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Section C8
The Social Sector

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Objectives

Define the concept of social sector What are the social sectors Housing Health Education Discuss the direct and indirect costs of each part of the social sector Discuss the enumeration process Discuss the data requirements Discuss the differential vulnerabilities based on quality of stock of housing, school or health facilities and geographic location. Provide a focus for discussion among the group of trainees on sources and methods for deriving the best quality information possible.

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Figure 18

Estimating the socio-economic effects of natural disasters

Secondary effects
Effects on people, & the flow of goods & services

Effects on people & stock of property

Direct damage

Indirect damage Impact on macro-socio economic variables* * A quantitative and qualitative assessment of the impact of the disaster (direct & indirect assessment
of damages) on diverse indicators of the economic and social conditions in the country affected.

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Social Assessment of Natural Disasters

Assessing the direct effects of the disaster on people (men and women, girls and boys) Assessing the indirect effects of the natural disaster on people and the goods and services which they use Arriving at total cost of the direct and indirect effects of the damages Analyzing the impact of that cost on the macro socio-economic variables (secondary effects) Making recommendations in the form of projects for mitigation, recovery and reconstruction

What comprises the social sector and why?

For the purposes of assessing the extent of damage from a natural disaster, the social sector, which in many instances, is the most seriously affected by natural phenomena, is divided into three main areas: (a) (b) (c) Housing; Health; and Education

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What are the main characteristics of each area?

Photo 24: Hurricane Iris, air view of Placencia, Belize Source: www.paho.org/Images/PED/Iris24.jpg.

(a) Housing - those dwelling or housing units that were affected by the natural disaster. These units are defined as every building destined to shelter persons or families for purposes of habitation. It does not include urban infrastructure or construction equipment, as these are included in the infrastructure component of the assessment. (b) Health - includes the health system and sanitation infrastructure. The main components of the health system include: the hospitals, health centres, dispensaries, Hurricane Iris, air view of Placencia, Belize Source: www.paho.org/Images/ PED/Iris24.jpg medical equipment or instruments, furnishings and medicine; the main components of the sanitation infrastructure include: the sources, collection work, transmission systems, distribution networks and energy plants which supply and regulate the drinking water supply systems and water for other public uses; sewage, excreta, liquid and solid waste disposal systems; rural and urban public and private wells; connections to dwellings; latrines; cisterns; wind mills; other lesser systems for the production and collection of Photo 25: Homeless victims of drinking water and for the disposal of solid and liquid waste. Because the health Hurricane "Mitch" camp out in plastic sector is responsible for the care and treatment to primary victims of the disaster. tents along a highway in Honduras Source: www.fao.org/NEWS/1999/ The cost was related to primary victims are considered direct damage to the sector. img/TChond3.jpg

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(c) Education - the physical infrastructure and equipment of the education sector. This includes buildings used for normal and adult education and auxiliary installations, such as sanitary facilities, general services, libraries, etc. For the purpose of the methodology of assessment, other installations linked to scientific and educational activities, such as museums, archives, public libraries and historical/archaeological sites are also included; and sporting facilities such as stadia and grounds.
Photo 26: Children were left to learn on their own for several days and in some villages for weeks. Source: www.internationaljournalism.com/ hurricane/JSIRIS1.jpg

What do we look for when describing the direct and indirect damage to the social sector?
(a)

Direct Damage is all damage sustained by immovable assets and inventories. It essentially involves damage to property including total or partial destruction of physical infrastructure, buildings, installations, machinery and equipment. We can include the estimated cost of demolishing and clearing areas. When estimating direct damage it is important to distinguish between: damage to the public sector and damage to the private sector and between repairs, structures that have been totally destroyed and equipment and inventories.

(b) Indirect Damage is damage to the flows of goods that cease to be produced or the services that cease to be provided during a period of time beginning with the disaster and extending into the rehabilitation and reconstruction phase. Indirect damage is caused by direct damage to production capacity and social and economic infrastructure. Indirect damage includes the costs or increased costs of providing services as a result of the disaster and loses of income as a result of the impossibility or difficulty of providing such services.

