and have ____feathers________ that cover their bodies. Mammals (Class Mammalia) (p. 737) Examples include _____humans_________, _____elephants______ and ___whales________. Like birds, mammals are _________endothermic____ and are able to maintain an almost constant body temperature. Another important characteristic of mammals is the presence of ____mammary_____ glands, which produce milk for offspring. Question: What is one method mammals use for conserving heat? - Fur, hair, subcutaneous fat

What is one method they use for cooling off? - sweating