DISEASE

LORI-ANN LEACH 11/52 BIOLOGY

MRS. PEARCE-LENNOX

Content What is a disease?......................................................pg.1 Types of Diseases.pg.1 Treatment and Control of Diseasesp.g.2 Vectors and their roles in transmitting diseasesp.g.3 Stages in the Life cycle of a Mosquito..p.g.4
Methods of Control For the Stages of the life cycle of the mosquito.p.g.5

What is a Disease? A disease is an abnormal condition that affects the body of an organism and damages the health of an organism.

Types of Diseases 1) Hereditary disease Hereditary diseases are diseases that are passed down from generation to generation by the genes e.g. sickle cell anaemia and haemophilia.

2) Pathogenic diseases Pathogenic diseases are diseases caused by pathogens. Pathogens are disease producing organisms that are parasitic. The five group of pathogens are: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans and parasitic worms 3) Deficiency diseases Deficiency diseases are diseases caused by the shortage or lack of a particular nutrient in the diet. E.g. anaemia , Kwashiorkor and rickets. 4) Psychological diseases These are diseases caused by the malfunctioning of a body organ e.g. asthma, hypertension, diabetes, glaucoma, stroke.

Treatment and control of the diseases Disease Type Treatment Control Hereditary
This depends on the type of disease and the symptoms of the disease. Once the symptoms are identified, drugs are used to treat hereditary diseases as there is no cure. Treated using antibiotics, medicines, creams/ointments and antiviral agents The individual/s can undergo counseling sessions about the disease and the probability of the individuals child/children inheriting it.

Pathogenic

Control vectors spreading pathogens by eliminating their breathing grounds e.g. mosquitos Use condoms to prevent spread of STDs Sanitize equipment used on people e.g. needles, Improve sewage system Encouraging healthy eating and dieting in homes eating a healthy diet rich in deficient nutrient Control diet Reduce Stress Reduce Obesity Exercise moderately Monitor the body by regular check ups

Deficiency

Change the diet so the individual is supplied with the lacking nutrient. Take dietary supplements This depends on the type of disease and the symptoms of the disease. Once the symptoms are identified, drugs are used to treat physiological diseases.

Physiological

Vectors and their roles in Transmitting Diseases

Vectors are organisms that transfer pathogens between animals and humans or other animals while they remain unharmed. Vectors contain the pathogens. They transfer the pathogens to animals or humans by pitching, walking, defecating, feeding etc. Examples of how Vectors transmit diseases: 1) When they defecate, the faeces are rich in bacteria and therefore when they defecate on our food, we get ill. 2) Vectors like mosquitos have a proboscis that is lowered into the and it releases digestive juices filled with pathogens into the food that we consume. 3) Fleas carry bacteria that is transmitted when they bite humans Vectors are immune to the pathogen which allows the pathogen to be successfully transferred to other organisms

Stages in the Life Cycle of a Mosquito

Stage 1) Eggs: Eggs are laid on the surface of still water Stage 2) Larva: They live in the water but breathe air. Some species have siphon tube for breathing. They undergo molting four times, each time getting more developed. They grow and feed on organic matter in the water. Stage 3) Pupa: This is the non-feeding stage. The pupa enters a casing. The pupa breathes and rests at this stage and is light sensitive. The pupa is turning in to an adult. Stage 4) Adult: After the casing splits, the pupa is now an adult. It dries its wings and its body hardens. It lives for a few weeks.

Methods of Control for the Stages of the life cycle of the mosquito

1) The Egg Stage: Get rid of stagnant water/ containers that contain stagnant water to eliminate breathing places where eggs are laid Check homes after it rains to remove new areas of stagnant water If pools are in the homes, clean them daily

2) The Larva Stage: Apply insecticides to water to kill any larvae present. Change water every three days Drop granular and solid forms of larvicides into ponds and streams to kill larva Clean debris from rain gutters Eliminate stagnant puddles Place fishes that eat mosquito larva in the water 3) The Pupa Stage Spray oil on stagnant water breathing areas to inhibit breathing of the pupae Spray insecticides on breeding areas Get rid of places that they tend to live in Change waters in places like drums, birdbath etc. frequently Clean gutters and other areas 4) The Adult Stage Set mosquito traps Use adulticides by spraying them on vegetation that the mosquito feeds on Plant mosquito repelling plants e.g. lemon grass Fit windows with mesh screens to prevent mosquitos from entering

AIDS
Info about AIDS
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is caused by the HIV virus (human immunodeficiency virus). The HIV virus attacks immune system cells and weakens the body, causing it to be prone to infections. Symptoms of AIDS are AIDS related conditions or a decrease in the number of immunity system cells below a certain level.