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Examples of Direct/Indirect Costs

Table 39

Table showing direct and indirect cost

Sector Housing Direct Cost Cost of houses damaged Cost of houses destroyed Cost of household furniture and appliances lost due to natural disaster Cost of damage to hospitals and other health facilities Cost of damage to equipment Indirect Cost Loss of income from rent Cost for relocation Loss of income from backyard economy Loss of income from home-based small/micro businesses Cost of extra medicine Cost of vector control Loss of income due to services which were unable to be provided

Health

Education

Cost of damage to schools and sporting Cost of damage of education/sport facilities used as facilities shelters and relief centres Cost of demolition and clearing of facilities Additional transportation costs Loss of income to teachers Day care and other educational services disrupted

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Quantification of the Damage

(a) In all cases, the reconstruction or repair of damaged housing must be made functionally equal to that which was in place prior to the disaster (except where very low quality housing existed); (b) Use universal measurement which incorporates the cost of labour, material and equipment values, where such exists; and (c) Take note of the quantity and cost of imported material to be used in the reconstruction/repair process.

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HURRICANE MITCH HONDURAS: ESTIMATED DAMAGE IN THE HOUSING SECTOR (Millions of lempiras)
Item National total Dwellings destroyed Dwellings damaged Furniture and household goods Temporary shelters Relocation of dwellings Removal of debris Reconnection of services Loss of rent from dwellings
Exchange rate: US$1.00 = $17.00 Lempiras

Total damage 4,645.7 830.0 1,755.0 398.8 302.4 496.8 206.8 41.5 614.4

Direct damage 2,983.8 830.0 1,755.0 398.8 -

Indirect damage 1,661.9 302.4 496.8 206.8 41.5 614.4

Source: ECLAC estimates, based on provisional information from FOVOSI, the Central Bank and other official sources. LC/MEX/L.367, April 1999

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HURRICANE MITCH HONDURAS: ESTIMATED REPAIR AND RECONSTRUCTION COSTS IN THE HOUSING SECTOR (Millions of lempiras)
Item National total Reconstruction of housing Repair of housing Furniture and household goods Temporary shelters Relocation of dwellings Removal of debris Reconnection of services
Exchange rate: US$1.00 = $17.00 Lempiras

Total 6,545.2 2,457.0 2,376.0 664.7 302.4 496.8 206.8 41.5

Cost of repair cost 3,591.4 2,376.0 664.7 302.4 206.8 41.5

Cost of reconstruction 2,953.8 2,457.0 496.8 -

Effect on foreign sector 1,027.1 491.4 237.6 212.7 15.0 49.7 20.7 -

Source: ECLAC estimates. Honduras: Assessment of the damages caused by Hurricane Mitch, 1999. LC/MEX/L.367

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HURRICANE KEITH BELIZE: SUMMARY OF DAMAGES TO THE HEALTH SECTOR

Total Total Partial or total destruction of health infrastructure Loss of equipment and furnishings Health community educational material Extra spending on drugs and medication Vector control-environmental sanitation activities Increase cost of inpatient, outpatient and medical care Epidemiological surveillance Damages in rural water supply systems (well, rain water vats) Damage in rural sanitation systems (latrines) Psycho-social rehabilitation (consultancy and training materials) 3,888.0 1,130.0 640.0 70.0 524.0 674.0 123.0 30.0 157.0 537.0 3.0 Damage Direct 2,558.0 1,120.0 640.0 104.0 157.0 537.0 Indirect 1,330.0 10.0 70.0 420.0 674.0 123.0 30.0 3.0 Reconstruction Imported Costs Components Belizean dollars 2,855.0 1,600.0 2,200.0 a/ 5.0 250.0 a/ 400.0 1,500.0 100.0 -

Source: ECLAC, on the basis of official data. Belize: Assessment of the damages caused by Hurricane Keith, 2000. LC/CAR/G.627 a/ Includes computers lost during the disaster Exchange rate: US$1.00 - $2.00 Belizean

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HURRICANE MITCH HONDURAS: DAMAGE IN THE EDUCATION SECTOR (Millions of lempiras)

