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Chapter 8-2
Chapter 8-2
The grasping reflex The rooting reflex (she will move her head
Maturation
Maturation includes:
In addition to going through the process of maturation, infants can also learn new behaviours. They can learn
Schemes
Assimilation
Accommodation
Representational thought
When children learn to speak, they dont learn complete sentences right away. Instead, they use what psychologists call:
Telegraphic speech (they leave out words but still get the message across)
Observations of animals have shown that some newborns become attached to their mothers in a sudden, virtually permanent learning process called:
There is sometimes a particularly sensitive period just after birth where whatever the animal learns makes a deep impression that resists change. This is called the:
Imprinting
Critical Period
Some psychologists think so, although it might not be exactly the same as with other animals, especially in terms of timing.
This would explain the concept of separation anxiety (fear and anxiety at the prolonged absence of the primary caregiver, usually after a baby is one year old).
Socialization is: Learning the rules of behaviour of the culture in which you live.
Theories of socialization include:
Freuds theory of psychosexual development Eriksons theory of psychosocial development Kohlbergs theory of moral development
The oral stage: In the first few years of life, erotic pleasures are obtained through the mouth The anal stage: The anus is the source of erotic pleasure The phallic stage: Between the ages of 3 and 5, children discover the pleasure they can obtain from their genitals, and they become aware of the differences between themselves and the opposite sex
The phallic stage leads to desiring the parent of the opposite sex, and being in conflict with the parent of the same sex.
Latency stage: Sexual desires are pushed into the background, and children explore the world and learn new skills This process of redirecting sexual impulses into learning tasks is called sublimation Genital stage: One derives as much satisfaction from giving pleasure as from receiving it.
Age 0-1Trust vs. Mistrust Age 2-3Autonomy vs. Doubt Age 4-5Initiative vs. Guilt 5-PubertyIndustry vs. Inferiority AdolescenceIdentity vs. Role Confusion Early AdulthoodIntimacy vs. Isolation Middle AgeGenerativity vs. Stagnation Later AdulthoodIntegrity vs. Despair
Stage 1Children are completely egocentric, with no sense of right and wrong; their only concern is to avoid punishment. Stage 2Children learn to work the system to receive rewards as well as avoid punishment. Stage 3Children become sensitive to what others want and think.
Stage 4Children are less concerned with the approval of others, but have a strong belief in established authority. Stage 5A person is concerned with justice, and believes that laws are not absolute. Stage 6A person accepts that certain ethical principles apply to everyone; for example, the Golden Rule.