How the AIDS disease is transmitted?

Aids can be transmitted from an infected person to another person by:

Semen Vaginal secretions Unprotected sexual contact Direct blood contact, including injection drug needles, blood transfusions, accidents in health care settings or certain blood products, menstrual blood) Mother to baby (before or during birth, or through breast milk)

How AIDS virus is controlled Use condoms (preferably latex condoms) Stick to one sex partner
Ensure the needles used are clean and sanitized Male circumcision reduces the risk of HIV transmission Be in a long-term mutually monogamous relationship

Syphilis Info about Syphilis

Syphilis is a highly contagious sexually transmitted disease. It is caused by the bacteria Treponema palidium. Syphilis occurs in three stages: Early or primary syphilis: People with primary syphilis will develop a few sores. The sores look like large round bug bites and are often hard and painless. They are seen on the genitals or in or around the mouth. They disappear after a few weeks. The secondary stage: Rashes appear on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Rashes with a different appearance may be seen on other parts of the body, sometimes resembling rashes caused by other diseases. They may also experience moist warts in the groin, white patches on the inside of the mouth, swollen lymph glands, fever, and weight loss. They disappear after a period of time. Latent syphilis: The infection is still there but no symptoms appear. Tertiary syphilis: This stage is where severe problems happen with the heart, brain and nerves that can result in paralysis, blindness, dementia, deafness, impotence, and even death if it's not treated.

How Syphilis is transmitted: direct contact with a syphilis sore during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. These sores occur mainly on the external genitals, vagina, anus, or in the rectum. Sores can also occur on the lips and in the mouth. From infected mother to unborn child Blood products Prolonged kissing

How Syphilis is controlled Early treatment Use latex condoms Abstain from sexual contact Be in a long-term mutually monogamous relationship Keep to one sexual partner Ensure the needles used are clean and sanitized

Effects of Drug Abuse

Physiological Effects Physiological Effects of Depressants: Physical effects of depressant abuse include loss of coordination, slurred speech, respiratory depression and decreased heart rate and blood pressure. Withdrawal from some depressants can be dangerous or even fatal in some instances. Symptoms of depressant withdrawal include tremors, seizure, panic attacks and death. Physiological Effects of Stimulants: Short-term stimulant abuse can cause elevated blood pressure, tachycardia, vasoconstriction and appetite suppression, while the effects of long-term abuse include malnutrition, accelerated aging and bone loss; and increased incidence of heart attack and stroke. Physiological Effects of Hallucinogens:
The effects of hallucinogens on the body include changes in blood pressure and heart rate, nausea, vomiting, pupil dilation and increased sensitivity to pain.

Physiological Effects of Dissociatives, Deliriants and Inhalants Physical effects of these drugs can be fatal and include dry mouth, tachycardia, and high blood pressure and associated anti-cholinergic effects.

Social Effects of Drug Abuse Isolation Drug abusers get so caught up in the drugs and addicted that they start to drift away from people and isolate themselves. Financial - Drugs are expensive and drug abusers get so addicted and out of control that they forget their priorities and will spend whatever amount of money to get the drugs. This can put them in financial crisis. Relationships The drugs alter the behavior of the drug abuser and people who realize the difference in the drug abuser start to lose the connection they had with them. Relationships become dysfunctional. Family - Drug abuse can tear a family apart. It can cause bitterness and anger in the family due to the alteration of the mind of the drug abuser which changes his/her behavior towards people. Communications between family members become negative. If the drug abuser is a parent then he/her may be an inconsistent parent. Profession Employees become absent from work. They may be inconsistent in the work place and inefficient and these factors may lead to job loss.

Economic Effects of Drug Abuse 25% of each Medicare dollar is spent on illnesses related to drug addicted 20% of each Medicaid dollar is spent on drug related conditions Drug abusers sometimes cease to be an economically productive member of the society and they turn to Drug abuse causes the economy lots of money