Item National total Pre-school to secondary education Higher education Equipment, furnishings and educational material Sports and cultural facilities Ministry of Education Use of schools as shelters Relocation of schools to safe places Total damage 446.4 200.0 23.8 40.0 13.6 85.0 50.0 34.0 Direct damage 362.4 200.0 23.8 40.0 13.6 85.0 Indirect damage 84.0 50.0 34.0 Cost of reconstruction 551.8 287.0 32.0 56.0 42.8 100.0 34.0 Effect on balance of payments 207.6 100.5 11.2 39.2 18.3 35.0 3.4

Source: ECLAC estimates based on official information. Honduras: Assessment of the damages caused by Hurricane Mitch, 1999. LC/MEX/L.367 Exchange rate: US$1.00 = $17.00 Lempiras

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Geographic Location
It is important to describe the geographic location of the affected infrastructure of the housing, health and education sectors: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Rural/Urban Coastal Slopes (either hills or mountain sides Valleys Remoteness from centres of governance

Photo 27: Hurricane Mitch: Farmland and crops flooded by swollen river in Nicaragua

Source: www.fao.org/NEWS/1999/ img/TChond3.jpg

Patterns of ownership
It is important to describe the ownership of the property as private or public Gender analysis of the ownership pattern would be useful and may have policy implication

Photo 28: Hurricane Mitch: Roadway and bridge damaged in Nicaragua

S

Source: www.fao.org/NEWS/1999/ img/TChond3.jpg

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Data requirements Housing

Total number & value of houses affected by the disaster The districts in which they are located The number that are publicly owned or privately owned Total number requiring repair Total number of houses requiring reconstruction The total number and value of social safety net programmes (that address housing) that have been disrupted

Data requirements Education

Total number and condition of schools, sporting facilities, libraries, museums, archaeological or historical sites affected & their value Number of educational/sports facilities damaged as a result of being used as emergency facilities & the cost or repair The number and value of social safety net programmes (that address education) that have been disrupted

Data requirements Health

Total number of water and sanitation facilities, including garbage disposal facilities, damaged as a result of the natural disaster & their cost The total number of social safety net programmes (that address health) that have been disrupted & their value, e.g. subsidise housing for the aged and disabled.

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Secondary effects
The outright destruction or damage of facilities and equipment in the social sector produces secondary effects on the macro economic variables in a country. Those effects should not be added to the direct and indirect effects. Several particularly relevant secondary effects may be: Lost contribution to the national economy or production generated by either the housing, health or the educational sector Variations in employment rates Impact on the balance of payments Impact on the public sector Impact on inflation

Exercise:
(a) (b) (c) (d) Pick a community using the case study provided; Identify the sources where you would gather information on the social sectors in that community; Pick one of the three sectors and describe the impact of the natural disaster on the sector and calculate the costs to that particular sector (use the worksheets); and Present the challenges encountered in completing your assignment.

Self-assessment
By now you should be conversant with the concept of the social sectors and their importance in assessing damage. Try to verbalise the concepts describing all that they entail. If you believe that you are not too clear on the different facets of the concepts, return to the relevant concept and read it again. If you are still unsure, seek help.

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What is the value of checking the Ministry of Housing, Works and Construction? Why would you need the assistance of the Ministry of Education? What information do you expect to receive from local emergency officials? In addition to the Ministry of Health, why would it be useful to seek help from resident agencies such as the PAHO/WHO or the UNICEF?

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SUMMARY WORKSHEET FOR HOUSING SECTOR

Districts Total no. of affected houses Damaged houses Total no. requiring Cost of repair repair Lost houses Total no. of houses Cost of requiring reconstruction reconstruction

213 Table 45

SUMMARY WORKSHEET FOR SCHOOLS DAMAGED FROM USE OF SHELTERS

Name of school District Rural Urban Extent of Damages

214 Table 46

SUMMARY WORKSHEET FOR SCHOOLS DAMAGED FROM NATURAL DISASTER

Name of school District Rural Urban Extent of Damages

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SUMMARY WORKSHEET FOR DAMAGES TO SPORTING FACILITIES (MUSEUM/LIBRARY/HISTORICAL FACILITIES)

Name of facility District Rural Urban Extent of Damages

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